Who is in the group? Who is included in the kinship group? Structure of social groups

In the Pskov region, as of October 30, 2006, 17 people died from “toxic hepatitis”. In total, 487 people applied to health care facilities in the region, 427 were hospitalized, and 90 people were discharged. About 150 people were hospitalized in Kirov hospitals after being poisoned by an unknown alcohol-containing liquid. They all ended up in the infectious diseases department of a local hospital with the same symptoms: yellowed skin, heat and strong headache. Usually such complications are caused by spicy toxic hepatitis . Hepatitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the liver, but what is toxic or what is it also called non-viral or drug-induced hepatitis and why is it associated with the use of surrogate alcohol?

It is known that the use of technical alcohol turns the liver into a process that practically does not perform its functions; This is a dying organ, which doctors call the white liver. This is why the risk of toxic hepatitis and complications increases among those who drink alcohol. Toxic hepatitis is caused by the effect of certain chemical compounds on the liver tissue. Sometimes it is associated with infectious or systemic diseases.

Clinical symptoms of hepatitis include tenderness in the right hypochondrium, enlarged liver, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin).

Toxic hepatitis can be caused by accidental consumption of toxic substances of industrial (for example, pesticides) and plant (poisonous mushrooms) origin, as well as under the influence of certain medicines: carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride, trichlorethylene as a result of their overdose.

Depending on the amount of the substance or medication taken, symptoms of liver damage usually appear within 48 hours and are similar to those of viral hepatitis (loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, dark urine, possibly abdominal pain, clay-colored stool, sometimes mixed with pus) . Poisoning by some chemicals characterized by certain characteristics; for example, in case of carbon tetrachloride poisoning, headaches, dizziness, drowsiness occur, and blood circulation deteriorates. An overdose of thorazine causes fever, skin rashes, and abdominal pain.

Toxic hepatitis is usually diagnosed by a blood test, and a liver biopsy may also be used.

In some cases, toxic hepatitis progresses rapidly and causes cirrhosis of the liver, but most patients usually recover. First of all, doctors remove the harmful substance using gastric lavage, hyperventilation and inducing vomiting. If poisoning is caused by taking Tylenol, your doctor may prescribe an antidote. Corticosteroids are usually used for drug poisoning. Mushroom poisoning is now successfully treated with thioctic acid, a new drug undergoing clinical trials. Doctors, of course, fight for everyone’s health, and many are saved, but they know that the patients they save are already potentially disabled.

Story

The word “group” entered the Russian language at the beginning of the 19th century. from Italian (It. groppo, or gruppo- knot) as a technical term for painters, used to designate several figures that make up a composition. . This is exactly how the dictionary of foreign words of the early 19th century explains it, which, among other overseas “curiosities,” contains the word “group” as an ensemble, a composition of “figures, whole components, and so adjusted that the eye looks at them at once.”

First written appearance of a French word groupe, from which its English and German equivalents were later derived, dates back to 1668. Thanks to Molière, a year later, the word penetrates literary speech, while still retaining the technical coloring. The wide penetration of the term “group” into a variety of fields of knowledge, its truly commonly used nature, creates the appearance of its “ transparency", that is, understandability and accessibility. It is most often used in relation to certain human communities as collections of people united according to a number of characteristics by a certain spiritual substance (interest, purpose, awareness of their community, etc.). Meanwhile, the sociological category “social group” is one of the most difficult for understanding due to significant discrepancies with ordinary ideas. A social group is not just a collection of people united along formal or informal grounds, but a group social position that people occupy. “We cannot identify the agents who objectify a position with the position itself, even if the totality of these agents is a practical group mobilized for united action for the sake of general interest."

Signs

Types of groups

There are large, medium and small groups.

Large groups include aggregates of people that exist on the scale of society as a whole: these are social strata, professional groups, ethnic communities (nations, nationalities), age groups (youth, pensioners), etc. Awareness of belonging to a social group and, accordingly, its interests as one’s own occurs gradually, as organizations are formed that protect the interests of the group (for example, the struggle of workers for their rights and interests through workers’ organizations).

The middle groups include production associations of enterprise workers, territorial communities (residents of the same village, city, district, etc.).

Diverse small groups include groups such as family, friendly groups, and neighborhood communities. They are distinguished by the presence of interpersonal relationships and personal contacts with each other.

One of the earliest and most famous classifications of small groups into primary and secondary was given by the American sociologist C.H. Cooley, where he made a distinction between the two. "Primary (core) group" refers to those personal relationships that are direct, face-to-face, relatively permanent, and deep, such as relationships within a family, a group of close friends, and the like. "Secondary groups" (a phrase that Cooley did not actually use, but which came later) refers to all other face-to-face relationships, but especially to groups or associations such as industrial ones, in which a person relates to others through formal , often legal or contractual relationships.

Structure of social groups

Structure is a structure, arrangement, organization. The structure of a group is a way of interconnection, its relative position components, elements of the group (carried out through group interests, group norms and values), forming a stable social construct, or configuration of social relations.

The current large group has its own internal structure: "core"(and in some cases - kernels) and "periphery" with a gradual weakening as we move away from the core, the essential properties by which individuals identify themselves and a given group is nominated, that is, by which it is separated from other groups distinguished according to a certain criterion.

Specific individuals may not possess all the essential features of the subjects of a given community; they constantly move in their status complex (repertoire of roles) from one position to another. The core of any group is relatively stable; it consists of carriers of these essential traits - professionals of symbolic representation.

In other words, the core of a group is a set of typical individuals who most consistently combine the inherent nature of activity, structure of needs, norms, attitudes and motivations identified by people with a given social group. That is, the agents occupying a position must emerge as a social organization, a social community, or a social corps, possessing an identity (recognized self-image) and mobilized around a common interest.

Therefore, the core is a concentrated exponent of all the social properties of a group that determine its qualitative difference from all others. There is no such core - there is no group itself. At the same time, the composition of the individuals included in the “tail” of the group is constantly changing due to the fact that each individual occupies many social positions and can move from one position to another situationally, due to demographic movements (age, death, illness, etc.). etc.) or as a result of social mobility.

A real group has not only its own structure or construction, but also its own composition (as well as decomposition).

Composition(Latin compositio – composition) – organization of social space and its perception (social perception). The composition of a group is a combination of its elements that form a harmonious unity, which ensures the integrity of the image of its perception (social gestalt) as a social group. Group composition is usually determined through indicators of social status.

Decomposition- the opposite operation or process of dividing a composition into elements, parts, indicators. The decomposition of a social group is carried out through projection onto various social fields and positions. Often the composition (decomposition) of a group is identified with a set of demographic and professional parameters, which is not entirely true. What is important here is not the parameters themselves, but to the extent that they characterize the status-role position of the group and act as social filters that allow it to carry out social distancing so as not to merge, be “blurred” or absorbed by other positions.

As for membership in the group of a particular individual as an element of the composition, he actually encounters the surrounding world, which surrounds him and positions him as a member of the group, i.e. his individuality in this situation becomes “insignificant”; he, as an individual, as a member of a group, is seen primarily as a whole group.

Functions of social groups

There are different approaches to classifying the functions of social groups. American sociologist N. Smelser identifies the following functions of groups:

Social groups nowadays

A feature of social groups in countries with developed economies currently is their mobility, the openness of transition from one social group to another. The convergence of the level of culture and education of various socio-professional groups leads to the formation of common socio-cultural needs and thereby creates conditions for the gradual integration of social groups, their value systems, their behavior and motivation. As a result, we can state the renewal and expansion of the most characteristic modern world- middle layer (middle class).

Notes

Links

Determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 564-О-О on the constitutionality of the prohibition of inciting hatred towards social groups in Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

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See what a “Social group” is in other dictionaries:

SOCIAL GROUP- a collection of individuals united according to some characteristic. Division of society into S.g. or the identification of any group in society is arbitrary, and is carried out at the discretion of a sociologist or any other expert, depending on the goals that ... ... Legal encyclopedia

See Antinazi GROUP. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

Any relatively stable set of people interacting and united by common interests and goals. In every S.G. certain specific relationships of individuals between themselves and society as a whole are embodied within the framework of... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

social group- A set of people united by common characteristics or relationships: age, education, social status, etc... Dictionary of Geography

Social group- A relatively stable group of people who have common interests, values and norms of behavior, developing within the framework of a historically defined society. Each social group embodies certain specific relationships between individuals... ... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms

social group- socialinė grupė statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Žmonių, kuriuos buria bendri interesai, vertybės, elgesio normos, santykiškai pastovi visuma. Skiriamos didelės (pvz., sporto draugijos, klubo nariai) ir mažos (sporto mokyklos… … Sporto terminų žodynas

social group- ▲ group of people social class. interlayer stratum caste is a separate part of society. Curia. contingent. Corps (diplomatic #). circle(# persons). spheres. world (theatrical #). camp (# supporters). mill. segments of society). layers. rows...... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

Social group- a group of people united according to some psychological or socio-demographic characteristics... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy

A collection of people that makes up a unit social structure society. In general, S. g. can be divided into two types of groups. The first includes groups of people distinguished by one or another essential characteristic or characteristics, for example. socially... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Oddly enough, the concept of “group of companies” is absent in the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Yes, there once was a Federal Law “On Financial and Industrial Groups”. But it was repealed back in 2007 in order to “end excessive government regulation.” In addition, he “regulated” mainly very large financial and industrial groups.

In addition, in the current version of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation there is Chapter 3.1. "Consolidated group of taxpayers." However, this chapter, firstly, is devoted exclusively to tax issues. Secondly, it also introduces criteria from which it follows that consolidated groups of taxpayers can only be created by very, very large companies. For example, what is the total amount of taxes specified by law for members of a consolidated group worth - at least 10 billion rubles, and the total volume of their revenue - from 100 billion rubles.

Exists in Civil Code also the concept of voluntary association of legal entities into associations and unions. But these are, essentially, non-profit entities.

It seems to us that the Federal Law “On the Protection of Competition” comes quite close to the definition of a “group of companies”. However, this law still introduces another concept - “group of persons” - and interprets it accordingly. For example, paragraph 7 of Article 9 of this Law states that a group of persons can be “an individual, his spouse, parents<…>, children<…>, full and half brothers and sisters.” Well, that is, a family is a “group of persons”, and, under certain circumstances, it, this “group of persons”, is subject to regulation by the Law “On Protection of Competition”. So, alas, this and similar formulations, and indeed the main topic of the Federal Law “On the Protection of Competition”, are not entirely about that.

There is also a definition of affiliated persons in the legislation. It is given in another Law on competition, which is called “On Competition and Restriction of Monopolistic Activities in Product Markets.” Affiliates are persons who influence the work of the company. Transparent accounting of affiliates is required joint stock companies and limited liability companies in order to prevent unfair transactions with the interests of such persons. However, although the definition of affiliates given by the Law overlaps in meaning with the concept of “group of companies”, in general, it is also not equivalent to it.

Table of contents

1. Spouses are members of the board of directors of a PJSC, in which the spouse owns 90% of the shares. The spouse is general director OOO. LLC and JSC are engaged in trade in food and non-food products, working with the same suppliers and among themselves. Are they considered a group of persons?
Lyudmila

Good afternoon.

Yes, they are, and so it is with the PJSC itself:

Federal Law of July 26, 2006 N 135-FZ (as amended on July 3, 2016) “On the Protection of Competition” ConsultantPlus: note.
The antimonopoly rules, requirements, prohibitions on actions (inaction) of business entities established by Chapter 3 of the Federal Law of December 28, 2009 N 381-FZ also apply to the actions (inaction) of persons included in the same group of persons in accordance with the Federal Law “On the Protection of competition."
Article 9. Group of persons
1. A group of persons is a set of individuals and (or) legal entities that meet one or more of the following criteria:
1) a business entity (partnership, business partnership) and an individual or legal entity, if such an individual or such legal entity has, by virtue of its participation in this business entity (partnership, business partnership) or in accordance with the powers received, including including, on the basis of a written agreement, from other persons, more than fifty percent of the total number of votes attributable to voting shares (shares) in the authorized (share) capital of this business entity (partnership, business partnership);
2) a legal entity and an individual or legal entity performing the functions of the sole executive body of this legal entity;
3) a business company (partnership, business partnership) and an individual or legal entity, if such an individual or such legal entity is based on the constituent documents of this business company (partnership, business partnership) or concluded with this business company (partnership, business partnership) agreement has the right to give this business entity (partnership, business partnership) mandatory instructions;
4) legal entities, in which more than fifty percent of the quantitative composition of the collegial executive body and (or) the board of directors (supervisory board, fund board) are the same individuals;
5) a business company (economic partnership) and an individual or legal entity, if, at the proposal of such an individual or such legal entity, the sole executive body of this business company (economic partnership) has been appointed or elected;
6) a business company and an individual or legal entity, if, at the proposal of such an individual or such legal entity, more than fifty percent of the quantitative composition of the collegial executive body or the board of directors (supervisory board) of this business company was elected;
7) an individual, his spouse, parents (including adoptive parents), children (including adopted children), full and half brothers and sisters;
8) persons, each of whom, according to any of the characteristics specified in paragraphs 1 - 7 of this part, is included in a group with the same person, as well as other persons who, with any of such persons, are included in a group according to any of the specified in paragraphs 1 - 7 of this part the sign;
9) a business company (partnership, business partnership), individuals and (or) legal entities that, according to any of the characteristics specified in paragraphs 1 - 8 of this part, are included in a group of persons, if such persons, by virtue of their joint participation in this business company (partnership, business partnership) or in accordance with the powers received from other persons, have more than fifty percent of the total number of votes attributable to voting shares (shares) in the authorized (share) capital of this business company (partnership, business partnership) .
2. The prohibitions on actions (inaction) on the commodity market of an economic entity established by antimonopoly legislation apply to actions (inaction) of a group of persons if federal law not stated otherwise.

The Baltic Sea is a sea in northern Europe, protruding deeply into the mainland and entering the Atlantic Ocean basin. On its shores there are countries such as Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Finland, as well as Russia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, but only the latter states are included in the Baltics, that is, “at the Baltic”.

Peter the Great reconquered the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, as a result of which Sweden ceased to control all shores. The sea, which the Russians used to call Varangian or Sveisky, ceased to be foreign. Russia has begun the process of “de-labeling” the eastern coast of the Baltic states, liberating the national language and culture. In 1884, the sea was given the name Baltic, and all the provinces on its shores that were part of Russia began to be called Baltic. This name was retained in the Soviet Union: the Baltic states officially included the Estonian, Lithuanian, Latvian SSR and the Kaliningrad region. In 1990, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became independent states.

Baltic peoples

The first people appeared in the Baltic region in the 10th millennium BC, but only several thousand years later quite large cultures and developed tribes began to appear here. Representatives of the Volosovo culture are considered the ancestors of modern Baltic people. Some tribes originated from Slavic or Germanic peoples. For many millennia they lived mixed, did not have separate territories, exchanged tribes in the Black Sea region and other territories. Only in the middle of the first millennium BC did division begin: Finnish tribes settled in the north and Baltic tribes in the south. But they cannot yet be called peoples; they were scattered tribes under the Curonians, Semigallians, Yatvingians, Latgalians, Selos and others.

The Great Migration of Peoples did not have a significant impact on the population of the Baltic states: most of the tribes remained in place; peoples moving from the Scandinavian Peninsula stopped here. The Baltic peoples continued to evolve, their community is now called the Balts. They were divided into Western (Masurians, Curonians, Yatvingians) and Eastern Balts (Lithuania, Selo, Latgalians). Many of them were destroyed during the German invasions