Human cervical spine. Structure and functions of the cervical spine. The meaning and functions of the lumbar region
The spine is the basis of the human skeleton and one of its most important systems. He is the one who protects spinal cord and supports the body in an upright position. In addition, the spine provides protection to the brain from shocks when a person moves. This happens due to its high shock-absorbing properties. They can be explained by the special structure of the spine - it consists of 24 vertebrae. They are grouped into four departments, united general properties. Among them great features Each one studied at school is different and does not give a complete picture of it. That's why they occur so often. And this is very dangerous, since in this place it is quite fragile. And it is desirable for every person to know what features each cervical vertebra has.
Anatomy of the cervical spine
The spine performs very important functions in protecting the spinal cord. It gives rigidity to the skeleton and softens shocks when walking. In addition, the spine allows for various movements.
After all, it is the basis of the human skeleton, supports the body in an upright position and absorbs shocks. Each of its sections has a special number and structure of vertebrae. Most of them are in the thoracic region, and there they are the largest. The vertebrae in the lower back and sacrum are located very close to each other, gradually fused together towards the coccyx. The most vulnerable and fragile is the cervical spine. It consists of seven vertebrae, almost each of which has a special structure. At this point it bends slightly forward in the shape of the letter “c”. The cervical spine is the most mobile and allows you to perform various head movements. But due to weak neck muscles and the small size of the vertebrae, this place is most often subject to injury and damage.
Features of the cervical vertebrae
The spinal cord is located inside the spinal column. Its protection is provided by the special structure of the vertebrae:
The anterior portion is called the vertebral body and has a cylindrical shape;
Behind it, the spinal cord canal is limited by the vertebral arch;
In addition, it is pierced with holes for blood vessels.
But that’s not how the cervical vertebra works. Human anatomy allows us to understand why you need to be careful and why injuries in the cervical spine occur so often. The vertebrae in this area are small and very fragile. They almost all differ in size and shape. The first vertebra is called the atlas, it connects the spine to the skull. In addition, in the lower part it connects in a complex way with the second vertebra, which is called the “axis”. The sixth and seventh ones are also unusual in structure. cervical vertebrae. This can be explained by the functions they are supposed to perform. The special structure of the cervical vertebrae is necessary in order to protect the spinal cord and ensure proper nutrition the brain and the ability to make various small movements of the head.
The topmost vertebra is called the atlas. It is axial and has no body and spinous process. At this point, the spine connects to the occipital bone, and the spinal cord to the brain. This determines the special structure of the “atlas”: it consists of two arches bordering the spinal canal. The anterior one forms a small tubercle in front, and a depression in the back, aligned with the second vertebra. On the posterior arch there is a groove in which the articular part of the “atlas” is located on top and flat on the bottom.
The fact that it occupies an intermediate position between the spine and the head explains why the first cervical vertebra has such a structure. Anatomy also considers the features of the second vertebra, which is called the “axis”. It has a pointed “tooth” on which, like on a hinge, the “atlas” rotates along with the head. This structure of the second cervical vertebra provides the ability to perform rotational movements of the head and bending. There is no connection between the “alant” and the “axis”; they form a complex joint-type joint. Therefore, injuries often occur in this place that disrupt the nutrition of the brain.
6th and 7th cervical vertebrae
The spine below this section expands slightly. The largest here is the 7th cervical vertebra. It even protrudes and most people can feel it with their head tilted forward. That is why he is also called the speaker. It is often used as a guide when counting vertebrae. It has a recess at the bottom. This is the junction with the first rib. The 7th cervical vertebra has one more feature - the holes in its transverse processes are either too small or absent at all. It has long transverse ones and one large spinous process, which, unlike the others, is not forked. The transverse vein passes through this vertebra, and it is the only one that has two pairs of nerve roots. Often salts are deposited in this place and a protruding “withers” is formed. The 6th cervical vertebra is also called the “sleepy” vertebra. It received this name because its anterior tubercle is located very close to the carotid artery, and if necessary, the doctor presses it against it to stop bleeding.
Other vertebrae: characteristics
For the normal functioning of the human body, the cervical spine must be very mobile. This is ensured by its special structure. The third to sixth human cervical vertebrae are very small. The holes in their body are quite large, similar in shape to a triangle. The upper edges of the vertebrae protrude slightly, forming sides. Their articular processes are short and located slightly at an angle. The 3rd, 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae still have small transverse processes and spinous processes split at the edges. The transverse processes contain openings for blood vessels. It is through them that the main vertebral artery passes, which supplies the brain.
Why is such a structure needed?
The human body is structured wisely, there is nothing superfluous in it, and all the parts perform some functions. This especially applies to the cervical spine. The special structure of its vertebrae is necessary to ensure better mobility in the neck, as well as to protect the brain and spinal cord. Often, a person’s health depends on the condition of this part of the spinal column.
This complex connection of the vertebrae is designed to protect the spinal trunk and blood vessels from damage. And the structure of the cervical vertebrae with many processes allows you to increase the area of attachment of many muscles to them. After all, in this section the human spine is the most mobile. And the special connection between the vertebrae, although less reliable, is more functional.
Spinal injuries in the cervical region
They can occur due to a blow to the neck area, strong blow on the head or falling. Even a sharp tilt or turn of the head can lead to injury to the cervical vertebrae. This often happens when diving into shallow water. In many cases, such injuries result in death. Even if a fracture or dislocation is successfully treated, serious complications can develop. After all, the vertebrae and intervertebral discs in this place are so fragile that they react to any sudden movements or blows to the head. Sometimes it happens that the consequences of an injury do not immediately appear, since small cracks on the articular processes of the vertebrae are not visible even on x-rays. And their consequences can be serious. What injuries occur most often in the cervical spine:
Ligament ruptures;
Intervertebral disc ruptures;
Subluxation and dislocation of the vertebrae;
Vertebral displacement;
Fractures.
Why is such damage dangerous?
Even small changes in the structure of the vertebrae entail various ailments and diseases. For example, when a hernia or pathology of the intervertebral discs appears, the following symptoms may appear:
Headache;
Dizziness;
General weakness;
Problems with gait, speech or vision.
This occurs because the vertebral artery and blood vessels supplying the brain are compressed. In case of serious injuries, there is a danger that the damaged vertebrae will impinge on the spinal canal. This can lead to paralysis, heart failure, or death. Injuries to the spine in the cervical region are also dangerous because it is not always possible to immediately determine the severity of the injury. Sometimes only pain when moving or swelling indicate it.
How to treat pathologies of the cervical spine
In case of spinal injuries, it is very important to begin treatment immediately to prevent complications. The most important thing is to fix your neck in a stationary position. This must be done so that the damaged vertebrae do not injure the spinal cord or blood vessels.
This is done using a special semi-rigid corset. If there are no neurological disorders, treatment can be carried out at home, but after examination by a doctor. In case of minor injuries, it is necessary to limit physical activity and fix the neck in a stationary position using a special rigid collar. You can use cold compresses in the first days or for severe pain. Then physiotherapeutic procedures, massage are indicated, and during the recovery period - physical therapy.
The first cervical vertebra, or atlas, is the main bone component cervical region, which is displaced in almost 80% of the planet's population. The reasons for this are birth injuries, which have not become uncommon in modern world. However, this situation can be completely corrected. The main thing is not to delay going to the doctor, because a curved first cervical vertebra often leads to pinched nerves and unpleasant pain.
At the initial stage, the problem can be easily solved. You need to listen sensitively to the signals of your own body.
In order to accurately understand the problems associated with the cervical spine, you should understand what it consists of. The structure of the spine is quite easy to remember, because it has only five sections:
- cervical;
- chest;
- lumbar;
- sacral;
- coccygeal
In turn, the human cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae and has a slight curve, vaguely reminiscent of the letter C. This shape is completely normal and should not cause any concern to a person. The cervical region is rightfully recognized as the most mobile part of the spine, because it is responsible for the range of movements of the neck. It does not matter here how many vertebrae are included in the composition. All that matters is their specific structure.
Atlas is 1 cervical vertebra, which is axial. Unlike other vertebrae, it does not have a body or a spinous process. But the shape of the atlas outwardly resembles a ring consisting of anterior and posterior arches. It has 1 cervical vertebra and a point of contact with the occipital bone.
There is a small tubercle on the front of the vertebra, and a depression at the back where the atlas connects to the vertebral body. In addition, the posterior arch also contains a branch of the artery.
The 2-6 cervical vertebrae is the middle link of the cervical spine, characterized by high mobility. This also includes the 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae, which do not bear specific function, however, indispensable in ensuring neck mobility. Regardless of how many vertebrae there are in the cervical spine, they will all be equally important for normal human life. Both the second cervical vertebra and, for example, the fifth.
The 7th vertebra is called protruding because of its slightly curved shape. It is this that represents the connecting link between the cervical and thoracic regions, while remaining no less mobile than, for example, the 5th cervical vertebra.
In addition, all vertebrae of the cervical spine are numbered accordingly, from 1 to 7. The zero point in the structure of the section, oddly enough, is the occipital bone.
Both the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae, and along with them any other, can be susceptible to many diseases. There are enough reasons for this phenomenon, and it is impossible to predict what exactly will become the catalyst. However, you need to know the problems that a person may have at any time.
Among the most common modern problems The cervical spine can be distinguished:
- Osteochondrosis. Neglect of physical education, a sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition simply cannot but affect a person’s health. First of all, the bone tissues will suffer, as they lose their mobility due to lack of movement. The result is limited neck movement and unpleasant, and sometimes even painful, sensations. At first they appear only when turning the head, but later they will bother the person without the slightest reason.
- Mechanical injuries. Despite the fact that one of the main functions of the vertebrae is to protect internal organs a person and ensuring his upright posture, they are quite fragile and can easily break. A person must be very careful, because restoring their original appearance and functionality will not be so easy.
- Infectious diseases. According to statistics, such problems are rare, but they still occur. As a rule, they affect not only the 1st, but also the 2nd and even the 7th cervical vertebra, essentially rendering the neck immobile. Most common reasons Such a phenomenon is HIV, syphilis or toxic poisoning caused by taking heavy drugs.
- Hormonal and age-related changes in the body. Under the influence of many factors, calcium from bone tissue begins to wash out, which inevitably leads to the development of many diseases that also affect the cervical vertebrae. It is impossible to completely stop this process, but it can be slowed down if you consult a doctor in time.
Today there are a lot of diseases affecting the cervical vertebrae, and almost each of them carries a potential risk to human health. In order to maintain the health of the cervical spine, there is no need to self-medicate! It’s better to go to a specialist once again and show him the problem that has arisen. Such reinsurance has never harmed anyone!
Prevention everyone needs
In order not to become a hostage to the situation, a person must not only know anatomy well, but also constantly monitor his health.
A banal and at the same time effective rule is regular physical education. At the same time, it is not necessary to burden yourself with training in the gym, which brings no benefit, but only a feeling of internal exhaustion.
Training 2-3 times a week is enough. It is not necessary to choose a strength sport. Enough light workouts for the soul, and the body will always be in good shape. It is a slight shake-up and a good mood that are also responsible for a person’s health.
The second equally important aspect of the prevention of diseases affecting the annular first cervical vertebra in humans is proper nutrition.
It may seem that these components have nothing in common, but this is not so. Food enriched with vitamins is easily digestible and makes bones stronger. But from harmful products and fast food can only be expected to have a destructive impact, which, as a rule, affects absolutely all systems included in the human anatomy.
In addition, one should not forget about a timely visit to the diagnostic center, even if no symptoms are observed. Perhaps there are serious prerequisites for the development of problems with the vertebrae of the neck. In this case, the doctor will be able to prescribe therapy that will support the body and make it less susceptible to negative external factors. This rule should be followed especially clearly by people over 40 years of age. In this case, not only the ring-shaped vertebra may suffer, but also another equally important element - the seventh cervical vertebra.
It is he who provides communication with the thoracic region and is the final link in the chain of the cervical region. Therefore, the 7th cervical vertebra is no less important than all the others. His health also needs to be paid attention to.
There are no unnecessary organs or systems in the human structure; each of them requires attention. You should not deny your body this whim - it will thank its owner for many years of well-coordinated work. And a person will completely forget about how many cervical vertebrae there are in total as unnecessary.
The human neck is the most mobile, vulnerable and injury-prone part of the spine. It has weak muscles, so any shock load can lead to displacement of the vertebrae and their deformation. Injuries to the cervical spine negatively affect the functioning of the brain, since the transverse processes, which are elements of the cervical vertebrae, are abundantly supplied with arteries and veins, through which brain cells are supplied with oxygen and nutrients. To provide the necessary prevention (especially for people at risk for pathologies of the cervical and thoracic spine), it is important not only to know how many vertebrae are in a person’s neck, but also to understand their structure and basic functions.
The human spine (vertebral column) begins its formation already in the first week of embryonic development. During this period, the embryo develops a neural tube and notochord, which by 4-5 weeks of gestation loses its functional significance and remains in the form of a gelatinous mass that prevents friction of the vertebrae against each other and their deformation. Skeletal ossification in the fetus begins at approximately 7-9 weeks and can last up to 20-25 years, when the sacral vertebrae fuse into a stationary large bone– sacrum.
During this period (up to 12-14 weeks), it is especially important that a pregnant woman monitors her diet and regimen. Products for a pregnant woman's diet should contain sufficient amounts of calcium, phosphorus, folic acid, vitamins A, E, C and group B. Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin B 9 - main element, necessary for the prevention of defects in the formation of the neural tube and spine, so the diet should contain a sufficient amount of vegetables, fruits, nuts, and liver. Accept folic acid in tablets is recommended at the planning stage and during the first trimester of pregnancy (from 400 mcg to 1 g per day).
Vitamins and minerals for pregnant women
The number of vertebrae in the embryo is 38. By birth, the baby remains with 33 or 34 vertebrae, since the thirteenth pair of ribs is fused with the closing thoracic vertebra and the closing fixed vertebrae are reduced, which form the sacrococcygeal region. The number of vertebrae in the neck is stable and amounts to 7 pieces.
If you want to learn in more detail the structure of the spine, and also consider when ossification of the spine occurs, you can read an article about this on our portal.
Structure and anatomy
(first and second) are the only parts of the spine that have their own names. The very first and massive cervical vertebra is called the atlas. It does not have a body that bears the main supporting load, but there are two arches that limit the narrowing of the spinal canal. The second vertebra has two names - axis and epistropheus. The epistrophy differs from the rest of the cervical vertebrae due to the presence of an odontoid process. Around the axis tooth, the atlas and occipital bone of the skull rotate, to which it is attached with the help of articular processes. Atlas and Axis provide movement of the head and neck, the ability to bend and turn in different directions. Also, a large number of blood vessels pass through them, providing nutrition to the brain, so injuries and damage to these vertebrae negatively affect the general condition of a person and the functioning of internal organs.
Features of the first seven vertebrae:
- low strength;
- maximum mobility;
- small and low vertebral bodies;
- weakness of the muscles that support the vertebrae of the neck and keep them in the anatomically correct position.
Important! Despite the fact that the initial vertebrae experience minimal load compared to other parts of the spine, at any age it is necessary to train the neck muscles so that they do not lose strength and elasticity. If this is not done, the risk of diseases of the cervical spine increases, first of all, and
Massage pillow for neck and shoulders
Diseases of the cervical spine
Like other parts of the spinal column, the cervical vertebrae are susceptible to various diseases, which may include both mechanical damage (trauma) and infectious and inflammatory pathologies associated with destructive, hormonal and age-related changes. Listed below are the main diseases that can occur in the cervical and cervicothoracic vertebrae in people of any age.
Dystrophy and deformation of cartilage tissue
Osteochondrosis of the cervical spine is the most common pathology of the cervical vertebrae, detected mainly in people of the older age group (after 35 years). With osteochondrosis, deformation of the intervertebral discs occurs, leading to their slow destruction and compression. Osteochondrosis is often complicated by intercostal neuralgia, radicular syndrome and other pathologies with severe pain syndrome, which significantly reduces the patient’s quality of life and limits his mobility.
There can be many causes of cervical osteochondrosis. Among them:
- hormonal and endocrine disorders, in which the rate of metabolic reactions slows down and metabolism in bone and cartilage tissue is disrupted;
- sedentary lifestyle life, sedentary work;
- poor diet with insufficient calcium and other minerals needed to maintain bone density and intervertebral discs;
- obesity grade 3 and above, etc.
The main symptom of cervical osteochondrosis is pain. It usually has a high intensity, and the localization of painful sensations can be the shoulders, arms, and head. It is noteworthy that no more than 20% of patients with this diagnosis experience neck pain. About half of the patients had vertebral artery syndrome, in which a person complains of tinnitus, a pressing headache, dizziness, and spots flashing before the eyes.
Important! If osteochondrosis of the cervical spine is not treated, severe complications may develop, for example, herniated discs or radiculitis. Treatment includes physiotherapy, massage, drug therapy, exercise therapy, etc.
Prices for orthopedic corsets and posture correctors
This is a very severe and rare pathology in which necrosis (death) of the spongy bones, which make up most of the vertebrae, occurs. With this disease, even habitual actions can cause microfractures of the joints, so people at risk for diseases musculoskeletal system, it is necessary to undergo preventive diagnostics at least once every 2 years. Osteochondropathy can be caused by the following reasons:
- diet abuse;
- excess body weight;
- exclusion from the diet of high-calorie foods that contain elements essential for bone health.
Note! There are cases where patients with osteochondropathy suffered joint fractures during sleep (as a result of strong muscle contractions), during vomiting and coughing.
Hernial protrusion
This is a chronic pathology of the neck, characterized by displacement of the nucleus pulposus and rupture of the annulus fibrosus - a set of ring-shaped fibers that form the peripheral part of the intervertebral disc. Hernias in the cervical spine are quite rare and account for no more than 6% of all intervertebral hernias. Surgical treatment is required only in advanced cases when remission does not occur within 6 weeks after diagnosis of the disease.
Typical symptoms of the disease when the pathological process is localized in the cervical vertebrae are:
- pain in the neck, radiating to the arm and forearm;
- headaches of unspecified origin;
- dizziness;
- arterial hypertension;
- numbness of the upper extremities.
All these signs most often occur simultaneously and can be combined with pain in the thoracic and lumbar spine. If a hernia of the cervical vertebrae is suspected, the patient is prescribed a comprehensive examination, which may include MRI, MR myelography, CT myelography or multislice computed tomography.
Incarceration (pinching) of the occipital nerve
Neuralgia is a lesion of the nerves that form the peripheral nervous system, characterized by severe pain in the area where the affected nerve is located. The main manifestations of occipital neuralgia are pain in the orbital area, as well as in the occipitotemporal part of the head. The pain is usually very intense, pulsating, and occurs when moving the head, coughing, sneezing, or other effort. Other possible symptoms of a pinched occipital nerve include:
- redness and swelling of the skin in the neck area;
- painful tic (twitches of the muscles supporting the cervical vertebrae);
- lacrimation;
- vomiting (in rare cases).
To relieve pain, injections of novocaine (novocaine blockades), B vitamins, and anticonvulsants are used. Physiotherapeutic methods include acupuncture, ultraviolet light, and magnetic therapy.
How to keep your neck healthy?
Many people consider neck pain to be an age-related problem, but this is not always true. Unpleasant sensations when moving the neck can also appear in persons aged 20-35 years, if they do not comply with the principles balanced nutrition, abuse alcohol, lead a sedentary lifestyle. Below are useful tips, compliance with which will allow you to maintain the health and mobility of your neck after 50 years and avoid many diseases of the cervical spine, for example, osteochondrosis.
Physical education and gymnastics
Morning exercises are a mandatory minimum that everyone, regardless of age, must do. It is necessary to accustom children to exercise from a very early age, since physical exercise not only strengthen the musculoskeletal frame, but also improve blood circulation, positively affecting brain function. The complex below is recommended to be performed regularly (at least 3-4 times a week) by people with low physical activity, office workers and people professionally involved in power sports.
Proper nutrition
How a person will function depends on what foods a person consumes daily. the immune system how strong the bone and cartilage tissues will be. The table below shows products that must be included in the diet of people with a tendency to diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
Table. Products for the prevention of diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
Massage
Neck massage should be performed by a person who has a medical education and is well versed in the anatomy of the human body. Incorrect actions can cause harm and even lead to microtrauma, so it is better to contact medical institutions and massage as prescribed by your doctor. At home, you can perform the massage movements shown in the picture below.
By following these simple rules, you can maintain the health of the cervical vertebrae and their mobility for a long time. Neck diseases significantly worsen the patient’s quality of life, so you should think about their prevention before pain and other unpleasant symptoms arise.
If you want to learn in more detail how to do it, you can read a new article about it on our portal.
Video - Structure of the human neck
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The basis of the structure of the human body is the spine. This is the most important part of the human musculoskeletal system. The spinal column consists of five sections with different numbers, structures and functions of the vertebrae.
- cervical - contains seven vertebrae, holds and moves the head;
- thoracic - it is formed by 12 vertebrae, forming the posterior wall of the chest;
- lumbar - massive, consists of 5 large vertebrae, which have to support the body weight;
- sacral - has at least 5 vertebrae that form the sacrum;
- coccygeal - has 4-5 vertebrae.
Due to inactive work activity, the cervical and lumbar spine regions are most often exposed to diseases.
The spinal column is the main protection of the spinal cord; it also helps maintain balance when a person moves, and is responsible for the functioning of the muscular system and organs. The total number of vertebrae is 24, if you do not take into account the sacral and coccygeal (these sections have fused bones).
Vertebrae are the bones that form the spinal column, which take on the main supporting load, consist of arches and a body that has a cylindrical shape. The spinous process extends posteriorly from the base of the arch, the transverse processes extend in different directions, and the articular processes extend above and below the arch.
Inside all vertebrae there is a triangular opening that penetrates the entire spinal column and contains the human spinal cord.
The cervical region, consisting of 7 vertebrae connected by intervertebral discs, is located at the very top and is particularly mobile. Its mobility helps to make turns and tilts of the neck, which is ensured by the special structure of the vertebrae, the absence of other bones attached to it, and also due to the lightness of the constituent structures. The human cervical region is most susceptible to stress due to the fact that it is not supported by a muscular corset, and there are practically no other tissues here. It is shaped like the letter “C”, with the convex side facing forward. This bend is called lordosis.
The human cervical spine is formed from two parts:
- upper - consists of the first two vertebrae associated with the occipital part of the head;
- lower - starts from the third vertebra and borders on the first thoracic vertebra.
The two upper vertebrae have a special shape and perform a specific function. The skull is attached to the first vertebra - the Atlas, which plays the role of a rod. Thanks to its special shape, the head can tilt forward and backward. The second cervical vertebra, the axis, is located under the atlas and allows the head to turn to the sides. Each of the other 5 vertebrae has a body that performs a supporting function. The cervical vertebrae contain small processes of joints with a convex surface inside which there are certain openings. The vertebrae are surrounded by muscles, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves and separated from each other by intervertebral discs, which act as shock absorbers of the spine.
Due to the peculiarities of the anatomy, the human cervical spine can provide supporting function to the body, as well as impart significant flexibility to the neck.
Atlas, as you know, is a titan from Greek mythology, who holds the firmament on his shoulders. The ring-shaped first cervical vertebra, which attaches the spinal column to the back of the head, was named after him.
The cervical vertebra of the atlas has a special structure, unlike the others; it lacks a vertebral body, spinous process and intervertebral disc, and consists only of an anterior and posterior arch, which are connected laterally to each other by bone thickenings. On the back side of the arch there is a special hole for the next vertebra; a tooth enters this recess.
The second vertebra, also known as the axial vertebra, is called Axis or Epistropheus. It is distinguished by an odontoid process, which is attached to the atlas and helps to make various movements of the head. In front, the tooth consists of an articular surface that connects to the first vertebra. The upper articular surfaces of Axis are located on the sides of the body, and the lower ones connect it to the next vertebra.
Seventh cervical vertebra
The last of the cervical vertebrae also has an atypical structure. It is also called protruding, since a person’s hand can easily, after checking the spinal column, feel it through the skin. What distinguishes it from others is the presence of one large spinous process, which is not divided into two parts and does not contain transverse processes. The vertebral body also has a hole that allows the cervical and thoracic spine to be connected.
The cervical vertebrae have a special structural anatomy. There are a large number of blood vessels and nerves located here, which are responsible for various parts of the brain, certain parts of the face, muscles of the arms and shoulders of a person. The cervical plexus of nerves is located in front of the vertebrae. The first spinal nerve is located between the occipital part of the head and the atlas, next to the vertebral artery. Its injury can lead to convulsive twitching of the head.
The nerves of the cervical spine are divided into two groups:
- muscular – provide movement of the cervical spine, sublingual muscles, participates in the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle;
- cutaneous - connects with nerves most of the auricle, the surface of the neck, and some parts of the shoulders.
Pinched nerves can especially often occur. Why is this happening? The cause may be osteochondrosis. It occurs when intervertebral discs wear down and extend beyond the spine, pinching nerves. Blood vessels are very close to the tissues of the head and neck. Due to this location, when damaged, neurological and vascular disorders are possible.
When any vertebrae are injured, it is not so much the spinal column that suffers as the cervical spine. This can cause compression of the vertebral artery, as a result of which blood circulation in the brain deteriorates and nutrients are not supplied in full. Also here passes the carotid artery, which supplies the facial part of the head, neck muscles and the thyroid gland.
The structure of the cervical region is one of the most vulnerable. Head injuries can be caused by blows or sudden movements, or from other factors that are not immediately noticeable. Very often, vertebrae are displaced during childbirth in children, since there is a very large load on the spinal column compared to the size of the baby. Previously, during labor, to slow down the process, the midwife would press the baby's head in the opposite direction, which would cause the vertebrae to become displaced. Even the slightest damage to the atlas can cause a number of complications in the future.
It's interesting that in Ancient Rome a specially trained person approached the newborn children of slaves one by one and twisted their heads in a special way, displacing the cervical vertebrae so that the child grew up depressed, with reduced mental activity. This was done to avoid uprisings.
Depending on the nature of the pain, you can determine how many vertebrae are damaged and in what location. All cervical vertebrae in medicine are designated by the letter C and a serial number, starting from the top.
Damage to certain vertebrae and associated complications:
- C1 – is responsible for the brain and its blood supply, as well as the pituitary gland and inner ear. If damaged, headaches, neurosis, insomnia, and dizziness appear.
- C2 – responsible for the eyes, optic nerves, tongue, forehead. The main symptoms are neurasthenia, sweating, hypochondria, migraines.
- C3 - responsible for the cheeks, outer ear, facial bones, teeth. If there is a violation, problems with smell and vision, deafness, and neurological disorders are detected.
- C4 – responsible for the nose, lips, mouth. Signs of the disorder are neurasthenia, paralysis in the head, adenoids, diseases associated with the nose and ears.
- C5 – responsible for the vocal cords and pharynx. Manifested by diseases oral cavity, eyes, sore throat, hoarseness.
- C6 – associated with the muscles of the neck, shoulders and tonsils. Signs: asthma, shortness of breath, laryngitis, chronic cough.
- C7 – responsible for the thyroid gland, shoulders, elbows. Complications can manifest themselves as pain in the shoulder area, arthrosis, bronchitis, and problems with the thyroid gland.
The spinal column and its anatomy make it possible to identify particularly vulnerable areas in the cervical region and prevent the occurrence of damage. Injuries to the vertebrae in humans have a very detrimental effect on the functioning of the brain and spinal cord, which is why it is necessary to monitor the spine with special attention. It is possible to make an accurate diagnosis using an x-ray and carefully studying the photo. The doctor determines how long the course of treatment will last and what procedures will be included. Treatment of the vertebrae can cause some euphoria, lightness and clarity of consciousness.
It serves as the basis of the body's skeleton and one of its most important systems.
Its tasks include protecting the spinal cord and the need to maintain the torso in an upright position.
Among the most significant functions of the spine is the protection of the brain from concussion during movement, which provides shock-absorbing properties.
The part of the spine that is most fragile and susceptible to various injuries among all others is precisely cervical region.
In order to avoid its damage, it is necessary to know the features of its structure and safety measures during physical activity.
Features of the structure of the cervical spine
The human spine consists of 24 vertebrae and four sections. Each of them has significant differences in its structure and number of vertebrae. In the thoracic region they are largest in size.
In the lumbar region they are located very close to each other, and as they approach the coccygeal area they become fused. The cervical spine is considered the most fragile, but it is its thin structure that ensures the quality of mobility and allows you to make a variety of head movements.
The cervical region consists of seven vertebrae. Each of them is different in its structure. Due to their small size and weakness of the neck muscles, this section is often subject to injury.
The peculiarity of the structure of the cervical vertebrae is significant differences from the vertebrae of all other parts of the spine. Most vertebrae consist of an anterior section called the vertebral body, which is cylindrical in shape; the spinal cord, located inside the spine at the back and limited by the vertebral arch; they also have spinous processes pierced by openings for blood vessels.
The structure of the cervical vertebrae is different, which is due to the peculiarities of their functions, including attachment to the skull, protection of the spinal cord, providing nutrition to the brain and performing various head movements.
Structure and functions of the cervical vertebrae
The very first vertebra of this section, located at the top, is called the “atlas”. It is axial and does not have a body or spinous process. In this area, it allows you to connect the spinal column with the occipital bone, as well as the brain and spinal cord with each other.
These tasks its structure is determined: It consists of two arches that border the spinal canal. The anterior arch forms a small tubercle. Behind it there is a depression combined with the odontoid process of the second vertebra.
On the posterior arch there is a groove where the vertebral artery is located. The articular part of the “atlas”, located on top, has a convex shape, and the bottom is flat. This structural feature is due to the intermediate position of the vertebra between the spine and the head.
Second vertebra, called "axis", is also distinguished by its shape, which resembles a pointed “tooth”. It functions as a “hinge” that ensures rotation of the first vertebra of the atlas along with the skull, as well as the ability to tilt the head in different directions.
There is no intervertebral disc in the space between the atlas and axis. Their connection is formed like a joint. It is this factor that causes a high risk of injury.
The cervical vertebrae from the third to the sixth are small. Each of them has a fairly large hole, similar in shape to a triangle. Their upper edges protrude slightly, which is why they are compared to “sides.” Their articular processes are short and located at a slight angle.
The vertebrae from the third to the fifth also have small transverse processes that are split at the edges. These processes contain openings through which blood vessels pass. This is where the main vertebral artery that supplies the brain is located.
In the next section, where the sixth and seventh vertebrae are located, the spinal column has a slight expansion. This is where salt deposition most often occurs. The sixth vertebra is called “carotid” because its tubercle, located in front, is located near the carotid artery. It is against this that the artery is pressed to stop the bleeding.
The largest vertebra in the last section of the cervical spine is the seventh vertebra.. This is what you can feel with your hands if you tilt your head forward. For the same reason, he is also called a speaker. In addition, it serves as the main guideline when counting vertebrae. The lower part of this vertebra has a depression.
Here is where it connects with the first rib. A special feature of the seventh vertebra is the holes in the area of the transverse processes, which can be very small in size or completely absent. It has the longest spinous process, without divisions into parts.
Each of the cervical vertebrae is responsible for a specific function.
When they are damaged, unpleasant phenomena occur that correspond to each specific vertebra, such as:
| C1 |
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| C2 |
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| C3 |
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| C4 |
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| C5 |
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| C6 |
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| C7 |
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Paravertebral muscles of the cervical spine
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The muscle tissue of this part of the spine is divided into two parts: posterior and anterior. The muscles located in the front are divided into superficial, deep and medial.
The main functions of neck muscle tissue are as follows::
- maintaining the skull in balance;
- ensuring head movement: rotation and tilting;
- ensuring swallowing processes and voice function.
The muscle tissues of the cervical region are connected using special fascia and blood vessels, which serve as natural boundaries for different areas.
There are several main muscle groups:
- subcutaneous muscles;
- muscles covering the surface of the neck;
- The scapuloclavicular muscles are necessary to create space for placing muscle tissue above the chest.
The muscles located inside the neck are made up of visceral plates that are needed to line the organs inside the neck. They form the areas in which the veins and carotid artery are located. The plate placed in front of the vertebra is needed to create an area for deep muscles.
Physiological curves of the cervical spine
The cervical spine has a natural curve directed forward. It is called lordosis. This bending is compensated by kyphosis - another bend directed backwards in the area thoracic. Such curves give the spine elasticity and allow it to withstand the daily loads caused by upright walking.
Spinal curves are not congenital. In order for them to form correctly, appropriate care and lifestyle are necessary.
Physiological lordosis of the cervical spine is considered to be up to 40 degrees.. If the angle exceeds this figure, pathological lordosis is diagnosed. A person with such a pathology can be easily noticed by his head sharply pushed forward, which is set quite low.
Cervical lordosis may be: Diseases of the cervical spine are possible due to various injuries after a strong blow or due to a fall. In some cases, the danger of injury exists even with a sharp tilt or turn of the head, for example, when diving into water.
The most common pathologies in the cervical spine are::
- ruptures of ligaments and intervertebral discs;
- vertebral displacement;
- fractures.
Serious injuries to this section are dangerous because they can affect the spinal canal. The consequence may be paralysis, cardiac dysfunction or death. The danger of such injuries is also due to the fact that the seriousness of the situation cannot always be assessed immediately. At first, only pain during movement or swelling may indicate pathology.
Conclusion
Cervical spine includes seven vertebrae, the structure of which is noticeably different from the structure of other parts of the spinal column.
Each of the vertebrae of this department performs specific functions. Damage to any of them can cause certain pathologies of the body.
The difference between these vertebrae is their small size and special fragility. Their shape is cylindrical, with the spinal cord inside.
The main functions of the cervical spine are providing attachment to the skull, nutrition for the brain, performing various head movements.
To ensure these same processes, the muscles of the neck serve, which also influence the processes of voice formation and swallowing.
The cervical spine has a natural curve - lordosis, the correct formation of which occurs in the first years of human life and depends on the environment.
The most common diseases of the cervical spine are associated with various injuries, which are dangerous because they may not be noticed immediately, but pose a risk of developing cardiac pathologies, paralysis, or even death.