See what “repeating conjunctions” are in other dictionaries. The meaning of repeated conjunctions in the dictionary of linguistic terms Punctuation marks for homogeneous members with generalizing words
REPEATING CONJUNCTIONS
see repeated conjunctions (conjunction in the article).
Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what REPEATING CONJUNCTIONS are in the Russian language in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- UNIONS
PROFESSIONAL - see PROFESSIONAL... - UNIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
PAYMENT - see PAYMENT UNIONS... - UNIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
ADMINISTRATIVE INTERNATIONAL - see INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIONS ... - UNIONS
Greece. Outside the boundaries of their native city, the ancient Greeks did not enjoy any rights and could not count on the patronage of foreign officials... - UNIONS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"UNIONS OF STRUGGLE FOR THE LIBERATION OF THE WORKING CLASS", the first citywide. Social-Democrats org-tions in the 1890s. in St. Petersburg (see St. Petersburg "Union of Struggle for... - UNIONS
? Greece. Outside the boundaries of their hometown, the ancient Greeks did not enjoy any rights and could not count on the patronage of officials... - THE MOST CONTAGIOUS RECURRING DISEASES; "TROPICAL FEVER" in the 1998 Guinness Book of Records:
Probably the most widespread recurring diseases are dengue (a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes) and the more severe form... - UNIONS OF WORKERS AND PEASANTS YOUTH
workers' and peasants' youth, organizations of proletarian youth that arose after February Revolution 1917 in Russia. From the first days of the revolution, a widespread... - in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Since the founding of universities, students have been united into unions, or nations (see University). Little by little, circles of fellow countrymen also emerged - fraternities, which... - WORKERS' UNIONS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
voluntary, more or less long-term, organized associations of hired workers, with the goal of counteracting the decline and promoting the improvement of the social position of their ... - in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Until 1905, professional and political unions were possible in Russia only as illegal unions, therefore, extremely sparsely populated and devoid of... - UNIVERSITY CORPORATIONS AND UNIONS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? Since the founding of universities, students have been united into unions, or nations (see University). Little by little, circles of fellow countrymen also emerged? fraternity... - WORKERS' UNIONS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? voluntary, more or less long-term, organized associations of hired workers, with the goal of counteracting the decline and promoting the improvement of the social situation ... - PROFESSIONAL AND POLITICAL UNIONS IN RUSSIA in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? Until 1905, professional and political unions were possible in Russia only as illegal unions, therefore, extremely sparsely populated and... - UNION in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
Function words used to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts complex sentence and independent proposals. Classification of unions: 1) by ... - NUMERIC DEPENDENCIES
strange and obscure, sometimes too obvious numerical patterns that are difficult or even impossible to explain using probability theory. Mystic-magical interpretation... - NUMBER 13 "THE DEvil's Dozen" in the Directory of Miracles, unusual phenomena, UFOs and other things:
a figure to which many harmful and (much less often) useful are attributed magical properties. Some "coincidences" with this number are so striking that... - AMMIAN MARCELLINUS in the Wiki Quotation Book.
- TRANTOR in the Encyclopedia Galactica of Science Fiction Literature:
The planet Trantor, which is the center in which the government of the Empire has been located for hundreds of generations, and is located in the central region of the Galaxy among densely populated ... - SYNCHRONY
(Synchronicity; Synchronizitat) is a phenomenon in which an event in the external world coincides in a meaningful way with the psychological state of a person. ... - RATIONAL in the Dictionary of Analytical Psychology:
(Rational; Rational) - a term used to describe thoughts, feelings and actions consistent with reason; an attitude based on objective values obtained... - ARCHETYPAL IMAGE in the Dictionary of Analytical Psychology:
(Archetypal Image; Archetypische Bild) - a form of representation of the archetype in consciousness; at the individual level, the archetypal motif is always a pattern or pattern... - ABREACTION in the Dictionary of Analytical Psychology:
(Abreaction; Abreaktion), abduction is a way of becoming aware of suppressed emotional reactions (in the presence of an analyst) through retelling and re-experiencing a traumatic event... - LOVE
the universal of culture of the subjective series, which captures in its content a deep individually selective intimate feeling, vectorially directed towards its subject and objectified in... - LAW in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
essential, necessary, stable, repeating connection (relationship) between phenomena. Category 3. expresses in its content something independent of our consciousness... - BADENSKAYA in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
(FREYBURG, SOUTHWEST GERMAN) SCHOOL - a direction in neo-Kantianism, based on the transcendental psychological interpretation of Kant's teachings. It took shape at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th... - FOUCAULT in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- essay by Deleuze ("Foucault", 1986). The book consists of two parts. The first one - "From archive to diagram" - contains two... - IDIOGRAPHISM in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- the paradigmatic setting of the cultural tradition to see reality as non-unified and, accordingly, not subject to knowledge through the search for common... - DISCIPLINARITY, DISCIPLINE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism.
- ABC-ART in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
(ABC-ART) - an artistic movement in modernism (see Modernism), constituted in the context of the “new wave” avant-garde (see “New Wave” avant-garde), the basis of aesthetic ... - TOSHODAIJI in the Encyclopedia Japan from A to Z:
- one of the oldest and most beautiful Buddhist temples in the city of Nara. Its foundation is associated with the name of the Chinese Buddhist monk Chienchen... - VYAHRITI in the Yoga Dictionary:
(Vyahritis) Three introductory words repeated after Om in the Gayatri mantra (q.v.). They have a mystical meaning, but besides... - ECONOMIC in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CYCLE - ups and downs in the economy that periodically repeat over a number of years. E.c. consists of several phases: rise, crisis, ... - UNVOICED in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
TRADES - 1) auctions held without prior notification and wide access to buyers; 2) tenders during which tender committees do not... - ENZYME DEFICIENCY in the Medical Dictionary.
- AUTISM CHILDHOOD in the Medical Dictionary:
- ENZYME DEFICIENCY in the Large Medical Dictionary.
- AUTISM CHILDHOOD in the Big Medical Dictionary:
Autism is a mental disorder characterized by severe deficits in personal, social, speech and other aspects of development and communication skills. Characteristic: tendency to... - TRIOLET in the Literary Encyclopedia:
[French triolet] - one of the special, so-called. "solid" forms of lyric poetry, 388 of French origin, going back to the Old French rondo. T. … - NUCLEUS (BIOL.) in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
cellular, obligatory, along with the cytoplasm, component cells in protozoa, multicellular animals and plants, containing chromosomes and products of their activity. ... - UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radyanska Socialistichna Respublika), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was founded on December 25, 1917. With the creation... - STANZA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from the Greek strophe, literally - turn), in versification - a group of poems united by some formal feature that periodically repeats from the group ... - YOUTH MOVEMENT in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
movement, the struggle of young people to satisfy their socio-economic and political demands, as well as their participation in the general political struggle. In M. d.... - LEGAL AND INDIVIDUALS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
differentiate in law due to the fact that it is not always possible in each individual case to distinguish between the rights and responsibilities of people who are truly... - SYNDICATES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
In everyday language, this term refers to various types of unions that create a community of material interests between the contracting parties and do not belong to... - WORK QUESTION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
The R. question is the question of the economic, legal and social situation of hired workers and its improvement. It forms the main part of modern... - SOCIETY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
I Contents of the article: General overview. — O. Anthropological. - Oh. Astronomical. - Oh. Biblical. — O. Geological and mineralogical. -...
- (tracing paper from Latin conjunctio and Greek σύνδεσμος, lit. connection, union) a class of function words that form syntactic connections of sentences and syntactic connections of words. The connecting function is the main one for the union. However, indicating the presence of a connection, the union ... Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary
This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia
§ 143-148. COMMA BETWEEN SAME TERMS OF A SENTENCE- § 143. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence that are not connected through conjunctions, for example: Laughter, songs, and fun were heard from all sides. L. Tolstoy Everything in the room looked cozy, clean, bright. Saltykov Shedrin At his feet are two... ... Russian spelling rules
Stylistic figure- (from Latin figura - outline, image, image, figure of speech) - a term introduced into ancient rhetoric from the art of dance and came into use in Hellenistic times, when the doctrine of figures developed as unusual turns of phrase decorating... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
Function words used to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and independent sentences. Classification of unions: 1) according to morphological structure: Prototype unions (not aquatic).… … Dictionary of linguistic terms
Coordination of the predicate with homogeneous subjects- 1. When the main members of a sentence are in direct order (the predicate follows homogeneous subjects), the form is usually used plural predicate, in reverse order (predicate precedes subjects) – singular form... A reference book on spelling and style
Ancient Greece, Hellas (Greek Hellás), the general name of the territory of the ancient Greek states that occupied the southern Balkan Peninsula, the islands of the Aegean Sea, the coast of Thrace, the western coastline of Asia Minor and spread their influence in ... ...
Chinese People's Republic, China (Chinese: Zhonghua renmin gongheguo). I. General information Kazakhstan is the largest state in terms of population and one of the largest in area in the world; located in Central and East Asia. In the east... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
I Ancient Greece, Hellas (Greek Hellás), the general name of the territory of the ancient Greek states that occupied the southern Balkan Peninsula, the islands of the Aegean Sea, the coast of Thrace, the western coastline of Asia Minor and spread their... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions and...and, yes...yes, neither...nor, or...or, either...either, then...that, not that...not that etc., with a comma: In this exclamation there wasand admiration, and gratitude, and love(Paust.); There are white shirts of women, and colorful shirts of men, yes voices, yes tinkling agile braids (N.); Neither to the right, nor to the left, nor on the water, nor on the shore there was no one (Hyde.); Everyone always forgot in the kitchenor a hat or a whip for other people's dogs, or something like that(G.); I'm with strangers either timid or self-important(M.G.); Road then it failedbetween mountain ridges, then rose to the rounded hills(Leon.); Not thoughts, not memories, not dreamswandered through Olenin's head(L. T.); Either from the heat, or from a groantiredness set in(Bagr.).
2. At two homogeneous members sentences connected by a repeating conjunction and, a comma is not placed if a close connection is formed semantic unity(usually such homogeneous members do not have explanatory words with them): It was all around both light and green(T.); He wore both summer and winter old jockey cap(Paust.); The coastal strip, crossed by capes, was leavingin both directions(Sem.); He was both happy and sadat the same time.
Such semantic unities are formed by words with associative (often antonymic) connections:
and saucers and cups
both brother and sister
both deaf and dumb
both friends and enemies
both winter and summer
both vision and hearing
both love and hate
both sea and mountains
and music and singing
and knives and forks
both he and she
both father and mother
both joy and sorrow
both parents and children
with both son and daughter
both glory and shame
both poetry and prose
both body and soul
3. If there are explanatory words with one of the two homogeneous members of the sentence, a comma is placed between them: The felled aspen trees were crushed and grass and small bushes (T.); Everything around has changed:and natures character forests (L.T.).
4. Inside expressions phraseological character with repeated conjunctions and...and, neither...nor a comma is used:
both day and night
both laughter and grief
both old and young
and this way and that way
here and there
both here and there.
neither here nor there
no more, no less
neither brother nor matchmaker
neither back nor forward
neither yes nor no
neither give nor take
neither two nor one and a half
no bottom, no tires
neither day nor night
neither alive nor dead
for no reason about anything
no end no end
neither more nor less
neither ours nor yours
no answer, no hello
neither peahen nor crow
break a leg
neither fish nor fowl
out of the blue
neither light nor dawn
neither to yourself nor to people
neither a word nor a breath
neither stand nor sit
neither this nor that
neither this nor that -
neither one nor the other
neither this nor that
no whoa no
neither here nor there
neither subtract nor add
neither shaky nor shaky
But: The order will be completed exactly on time,neither earlier nor later- there is a combination of homogeneous members of the sentence with repeated conjunctions, and not a phraseological expression. Wed. in proverbs and sayings: Neither A candle to God, not a damn poker; Neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan.
5. Between homogeneous members of a sentence, connected by a repeating conjunction and, a comma is placed, if the first is a connecting one (it comes after a dot): And they remembered the past and tried explain to yourself how it all happened.
6. If there are more than two homogeneous members of a sentence, and the conjunction is repeated before each of them except the first, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous members: Leaves in the field turned yellow, and circled, and flew; Linen, linen, and yarncarry; And there weresmoke, and battle, and death(M.G.); Jerky and broken soundrushed and jumped and ransomewhere away from others(Andr.); Other owners have already raisedcherries, or lilac, or jasmine(F); Onlymallows, marigolds, and cool gentleman bloomed here and there in the yards (Pan.);Lensky was there all evening absent-minded, sometimes silent, sometimes cheerful
again (P.). 7. A comma is also placed between all homogeneous members of a sentence in the case when only part of them is connected by repeated conjunctions, and the rest are connected by a non-conjunction: He(P.); Your living silence, your dashing bad weather, your forests, your meadows, and the lush banks of the Volga, and the joyful waters of the Volga - everything is dear to me (Language).
8. If two homogeneous members of a sentence, connected by the conjunction and, form a pair closely related in meaning, connected by the conjunction and with the third homogeneous member, a comma is not placed: The water has long been sold out in Terek and quickly ran and dried along the ditches (L. T.) - a paired group ran and dried with a common minor member along the ditches, both verbs of the imperfect form, in contrast to the predicate verb of the perfect form sold; Long before dawn Ilyinichna I lit the oven and by morning I had already baked the bread and dried it two bags of crackers(Sh.) - pair group baked and dried with the general circumstance of time by the morning; Lyubka was a girl direct and fearless and even in your own way persistent in cases where she didn't love someone(F.); The horse snorts and curls his ears, splashes and splashes and floats away (L); The first sound of his voice was weak and uneven and seemed not to come out from his chest, but came from somewhere far away(T.); Go through fire and water and copper pipes (Pogov.); He was young and inquisitive and considered it necessary take advantage of every opportunity to broaden your horizons. Wed. Also: Peace and quiet and God's grace(Progov.); Live and live and make good money(Pog.).
9. If the union and connects homogeneous members of a sentence in pairs, then a comma is placed only between pairs, and not inside them: Nikolai’s face and voice, warmth and lightVlasova was calmed down in the room(M.G.); Russian rivers entered history and life of the country, its economy and folk poetry, literature and painting(Paust.); I heard conversations— drunk and sober, timid and desperate, full of humility and anger,— all sorts of conversations.(Paust.); On endless, in free spacenoise and movement, roar and thunder(Tyutch.).
Paired groups of homogeneous members, in turn, can be connected by a repeating union: And the old chieftain bent down and began to look for his cradle with tobacco, his inseparable companionon the seas and on land, and on campaigns and at home(G.); Among the rivers there is both big and small, and calm and violent, and fast and slow; The shells were exploding both near and far, both to the right and to the left.
10. The words and others at the end of the listing are considered as a homogeneous member of the sentence, and a comma is placed in front of them if the conjunction is repeated with homogeneous members: You are invited and you, and he, and me, and others.
Words, etc. (and so on), etc. (and the like) do not act as homogeneous members of sentences; a comma is not placed before them, even if the conjunction is repeated before the preceding homogeneous members: In this cycle natural sciences includedand biology, and physics, and chemistry, etc., On the exhibition can be presentedand drawings, and sketches, and sketches, etc.
11. If a conjunction is repeated in a sentence not with homogeneous members, then a comma is not placed between them: Review plans and abstracts of reports and speeches at a scientific conference and print them in a timely manner.
In expressions like two and three and five (two and three and five) make ten a comma is not placed, since they do not list homogeneous members of the sentence. The same in the expression two plus three plus five.
12. Conjunctions whether...or, standing with homogeneous members of the sentence, are not equated to repeating ones, therefore a comma is not placed before or: Does he see it or not? (G.); Was there this is for real or not?
Is there a comma before “or”? You will find the answer to this question in the materials of this article. You'll also learn whether to use commas before "what" and "how."
general information
Surely you know that a conjunction is the auxiliary part of speech. Thanks to it, the connection between individual sentences in the text, its parts or words is formed. However, not everyone knows when a comma is placed in front of them and when not. In order to master this information, we present to your attention a few basic rules.
When is a comma placed before “or” and when not?
The conjunction "or" is a disjunctive conjunction. Sometimes it is preceded by a comma, and sometimes not. Let's look at both cases in more detail:
Now you know when a comma is placed before “or” and when it is not. The presented rules will help you correctly compose a letter or any text.
Other unions
It should be especially noted that problems with punctuation arise not only when using the conjunction “or”, but also when using the words “what” and “how”. Let's consider these cases in more detail.
When should you not use a comma before "what"?
When is a comma used?
When should you put a comma before "as"?
A comma is placed before “how” in 3 cases:
- If this union is included in expressions that in their role are close to as a rule, as a consequence, as an exception, as now, as always, as now, as on purpose, as for example. Let's give an example: “In the evening, as if on purpose, a snowstorm began,” “This, as a rule, does not happen very often,” “He, as always, was late for the meeting.”
- If all parts are connected by this union. Let's give an example: “We watched the water flow for a long time,” “They watched the coals smolder in the fire for a long time.”
- If the sentence contains a circumstance that is expressed beginning with this conjunction. Let's give an example: “The boy’s voice rang like a bell,” “The girl sang like a nightingale.”
Important to remember!
If any sentence continues after the turn with this conjunction, then it must be isolated. For example: “He watched the water flow for a long time, unable to tear himself away from such a spectacle.”
When should you not use a comma?
Sentences with such a conjunction are not separated by commas in 5 cases:
Important to remember!
The presented word can be used as a compound conjunction “both... and”, “since” and phrases “since”, “since”, etc. In these cases, a comma should not be used. Let us give examples: “All the windows, both in the palace and in ordinary houses, are open,” “He did not take food with him and now he greatly regretted it, since he was already hungry.”
Homogeneous members of the sentence (main and secondary), not connected by conjunctions, are separated commas : In the office there were brown velvetarmchairs , bookishcabinet (Eb.); After lunch hesat on the balcony,held a book on my lap(Boon.); Cold, emptiness, uninhabited spirit meets the house(Sol.); Blooming aheadcherries, rowan, dandelions, rose hips, lilies of the valley … (Sol.); Only silence remainswater, thickets, centuries-old willows (Paust.); Shcherbatova toldabout his childhood, about the Dnieper, about how dried up old willows came to life in the spring on their estate(Paust.).
If the last member of a series is joined by unions and, yes, or , then the comma is not placed in front of it: 7. A comma is also placed between all homogeneous members of a sentence in the case when only part of them is connected by repeated conjunctions, and the rest are connected by a non-conjunction:[wind] bringscoldness, clarity and a certain emptiness of the whole body(Paust.); Dense, tall thickets stretch for kilometerschamomile, chicory, clover, wild dill, cloves, coltsfoot, dandelions, gentians, plantains, bluebells, buttercups and dozens of other flowering herbs (Paust.).
§26
Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions, if there are more than two ( and... and... and, yes... yes... yes, neither... nor... nor, or... or... or, whether... whether... whether, whether... or... or, either... or... or, then... then... that, not that ... not that ... not that, or ... or ... or ), separated by commas: It was sadAnd in the spring air,And in the darkening skyAnd in the wagon(Ch.); Did not haveneither stormy wordsneither passionate confessionsneither oaths(Paust.); After separation from Lermontov, she[Shcherbatova] couldn't watchneither to the steppe,neither on people,neither to passing villages and towns(Paust.); You could see her every dayThat with a can,That with a bag andThat and with a bag and a can together -or in the oil shop,or On the market,or in front of the house gate,or on the stairs(Bulg.).
In the absence of a union And before the first of the listed members of the sentence, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members of the sentence and the conjunction And repeated at least twice a comma is placed between all homogeneous members (including before the first And ): They brought a bouquet of thistles and placed it on the table, and here in front of mefire, and turmoil, and crimson round dance of lights (Sick.); And today the poet’s rhyme -weasel, and slogan, and bayonet, and whip (M.).
When repeating the conjunction twice And (if the number of homogeneous members is two) a comma is placed in the presence of a generalizing word with homogeneous members of the sentence: All Reminds me of autumn:and yellow leaves and fogs in the morning ; the same without a generalizing word, but in the presence of dependent words with homogeneous terms: Now it was possible to hear separatelyand the sound of rain and the sound of water (Bulg.). However, in the absence of the specified conditions, with homogeneous members of the sentence forming a close semantic unity, the comma may not be placed: It was all aroundboth light and green (T.); Day and night the scientist cat keeps walking around the chain(P.).
When repeating other conjunctions twice, except And , a comma is always used : Constantly prick my eyes with gypsy lifeeither stupid or ruthless (A. Ost.); He was ready to believe that he had arrived here at the wrong time -or too late,or early(Spread); ladynot that barefoot,not that in some transparent... shoes(Bulg.); All day goes byor snow,or rain with snow. They[lamp] just highlightedThat walls of the cave hall,That the most beautiful stalagmite(Sol.); Earlywhether , latewhether , but I'll come .
|
Note 1. There is no comma in integral phraseological combinations with repeated conjunctions and... and, neither... nor(they connect words with opposing meanings): and day and night, and old and young, and laughter and grief, and here and there, and this and that, and here and there, neither two nor one and a half, neither give nor take, neither matchmaker nor brother, neither back nor forth, neither bottom nor tire, neither this nor that, neither stand nor sit, neither alive nor dead, neither yes nor no, neither hearing nor spirit, neither oneself nor people, neither fish nor meat, nor this nor that, neither peahen nor crow, neither shaky nor shaky, neither this nor that etc. The same with paired combinations of words, when there is no third option: and husband and wife, and earth and sky . Note 2. Unions either... or are not always repetitive. Yes, in a sentence And you can’t understand whether Matvey Karev is laughing at his words or at the way the students are looking into his mouth(Fed.) Union whether introduces an explanatory clause, and the conjunction or connects homogeneous members. Wed. unions either... or as repeating: Comingwhether rain,or the sun is shining - he doesn’t care; Seeswhether he is,or does not see(G.). |
§27
Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting or disjunctive conjunctions ( and, yes in meaning " And »; or, or ) not separated by commas : Motor shipgot up across the riverand gave turn it downward with the flow(Spread); Day and night - a day away(ate.); Will support he is Uzdechkinaor won't support ? (Pan.).
If there is an adversarial union between homogeneous members ( ah, but, yes in meaning " But », however, although, but, however ) and connecting ( and also, and even ) a comma is placed : The secretary stopped taking notes and secretly cast a surprised glance,but not against the arrested person, but against the procurator (Bulg.); The child washarsh but sweet (P.); A capable studentlazy though ; He visited the library on Fridayshowever not always ; Mokeevna had already taken the wicker basket out of the house,however stopped – I decided to look for apples(Shcherb.); The apartment is small,but cozy (gas.); She knows Germanand French .
§28
When connecting homogeneous members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (conjunction And valid only within groups): Alleys plantedlilacs and lindens, elms and poplars , led to the wooden stage(Fed.); The songs were different:about joy and sorrow, the day past and the day to come (Gaych.); Geography books and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances they told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria(Sol.).
| Note. In sentences with homogeneous members, it is possible to use the same conjunctions on different grounds (between different members of the sentence or their groups). In this case, when placing punctuation marks, different positions of conjunctions are taken into account. For example: ...Everywhere she was greeted cheerfullyAnd friendlyAnd assured her that she was good, sweet, rare(Ch.) – in this sentence there are conjunctions And not repeating, but single, connecting pairs of two homogeneous members of a sentence ( fun and friendly; met and assured). In the example: No one else disturbed the silence of the ductsAnd rivers, did not pick off cold river lilies with a spinnerAnd did not admire out loud what is best to admire without words(Paust.) – first And connects words dependent silence word forms channels and rivers, the second and closes the series of predicates (did not violate, did not break off and did not admire). |
Homogeneous members of a sentence, united in pairs, can be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have unions. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the entire complex unity as a whole, for example, the contrastive relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, to someonebowed and smiled not softly and touchingly , As always,but respectfully and tensely (Ch.). The different levels of connecting relationships are also taken into account. For example: In them[bench] you will find calico for shrouds and tar, candy and borax for exterminating cockroaches(M.G.) – here, on the one hand, word forms are combined calico and tar, candy and borax, and on the other hand, these groups, already with the rights of single members, are united by a repeating union And . Wed. option without pairwise association (with separate registration of homogeneous members):... You will find calico for shrouds, tar, candy, and borax for exterminating cockroaches .
§29
With homogeneous members of a sentence, in addition to single or repeating conjunctions, double (comparative) conjunctions can be used, which are divided into two parts, each located under each member of the sentence: both... and, not only... but also, not so much... as, as much... as much, although and... but, if not... then, not that... but, not that... but, not only not... but rather... how etc. A comma is always placed before the second part of such conjunctions: I have an errandHow from the judgeSo equalsAnd from all our friends(G.); Green was Not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of plot,But It was stillAnd a very subtle psychologist(Paust.); They say that in summer Sozopol is flooded with holidaymakers, that isNot really holidaymakers,A vacationers who came to spend their holidays near the Black Sea(Sol.); Mothernot really angry,But I was still unhappy(Kav.); There are fogs in Londonif not every day,That every other day for sure(Gonch.); He wasnot so much disappointed,How many surprised by the current situation(gas.); He wasquicker annoyedhow saddened(magazine).
§thirty
Between homogeneous members of a sentence (or their groups) can be placed semicolon .
1. If they include introductory words: It turns out that there are subtleties. There must be a fireFirstly , smokeless;Secondly , not very hot;and thirdly , in complete calm(Sol.).
2. If homogeneous members are common (have dependent words or subordinate clauses related to them): He was respectedbehind its excellent, aristocraticmanners , for the rumors about his victories;for that that he dressed beautifully and always stayed in the best room of the best hotel;for that that he generally dined well, and once even dined with Wellington at Louis Philippe’s;for that that he carried with him everywhere a real silver travel bag and a camp bathtub;for that that he smelled of some extraordinary, surprisingly “noble” perfume;for that that he played whist masterfully and always lost...(T.)
§31
Between homogeneous members of the sentence it is placed dash: a) when omitting an adversative conjunction: People's knowledge of laws is not desirable - it is mandatory(gas.); A tragic voice, no longer flying, no longer ringing - deep, chesty, “Mkhatovsky”(gas.); b) in the presence of a conjunction to denote a sharp and unexpected transition from one action or state to another: Then Alexey clenched his teeth, closed his eyes, pulled the boots with all his might with both hands - and immediately lost consciousness(B.P.); ...I always wanted to live in the city - and now I’m ending my life in the village(Ch.).
§32
Homogeneous members of a sentence and their various combinations are separated when dividing a sentence (parcelation) dots(see § 9): And then there were long hot months, the wind from the low mountains near Stavropol, smelling of immortelle, the silver crown of the Caucasus Mountains, fights near forest rubble with Chechens, the screech of bullets.Pyatigorsk , strangers with whom you had to treat yourself as friends.And again fleeting Petersburg and the Caucasus , the yellow peaks of Dagestan and the same beloved and saving Pyatigorsk.Short rest , broad ideas and poems, light and soaring to the sky, like clouds over the tops of mountains.And a duel (Paust.).
Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with generalizing words
§33
If a generalizing word precedes a series of homogeneous members, then after the generalizing word is placed colon : An ice fisherman happensdifferent : retired fisherman, blue-collar fisherman, military fisherman, minister-fisherman, so to speak, statesman, fisherman-intellectual(Sol.); In this story you will find almosteverything I mentioned above : dry oak leaves, a gray-haired astronomer, the roar of cannonade, Cervantes, people who unshakably believe in the victory of humanism, a mountain shepherd dog, a night flight and much more(Paust.).
With generalizing words there may be clarifying words like, for example, like that, namely , preceded by a comma and followed by a colon. Words like for example, like that are used to explain previous words, words namely – to indicate the exhaustive nature of the subsequent listing: Many enterprises and services operate around the clock,such as : connection, ambulance, hospitals; Introductory words can express an emotional assessment of what is being communicated,For example : fortunately, to surprise, to joy, etc.(from the textbook); Katya...examined the barn, finding there, in addition to the cylinder and tiles, a lot of useful things,something like that : two low green benches, a garden table, a hammock, shovels, rakes(Step.); Everyone came to the meetingnamely : teachers, students and staff of the institute. After clarifying words such as (with a comparative connotation of meaning) the colon is not placed: Flowers are the first to bloom after winter,such as crocuses, tulips(gas.).
§34
A generalizing word that comes after homogeneous members is separated from them by the sign dash : Handrails, compasses, binoculars, all sorts of instruments and even high thresholds of cabins -all this it was copper(Paust.); And these trips, and our conversations with her -All was imbued with aching, hopeless melancholy(Beck.).
If there is an introductory word before a generalizing word, separated from homogeneous members by a dash, then a comma before introductory words omitted: In the lobby, in the corridor, in the offices -in a word , there were crowds of people everywhere(Pop.),
§35
Dash is placed after the listing of homogeneous members, if the sentence does not end with the listing: Everywhere : in the club, on the streets, on benches at the gate, in houses - noisy conversations took place(Garsh.).
If there are two generalizing words - before and after homogeneous members - both indicated punctuation marks are placed: a colon (before the listing) and a dash (after it): All : a carriage driving quickly down the street, a reminder of an insult, a girl’s question about a dress that needs to be prepared; even worse, the word of insincere, weak participation -All painfully irritated the wound, seemed like an insult(L.T.). The same with the common generalizing word: In a few minutes he could drawanything : human figure, animals, trees, buildings –All he came out characteristically and lively(Beck.).
§36
Homogeneous members of the sentence, located in the middle of the sentence and having the meaning of a passing comment, are highlighted dash on both sides: Anything that could muffle the sounds -carpets, curtains and upholstered furniture – Grig left the house a long time ago(Paust.); Everyone -and the Motherland, and both Lychkovs, and Volodka – I remember white horses, little ponies, fireworks, a boat with lanterns(Ch.).
| Note. It is acceptable to use generalizing words in all positions in modern printing practice dash, including - before the listing (in place of the traditional colon): Mass production will be organized in the new workshopproducts for mechanical engineering – bushings, cups, gear meshes(gas.); Good kayakersthere were only three – Igor, Shulyaev, Kolya Koryakin and, of course, Andrei Mikhailovich himself(Tendr.); LoveAll - and dew, and fog, and ducks, all other birds and animals(Tendr.); If itsomething stood out from others - talent, intelligence, beauty... But Duke really didn’t have anything like that(Current.); Everything, everything I heard the singing of evening grass, and the speech of water, and the dead cry of stone(Sick.); All then his mind was agitated - meadows, fields, forests, and groves, in the “chapel of an old storm the noise, the old woman’s wonderful legend”(Gaych.); He hung it on the wallyour precious collection – knives, sabers, saber, dagger(Shcherb.). Wed. the same with K. Paustovsky, B. Pasternak: After him[rain] begin to climb violentlymushrooms – sticky boletus, yellow chanterelles, boletus, ruddy saffron milk caps, honey mushrooms and countless toadstools(Paust.); By noon, a distantheap Baku – gray mountains, gray sky, gray houses covered with patches of bright, but also gray sunny color(Paust.); I had the chance and happiness to know many elderspoets who lived in Moscow , – Bryusov, Andrey Bely, Khodasevich, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Baltrushaitis(B. Past.). |
Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions
§37
Homogeneous definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles and standing before the word being defined, are separated from each other comma, heterogeneous - are not separated (for an exception, see § 41).
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Note 1. The difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions is as follows: a) each of the homogeneous definitions relates directly to the word being defined; b) the first definition from a pair of heterogeneous ones refers to the subsequent phrase. Wed: Red, green the lights replaced each other(T. Tolstoy) – red lights and green lights; Soon the chimneys of the factories here will begin to smoke,strong iron paths on the site of the old road(Bun.) – strong → iron tracks. It is possible to insert a conjunction between homogeneous definitions And , between heterogeneous ones is impossible. Wed: The glass is coldly playing with multi-colored lights, as ifsmall precious stones(Boon.). – The hallway is cold, like a senets, and it smellsdamp, frozen bark of firewood...(Boon.). In the first case, a conjunction cannot be inserted ( small precious stones), in the second – perhaps ( damp and frozen bark). Note 2. Definitions expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives are often heterogeneous: Her[siren] muffled the soundsbeautiful string orchestra(Boon.). Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives of different semantic groups can also be perceived as heterogeneous: They began to fall to the groundcold large drops(M.G.). |
1. The definitions denoting signs various items : A talented student who spoke five languages and felt at homeFrench, Spanish, German literature at home, he boldly used his knowledge(Kav.).
Definitions that express similar characteristics of one subject are homogeneous, i.e. they characterize the subject On the one side : It wasboring, tedious day(Kav.); The train moved slowly and unevenly, supportingold, creaky railway carriage(Spread); Heavy, damp the wall of the pine forest does not move, is silent(Lip.); Lena got her a jobspacious, empty room(Kav.); At first winter swung reluctantly, as last year, then it burst in unexpectedly, withharsh, cold by the wind(Kav.). The similarity of features can appear on the basis of some convergence of values, for example, along the line of assessment: And at this momentreserved, soft, polite Zoshchenko suddenly said to me with irritation: “You can’t get into literature by pushing elbows.”(Kav.); based on the unity of sensations conveyed by definitions (touch, taste, etc.): INclear, warm morning, at the end of May, in Obruchanovo they brought two horses to the local blacksmith Rodion Petrov(Ch.); Bliss wascool, fresh, tasty water gently rolling off your shoulders(Kav.).
Similarity of features may arise among adjectives used in a figurative meaning: I shook the one handed to mebig, callous hand(Shol.); Cruel, cold spring kills engorged buds(Ahm.); In heartdark, stuffy hop(Ahm.). The homogeneity of definitions is emphasized by the addition of one of them by a coordinating conjunction And : In them[songs] dominatedheavy, sad and hopeless notes(M.G.); Suchmiserable, drab and deceitful siskin(M.G.); Tired, tanned and dusty their faces were exactly the color of the brown rags of the moon's wing(M.G.).
2. Adjective definitions that characterize an object or phenomenon with various sides: Large glass the doors were wide open(Kav.) – designation of size and material; Former Eliseevskaya the dining room was decorated with frescoes(Kav.) – designation of a temporary sign and sign of belonging; Thick rough the notebook in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches was placed at the bottom of the suitcase(Kav.) – designation of size and purpose; Found in my archiveyellow school girl notebook written in fluent handwriting(Kav.) – designation of color and purpose; The forests, lit obliquely by the sun, seemed to him like piles oflight copper ore(Paust.) – designation of weight and material; Our famous and brave traveler Karelin gave me very detailed information about Kara-Bugaz.unflattering written certification(Paust.) – designation of assessment and form; The foreman served teaviscous cherry jam(Paust.) – designation of property and material; Enoughhigh antique earthenware the lamp burned softly under a pink lampshade(Bun.) – designation of quantity, temporary characteristic and material.
§38
Adjective adjectives can be combined with participial phrases. The placement of the comma in this case depends on the location of the participial phrase, which sometimes acts as a homogeneous member of the sentence with the adjective definition, sometimes as a heterogeneous one.
If the participial phrase comes after the adjective definition and before the word being defined (i.e., breaks the direct connection between the adjective and the noun), then a comma is placed between the definitions: Evenold, covered with gray lichens the tree branches whispered about days gone by(M.G.); No, they don't only cry in their sleepelderly, gray during the war years men(Shol); Small, dry in places in summer rivulet<…>spilled over a kilometer(Shol.); Standing, lost in the air the smell of flowers was nailed motionless by the heat to the flower beds(B. Past.).
If the participial phrase comes before the adjective definition and refers to the next combination of the adjective definition and the word being defined, then a comma is not placed between them: Each time she appeared and drowned again in pitch darknessthe steppe crouched against the wide beams village(Paust.); Sergey sawwhite floating in the air notebook sheets(Sparrow).
§39
A comma is placed when combining agreed and inconsistent definitions (the inconsistent definition is placed after the agreed one): Meanwhile insquat, with brown walls In the winter quarters of the Klyushins, a slightly angled seven-line lamp actually burned(White); She took it off the tablethick, with fringe tablecloth and laid another white one(P. Neil.).
However, the comma not placed, if the combination of an agreed and inconsistent definition denotes a single characteristic: White checkered tablecloth; she was wearingblue polka dot skirt .
§40
Definitions following the word being defined are usually homogeneous and are therefore separated by commas: Wordpompous, false, bookish had a drastic effect on him(Boon.). Each of these definitions is directly related to the word being defined and has an independent logical emphasis.
§41
Heterogeneous definitions are separated by a comma only if the second of them explains the first, revealing its content (it is possible to insert words, that is, namely): He... carefully walked along the shiny wire withnew, fresh feeling of delight(Gran.) – here new Means " fresh"; without a comma, that is, when explanatory relations are removed, a different meaning will appear: there was a “fresh feeling of delight” and a new one appeared (a new fresh feeling, but: a new, fresh feeling); – Shelter an orphan, - enteredthird, new voice(M.G.) – definition new explains the definition third; Nature has no more talented or less talented works. They can only be divided into bothours, human points of view(Sol.). Wed: In the holiday village appearednew brick Houses(others were added to the existing brick houses). – In the holiday village appearednew, brick Houses(before this there were no brick houses).
Punctuation marks for homogeneous applications
§42
Applications (definitions expressed by nouns), not connected by conjunctions, can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
Applications that appear before the word being defined and denote similar features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous. They are separated by commas: Hero of Socialist Labor, People's Artist of the USSR E. N. Gogoleva– honorary titles; World Cup winner, European champion NN– sports titles.
Applications denoting different features of an object, characterizing it from different sides, are not homogeneous. They are not separated by commas: First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Army General NN– position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction mechanical engineering for precast reinforced concrete, engineer NN– position and profession; CEO production association Candidate of Technical Sciences NN– position and academic degree.
When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the NN Institute of Physical Education .
§43
Applications that appear after the word being defined, regardless of the meaning they convey, are separated by commas and must be highlighted (see § 61): Lyudmila Pakhomova, Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, world champion, multiple European champion, coach; N.V. Nikitin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize and the USSR State Prize, author of the Ostankino television tower project; V. V. Tereshkova, pilot-cosmonaut, Hero Soviet Union; D. S. Likhachev, literary critic and public figure, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, chairman of the board of the Russian Cultural Foundation, laureate of the State Prize; A. I. Solzhenitsyn, writer, publicist, laureate Nobel Prize .
Punctuation marks for repeating sentence parts
§44
Between repeating members of a sentence is placed busy. For example, repetition emphasizes the duration of an action: I'm going, I'm going in an open field; bell ding-ding-ding...(P.); We sailed, we sailed wind-blown clouds in the dark blue depths(Shol.); indicates a large number of objects or phenomena: Along the Smolensk road -forests, forests, forests . Along the Smolensk road -pillars, pillars, pillars (OK.); denotes a high degree of attribute, quality, feeling, and each of the words repeated in this case has a logical emphasis: Scary, scary reluctantly among the unknown plains(P.); The sky was nowgray, gray (Sol.); Why are you walking, my son?lonely, lonely ? (OK.); emphasizes the categorical nature of the statement: Now... all I live iswork work … (Am.).
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Note 1. For the use of hyphens in repetitions, see “Spelling”, § 118, paragraph 1. Note 2. On the repetition of prepositional combinations with forms of pronominal words ( in what in what, with whom with whom) see “Spelling”, § 155, paragraph b. Note 3. There is no comma if repeating terms with particles Not or So between them they form a single semantic whole with the meaning of an underlined statement, agreement, or express the meaning of uncertainty: NoSo No; DriveSo drive; Valeria looked at me again and said nothing: tomorrowSo Tomorrow(Sol.); Everything is at hand in our village: a forestSo forest, riverSo river(Sol.); RainNot rain, you won't understand. The same when expressing the meaning of a concession: TimeNot time, but we have to go . If repeated predicates with a particle So have conditional consequential meanings with a hint of reinforcement, then a comma can be placed: – Well then! – he suddenly exclaims with an unexpected surge of energy. - Going to,So going to(Cupr.); Well, it will be, thank you. Made friendsSo made friends(Chuck.). (Wed: If we need to gather, then we will gather; If you make friends, then with interest .) |
§45
Repeating parts of a sentence with a conjunction And when sharply emphasizing their meaning, they are separated by the sign dash : Leave - and leave quickly; We need victory - and only victory. However, with a calmer intonation, a comma is also possible: You, and only you, are capable of this; We need facts, and only facts. .
If the union And stands between two identical verbs, which act as a single predicate expressing a constantly repeating action, a comma is not placed: And he's stillwrites and writes letters to the old address .