Briefly about Bulgakov what kind of person he is. Short biography. Bulgakov Mikhail. Other biography options

The end of the 19th century is a complex and contradictory time. There is nothing surprising in the fact that it was in 1891 that one of the most mysterious Russian writers was born. We are talking about Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov - director, playwright, mystic, scriptwriter and libretto of operas. Bulgakov's story is no less fascinating than his work, and the Literaguru team takes the liberty of proving it.

Birthday of M.A. Bulgakov - 3 (15) May. The father of the future writer, Afanasy Ivanovich, was a professor at the Theological Academy in Kyiv. Mother, Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (Pokrovskaya), raised seven children: Mikhail, Vera, Nadezhda, Varvara, Nikolai, Ivan, Elena. The family often staged performances for which Mikhail composed plays. Since childhood, he loved performances, vaudeville, space scenes.

Bulgakov's house was a favorite meeting place for the creative intelligentsia. His parents often invited eminent friends who had a certain influence on the gifted boy Misha. He was very fond of listening to adult conversations and willingly participated in them.

Youth: education and early career

Bulgakov studied at the gymnasium No. 1 in the city of Kyiv. After graduating from it in 1901, he became a student at the medical faculty of Kyiv University. The choice of profession was influenced by the financial condition of the future writer: after the death of his father, Bulgakov took responsibility for a large family. His mother remarried. All children, except Mikhail, remained in good relations with stepfather. The eldest son wanted to be financially independent. He graduated from the university in 1916 and received a medical degree with honors.

During the First World War, Mikhail Bulgakov served as a field doctor for several months, then got a job in the village of Nikolsky (Smolensk province). Then some stories were written, later included in the cycle "Notes of a Young Doctor". Due to the routine of a boring provincial life, Bulgakov began to use drugs that were available to many representatives of his profession by occupation. He asked to be transferred to a new place so that drug addiction would be implicit for others: in any other case, the doctor could be deprived of his diploma. A devoted wife helped to get rid of the misfortune, who secretly diluted the narcotic substance. She in every possible way forced her husband to leave a bad habit.

In 1917, Mikhail Bulgakov received the position of head of the departments of the Vyazemsky city zemstvo hospital. A year later, Bulgakov and his wife returned to Kyiv, where the writer was engaged in private medical practice. Morphine addiction was defeated, but instead of drugs, Mikhail Bulgakov often drank alcohol.

Creation

At the end of 1918, Mikhail Bulgakov joined the officer detachment. It is not established whether he was called up as a military doctor, or whether he himself expressed a desire to become a member of the detachment. F. Keller, the second-in-command, disbanded the detachments, so that he did not participate in the fighting at that time. But already in 1919 he was mobilized into the army of the UNR. Bulgakov escaped. Versions regarding the future fate of the writer differ: some witnesses claimed that he served in the Red Army, some that he did not leave Kyiv before the arrival of the Whites. It is authentically known that the writer was mobilized into the Volunteer Army (1919). At the same time he published the feuilleton "Future Prospects". The Kyiv events were reflected in the works The Extraordinary Adventures of the Doctor (1922), The White Guard (1924). It is worth noting that the writer chose literature as his main occupation in 1920: after completing his service in the hospital of Vladikavkaz, he began to write for the newspaper Kavkaz. Bulgakov's creative path was thorny: during the period of the struggle for power, an unfriendly statement addressed to one of the parties could end in death.

Genres, themes and issues

In the early twenties, Bulgakov wrote mainly works about the revolution, mostly plays, which were subsequently staged on the stage of the Vladikavkaz Revolutionary Committee. Since 1921, the writer lived in Moscow and worked in various newspapers and magazines. In addition to feuilletons, he published individual chapters of stories. For example, "Notes on Cuffs" saw the light on the pages of the Berlin newspaper "On the Eve". Especially many essays and reports - 120 - were published in the newspaper Gudok (1922-1926). Bulgakov was a member of the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, but at the same time his artistic world was not dependent on the ideology of the union: he wrote with great sympathy about the white movement, about the tragic fate of the intelligentsia. His problematic was much broader and richer than allowed. For example, the social responsibility of scientists for their inventions, a satire on the new way of life in the country, etc.

In 1925, the play "Days of the Turbins" was written. She was a resounding success on the stage of the Moscow Art Academic Theatre. Even Joseph Stalin appreciated the work, but nevertheless, in each thematic speech, he focused on the anti-Soviet nature of Bulgakov's plays. Soon the writer's work was criticized. Over the next ten years, hundreds of scathing reviews were published. The play "Running" about the Civil War was forbidden to be staged: Bulgakov refused to make the text "ideologically correct". In 1928-29 the performances of Zoya's Apartment, Days of the Turbins, and Crimson Island were excluded from the theater repertoire.

But the emigrants studied Bulgakov's key works with interest. He wrote about the role of science in human life, about the importance of the right attitude towards each other. In 1929, the writer was thinking about the future novel The Master and Margarita. A year later, the first edition of the manuscript appeared. Religious themes, criticism of Soviet realities - all this made the appearance of Bulgakov's works on the pages of newspapers impossible. It is not surprising that the writer seriously considered moving abroad. He even wrote a letter to the Government, in which he asked either to be allowed to leave, or to be given the opportunity to work in peace. For the next six years, Mikhail Bulgakov was an assistant director at the Moscow Art Theater.

Philosophy

An idea of ​​the philosophy of the master of the printed word is given by the most famous works. For example, in the story "Diaboliad" (1922), the problem of "little people" is described, which is so often addressed by the classics. According to Bulgakov, bureaucracy and indifference is a real diabolical force, and it is difficult to resist it. The already mentioned novel "The White Guard" is largely autobiographical in nature. This is the life story of a family in a difficult situation: Civil War, enemies, the need to choose. Someone believed that Bulgakov was too loyal to the White Guards, someone reproached the author for his loyalty to the Soviet regime.

The story "Fatal Eggs" (1924) tells a truly fantastic story of a scientist who accidentally brought out a new species of reptiles. These creatures multiply incessantly and soon fill the entire city. Some philologists argue that the figures of the biologist Alexander Gurvich and the leader of the proletariat V.I. were reflected in the image of Professor Persikov. Lenin. Another famous story is Heart of a Dog (1925). Interestingly, in the USSR it was officially published only in 1987. At first glance, the plot is satirical in nature: the professor transplants the human pituitary gland into the dog, and the dog Sharik becomes a man. But is it a man?.. Someone sees in this plot a prediction of future repressions.

Originality of style

The main trump card of the author was mysticism, which he wove into realistic works. Thanks to this, critics could not directly accuse him of insulting the feelings of the proletariat. The writer skillfully combined frank fiction and real social and political problems. However, its fantastic elements are always an allegory for similar phenomena that actually occur.

For example, the novel "The Master and Margarita" combines a variety of genres: from parable to farce. Satan, who chose the name Woland for himself, one day arrives in Moscow. He meets people who are being punished for their sins. Alas, the only power of justice in Soviet Moscow is the devil, because officials and their henchmen are stupid, greedy and cruel to their fellow citizens. They are the real evil. Against this backdrop, a love story unfolds. talented Master(and after all, Maxim Gorky was called a master in the 1930s) and the brave Margarita. Only mystical intervention saved the creators from certain death in an insane asylum. The novel, for obvious reasons, was published after Bulgakov's death. The same fate awaited the unfinished "Theatrical Novel" about the world of writers and theatergoers (1936-37) and, for example, the play "Ivan Vasilyevich" (1936), a film based on which is watched to this day.

The nature of the writer

Friends and acquaintances considered Bulgakov both charming and very modest. The writer was always polite and knew how to step into the shadows in time. He had the talent of a storyteller: when he managed to overcome his shyness, everyone present listened only to him. The character of the author was based on best qualities Russian intelligentsia: education, humanity, compassion and delicacy.

Bulgakov loved to joke, never envied anyone and never looked for a better life. He was distinguished by sociability and secrecy, fearlessness and incorruptibility, strength of character and gullibility. Before his death, the writer said only one thing about the novel "The Master and Margarita": "To know." Such is his mean characteristic of his brilliant creation.

Personal life

1. While still a student, Mikhail Bulgakov married Tatyana Nikolaevna Lappa. The family had to face a shortage Money. The first wife of the writer is the prototype of Anna Kirillovna (the story "Morphine"): disinterested, wise, ready to support. It was she who pulled him out of the narcotic nightmare, together with her he went through the years of devastation and bloody strife of the Russian people. But a full-fledged family did not work out with her, because in those hungry years it was difficult to think about children. The wife suffered greatly from the need to have abortions, because of this, Bulgakov's relationship cracked.
2. So time would have passed if not for one evening: in 1924, Bulgakov was introduced Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya. She had connections in the world of literature, and it was not without her help that The White Guard was published. Love has become not just a friend and comrade, like Tatyana, but also the muse of the writer. This is the second wife of the writer, the affair with which was bright and passionate.
3. In 1929 he met Elena Shilovskaya. Subsequently, he admitted that he only loved this woman. By the time of the meeting, both were married, but the feelings were very strong. Elena Sergeevna was next to Bulgakov until his death. Bulgakov had no children. The first wife had two abortions from him. Perhaps that is why he always felt guilty before Tatyana Lappa. The adopted son of the writer was Yevgeny Shilovsky.

1. Bulgakov's first work is The Adventures of Svetlana. The story was written when the future writer was seven years old.
2. The play "Days of the Turbins" was loved by Joseph Stalin. When the author asked to be released abroad, Stalin himself called Bulgakov with the question: “What, are you very tired of us?” Stalin watched Zoya's apartment at least eight times. It is believed that he patronized the writer. In 1934, Bulgakov asked for a trip abroad so that he could improve his health. He was refused: Stalin understood that if the writer remained in another country, then The Days of the Turbins would have to be removed from the repertoire. These are the features of the relationship between the author and the authorities
3. In 1938, Bulgakov wrote a play about Stalin at the request of representatives of the Moscow Art Theater. The leader read the script of "Batum" and was not too pleased: he did not want the general public to find out about his past.
4. "Morphine", which tells about the drug addiction of a doctor, is an autobiographical work that helped Bulgakov overcome his addiction. Confessing to paper, he received strength to fight the disease.
5. The author was very self-critical, so he liked to collect criticism of strangers. He cut out all the reviews of his creations from newspapers. Of the 298, they were negative, and only three people praised Bulgakov's work in his entire life. Thus, the writer knew firsthand the fate of his hunted hero - the Master.
6. The relationship between the writer and his colleagues was very difficult. Someone supported him, for example, director Stanislavsky threatened to close his legendary theater if it banned the showing of The White Guard. And someone, for example, Vladimir Mayakovsky, offered to boo the screening of the play. He publicly criticized his colleague, very impartially assessing his achievements.
7. The Behemoth cat was, it turns out, not at all an invention of the author. Its prototype was Bulgakov's phenomenally smart black dog with the same nickname.

Death

Why did Bulgakov die? In the late thirties, he often spoke of imminent death. Friends considered it a joke: the writer loved practical jokes. In fact, Bulgakov, a former doctor, noticed the first signs of nephrosclerosis, a severe hereditary disease. In 1939, the diagnosis was made.

Bulgakov was 48 years old - the same age as his father, who died of nephrosclerosis. At the end of his life, he again began to use morphine to dull the pain. When he went blind, his wife wrote the chapters of The Master and Margarita for him from dictation. Editing stopped at the words of Margarita: “So, this, therefore, is the writers following the coffin?” On March 10, 1940, Bulgakov died. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Bulgakov's house

In 2004, the opening of the Bulgakov House, a museum-theater and a cultural and educational center, took place in Moscow. Visitors can ride a tram, see an electronic exhibition dedicated to the life and work of the writer, sign up for a night tour of the "bad apartment" and meet a real Behemoth cat. The function of the museum is to preserve Bulgakov's heritage. The concept is connected with the mystical theme that the great writer loved so much.

There is also an outstanding Bulgakov Museum in Kyiv. The apartment is riddled with secret passages and manholes. For example, from the closet you can get into the secret room, where there is something like an office. There you can also see many exhibits talking about the writer's childhood.

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Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich was born in 1891, on May 3 (15). He was born in Kyiv. The parents of the future writer - Varvara Mikhailovna (maiden name Pokrovskaya), a teacher, after - an inspector at courses for women. Father - also a teacher, worked in Mikhail became the eldest son in big family in which cultural traditions were very strong. Bulgakov's work, as well as his biography, we will describe in this article.

Studying at the gymnasium, passion for theater, literature, marriage

His education took place at first in the Kyiv gymnasium. The future writer finished it with only two excellent marks - according to the law of God and geography. At this time, he was fond of theater (he knew, for example, "Aida" and "Faust" by heart), reads "with rapture" Saltykov-Shchedrin and Gogol, the first works that marked Bulgakov's work also appear.

In 1907 his father died. In 1913 Mikhail Afanasyevich married T.N. Lappe.

Work as a doctor

The period from 1916 to 1917 - the end of Kyiv University, where he studied at the medical faculty. Released from the draft due to illness, the author of interest to us is going to his destination. This institution was located in the village of Nikolskoye And after some time he went to Vyazma. "Notes of a young doctor" were written on the basis of impressions received during this period.

Medical practice in Kyiv

In 1918, Bulgakov returned to Kyiv, where he made attempts to engage in medical practice (private - as a free-practitioner venereologist). At this time, according to the testimony of the writer himself, as a doctor he was consistently called to the service by all the authorities that occupied the city. However, Bulgakov managed to evade both the Red Army and the Petliurists, who "mobilized" him.

Service in the army, professional literature

In 1919-1920, the following events take place in the life of the writer. Mikhail Afanasyevich was "mobilized" by Denikin's troops and sent to the North Caucasus with an echelon. Here he began to engage in literature professionally: at that time, the first stories appeared in the newspapers of Vladikavkaz and Grozny, which reflected sympathy for the White movement, the perception of the abdication of Nicholas II as a "historical misfortune", etc. He participates as a doctor in battles. Denikin's men, retreating under the onslaught of the Red Army, left Bulgakov, ill with typhus, to the mercy of fate, which served as the basis for disappointment in these "comrades in arms." With the advent of the Reds, Mikhail Afanasyevich begins to work in the sub-department of arts. His activities consisted of reports on Chekhov and Pushkin, writing plays for the local theater, one of which, called "Paris Communards", he even sent to Moscow, hoping for success in the competition announced in this city.

Moving to Moscow

In 1921, Mikhail Afanasyevich arrived in Moscow, where he began to work as a secretary in the literary department at the People's Commissariat for Education. In search of earnings with the beginning of the NEP, he often changes his job: he works as a chronicle editor in one of the private newspapers, an entertainer, an engineer, etc. At the same time, he settled on Sadovaya, in a communal apartment in a house that once belonged to a tobacco manufacturer. Many times the manners of apartment No. 50 will appear in various works that make up Bulgakov's work.

In 1922, Mikhail Afanasyevich actively published in the press - in such magazines as "Rupor", "Worker", "Red Magazine for All", "Railwayman", "Krasnaya Niva", etc.

Collaboration in Gudok, new works and a new marriage

The period from 1922 to 1926 - cooperation with a newspaper called "Gudok", and also published "On the eve" in the Berlin Russian newspaper, whose editor is A. N. Tolstoy, who at that time had not yet returned from exile.

The life and work of Bulgakov in 1923-1924 will be represented by the following two main events. In 1923, the story "Notes on the Cuffs" appeared. The following year, Mikhail Afanasyevich meets with L. E. Belozerskaya, who returned from emigration to Paris, marries her.

In 1925, Bulgakov's work continued. Appears "Diaboliad" - the first collection of satirical stories. At the same time, a collection of short stories called "Fatal Eggs" was published. This year is also marked by the creation of the manuscript of "Heart of a Dog" - a work that was published only 60 years later.

Search at Bulgakov's

In May 1926, Bulgakov was searched by OGPU officers, who seized the above manuscript, as well as diaries. The writer, repeatedly requesting that these materials be returned to him and receiving no response to these requests, declares that he will soon be forced to withdraw from the All-Russian Union of Writers defiantly. After that, the papers, including the manuscript of The Heart of a Dog, were returned to Bulgakov.

Works 1925-1928

In 1925-1926, the cycle "Stories" was published, as well as a collection of short stories called "Notes of a Young Doctor".

The following events belong to the period from 1925 to 1927. The novel "White Guard" was created. Based on his motives, in 1926 the play "Days of the Turbins" was written and staged, which premiered at the Moscow Art Theater at the same time.

From 1926 to 1928, Mikhail Bulgakov, whose life and work are presented in our article, wrote a play called "Running", which saw the audience only in 1957.

In 1926, the play "Zoyka's Apartment" was also created, which was staged at the Vakhtangov Theater. Together with The Days of the Turbins, it was soon withdrawn due to the pressure of tendentious criticism.

In 1928 - another work for the theater ("Crimson Island"). It was staged by the Chamber Theater in the same year, but this time the play was banned almost immediately.

Evaluation of Bulgakov's work by literary criticism

Literary criticism of the late 1920s assessed the work of Mikhail Bulgakov sharply negatively. His works were not published, they were not played on stage. For example, Stalin's negative reviews of the play "Running" are known, which, from his point of view, is an "anti-Soviet phenomenon." "Waste paper" called the leader of the "Crimson Island". The result of bullying - and whose work was often noted even before negative consequences contact with the Soviet authorities, remains without work and, accordingly, without funds, writes a letter to the "Government of the USSR" and sends it to seven addresses of various institutions of power. Trying to understand his future fate, he explains his author's position in a letter, saying that he prefers Great Revolution The Great Evolution, that is, a more natural, in his opinion, gradual course of history. In 1930, on April 18, Stalin himself called Mikhail Afanasyevich’s apartment, and as a result of this conversation, the writer was promised a job at the Moscow Art Theater. The unspoken condition of the agreement was the creation of a work praising the leader. Later, in 1939, a play called "Batum" was written, which tells about the "young years of the leader." However, neither its content nor the tone of the narration satisfied the authorities.

Work at the Moscow Art Theater

With the beginning of work at the Moscow Art Theater, Bulgakov's life and work changed significantly. Mikhail Afanasyevich has been an assistant director in this theater since the early 1930s. Refers to this period of his life passion Shilovskaya Elena Sergeevna (1929), who later became his wife.

In 1931, the play "Adam and Eve" appears. During this, as well as the following year, he writes a staging of Tolstoy's "War and Peace" commissioned by the Bolshoi Drama Theater. However, this performance was not staged.

In 1932, a staging of Gogol's "Dead Souls" appeared. Returned to the viewer (on the personal order of Comrade Stalin) "Days of the Turbins".

In the years 1930-1936, a drama called "The Cabal of the Saints" was created, staged in 1943. This was preceded by work on a biographical story, in 1932-1933. It was published in 1962.

Another play, "Bliss", came out in 1934 (published only in 1966).

In 1934-1935. a drama called " Last days", staged on stage in 1943. At first she was conceived in collaboration with

Bulgakov refuses to "alterations"

The period from 1934 to 1936 is marked by the following events. Bulgakov's play "Ivan Vasilyevich" appears. This work, brought to dress rehearsals at the Theater of Satire, was filmed literally on the eve of the premiere. For the period from 1928 to 1936, not a single thing was printed by the writer, and not a single play representing the original work of M.A. appeared on the stage of the theater. Bulgakov. Mikhail Afanasyevich stubbornly refuses the "alterations" suggested to him (for example, "reforging" some white officer from the work "Running", ending with the revolutionary choral song "Crimson Island", etc.).

Latest works

In 1936-1937, "Theatrical novel" was created (unfinished work). It was published in 1965.

Bulgakov in 1938 creates a play called "Don Quixote". From the beginning of the 1930s until the end of his life, he also continued to work on his most famous work, which is now addressed first of all when studying Bulgakov's work - The Master and Margarita.

Mikhail Afanasyevich died in Moscow in 1940 from which was hereditary in his family (passed on to the writer from his father).

Thus ends the life and work of M. Bulgakov - now recognized

Mikhail Bulgakov is a Russian writer and playwright, the author of many works that today are considered classics of Russian literature. Suffice it to name such novels as The Master and Margarita, The White Guard and the stories The Devil, Heart of a Dog, Notes on the Cuffs. Many books and plays by Bulgakov were filmed.

Childhood and youth

Michael was born in Kyiv in the family of professor-theologian Athanasius Ivanovich and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna, who was engaged in raising seven children. Misha was the eldest child and, if possible, helped his parents manage the household. Of the other Bulgakov children, Nikolai, who became a biologist, became famous, Ivan, who became famous in exile as a balalaika musician, and Varvara, who turned out to be the prototype of Elena Turbina in the novel The White Guard.

After graduating from high school, Mikhail Bulgakov enters the university for Faculty of Medicine. His choice turned out to be connected solely with mercantile desire - both uncles of the future writer were doctors and made very good money. For a boy who grew up in a large family, this nuance was fundamental.

During the First World War, Mikhail Afanasyevich served in the frontline zone as a doctor, after which he healed in Vyazma, and later in Kyiv, as a venereologist. In the early 1920s, he moved to Moscow and began his literary career, first as a feuilletonist, later as a playwright and theater director at the Moscow Art Theater and the Central Theater of Working Youth.

Books

The first published book by Mikhail Bulgakov was the story "The Adventures of Chichikov", written in a satirical manner. It was followed by the partially autobiographical Notes on the Cuffs, the social drama The Diaboliad, and the writer's first major work, the novel The White Guard. Surprisingly, Bulgakov's first novel was criticized from all sides: local censorship called it anti-communist, and the foreign press spoke of it as being too loyal just to the Soviet regime.

Mikhail Afanasyevich told about the beginning of his medical activity in the collection of short stories “Notes of a Young Doctor”, which is still read with great interest today. The story "Morphine" stands out in particular. One of the author's most famous books, The Heart of a Dog, is also connected with medicine, although in reality it is a subtle satire on Bulgakov's modern reality. At the same time, the fantastic story "Fatal Eggs" was also written.

By 1930, the works of Mikhail Afanasyevich were no longer printed. For example, "Heart of a Dog" was first published only in 1987, "The Life of Monsieur de Molière" and "Theatrical Romance" - in 1965. And the most powerful and incredibly large-scale novel, The Master and Margarita, which Bulgakov wrote from 1929 until his death, was first published only at the end of the 60s, and then in an abridged form.

In March 1930, the writer, who lost ground under his feet, sent a letter to the government in which he asked to decide his fate - either to allow him to emigrate, or to give him the opportunity to work. As a result, he received a personal phone call and said that he would be allowed to stage performances. But the publication of Bulgakov's books never resumed during his lifetime.

Theatre

Back in 1925, Mikhail Bulgakov's plays, Zoya's Apartment, Days of the Turbins, based on the novel The White Guard, The Run, Crimson Island, were staged with great success on the stage of Moscow theaters. A year later, the ministry wanted to ban the production of The Days of the Turbins as an "anti-Soviet thing", but it was decided not to do this, since Stalin really liked the performance, who visited it 14 times.

Soon, Bulgakov's plays were nevertheless removed from the repertoire of all theaters in the country, and only in 1930, after the personal intervention of the Leader, Mikhail Afanasyevich was reinstated as a playwright and director.

He staged Gogol's "Dead Souls" and Dickens's "Pickwick Club", but his author's plays "", "Bliss", "Ivan Vasilyevich" and others during the life of the playwright were never published.

The only exception was the play "The Cabal of the Hypocrites", staged based on Bulgakov's play "" in 1936 after a five-year series of failures. The premiere was a huge success, but the troupe managed to give only 7 shows, after which the play was banned. After that, Mikhail Afanasyevich quits the theater and later earns a living as a translator.

Personal life

The first wife of the great writer was Tatyana Lappa. Their wedding was more than poor - the bride did not even have a veil, and then they lived very modestly. By the way, it was Tatyana who became the prototype for Anna Kirillovna from the story "Morphine".

In 1925, Bulgakov met Lyubov Belozerskaya, who came from an old family of princes. She was fond of literature and fully understood Mikhail Afanasyevich as a creator. The writer immediately divorces Lappa and marries Belozerskaya.

And in 1932 he met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, nee Nuremberg. A man leaves his second wife and leads his third wife down the aisle. By the way, it is Elena who is depicted in his most famous novel in the image of Margarita. Bulgakov lived with his third wife until the end of his life, and it was she who made titanic efforts so that later the works of her beloved were published. Michael had no children with any of his wives.

There is a funny arithmetic-mystical situation with Bulgakov's spouses. Each of them had three official marriages, like himself. Moreover, for the first wife of Tatyana, Mikhail was the first spouse, for the second Lyubov - the second, and for the third Elena, respectively, the third. So Bulgakov's mysticism is present not only in books, but also in life.

Death

In 1939, the writer worked on the play "Batum" about Joseph Stalin, in the hope that such a work would definitely not be banned. The play was already being prepared for production when the order came to stop rehearsals. After that, Bulgakov's health began to deteriorate sharply - he began to lose his sight, and congenital kidney disease also made itself felt.

Mikhail Afanasyevich returned to the use of morphine to relieve pain symptoms. From the winter of 1940, the playwright stopped getting out of bed, and on March 10, the great writer died. Mikhail Bulgakov was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery, and at the insistence of his wife, a stone was laid on his grave, which was previously installed on the grave.

Bibliography

• 1922 - "The Adventures of Chichikov"
• 1923 - "Notes of a young doctor"
• 1923 - Diaboliad
• 1923 - "Notes on cuffs"
• 1924 - "White Guard"
• 1924 - "Fatal Eggs"
• 1925 - "Heart of a Dog"
• 1925 - "Zoyka's apartment"
• 1928 - "Running"
• 1929 - "Secret Friend"
• 1929 - "The Cabal of the Saints"
• 1929-1940 - The Master and Margarita
• 1933 - "The Life of Monsieur de Molière"
• 1936 - "Ivan Vasilyevich"
• 1937 - "Theatrical novel"

1891 , May 3 (15) - was born in Kyiv in the family of Associate Professor of the Kyiv Theological Academy Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna (nee - Pokrovskaya).

1901 , August 22 - enters the first class of the First (Aleksandrovskaya) Kyiv gymnasium.

1909 - graduated from the Kyiv First Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University.

1913 - enters into his first marriage - with Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982).

1916 , October 31 - received a doctor's degree, was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province., Then he worked as a doctor in the city of Vyazma.
December - a trip to Moscow.

1918 - returned to Kyiv, where he began private practice as a venereologist in a house on Andreevsky Descent.
December - events take place in Kyiv, later described in the novel "The White Guard".

1919 , February - mobilized as a military doctor in the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
Mobilized in white Armed forces South of Russia and was appointed military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment.
November 26 - the first publication of M. A. Bulgakov: the feuilleton "Future Prospects" in the newspaper "Grozny".

1920 , January 18 - publication of the feuilleton "In the cafe" in the "Kavkazskaya Gazeta".
February 15 - the first issue of the newspaper "Kavkaz" is published, with Bulgakov becoming an employee.
End of February - Bulgakov falls ill with relapsing fever and remains in Vladikavkaz, captured by the Red Army.
Beginning of April - goes to work as the head of the literary section of the sub-department of arts in the Vladikavkaz Revolutionary Committee (since the end of May he has been in charge of the theater section).
October 21 - premiere of the play "The Turbine Brothers".

1921 , end of June - leaves for Batum. Acquaintance with O. E. Mandelstam.
End of September - moves to Moscow and begins to cooperate as a feuilletonist with the capital's newspapers ("Gudok", "Worker") and magazines ("Medical worker", "Russia", "Vozrozhdeniye").
Publishes individual works in the newspaper "On the Eve", published in Berlin.
November-December - acquaintance with the typist I. S. Raaben (nee Count Kamenskaya), to whom Bulgakov dictates the first part of Notes on the Cuffs.

1922 , March - works as a reporter in the newspaper "Worker" and in the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Air Force Academy.
Beginning of April - works as a letter processor for the Gudok newspaper.
June 18 - chapters from the story "Notes on the Cuffs" are published in the Literary Supplement to the Berlin newspaper "On the Eve".
October - Bulgakov becomes a feuilletonist in Gudok with a salary of 200 million rubles. Takes part in the activities of the literary circle "Green Lamp".
November - Bulgakov's failed attempt to compile a "Dictionary of Russian Writers" and an announcement on this subject in the Berlin "New Russian Book" lead to the fact that the author comes to the attention of the OGPU.

1923 - joins the All-Russian Union of Writers.
End of May - Bulgakov's acquaintance with Alexei Tolstoy.

1924 - meets Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1895-1987), who recently returned from abroad, who in 1925 became his wife.
October - Bulgakov and his wife move to Obukhov Lane. Acquaintance with the prechistensky circle.
The end of December - the first part of the novel "White Guard" is published in the fourth issue of the Rossiya magazine.

1925 , January - publication of the story "La Boheme", the beginning of work on the story "Heart of a Dog".
February - publication of the story "Fatal Eggs" in the sixth issue of the almanac "Nedra".
March 7 - reads "Heart of a Dog" at Nikitinsky Subbotniks, which results in a detailed report of a secret informer in the OGPU about the content of the story and the reaction of the public to it.
April 3 - Bulgakov receives an invitation to collaborate with the Moscow Art Theater.
End of April - the second part of the novel "White Guard" is published in the fifth issue of the magazine "Russia".
June - early July - M. A. Bulgakov and L. E. Belozerskaya rest in Koktebel at the invitation of M. A. Voloshin.
Summer - work on the play "The White Guard".
September 1 - reading of the first version of the play to Stanislavsky in his apartment.
September 11 - Bulgakov receives the news that the story "Heart of a Dog" was rejected by L. B. Kamenev.

1926 , January - the conclusion of an agreement with the studio of E. B. Vakhtangov for the play "Zoyka's Apartment"; conclusion of an agreement with the Moscow Chamber Theater for the play "Crimson Island".
May 7 - The OGPU conducts a search at Bulgakov's, as a result of which the manuscript of the story "Heart of a Dog" and personal diary writer.
Since October, the play "Days of the Turbins" has been staged at the Moscow Art Theater with great success. Her production was allowed only for a year, but later extended several times. The play was liked by I. Stalin, who watched it more than 14 times.
At the end of October at the Theater. Vakhtangov, the premiere of the play based on the play by M. A. Bulgakov "Zoyka's Apartment" was a great success.
In the Soviet press, an intense and sharp criticism of the work of M. A. Bulgakov begins. According to his own calculations, in 10 years there were 298 bad reviews and 3 favorable ones. Among the critics were influential writers (Mayakovsky, Bezymensky, Averbakh, Shklovsky, Kerzhentsev and others).

1927 , February 7 - Bulgakov participates in a debate on the theme "Days of the Turbins" and "Love Yarovaya" at the Meyerhold Theater.
March - the contract for the play "Heart of a Dog" was terminated and an agreement was concluded for the play "Knights of the Seraphim" ("Running").
August - M. A. Bulgakov and L. E. Belozerskaya move to a separate rented apartment on Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street.
December - the publication in Paris of the first volume of the novel "The White Guard" by the publishing house "Concorde".

1928 - Bulgakov and his wife travel to the Caucasus, where they visited Tiflis, Batum, Zeleny Mys, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes.
The premiere of the play Crimson Island took place in Moscow.
The idea of ​​the novel, later called "The Master and Margarita".
The writer begins work on a play about Molière ("The Cabal of Saints").
December 11 - premiere of the play "Crimson Island" at the Moscow Chamber Theater.

1929 February 28 - Bulgakov's acquaintance with Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, nee Nuremberg. Mention of the new novel by M. A. Bulgakov (the future "Master and Margarita") in one of the undercover reports.
March 17 - the last performance of "Zoyka's apartment".
April - removal from the repertoire of "Days of the Turbins".
May 8 - Bulgakov submits to the Nedra publishing house the chapter "Furibund Mania" from the novel "Engineer's Hoof".
The beginning of June is the last performance of Crimson Island.
July 30 - Bulgakov sends a letter of application to I. V. Stalin, M. I. Kalinin and others with a request to leave the USSR and meets with the head of the Main Department of Arts A. I. Svidersky, who informs Central Committee Secretary A. P. Smirnov about this conversation .
October - Bulgakov's books are withdrawn from libraries.
Beginning of work on the play "The Cabal of the Saints".

1930 , February 11 - public reading of the play "The Cabal of the Saints" in the Dramsoyuz.
March 18 - The Main Repertoire Committee bans the play "The Cabal of Saints".
March 28 - Bulgakov writes a letter to the Government of the USSR.
April 18 (Friday Holy Week) - a telephone conversation between M. A. Bulgakov and I. V. Stalin.
May 10 - enters the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director.
May - the beginning of work on the staging of N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls".
October - V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko rejects Bulgakov's version of Dead Souls.

1931 , February - K. S. Stanislavsky joins the rehearsals of "Dead Souls".
October 12 - signed an agreement for the production of "Molière" with the BDT.
November 19 - the decision of the Artistic and Political Council of the BDT on the inexpediency of staging the play "Molière".
Re-starts work on the novel "The Master and Margarita". For the first time, the novel "The Master and Margarita" was published in the magazine "Moscow" in No. 11 for 1966 and in No. 1 for 1967.

1932 - on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater there was a performance of the play "Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol staged by Bulgakov.

1934 , June - Bulgakov is admitted to the Union of Soviet Writers.

1935 - performed on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater as an actor - in the role of the Judge in the play "The Pickwick Club" by Dickens.

1936 , February - the premiere of the play "The Cabal of the Saints" ("Molière", a play in four acts, written in 1929) on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. The performance was staged seven times, and after the article “External Shine and False Content” in Pravda on March 9, 1936, it was banned.

1940 March 10 - Bulgakov died in Moscow, was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. On his grave, at the request of his widow, E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was erected, nicknamed "calvary", which previously lay on the grave of N. V. Gogol.

In August 1919, after the capture of Kyiv by General Denikin, Mikhail Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor in the White Army and sent to the North Caucasus. Here appeared his first publication - a newspaper article called "Future Prospects".

Soon he parted with the profession of a doctor and devoted himself entirely to literary work. In 1919-1921, while working in the Vladikavkaz subdepartment of arts, Bulgakov composed five plays, three of which were staged at the local theater. Their texts have not been preserved, with the exception of one - "Sons of the Mullah".

In 1921 he moved to Moscow. He served as secretary of the Main Political and Educational Committee under the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR.

In 1921-1926, Bulgakov collaborated with the Moscow editorial office of the Berlin newspaper Nakanune, publishing essays about the life of Moscow in it, with the newspapers Gudok and Rabochiy, the magazines Medical Worker, Rossiya and Vozrozhdenie.

In the literary supplement to the newspaper Nakanune, Notes on the Cuffs (1922-1923), as well as the writer's stories Chichikov's Adventures, The Red Crown, and The Cup of Life (all from 1922) were published. In 1925-1927, the magazines "Medical Worker" and "Red Panorama" published stories from the cycle "Notes of a Young Doctor".

The general theme of Bulgakov's works is due to the author's attitude to the Soviet regime - the writer did not consider himself an enemy of it, but he assessed reality very critically, believing that his satirical denunciations benefited the country and people. Early examples include the stories "The Diaboliad. The Tale of How the Twins Killed the Clerk" (1924) and "Fatal Eggs" (1925), combined in the collection "The Diaboliad" (1925). The story "Heart of a Dog" written in 1925, which was in "samizdat" for more than 60 years, is distinguished by great skill and a sharper social orientation.

The boundary separating the early Bulgakov from the mature one was the novel The White Guard (1925). Bulgakov's departure from the emphatically negative portrayal of the White Guard environment brought accusations against the writer of trying to justify the White movement.

Later, on the basis of the novel and in collaboration with the Moscow Art Theater, Bulgakov wrote the play Days of the Turbins (1926). The famous Moscow Art Theater production of this play (the premiere took place on October 5, 1926) brought Bulgakov wide fame. "Days of the Turbins" enjoyed unprecedented success with the audience, but not with the critics, who launched a devastating campaign against the "apologetic" performance in relation to the white movement and against the "anti-Soviet" minded author of the play.

In the same period, Bulgakov's play "Zoyka's Apartment" (1926), which was banned after the 200th performance, was staged at Yevgeny Vakhtangov's Studio Theatre. The play "Running" (1928) was banned after the first rehearsals at the Moscow Art Theater.

The play "Crimson Island" (1927), staged at the Moscow Chamber Theater, was banned after the 50th performance.

In early 1930, his play The Cabal of the Saints (1929) was banned and did not reach rehearsals in the theater.

Bulgakov's plays were removed from the theater repertoire, his works were not published. In this situation, the writer was forced to turn to the highest authorities and wrote a "Letter to the Government", asking either to provide him with a job and, consequently, a livelihood, or to let him go abroad. The letter was followed phone call Joseph Stalin to Bulgakov (April 18, 1930). Soon Bulgakov got a job as a director of the Moscow Art Theater and thus solved the problem of physical survival. In March 1931, he was accepted into the cast of the Moscow Art Theater.

While working at the Moscow Art Theater, he wrote a staging of "Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol.

In February 1932, the "Days of the Turbins" at the Moscow Art Theater were resumed.

In the 1930s, one of the main topics in Bulgakov's work was the theme of the relationship between the artist and the authorities, realized by him on the material of various historical eras: the play "Molière", the biographical story "The Life of Monsieur de Moliere", the play "The Last Days", the novel "The Master and Margarita".

In 1936, due to disagreements with the management during the rehearsal of Moliere, Bulgakov was forced to break with the Moscow Art Theater and go to work at the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR as a librettist.

AT last years Bulgakov continued to work actively, creating the libretto of the operas The Black Sea (1937, composer Sergei Pototsky), Minin and Pozharsky (1937, composer Boris Asafiev), Friendship (1937-1938, composer Vasily Solovyov-Sedoy; remained unfinished) , "Rachel" (1939, composer Isaak Dunayevsky) and others.

An attempt to renew cooperation with the Moscow Art Theater by staging the play "Batum" about the young Stalin (1939), created with the active interest of the theater for the 60th anniversary of the leader, ended in failure. The play was banned from being staged and was interpreted by the political leaders as the writer's desire to improve relations with the authorities.

In 1929-1940, Bulgakov's multifaceted philosophical-fiction novel "The Master and Margarita" was created - Bulgakov's last work.

Doctors discovered the writer had hypertensive nephrosclerosis, an incurable kidney disease. he was seriously ill, almost blind, and his wife made changes to the manuscript from dictation. February 13, 1940 was the last day of work on the novel.

Mikhail Bulgakov died in Moscow. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

During his lifetime, his plays "Adam and Eve", "Bliss", "Ivan Vasilyevich" did not see the light, the last of them was filmed by director Leonid Gaidai in the comedy "Ivan Vasilyevich Changes Profession" (1973). Also, after the death of the writer, the "Theatrical Novel" was published, which was based on the "Notes of the Dead".

The philosophical-fiction novel "The Master and Margarita" before publication was known only to a narrow circle of people close to the author, the uncopied manuscript was miraculously preserved. The novel was first published in abbreviated form in 1966 in the Moscow magazine. The full text in Bulgakov's last edition was published in Russian in 1989.

The novel has become one of the artistic achievements of Russian and world literature of the 20th century and one of the most popular and books read in the homeland of the writer, was repeatedly filmed and staged on the theater stage.

In the 1980s, Bulgakov became one of the most published authors in the USSR. His works were included in the Collected Works in five volumes (1989-1990).

On March 26, 2007 in Moscow, in an apartment on Bolshaya Sadovaya Street, building 10, where the writer lived in 1921-1924, the government of the capital established the first M.A. Museum in Russia. Bulgakov.

Mikhail Bulgakov was married three times. The writer married his first wife Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982) in 1913. In 1925, he officially married Lyubov Belozerskaya (1895-1987), who had previously been married to journalist Ilya Vasilevsky. In 1932, the writer married Elena Shilovskaya (née Nuremberg, after Neelov's first husband), the wife of Lieutenant General Yevgeny Shilovsky, whom he met in 1929. From September 1, 1933, Elena Bulgakova (1893-1970) kept a diary, which became one of the important sources of Mikhail Bulgakov's biography. She preserved the extensive archive of the writer, which she transferred to the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin (now the Russian State Library), as well as the Institute of Russian Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Pushkin House). Bulgakova managed to achieve the publication of Theatrical Novel and The Master and Margarita, the reprinting of The White Guard in full, and the publication of most of the plays.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources