Who is the current President of America? List of US presidents: biographies, years of government. Powers of the head of the country

The current President of the United States is Donald Trump. The 45th President of the United States officially took office on January 20, 2017.

Requirements for candidates

According to the US Constitution, only a US citizen by birth (or one who was a US citizen on the date of adoption of the Constitution; the first 7 presidents from Washington to Jackson and the 9th President William Harrison) did not have US citizenship at birth, over 35 years old, can become the President of the United States. and a resident of the United States for at least 14 years. The oldest president at the time of election is current President Donald Trump, first elected at the age of 70, re-elected to a second term - Ronald Reagan at the age of 73. The youngest elected president was John Kennedy, who took office at the age of 43. In fact, the youngest president was Theodore Roosevelt, who took office at the age of 42 years and 10 months, but he was not elected, but became president after the assassination of William McKinley in 1901.

At the time of inauguration, the President takes the following oath or makes the following solemn promise: “I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and will, to the fullest extent of my ability, support, preserve and defend the Constitution of the United States.”

At the end of the oath, they traditionally add the words: “So help me God,” although they are not required by the Constitution.

Earnings

The President receives a fixed remuneration for his service at a specified time, which cannot change during the period for which he was elected. Also during this period he may not receive any other income from the United States or any of the states. However, he may receive money from other sources (for example, from the sale of books). During the presidency of Barack Obama (from 2009 to 2017), the salary of the US President was 400 thousand US dollars per year. During the presidency of Donald Trump, the salary of the head of state has been kept at the same level ($400,000), but Trump said that he keeps only one dollar of this amount for himself every year, and gives the rest to charity.

Residence

The residence of presidents (since the second, John Adams) is the White House in Washington. Office (starting with William Taft) - Oval Office of the White House. Country residence - Camp David.

Powers and Responsibilities

The President is Commander in Chief armed forces United States and individual state police when called to active service in the United States.

The President of the United States has the right:

Request the opinion in writing of the highest ranking official in each of the executive departments on any matter relating to their official duties;
grant a reprieve of execution, as well as pardon for crimes against the United States, except in cases of impeachment (not only of one’s own, but also of officials at other levels);
with the advice and consent of the Senate, conclude international treaties, subject to their approval by two-thirds of the senators present;
to fill all vacancies occurring between sessions of the Senate, issuing certificates for positions that expire at the end of its next session;
in emergency cases may convene both houses of Congress or either of them;
in case of disagreement between the houses of Congress regarding the time of adjournment of meetings, reschedule them for such time as it deems appropriate.

The President of the United States, by the advice and consent of the Senate, appoints the Cabinet of the United States, ambassadors, other officials and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointment is not otherwise provided for by the Constitution and whose offices are established by law (but Congress may by law grant the power appointment of such subordinate officials as the President may deem fit, the courts or heads of departments)

The President periodically gives Congress information on the state of the country and recommends for its consideration such measures as he deems necessary and advisable.

The President of the United States receives ambassadors and other official representatives, is obliged to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed, and certifies the office of all officials of the United States.

Termination of powers

The following cases are distinguished:

Expiration of the term of office is the most common case.
Death; four presidents - William Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren Harding and Franklin Roosevelt - died in office by natural causes, four - Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley and John Kennedy - were assassinated.
Voluntary resignation, which so far only Richard Nixon has taken advantage of (see Watergate).
The President may be removed from office upon impeachment conviction for treason, bribery, or other serious crimes. So far, no president has been removed from office, but there have been four attempts at impeachment: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Richard Nixon in 1974, Bill Clinton in 1998 and Donald Trump in 2020.

A president nearing the end of his term (especially after his successor has already been elected) has the unofficial nickname "lame duck".

Procedure for filling a position

In the event of the removal of the President from office, his death, resignation, or inability to exercise the powers and duties, such powers and responsibilities are transferred to the Vice President of the United States. The original text of the US Constitution was ambiguous and allowed both an interpretation according to which the vice president received only the powers and duties (that is, becoming, relatively speaking, the “acting president of the United States”), and an interpretation according to which the vice president received the position (that is, he becomes the President of the United States and takes the appropriate oath). Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this provision was always practically interpreted to mean that the vice president became the full-power president; The first precedent for such a transfer of power occurred with John Tyler in 1841, who, after the death of William Harrison, immediately proclaimed himself President of the United States and refused to open letters addressed to “I. O. President." Only in 1967 was the 25th Amendment to the Constitution adopted, according to which in this case it is clear that “the vice president becomes president.”

In the event of the removal, death, resignation, or incapacity of both the President and Vice President, Congress may pass a law specifying which officer will act as President. Such official shall perform the relevant duties until the cause of the President's inability to perform his duties is eliminated or a new President is elected. Since 1947, a law has been in force according to which the president is replaced in his position by the following officials in this order (the current composition of ministries is indicated, including those created after 1947):

Speaker of the House of Representatives (after dismissal from the office of Speaker and Member of the House of Representatives),
President pro tempore of the Senate (traditionally this position is held by the senior senator from the majority party; the permanent President of the Senate is the Vice President),
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,

Following the vice president and elected presidents of the chambers are the US Cabinet ministerial positions by order of establishment (last is the Department of Homeland Security, created in 2003). Until 1947, the presidents of the Houses of Congress did not have priority over ministers; this priority was introduced by Harry Truman to reduce the likelihood of a situation where the president himself appoints his successor. Currently, the list contains only 18 positions (there are conspiracy theories according to which there is a secret continuation of the list, numbering 50 or 100 names and calculated in the event of nuclear war or a large-scale disaster; most experts perceive them with skepticism).

The procedure for replacement is limited by the condition that the person assuming the duties of the President must be a US citizen by birth in its territory, be at least 35 years of age and have lived in the United States for 14 years (if one of these conditions is not met, then the corresponding person is skipped , and the right of substitution passes to the next number in the list). The transfer of presidential powers to an interim speaker or minister is impossible; the person receiving presidential powers must be officially appointed (elected by Congress) to the position giving this right before the opening of a vacancy in this post. Again, there are no laws in force that specify whether this person becomes president or not. O. president; There have been no precedents for such a transfer of power.

President of the country by secret popular vote. Until 2008, the president held office for 4 years. But during Dmitry Medvedev’s stay, this period changed and became 6 years. A corresponding amendment was made to Article 81 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

When V.V. Putin was at the highest state power second term, he more than once put forward a proposal to increase the presidential term. He motivated this by the fact that in four years it is impossible to draw an objective conclusion from the president, since many projects and socio-economic programs require more time to bear the first fruits of their introduction.

Putin proposed introducing an amendment to increase the presidential term in some European countries.

First experience of electing a president for 6 years

Putin became in Russia, who will hold office for 6 years, from 2012 to 2018. But before changing the term of office of the president, another amendment was made to the Constitution, which stated the possibility of changing the term of office of the State Duma and the president. Now the Duma will sit in the same composition not for four years, but for five.
A citizen of the country who has lived on its territory for more than 10 years can become the President of the Russian Federation. There is an age limit - a person must be at least 35 years old. The same citizen can be elected for two consecutive terms. The president has the power to determine foreign and domestic policy states.

The President of the Russian Federation is the representative of the Russian Federation within the country and abroad.

Election of the President in other countries

In the USA, Brazil, Argentina, Latvia, and Iceland, the president is elected for a term of 4 years. In most countries of the European Union, the president serves his people for 5 years. These countries include: Germany, Greece, India. The same presidential term is established in Ukraine. Venezuela, Mexico, Austria, Finland - in these countries the president exercises his powers for 6 years. A president is appointed for 7 years in Tajikistan, Turkey, Italy, Ireland, and Uzbekistan. In most countries, the president is elected by the people by secret ballot. But in Germany, Latvia, Turkey, Romania, the parliament appoints the president of the country. In the UK there is no such position at all. Everyone state affairs Parliament is in charge, and Queen Elizabeth rules, but does not rule. She is a kind of symbol of the country and a social ideal.

Vladimir Putin took the highest government post in 2000, and in 2004 he was re-elected to a second term. Then, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the President of Russia was elected for four years. In 2008, the presidential term was increased from four to six years.

Vladimir Putin, who served as Prime Minister of Russia from 2008 to 2012, was again elected president in 2012. For the first time, the country's top leader returned to his post after a break. This did not happen either in modern, Soviet, or pre-revolutionary Russia.

First presidential term (2000-2004)

On December 31, 1999, the first president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, announced his resignation as head of state. Vladimir Putin became the acting head of state. January 13, 2000, during a visit to St. Petersburg state university Vladimir Putin has announced his intention to run for the presidency of Russia.

On March 26, 2000, Vladimir Putin was elected president Russian Federation in the first round. He received 39,740,434 votes (52.94%).

Putin devoted the first years of his presidency to solving the main task of that period - and creating a unified legal field within the country.

A course was taken to strengthen the central government. In 2000 they were created federal districts, in each of them a presidential plenipotentiary representative appeared. The governors lost their representation in the Federation Council, and with it their parliamentary immunity.

Cooperation between the President and the Russian Parliament made it possible in 2000-2002 to carry out a number of legal reforms - to adopt the most important codes: tax, administrative, labor, civil, etc. In December 2000, the President managed to achieve the adoption of new state symbols of Russia, which the Parliament had not previously approved due to for ideological differences.

Russian army solved the problem, which, according to Putin, posed the main threat to the integrity of the country.

During this period, big business lost control over the top bureaucrats (as was the case in the 1990s). In addition, the actions of businessmen who openly displayed political ambitions, backed by significant financial resources, began to provoke a sharp reaction from the highest authorities.

Putin's first presidential term was marked by Russia's economic successes: average annual GDP growth was 6.5%, external debt decreased from 50% of GDP to 30%, there was a budget and foreign trade surplus, foreign exchange reserves grew, and the level of well-being of the population increased.

In foreign policy, Putin managed to strengthen relations with the European Union and the United States and develop cooperation with NATO. He established friendly relations with US President George W. Bush, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in New York, Putin supported the anti-terrorist position of the US leadership; in May 2002, the presidents of Russia and the United States signed an agreement in Moscow on the reduction of strategic offensive capabilities.

During Vladimir Putin's first presidential term, traditional television "straight lines" (first) and large annual press conferences () appeared.

Second presidential term (2004-2008)

On December 18, 2003, during a “direct line” with the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin announced his intention to run for president of Russia for a second term. On March 14, 2004, Putin was elected to a second term, receiving 49,565,238 votes (71.31%) in the first round.

Putin's second presidential term was characterized by strengthening state control in the spheres of economics and information policy, by attacking the positions of oligarchs, regional elites and opposition forces.

On September 13, 2004, speaking at an extended government meeting, Putin announced his intention to abandon direct elections of heads of federal subjects. Governors began to be appointed by the president with subsequent confirmation in local legislative assemblies.

On May 26, 2004, delivering a message to Federal Assembly, Putin proclaimed three “national projects”: overcoming poverty, modernizing the armed forces and housing reform.

On January 1, 2007, the Law on Maternity Capital came into force. In accordance with it, women who gave birth to or adopted a second and subsequent children are counted. The amount of capital was indexed; in 2017 it was .

Between 2004 and 2008, many issues were resolved social problems. Increasing income from the sale of energy resources made it possible to direct significant funds to the rearmament of the military component of the Russian Federation, increase salaries for military personnel, begin solving housing problems, continue to create a professional army, reducing the draft by military service up to one year.

At the beginning of his first presidential term, Vladimir Putin set the government the ambitious goal of doubling GDP in ten years. Over eight years, this growth was about 70%, the industry grew by 75%. The outflow of capital from the country, amounting to tens of billions of dollars, stopped, and investments.

In area foreign policy There has been a deterioration in relations with Western countries. On February 10, 2007, at the Munich Security Policy Conference, Putin harshly criticized US foreign policy and the idea of a unipolar world order. Putin sharply opposed plans for NATO expansion and the deployment of American missile defense facilities in Eastern Europe.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the same person cannot hold the position of President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive terms.

On October 1, 2007, at the United Russia party congress, Putin announced his agreement. According to the results of the elections held on December 2, 2007, United Russia received 64.3% of the votes. December 10, four parties - "United Russia", " Just Russia", the Agrarian Party and the "Civil Force" nominated Dmitry Medvedev for the presidency. Putin supported this initiative and agreed to become head of government on December 17. According to the results of the presidential elections held on March 2, 2008, Medvedev received 70.28% of the votes. 8 May 2008 State Duma.

On December 30, 2008, amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation came into force, increasing the term of presidential powers.

Third presidential term (2012-2018)

On September 24, 2011, at the congress of the United Russia party, the current President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev. November 27, 2011 United Russia party.

In the elections of March 4, 2012, Putin was elected President of the Russian Federation for the third time, receiving the support of 45,602,075 votes, which is 63.60%. Putin's third presidential term ends in the spring of 2018.

In 2012, Vladimir Putin began his work as president with a broad program for the development of social guarantees.

On March 17, 2014, Vladimir Putin signed a decree “On recognition of the Republic of Crimea”, taking into account the will of the people of Crimea expressed at the all-Crimean referendum held on March 16 of the same year.

With the return of the peninsula to Russia, on the basis of the federal law “On the admission of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and the formation within the Russian Federation of new subjects of the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol” dated March 21, 2014, the head of state secured a significant place in history. but Moscow’s position became the reason for the deterioration of relations between Russia and the West.

In 2014, the United States, the European Union and a number of other countries introduced the first sanctions against Russia. Against the backdrop of the worsening conflict in Ukraine and different points of view on what is happening in the republic, sanctions against the Russian Federation began to be strengthened, extending them to large industries, including mining. In response to this, Russia developed the electronic economy.
The Russian authorities pay considerable attention to the fight against corruption within the country. As part of the fight against corruption, officials were detained high level: Governor of the Sakhalin Region Alexander Khoroshavin, Head of Komi Vyacheslav Gaizer, Governor of the Kirov Region Nikita Belykh, ex-Head of the Ministry of Economic Development Alexey Ulyukaev.

Under Vladimir Putin, a new image of the armed forces has emerged - strong, modern, well-trained and well-equipped.

In connection with the threats posed by modern terrorism, Putin has moved from eliminating militants within local spaces to fighting them internationally. To this end, Russia is participating in resolving the situation in Syria; Aerospace Forces aviation is helping to liberate the cities of the Syrian Arab Republic from ISIS terrorists and other groups.

With the active participation of Russia, the Iranian nuclear problem was resolved and a corresponding agreement was concluded in 2015. Putin says Moscow will actively support that agreement. To the opinion of Russia and in the context of the situation around the DPRK, which in Lately worsened in connection with Pyongyang's missile tests.

The country has become the organizer of a number of prestigious international tournaments, including the 2014 Olympics in Sochi, the World Festival of Youth and Students, and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

*Terrorist organization banned in Russia

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Today, November 8, the United States is holding elections for the 45th American president. Here's a look back at the most famous of America's 44 previous leaders, and what makes people remember them decades and even centuries later.

George Washington, pFirst US President (1789 - 1797)

He took office in 1789 and was the only president to receive 100% of the popular vote. In his homeland he is called the “father of the fatherland.” Washington laid the foundations of the American state and the institution of presidents, determining their further development. It is not for nothing that the US capital, built by Washington, bears his name. In addition, a state, a lake and an island, a mountain and a canyon, many communities, colleges and universities, streets and squares are also named in his honor, and his photograph adorns the dollar bill.

Andrew Jackson, c7th President of the United States (1829 - 1837)

The first US president to be elected from the Democratic Party. He is known for his hostility towards Indians - because of the Indian Removal Act he signed, many of them died on new reservations from lack of food. Jackson's photo appears on the twenty dollar bill.

According to legend, one day, as a joke, he invited prostitutes to Christmas in The White house. He took part in more than 100 duels, most of them related to defending the honor of his wife Rachel.

Before his death, he admitted that he considered the destruction of the Second Bank of the States in 1836 to be his greatest achievement.

Abraham Lincoln, w16th President of the United States (1861 - 1865)

The first president of the Republican Party, liberator of slaves and national hero of the Americans. His name is on the list of the 100 most studied personalities in history. During his reign, the transcontinental railway was built Railway. Considered a brilliant orator who knew how to inspire his allies.

He adhered to strict moral principles and had a good sense of humor.

On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was mortally wounded at the theater, becoming the first president to be assassinated. After this, the Americans erected a huge statue of the president-liberator sitting in thought. Lincoln remains one of the best and most beloved US presidents to this day.

Many monuments have been erected in his honor; a city, streets, a university, various centers, a brand of prestigious cars, an aircraft carrier are named after Lincoln, and a $5 banknote is decorated with his image.

And a few years ago, at the instigation of Timur Bekmambetov and Tim Burton, Abraham Lincoln began to be considered a “vampire hunter.”

Thomas Woodrow Wilson, d28th President of the United States (1913 - 1921)

He is known for the adoption of the US Federal Reserve Act, which to this day regulates antitrust activities in the country. And after America entered the First World War, Wilson received Nobel Prize for "establishing peace in Europe."

At the end of his second presidential term, the president suffered a stroke, he was paralyzed, and all important decisions in the country were made by the first lady and advisers to the head of the States.

Wilson is featured on the $100,000 bill, the largest in the country's history.

Franklin Roosevelt, thirty-second President of the United States (1933-1945)

The only US president to serve more than two terms.

Already in the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt carried out a number of important reforms, restoring the banking system and signing a law creating the Federal Emergency Relief Administration for the Hungry and Unemployed.

He led the country during the global economic crisis and World War II.

Harry Truman, t1933 President of the United States (1945-1953)

It is with the name of Truman that the beginning of the Cold War between the USA and the USSR is associated - he advocated confrontation Soviet Union and America's sole leadership in the world. During his reign in 1949, NATO was created at the initiative of the United States.

Truman is also known for his scandalous phrase, said shortly after the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR.

“If we see that Germany is winning, then we should help Russia, and if Russia wins, then we should help Germany, and let them kill as many as possible, although I do not want to see Hitler as the winner under any circumstances,” the 33rd President of America said at the time.

He was the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Masons.

Richard Nixon, thirty-seventh President of the United States (1969 - 1974)

He is the first and only US president to resign before the end of his presidential term. He did this to avoid impeachment, which threatened him because of the famous " Watergate scandal"related to the wiretapping of Nixon's Democratic opponents.

The story goes that Nixon proposed to his wife Pat the first night he met her. She refused, but two years later she agreed.

During his reign, American astronauts landed on the moon. The 37th president is the first to visit all 50 US states and also the first to visit China. Under him, special relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China were established, and a policy of détente in relations with the USSR began.

John Kennedy, t35th President of the United States (1961-1963)

The name of John Kennedy is currently most often associated with his mysterious murder, which shocked the whole world, for the solution of which numerous hypotheses are still put forward.

He became the youngest president in US history, as well as the first Catholic president. All previous and subsequent presidents were Protestants. He advocated equalization of the rights of blacks, taking the model of Abraham Lincoln, and for improving relations between the USA and the USSR.

He donated all the funds received from his own salary to charity.

Even before assuming the presidency, in 1943, while serving as a commander, John Kennedy received the title of war hero for saving his crew members after a plane crash in the Solomon Islands. He carved messages on coconut shells and gave them to the local natives so that they could deliver these unique messages to the US base on Rendova Island. A week later, Kennedy and his men sailed home on another New Zealand patrol torpedo boat.

Airports were named in his honor, commemorative coins with his portrait were issued, stamps, aircraft carriers, and universities were issued. His image has been used more than once in computer games, cartoons and endless chronicles.

George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States (1989-1993)

George Herbert Walker Bush assumed the presidency at a time of great change throughout the world, particularly the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the USSR.

It was during his administration that the US Supreme Court recognized women's right to abortion in 1992.

Celebrate your 90th birthday with a skydive.

Bill Clinton, cOrok second President of the United States (1993-2001)

During Clinton's presidency, America significantly reduced its foreign debt and unemployment rates, and became a leader in high technology. It was his administration that achieved the abolition of nuclear weapons testing worldwide.

He was an outstanding saxophonist. Of all the presidents, he made the most foreign trips, visiting 133 countries.

However, the most known fact from his biography - a scandalous relationship with Monica Lewinsky.

Interesting Facts:

There is a legend that tells of a certain “Curse of Tecumseh,” also known as the curse of US presidents, uttered by the once dying Indian chief of the Tecumseh tribe for violating a treaty by whites. The curse is that every American president elected in a year divisible by 20 will die or be assassinated before the end of the presidential term.

Starting from the first generation (the curse, according to legend, is valid until the seventh generation) - William Henry Harrison, who died a month after his inauguration - all but the last two US presidents elected or re-elected in a year ending in zero died in office (either by their own death or by an assassin's bullet).

Second knee - Abraham Lincoln, elected in 1860, re-elected in 1864, assassinated in 1865.

Third knee - James Garfield, elected in 1880, killed in 1881.

Fourth knee - William McKinley, re-elected in 1900, killed in 1901.

Fifth knee - Warren Harding, elected 1920, died 1923.

Sixth knee - Franklin Roosevelt, re-elected in 1940 and 1944, died in 1945.

Seventh knee - John Kennedy, elected 1960, assassinated 1963.

The first to break the pattern Ronald Reagan(eighth generation), elected in 1980, survived an assassination attempt in 1981 and safely left office in 1989.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin was elected President of the Russian Federation. Took office on May 7, 2012.

1. The President of the Russian Federation begins to exercise his powers from the moment he takes the oath and ceases to exercise them with the expiration of his term in office from the moment the newly elected President of the Russian Federation takes the oath.

2. The President of the Russian Federation shall terminate the exercise of powers early in the event of his resignation, persistent inability for health reasons to exercise his powers, or removal from office. In this case, elections of the President of the Russian Federation must take place no later than three months from the date of early termination of the exercise of powers.

3. In all cases when the President of the Russian Federation is unable to fulfill his duties, they are temporarily performed by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The Acting President of the Russian Federation does not have the right to dissolve the State Duma, call a referendum, or make proposals for amendments and revisions to the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

1. Part 1 of the commented article, securing the continuity of functioning of the constitutional and legal institution of the President and its continuity, formulates a mechanism for the transfer of power that constitutes the legal content of this institution. The President begins to exercise his powers from the moment he takes the oath of office. It follows that the date of election of the President and the calculation of his term in office do not coincide with the moment when the person elected by the President becomes the real bearer of the corresponding powers. The Law on the Election of the President of the Russian Federation established the following terms for the President to take office: the elected President takes office after four years from the date of entry into office of the President elected in the previous elections during early elections, as well as if by the day of expiration of four years from On the day of the assumption of office of the President elected in the previous elections, repeat presidential elections are scheduled - on the 30th day from the date of official publication of the general results of the presidential elections by the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. Thus, on the one hand, the fulfillment of the will of the people, who transferred the right to exercise power to the person elected by the President, is guaranteed; on the other hand, a certain guarantee is established against the usurpation of power by a person who, due to the expiration of the legislative term, has lost the right to power.

As for the termination of the exercise of the powers of the President, the commented provision connects it with the expiration of the term of office and the moment the newly elected President takes the oath.

2. Part 2 of the commented article establishes the grounds for early termination of the President’s exercise of powers. These include resignation, persistent inability for health reasons to exercise the powers vested in the President, and removal from office.

At the same time, it is hardly possible to consider the indicated grounds as exhaustive, since the Constitution refers to the termination of the exercise of powers not by the “abstract” President, but by a person holding office. Consequently, to those specified in Part 2 of Art. 92 of the Constitution, the grounds should include the death of the President, his loss of citizenship of the Russian Federation or acquisition of citizenship of a foreign state, moving to a permanent place of residence outside the Russian Federation, i.e. loss of the right to election, as defined in Part 2 of Art. 81 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (see commentary to it).

Resignation represents the President's voluntary resignation from his position. The Constitution does not require the President to motivate his resignation, nor does it allow for its possibility in favor of another person or the termination (revocation) of a previously announced resignation. In particular, by Decree No. 1761 of December 31, 1999 “On the execution of powers of the President of the Russian Federation,” the first President of the Russian Federation announced his resignation and early termination of powers. By the same Decree, based on Art.

92 of the Constitution, assigned the temporary execution of the powers of the head of state to the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Persistent inability for health reasons to exercise the powers that belong to him is the next constitutional basis for the termination of the exercise by a person in this position of the powers of the President. Unlike resignation, which can always be the result only of the voluntary expression of the will of the President and his personal choice, persistent inability for health reasons to exercise the powers vested in the Constitution of the President is usually interpreted as a basis that can be used either by the President himself or in another way. In reality, however, the Constitution deals with cases where the head of state is not aware of the situation and his inability to adequately exercise powers (in otherwise he can resign), as a result of which threats arise to the state and the normal functioning of the entire state mechanism, the “health” of which largely depends on the President.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, at the request of the State Duma, gave an official interpretation of Part 2 of Art. 92 of the Constitution in Resolution No. 12-P of July 11, 2000. This Resolution, in particular, stated the following: “The early termination of the President of the Russian Federation from exercising his powers in the event of a persistent inability for health reasons to exercise his powers requires a special procedure in order to objectively establish the actual impossibility for the President of the Russian Federation due to a disorder of body functions, of a permanent, irreversible nature, make decisions arising from his constitutional powers, or otherwise exercise his powers in accordance with the requirements of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In this case - due to the extraordinary nature of the grounds under consideration - the will of the President of the Russian Federation may not be a mandatory prerequisite for the early termination of his powers... The activation of this procedure is permissible only after exhaustion of all other possibilities related to the temporary failure of the President of the Russian Federation to fulfill his powers or his voluntary resignation...

The procedure for early termination of the powers of the President of the Russian Federation in the event of a persistent inability for health reasons to exercise his powers cannot be facilitated or simplified. At the same time, the possibility of turning this procedure into a method of unjustified removal of the President of the Russian Federation from office, and even more so, into an unconstitutional method of appropriating the powers of the President of the Russian Federation by any body or person, must be excluded.” From this interpretation of the Constitutional Court it follows that it is necessary to adopt a federal law specifying the constitutional procedure for terminating the powers of the President due to persistent inability for health reasons to exercise his powers.

The removal of the President of the Russian Federation from office is the third constitutional basis for the early termination by the President of the exercise of his powers.

The content of this basis and its constitutional regulation were apparently affected by the events of the previous period of the political and legal history of Russia, with its characteristic repeated attempts to remove the President from office; in any case, a separate article of the Constitution is devoted to this basis (see commentary to Article 93). In the commented part 2 of Art. 92 of the Constitution stipulates that if the President terminates the exercise of his powers on one of the previously stated grounds, elections of the President must take place no later than three months from the date of early termination of the exercise of powers.

Thus, the Constitution imposes on the federal legislator the obligation to resolve this issue and defines the main parameters of such a resolution: elections of a new President must take place and they must take place no later than three months from the moment when Russian state was left without a President (see commentary to Article 93).

3. At the same time, the commented article establishes that in all cases when the President is unable to fulfill his duties, they are temporarily performed by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the Constitution, it would seem, establishes only three restrictions for the acting President of the Russian Federation: he does not have the right to dissolve the State Duma, call a referendum, or make proposals for amendments and revisions of the provisions of the Constitution.

In reality, however, the Chairman of the Government, who has assumed the powers of the President, does not dissolve in these powers and, as follows from the meaning of the commented provision, does not lose the status of the Chairman of the Government. The Chairman of the Government temporarily replaces the President and has all his rights and obligations, with the exception of those specifically specified in the commented article. However, he does not acquire the personal legal status of the President and his protocol rights; in this regard, the Chairman of the Government exercises the rights and duties of the President not as his deputy, but as the Chairman of the Government, and it is in this sense that he does not replace, but replaces the President.

Prime Minister in in this case acts as a representative of the constitutional institution The President, but not the Deputy President. This understanding also follows from the practice of implementing the commented provisions of Art. 92. In particular, simultaneously with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 31, 1999 N 1761, Decree of the Acting President N 1762 was issued, by which he announced that he was beginning to temporarily exercise the powers of the President.

In addition, the phrase “in all cases when the President is unable to fulfill his duties” implies, firstly, a wider range of grounds for early termination of powers by the head of state than is provided for in Part 2 of the commented article (resignation, permanent inability due to state health to exercise his powers, removal from office), this is a list, as noted in the commentary to Part 2 of this article, which can be supplemented; secondly, it also covers those cases when the President is temporarily unable to fulfill his duties, for example, his illness, which, however, does not entail early termination of powers. This, among other things, determines the need for legislative regulation of the conditions and procedure for the temporary performance by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation of the duties of the head of state.

Previously, the President was defined as the head of the executive branch and the highest official in the country. Now, according to Art. 80 of the Constitution, he “is the head of state.” Called the head of state, the President can be a figurehead, and the leading role in governing the state belongs to the government. However, in Russia a different model has been chosen, according to which we have not just a strong, but a super-strong President.

The previous Constitution gave certain priorities to the highest representative body of state power - the Congress of People's Deputies, including in relation to the President. The Congress had the right to consider any issue within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, heard annual reports from the President, and if it considered it necessary, it could demand an extraordinary report from the President and cancel his acts at any time.

The current Constitution not only does not give such priorities to the parliament of the Russian Federation - the Federal Assembly, but also proceeds from the leading position of the President in the system of government bodies of the country. This was even reflected in the order of chapters of the Constitution: Ch. 4 “President of the Russian Federation” precedes Ch. 5 "Federal Assembly".

Previously, the President was defined as the head of the executive branch and the highest official in the country. Now, according to Art. 80 of the Constitution, he “is the head of state.” Called the head of state, the President may be a figurehead, and the leading role in governing the state belongs to the government. However, in Russia a different model has been chosen, according to which we have not just a strong, but a super-strong President.

In accordance with the Constitution (Article 80), the President is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. In accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution, it takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and state integrity, and ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of government bodies. The President, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, determines the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state. As the head of state, he represents the Russian Federation within the country and in international relations.

What is most clearly reflected in the model of a strong Russian President? The following factors can be identified.

1. The President is elected by the people, therefore, his powers are derived from the people, who entrust the President with the highest government functions. So, according to Art. 81 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the President is elected by all citizens of Russia who have active voting rights in general elections. Because of this, he receives a mandate of trust not from parliament, as for example in Germany or Italy, but from the entire population of Russia.

2. The President in Russia, according to the constitutional model, is not part of the system of separation of powers, but stands above all branches of government. This is clearly seen from a comparison of a number of norms. According to Art. 10 of the Constitution, state power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the courts of the Russian Federation (Article 11). Thus, the President also exercises state power. But which of the three? Legislative power is exercised by the parliament (Article 94 of the Constitution), the executive power of the Russian Federation is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation (Article 110), and judicial power naturally belongs to the courts (Chapter 7 of the Constitution). It remains to conclude that the President has his own independent form of power, which some researchers have dubbed presidential power.

Based on the above, it should be noted that only the President is given the task of ensuring the coordinated functioning and interaction of all other government bodies - both federal and constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Articles 80, 85 of the Constitution). No other bodies have similar capabilities in relation to the President.

4. The President is generally independent from other government bodies. Parliamentary and judicial checks and balances on presidential power, much less control, exist on a very minimal scale. In essence, we can talk about the absence of constitutional responsibility of the President. Even if we imagine that the President of the Russian Federation will commit high treason or another serious crime that serves as the basis for his removal from office (Article 93 of the Constitution), such removal will be very problematic, since the Constitution does not provide for the responsibility of the President for a gross violation of not only the Constitution itself, but also laws and the presidential oath. Although formally the Russian parliament, represented by its chambers, on the basis of Art. Art. 93, 102 of the Constitution can remove the President from office.

5. In turn, the capabilities of the President himself, especially in relation to parliament, are very impressive: starting from messages to the Federal Assembly, introducing draft laws that can be determined by the President as priority, veto rights, proposing candidates for officials appointed by the chambers, and ending with the right dissolution of the lower house - the State Duma and the appointment of early parliamentary elections (Articles 84, 111, 117). We should not forget that in the upper house – the Federation Council – the President has a strong “lobby” in the form of half of its members. These are the heads of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, who were previously in the majority appointed by the President of the Russian Federation, are now elected by the population, but still seem to be connected with the Government of the Russian Federation and the President of the Russian Federation, figuratively speaking, by “corporate solidarity”.

6. According to the existing structure, the President has the right to his own lawmaking, that is, to adopt acts (primarily decrees), which, in the absence of laws, regulate social relations on an equal basis with them and are valid until the corresponding laws appear; on a number of issues, laws are not adopted at all, and regulation is carried out either independently by the President or on his instructions by the Government of the Russian Federation. According to Art. 90 of the Constitution, the President of the Russian Federation issues decrees and orders that are binding throughout Russia. Neither the Federation Council nor the State Duma has the right to cancel them. But these decrees and orders cannot contradict the Constitution and federal laws. If such a contradiction is discovered, the Constitutional Court has the authority to annul the normative decrees of the President if it considers that they do not comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

7. The President holds in his hands all the threads of the state’s domestic and foreign policy. According to Art. 86 of the Constitution he exercises leadership foreign policy, negotiates and signs international treaties and instruments of ratification. However, these treaties do not come into force without their ratification by parliament through the adoption of laws by both chambers (Article 106 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

8. The Government of the Russian Federation can well be called the Government of the President of the Russian Federation, since the President completely forms it, directs its activities and has the right to dismiss at any time (Articles 83, 111), although in order to appoint the Chairman of the Government the President needs the consent of the State Duma (Article 103, 111). According to Art. 117 The Duma may also express no confidence in the Government, in connection with which the President is faced with a dilemma - to announce the resignation of the Government or to disagree with the decision of the State Duma. If the chamber repeatedly expresses no confidence in the Government within three months, the President is obliged to either resign the Government or dissolve the State Duma (Part 3 of Article 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). At the same time, it should be noted that a number of members of the Government holding key positions work under the direct supervision of the President (ministers of foreign affairs, defense, internal affairs, etc.), the President also establishes the entire system of federal executive authorities.

9. There is a vertical executive power in the country, which includes from top to bottom (or vice versa) all structures, right up to the head of the village municipality(despite the separation of local government bodies from state authorities proclaimed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The President of the Russian Federation can be considered the top of this pyramid. It has its authorized representatives in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

10. In accordance with Art. 87 of the Constitution, the President is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The President exclusively has the right to approve the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, to appoint and dismiss the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Article 83). However, he is obliged (Part 2 of Article 87) in the event of the sole introduction of martial law, to immediately inform the Federation Council about this and State Duma. He does not have the right to declare war and make peace. This is the exclusive competence of the Federation Council (Article 106). In addition, parliament has the right to approve the federal budget, with the help of which the legislature can influence issues of subsidizing the army and navy. It is within the jurisdiction of the Federation Council that the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of Russia outside its borders is in charge (clause

"g" st. 102).

The Constitution gave the President the right to declare a state of emergency on the territory of Russia and in certain localities. However, the same article obliges the President to immediately inform the Federation Council and the State Duma about this. It is the legislative branch that has the right to sanction or cancel this decision of the President.

Oath of the President of Russia

When exercising the powers of the President of the Russian Federation, I swear to respect and protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, to observe and defend the Constitution of the Russian Federation, to protect the sovereignty and independence, security and integrity of the state, to faithfully serve the people.

Status and powers of the President

The status of the President is determined in the fourth chapter of the Constitution.

The President is the head of state, the guarantor of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and state integrity, and ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of government bodies.

The President determines the main directions of domestic policy.

The President determines the main directions of foreign policy.

The President is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

The President decides issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation, awards state awards, and grants pardons.

Presidential term in Russia since 2012

For how long is the President of the Russian Federation elected?

correct answer: 6 years

In accordance with the amendment to the Constitution that came into force on December 31, 2008, starting with the 2012 elections, the President of the Russian Federation is elected for a six-year term.

On March 4, 2012, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin was elected President of the Russian Federation. Took office on May 7, 2012.

A six-year presidential term has been adopted in other countries, including Austria and Finland.

The first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin was elected in 1991 for a term of 5 years (1991-1996). Most presidents in European countries are elected for 5 years.

According to the Russian Constitution, adopted in 1993, the term of office of the president was reduced to 4 years and began to take effect from the next presidential election, i.e. since 1996

On July 3, 1996, Boris Yeltsin was again elected head of state for 4 years. On December 31, 1999, President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin signed a Decree on his resignation.

On December 31, 1999, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin became the Acting President of the Russian Federation.

On March 26, 2000, Putin was elected President of the Russian Federation also for 4 years. On March 14, 2004, Putin was elected President of the Russian Federation for a second term.

In the USA and some other countries, the president is also elected for a four-year term.

When implementing the project, state support funds are used, allocated as a grant in accordance with the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated September 18, 2013 No. 348-rp and on the basis of a competition held by the Knowledge Society of Russia.

For how long is the President of the Russian Federation elected?

For how long is the President of the Russian Federation elected? , alas, not every Russian knows. At first, this period was 4 years, but already in 2008, the then-current head of state D. Medvedev supported the decision to amend the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation regarding the extension of the presidential term.

How long is the President of the Russian Federation elected?

According to Art. 81 basic laws of the country, The President of the Russian Federation is elected for a term, equal to 6 years. The first President, elected in 2012 for a 6-year term (until 2018), is V. Putin.

The increase in the period is explained, in particular, by the fact that 4 years is not enough to carry out reforms and fully solve problems of a socio-economic and political nature. And citizens cannot give objective assessment activities of the head of state for such a short period of time.

Presidential elections, according to Russian legislation, are carried out through a secret popular vote; the date of their holding is notified by the Federation Council no later than 90 days in advance.

At what age can you become president of the Russian Federation?

Candidates for such a high position are subject to a number of requirements that must be complied with.

After all, the president of the country, as is known, is the guarantor of the Constitution and the commander-in-chief, representing Russia both inside and outside of it. One of the main requirements is the age of the candidate - he must be at least 35 years old.

But this is not the only condition; there are a number of others: