Constructions and foundation construction for a private house. General rules for drawing up a foundation plan Articles on the topic of designing a foundation for a house

An obligatory part of a residential and industrial building is the foundation for a house. It ensures stability, reliability, and a long service life of the building. It is important to thoroughly study before starting construction how to build a foundation for a house, as well as study the design features and purpose of various types of foundations. Foundations are constructed in strict accordance with technology requirements. Let us dwell in more detail on the sequence of actions for their construction.

Foundation for a house - types and features of foundations

The design features of the foundations allow them to be used as a reliable base for various buildings. Choosing a foundation design is a serious task, solved based on an analysis of a set of factors. It should be taken into account that the choice of the optimal option is influenced by natural factors, as well as the mass and design of the future building.

The foundation of any structure is its foundation, on which the future of the constructed object depends.

The following types of foundations are widely used in the construction industry:

columnar. It is not difficult to build it for wood or on your own. A distinctive feature of a columnar foundation is that it allows the construction of buildings on areas with a significant slope. Supporting elements are located at the intersection points of the walls, as well as evenly along the entire contour of the building. With such a device, the base does not allow for the construction of a basement. The design has proven itself positively in problem areas. The columnar base ensures the stability of buildings located in areas with increased soil freezing depth;

tape The reinforced concrete base of the structure follows the contour of the building and is concreted with a kind of tape. Professional builders know how to make a strip foundation for a house. It is important to construct a strip foundation on soils with deep aquifers and an insignificant freezing depth. Brick houses, block buildings, utility structures, as well as fencing structures should be located on strip foundations. Massive structures made of heavy stone should not be built on a strip base. The design of the strip foundation allows for the arrangement of a basement. You can build the foundation yourself or use the services of professional builders;

One of the most popular types of foundations for any individual buildings is a strip foundation

slab If it is necessary to make a reliable foundation for a building located on problematic soils, a slab option is used. Structurally, the slab foundation is a massive concrete slab reinforced with a reinforcement frame made of steel wire. Slab construction is characterized by an increased level of costs, which pays off over the long-term operation of the structure. To ensure the required safety margin, it is necessary to perform strength calculations and evaluate the load capacity of the slab base;

pile-screw. Increased load capacity, short duration of installation activities, as well as an affordable price are the main features of a foundation on pile or screw supports. The pile-screw type foundation is widely used in areas with various types of soil, with the exception of rocky. A significant disadvantage of the pile-screw base is the gradual destruction of steel supports as a result of the negative influence of corrosion processes.

When thinking about how to make a foundation for a house, study in detail the types of foundations, their design features, and also consult with professional builders.

How to make a foundation for a house yourself

Installation and installation of the foundation for a house is a responsible set of activities carried out according to a specific algorithm. When we build a foundation for a house, we must follow the technological sequence of operations and be guided by the requirements of the project.

You should not think that in each individual case you can only rely on a specific type of foundation for future construction

The main stages in the construction of the foundation base:

Performing markings.
Excavation works.
Construction of formwork structure.
Assembly and installation of reinforcement cage.
Pouring concrete solution.
Compacting the array with deep vibrators.

Please note when making the foundation that reliable waterproofing of the foundation will protect the building from moisture absorption and will avoid dampness. Let us dwell on the specifics of the main stages.

Marking the foundation base

The marking operation involves transferring the design coordinates to the actual conditions of the construction site. For marking activities, pegs made of wood and metal, as well as construction cord, are used.

When performing markup, adhere to the following algorithm:

Once you have decided on the type of future supporting structure and are ready to begin actual construction, it’s time to mark the foundation

Drive pegs along the front part and tighten the construction cord. The interval between pegs driven into the soil should exceed the size of the façade by 50 cm.
Mark the coordinates of the location of the corners of the building on the cord and drive in the stakes. Draw marking lines through the marked points, perpendicular to the front of the building.
Measure along perpendicular straight lines the distance corresponding to the length of the side walls of the building and make a mark using existing wooden or steel pegs.
Stretch a cord between the hammered pegs. The resulting marking corresponds to the external contour of the future house. Check the correctness of the markings using the project.
Check the correspondence of the angles by determining the difference in the diagonals. Equal lengths indicate right angles. Deviation of diagonal lengths up to 2 cm is allowed.
Mark the inner contour of the foundation line, stepping back from the outer contour into the future foundation by 40 cm on each side. Drive the pegs into the appropriate locations.

The markings performed affect the location of the future structure, its configuration, as well as its strength properties.

Earth events

Excavation work is one of the most labor-intensive operations in the construction process. Earthworks are carried out using various methods:

Determine the depth of soil water and soil composition

manually using bayonet and shovel shovels. The manual method is characterized by labor intensity and requires the involvement of an increased number of workers to complete the task within a given time frame;
using special construction equipment. Mechanization of earthworks can significantly speed up their implementation, which reduces the duration of the overall construction cycle.

The depth of the formed pit is determined by the type of foundation being constructed:

the shallow belt base is located 70-80 cm below the zero level of the soil;
The depth of a standard foundation, depending on the level of soil freezing, can be 160-180 cm.

When healing the soil, pay attention to the following points:

ensure that the trench walls are vertical;
install, if necessary, supports to prevent the soil from collapsing;
Level the bottom of the pit and check horizontality using a level.

The cushion of crushed stone and sand provided for by the project requires an increase in the depth of the trench by 15-20 cm.

The procedure for constructing crushed stone-sand bedding:

Pour sand onto the base of the pit, ensuring a layer thickness of up to 15 cm.
Moisten the sand mass and compact it thoroughly.
Re-fill with sand and provide additional compaction.
Place a layer of crushed stone 15-20 cm thick on the sand and compact it.

Laying geotextile fabric on the bottom of the pit will prevent siltation of the gravel-sand backfill for a shallow foundation.

Dig a trench of the required depth along the perimeter of the future building, level the bottom with sand

Installation of formwork for the foundation

The installation of panel formwork requires special training. It is important to decide on the choice of building material that can withstand the load from the weight of the concrete mixture.

For the manufacture of formwork the following is used:

edged wood 2-2.5 cm thick;
moisture-resistant plywood;
sheet steel.

The use of plywood and boards, which have a low price, allows you to reduce costs.

Sequence of actions for installing formwork:

When installing the formwork, pay special attention to the rigidity of the panel structure and the absence of cracks.

Reinforcement is a prerequisite for building a good foundation

A spatial frame made of steel reinforcement, laid in the foundation, increases its strength and ensures durability. To make the frame, rods with a cross section of 1-1.6 cm are used, connected with annealed wire.

Frame assembly procedure:

Cut the rods into pieces of the required sizes.
Tie the rods into a flat lattice using tying wire.
Assemble a frame from two flat gratings using transverse rods.

Place the assembled frame on special supports that guarantee a fixed distance to the concrete surface.

Insert the reinforcement cage and fill the hole with concrete with periodic compaction

Pouring the foundation for a house yourself

Before starting concreting, mark the level of pouring the mortar inside the panel formwork. The use of concrete produced at specialized enterprises allows us to produce a foundation with increased strength. When we make the foundation, we use a concrete solution based on M400 Portland cement, fine gravel and coarse sand.

Prepare the solution using the following technology:

Prepare ingredients in proportions appropriate to recipe.
Mix sifted sand with crushed stone and Portland cement.
Gradually add water until desired consistency is achieved.
Mix the solution thoroughly until smooth.

The order of the stages of pouring the foundation:

Fill the concrete solution with a twenty-centimeter layer.
Check the filling of voids in the reinforcement grid.
Add the rest of the concrete.
Remove air inclusions with reinforcing bars.
Compact the concrete mass with a vibrator.

After concreting is completed, level the surface with a rule or trowel. Dismantle the formwork after the concrete has completely hardened.

How to build a foundation for an extension to a building

When thinking about arranging the foundation for an extension, adhere to the following recommendations:

maintain equal depth of the foundation of the attached structure and the main building;
ensure a rigid connection between the reinforcement grid of the main building and the frame of the extension.

Pouring is carried out in the same way as the main foundation.

When planning to build a foundation for a house from expanded clay concrete blocks or other building materials, it is important to decide on the type of foundation and also study the technology. Knowing the technological nuances, it is not difficult to make a concrete or utility building. Professional builders will tell you, if necessary, how to properly fill a residential building. The foundation can be used as a foundation base and can be easily found on our construction portal. The construction of a foundation is a responsible process in which there are no trifles.

Designing foundations is the most important and important point in preparing the construction of houses. Safe and durable housing cannot be built without a reliable and solid foundation.

When designing the foundation, the following factors are taken into account: the result obtained during the geological and hydrogeological survey of the site, the topography of the site, the planning and structural design of the building or structure.

Scrupulous calculations when designing the foundation are needed for any building. Fences, and especially low-rise buildings, are no exception. Any building or structure needs a foundation project.

Factors taken into account in calculations

When designing a foundation, a large number of factors are taken into account. However, all calculations can begin only after carrying out geodetic surveys, studying the nature of the soil, and the terrain.

Any properly designed and laid foundation rests with its sole in the ground. The base must be below the freezing level of the soil. Only in this way can seasonal movements of the soil and building be prevented. Otherwise, after the spring heaving of the soil, not only the foundation, but also the entire structure will be damaged.

It would be wrong to design a foundation based only on the vertical load. The pressure of the mass of the building, of course, prevails, but one should not forget about horizontal movements. In areas with complex terrain, horizontal ground movements are not at all uncommon. To prevent damage due to horizontal movements, the foundation must be reinforced along the entire perimeter. For columnar foundations, reinforced belts are additionally created.

The cost of zero cycle work ranges from 20 to 60% of the total cost of building construction. This percentage depends entirely on the design features of the building and on how skillfully the foundation design was created. For individual residential construction, foundations are designed to be surface or buried below the soil freezing line. The first foundation project is used in the construction of cottages or buildings of no more than two floors from rounded logs or profiled timber. The depth of the latter is approximately 1.6-1.7 m lower than the ground level. They are usually used in the construction of houses or cottages with basements or basements. The walls of such houses are frame or stone, two-layer or three-layer.

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Preliminary parameters

Scheme of horizontal marking of the foundation: 1 - geodetic peg, 2. cord for the level of the central purlin 3. pegs, 4. horizontal boards, 5. outer line, 6. cord

When a foundation project is created, its type, reinforcement and depth are determined. These parameters are necessary and depend entirely on:

results obtained during geological and hydrogeological surveys of the site where construction is proposed;
topography of the site;
planning and constructive design of a building or structure.

Hydrogeological conditions are very important for the design of a reliable, durable and economical foundation. When conducting surveys, wells are drilled to a depth of 8 to 18 m. The number of wells varies from 3 to 10 depending on the area of the planned development.

For subsequent analysis, monolithic soils, soils with damaged structure and water samples are selected for chemical analysis. At the same time, the depth of groundwater is determined. As a result of the chemical analyzes carried out, the aggressiveness of groundwater and the degree of its aggression towards cable and wire products is determined. The grade of concrete is also assigned, indicating the degree of its waterproofness, the level of groundwater opening and the absolute level of this level are indicated.

When creating a foundation project, special attention is paid not only to the geological structure of the soil, but also to the conditions of occurrence of its layers, their thickness and thickness. These layers can be monolithic, bulk or soil-vegetative. In the process of working on a project, it is necessary to fully explore various options and comprehensively resolve several important issues. Provide measures for water reduction and waterproofing of structures located below the zero mark. Develop a set of measures to prevent uneven settlement of the soil and foundation, consider how to protect concrete structures and cable and wire products.

During the development of the project, it is determined that will allow the foundation to be calculated as accurately as possible. Load-bearing capacity is determined in accordance with the Construction Norms and Rules and the Code of Rules “Design and construction of foundations and foundations of buildings and structures” No. 50-101 of 2004.

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Abbreviated provisions for foundation calculations

According to the Code of Rules No. 50-101 of 2004, there are abbreviated proposals for. The calculated data includes the following parameters:

action of thrust forces;
redistribution of efforts;
calculation of punching force.

The calculation of internal stresses is carried out in the “base-foundation-building” system. The stiffness coefficient, otherwise known as the bed coefficient, is determined in advance or by successive approximations based on linear or nonlinear foundation models. Successive approximations for determining internal forces are defined as follows:

initial setting of the stiffness coefficient;
preliminary calculation of combined movements of the base and foundation under the influence of specified loads and with a given bed coefficient;
calculation of building movements with an accepted linear or nonlinear foundation model.

The second and third calculation steps are applied repeatedly until the control parameter converges.

Some organizations are increasing and expanding the methods of influencing the soil. This is done to improve the stability and strength of the base-foundation block. In this case, the issue of ecology comes to the fore and becomes on a par with the issues of strength and deformation of the designed foundation. Until now, the soil as a base is considered as an element on which any impact required by builders or designers is allowed. Buildings under construction and their foundations, acting through the base on the ground, have an impact to a greater depth than the level of the foundation. As a result, compaction and sedimentation of the soil appear, and adjustment of the groundwater regime may be required.

The foundation design according to modern rules is created in compliance with the following requirements:

maintaining the possibility of returning soil situations to their original state after dismantling the structure along with the foundations at the end of its service life;
elimination of deformation effects or minimal impact on the groundwater regime and on the foundation;
reducing labor intensity and energy costs for dismantling foundations. Return of materials to the construction cycle at the end of their service life.
the use of environmentally friendly materials both in soil-stabilizing technologies and in structural materials;
use of environmentally friendly technologies that do not harm the environment. The use of environmental methods for constructing piles and vibration and noise impacts associated with their driving.

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Final design stage

Foundation design is a labor-intensive process. But after the calculations have been carried out, the customer is given at least two options for design solutions for consideration. Both solutions must take into account absolutely all the features of the site and. From the provided options, the customer will choose the one he prefers based on the mechanical and physical properties of the materials and.

After preliminary approval, the project is subject to mandatory revision with verification calculations. The final foundation design is developed, and calculations are attached to the design documentation. Errors are often encountered when developing measures to protect concrete structures from flood and groundwater, and from the impact of soil on underground structures. Quite often, design organizations provide drainage systems. A drainage system that is executed incorrectly, or not where it is needed, can serve as a source of subsidence for blind areas, landscaping systems, or soaking of basement walls.

Such a foundation project often does not have an appropriate technical and economic justification and entails excessive consumption of materials and other costs. It is usually prescribed for a specific customer who wants to increase the estimated cost of construction due to an inappropriate increase in the volume of work.

The main material for pouring the foundation is concrete. The foundation design stipulates that concrete must provide sufficient strength, water resistance, frost resistance, rigidity and resistance to aggressive environments and factors. It is recommended to order ready-made concrete or cement mixture from factories. Sometimes the foundation is built from ready-made reinforced concrete blocks.

There are also foundations made of brick or stone with mandatory frame reinforcement. For wooden structures, columnar foundations made of wood are used, which are impregnated with antiseptics.

Any house is built strictly according to the project, which is developed by specialists. One of the most important points in construction planning is the calculation of the foundation. But some of the buildings have to be built independently. These include bathhouses, garages, gazebos and even small residential buildings. In such cases, it is important to select and design a high-quality and reliable foundation. Moreover, the cost of the foundation from all work sometimes reaches 1/3. If you make a mistake, it is sometimes not possible to redo the foundation of the house, and it is always expensive. And no one will return the spent energy and time. You can learn how to calculate the foundation for a house and choose the right one from this article.

The foundation of a house is primarily the basis for the structure, the quality of which will determine how long the building will last. Any construction of a house made of timber must be built in accordance with the approved documentation, in which the calculation of the foundation is not the least important.

A properly designed foundation will protect the building from flooding and will save the construction of a house made of laminated veneer lumber or any other from cracking and destruction. The platform must be designed to easily support the weight of the house and at the same time distribute the load evenly onto the ground.

The foundation calculation includes:

Calculation of loads for various types of soil.
Calculation of cubic capacity (determining how many building materials are needed).
Calculation of the cost of the foundation, including labor and materials.

The most common mistakes when installing the base can be seen in the video:

Which base design to choose?

In the construction of wooden houses I use the following structures:

Tiled.
Tape.
Columnar.
Pile.

There are areas where it is rational to use a mixed type platform, for example, a strip-pile platform. This is a modification of one of the main types. But this is a complex structure and builders are trying to change the composition of the soil to suit one of the main types. This is how the swampy area is drained and sand washed in, or part of the soil is simply removed and covered with slag, which, when compacted, turns into concrete.

The foundation is chosen depending on the house being built. The heavier the structure, the more massive the foundation. To build a house from profiled timber or rounded logs, strip or columnar types are used. Moreover, the tape type is made shallowly recessed.

The depth of occurrence is calculated based on two main factors:

Depth of groundwater.
Soil freezing in the area of future construction.

There are average standards for the depth of the sole on various soils:

Sandy loam - 125cm
Clay and loams - 150 cm
Sand and gravel - 100 cm

This is the maximum occurrence of the foundation of the house according to the construction GOST, but it also indicates the maximum occurrence indicators:

For dry soil - 70 cm,
For wet areas with close groundwater - 120 cm.

If the house according to the plan has basements, then the base of the structure should be at least 40 cm below the floor level.

Each type of foundation has its pros and cons. So, for example, a columnar one is erected in a short time, a strip one is considered one of the most durable due to the rigid connection of the structure both across and along. Monolithic is expensive, it is built in rare cases when the soil is very mobile.

What loads affect the foundation?

There are always two forces acting on the base:

With proper calculation, the foundation must withstand the weight of the house, furniture, residents, snow and wind, as well as pressure from swelling of the soil. When planning, the weight of a building is calculated in accordance with special tables that indicate the approximate weight of a particular material. It’s not difficult to calculate how much a house costs using these tables. The weight of the house should be 1 cm 2 /kg greater than the load that the soil can withstand. So for some types of soil this load is equal to:

Gravel and coarse sandstone - 3.5-4.5 kg/cm2.
Fine sandstone - 2-3 kg/cm 2
Clay hard soil - 3-6 kg/cm2.
Crushed stone - 5-6 kg/cm2.

When making calculations, one should not forget that the base structure itself also has a certain weight. In any case, design calculations are always individual for different areas and buildings.

All loads on the foundation are divided into permanent (roof, walls, floor beams, waterproofing, etc.) and temporary (snow cover, wind, etc.).

The total load (the house itself, the foundation, the insulation system) and during operation (furniture, people living, etc.) are calculated.

After construction, the house shrinks, and so does the foundation. The soil underneath is compacted and the foundation “sags” - this value is called settlement. If the settlement is uneven, the foundation will quickly crack and fall apart. To avoid this, you need to accurately calculate the area of the foundation and calculate the load on it.

How is the load on the foundation calculated?

Having determined the size of the house, it is not difficult to calculate the area of the foundation for it. This is done to correctly calculate the load. The load depends on what material the house is assembled from. The regulatory construction documentation shows the specific gravity of the foundation depending on various materials:

Brick and concrete - 1880-2200 kg/m 3,
Household stone - 1600-1800 kg/m 3,
Weight of the walls of a wooden house:
Frame - panel - 30-50 kg/m2,
Lumber, rounded and chopped logs - 70-100 kg/m2.

To determine the load, it is important to know the weight of the floors:

Basement floors - 100-300 kg/m2,
Attic floors - 150-300 kg/m2,
Reinforced concrete floors - 500 kg/m2.

Roof specific gravity:

Sheet steel - 20-20 kg/m 2
Ruberoid - 30-50 kg/m2
Slate - 40-50 kg/m2
Ceramic tiles - 60-80 kg/m2.

Let's see how we can use these indicators using a real example:

According to the plan, the future house measures 8x5 with one interior wall. The height of the building is 3 m. In order to find out the length of the walls: 5+8+5=18 m. We calculate the area of the walls: 18x3=54 m2.

To calculate the area of the basement floors, let’s create the product of the length and width of the house: 5x8=40 m2. The attic floors have the same area as the basement floors, which means also 40 m2.

The next step is to calculate the weight and area of the foundation

Foundation area and weight

Calculating the foundation is not difficult, let’s look at a specific example:

For the construction of the house, a strip foundation with a base of 1.5 m was chosen, to this figure you need to add 50 cm above the ground level. The height of the foundation will be exactly 1.50 + 0.50 = 2 m. Then the length is calculated: (5 + 8) x 2 = 26 m. The internal partition has a length of 5 m. 26 + 5 = 31 m.

Let's calculate the volume of the foundation by multiplying the length and height and width. Let's take a width of 50 cm, 0.5 x 31 x 2 = 31 m 2. Now, according to the above data, let's calculate the weight of the foundation: Reinforced concrete weighs 2400 kg/m3, 31x2400 = 74,400 tons. The supporting area of the foundation will be 31,000x50 = 15,500 cm 2.

To determine the total weight of the structure, you need to add the weight of the house with the weight of the foundation and divide it by the resulting supporting area. So we get a weight of 1 kg/cm 2.

If the permissible area for a certain type of soil is higher, then you need to change the width of the platform for a strip one, and the number of pillars for a columnar one. But at the same time, the total weight of the structure will increase, so the calculations need to start again.

How to calculate concrete for a foundation

In order not to purchase unnecessary building materials, it is important to accurately calculate the cubic capacity of the foundation. To calculate the cubic capacity, it is important to take into account two factors: the type of foundation and the complexity of its design. For the convenience of readers, we will consider the calculation of various types of foundations separately.

Calculation of the cubic capacity of the strip base

It is easiest to calculate the cubic capacity of a strip foundation. To do this, you need to add the length, width and height. Let the width be 50 cm, we have already calculated the height above 1.5 m. The length is calculated along the perimeter 5+ (8 + 5) x 2 = 45 m. The cubic capacity is calculated: 0.5 x 45 x 1.5 = 33.75 m 3. We round this data and add 10% (margin), we get 37 cubic meters of concrete.

Calculation of cubic capacity of a columnar base

A columnar foundation can have different shapes (circle, square, etc.). Let us calculate the cubic capacity of round pillars as an example. For this you need the following values: diameter, cross-section, column height. The area is calculated by multiplying the Pi number by the radius x 2. The cross section for a pillar with a radius of 15 cm: 3.14x0.075m = 0.2355 m. Knowing the radius and height, the volume can be calculated: 0.2355x1.5 = 0.353 m3. This number must be multiplied by the number of pillars in the foundation.

Calculation of cubic capacity for a slab base

To calculate a monolithic rectangular slab, you need to know its area and thickness. The planned house has dimensions of 5 x 8, therefore the area of the slab will be 40 m2. Experts recommend using a monolith 10-15 cm thick. We calculate the cubic capacity at 10 cm thickness: 40x10 = 400 m 3 .

On a monolithic foundation, stiffening ribs are made around the perimeter. To calculate their area, you need to know their length and width. In a 5x8 structure, I install stiffeners every 2.5 m. There will be 3 such ribs in width and 4 in length. The total length will be equal: (5x3) + (8x4) = 47 m.

Now let's calculate the cubic capacity. The width of the rib is equal to the thickness of the slab - 10 cm. This means that the area of one rib is exactly 0.1 x 0.1 = 0.01 m2. We multiply the area by the length 47 = 0.47 m 3.

How to determine the amount of reinforcement and wire

To create a rigid and durable structure, iron reinforcement is used in installation. Its quantity depends on the type of foundation, loads and soil. Reinforcement with a larger diameter is used to obtain a platform with a greater load capacity. But the weight of the foundation with reinforcement increases. If the soil is hard, then the foundation will deform minimally, which means that the reinforcement will need a minimum diameter.

Quantity of reinforcement for strip base

The reinforcement for a strip foundation is taken with a diameter of 10-12 mm, since the structure itself can withstand heavy loads. They lay it in two rods, regardless of how deep the base is. Experts recommend laying the reinforcement 10-15 cm from the top pouring point. Vertical rods do not have a load, so the cheapest ones can be used.

For a house measuring 5x8, the length of the strip base is 45 m. With reinforcement of 4 rods, the consumption will be: 45x4 = 180 m. We add transverses with a foundation height of 150 cm and a width of 50 cm in increments of 40 cm: (8/0.4)x0.5 =10 m. Add them to the length: 180+10=190 m.

Knitting wire is needed for one connection 30 cm. Length 45 m and pitch 40 cm: 45/0.4 - 112.5. We multiply this figure by the size of one connection: 112.5 x 0.3 = 33.7 m of binding wire needed for a 1-level foundation.

Quantity of reinforcement for columnar base

To reinforce the columnar base, thick reinforcement from 40 mm is used. Horizontally, the reinforcement does not bear any load, so here you can take the most inexpensive one. On average, 4 rods are used in the frame of one pillar. Knowing the number of pillars, it will not be difficult to calculate the size of the reinforcement.

For a structure 1.5 m high with a diameter of 15 cm, you need 4 rods, with a pitch of 7.5 cm and binders at 3 points. Thick reinforcement needed: 1.5x4=6m. For a thin bundle: 30 cm (for one node) x 3 = 90 cm. If 20 pillars are used in the foundation, then the number is multiplied by this figure.

Knitting wire is needed to connect one rod at 3 points. This number is multiplied by the number of rods and vertical connections: 3x4x30=72 m.

Number of reinforcement for a monolithic base

For dense, stable soil, you can take thin reinforcement from 10 mm. For heavy structures and unstable soil from 14 mm. The ligament is attached in increments of 20 -30 cm.

For a 5x8 platform you need 27 pieces in length and 17 pieces in width. Since a double harness is needed: (17+27)x2=88. This number must be multiplied by the length of the rod to obtain the footage of the reinforcement.

How to calculate the cost of a foundation

After the calculations of the cubes and the amount of reinforcement have been made, it is easy to calculate the cost of the foundation. Work and the price of formwork boards + earthworks and equipment are added to the basic cost.

On average, the cost of a turnkey structure starts from 15,000 m2. But you can save money and do all the work yourself.

The cost of ready-made concrete mortar ranges from 700 rubles per cubic meter, but you can reduce costs by making concrete yourself. To do this you will need sand, gravel and cement M250 or 400. The average price for cement is from 800 rubles. per bag of 40 kg. KamAZ sand costs from 2,500 rubles, it is enough to fill the foundation.

Costs are also reduced when performing partial work, for example, digging a trench and making formwork with your own hands, and entrusting the pouring of concrete to specialists.

In any case, you should not skimp on the foundation of the house, as it must be reliable and durable. And we explained in detail how to calculate and not overpay.

The construction of a high-quality foundation for a house is the key to the strength and reliability of the building. A properly developed foundation plan becomes an excellent basis for work. When creating it, a large amount of initial data is analyzed, which can have an impact on the foundation.

The foundation plan, in addition to tables, accompanies the drawing. This document shows in detail all the geometric characteristics and connections to the existing site and the contours of the area.

The classic and popular strip foundation also has a drawing, which is the starting point for the work.

The task of a correctly drawn up foundation plan is to provide a well-developed and justified transfer of calculated characteristics in graphic form. Using a drawing simplifies and speeds up work on site and ensures that the designed parameters of the building are achieved.

The following parameters of the future building are determined on the plan of the strip foundation:

Configuration of the base tape section.
Type and arrangement of the “concrete” layer.
The depth of the foundation strip in each section of the construction site.
Utility exit points.

Developing a drawing of a strip base requires special attention to individual elements. Thus, it is important to specify the coordinates and parameters of the reference block as accurately as possible. It is this that is installed first, and subsequent blocks are already tied to it. An error in its position leads to significant deviations in the configuration.

When producing foundations that are monolithic or monolithic, their boundaries should be drawn as accurately as possible and transferred to the site in kind.

There are numerous requirements for the foundation plan, including:

Simple and unambiguous readability of the material.
High information content and transmission of all key data on the plan.
Additional information that is not of decisive importance is conveyed in the attached diagrams and documents so as not to overload the main plan.
Comprehensive data for starting construction.

If the foundation plan is carried out according to established rules, then construction is not difficult and will be accurate and reliable.

The strip foundation plan with a drawing includes detailed horizontal and vertical sections of the base. They are intended to clearly show the configuration of the support elements. The most popular and practically useful scales for drawings are M1:100 and M1:200. Sometimes they move to smaller scales.

Marking the area for a strip foundation

Alignment axes and support axes must be marked on the plans.

The strip foundation plan always has a drawn outline of the base. Each structural element must be indicated in detail on the drawing. Here they designate not only the base of the foundation, but also such elements as bedding and preparation. The vertical elevations of each base horizon are always indicated.

The laying of communications for the operation of the building deserves special attention. When laying the foundation, you should provide for the location of the outlets of utility networks - this way you will initially equip technological holes in the foundation and avoid subsequent work. Making such holes after the foundation has been erected has several negative aspects:

High labor costs.
Reduced foundation strength.
Possibility of partial collapse.

Therefore, already at the design stage, the locations for laying technological passages are determined. These places are tied to the axes of the building, so that later they can be simply and unambiguously taken out into nature.

All points on the plan have an elevation mark. The drawing also indicates the “common zero” of the project, relative to which the vertical position of all points of the project is plotted.

A monolithic strip foundation, produced strictly according to the drawing, has high strength characteristics and allows you to rationally spend money and work time.

How to make a foundation plan, basic calculation parameters

The developed and approved specialized GOST standards define the requirements for projects and the rules for creating and calculating plans for foundations of various types.

According to established practice, when developing design drawings, a scale of 1:100 to 1:400 is selected. These dimensions optimally reflect the required precision.

Basic parameters for strip foundation calculations

Before constructing a drawing, be sure to mark along the main and auxiliary axes.

If the base has, then they must be detailed on the plan.

The main lines of the structure are drawn with lines 0.5 - 0.8 mm thick.

Technological openings for the entrance of utilities are indicated:

full detailed diagram,
indicating data on the lowest point,
with axial removal of the data necessary for the production of work.

To unambiguously identify these points in the drawing, they are designated by special symbols.

Foundation calculation diagram

The foundation plan is always accompanied by detailed calculation tables. When performing this work, the following parameters are taken into account:

Total weight of the building.
Possible increase in load during operation of the constructed structure.
Characteristics of soils at the construction site.

All these indicators determine not only the geometry of the structure, but also the technical characteristics of building materials that will be used at various stages of construction.

Conditions for accurately transferring the plan to the area

The foundation drawing is the basis for the subsequent outlining of the construction project. Therefore, all the necessary dimensions must be conveyed here, but the materials should not be oversaturated with data - extra numbers only interfere with the work.

If the established scale is observed and the structural elements are correctly linked to the axes of the structure, the transfer of the plan to the area is carried out quickly and accurately. For this purpose, surveyors with the necessary equipment are involved. In some conditions, when accuracy is not so critical (outbuildings, etc.), the removal can be done independently. It is important to accurately observe the geometric shapes of the structure.

The foundation plan of a residential building and the drawing of all the geometric characteristics of the structure determine the quality of installation work, and, consequently, the quality and reliability of the future building.