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"The history of road signs." Abstract of GCD in the educational field “Security. History of road signs and traffic rules History of road signs

Olga Popova Vladimirovna
"The history of road signs." Abstract of GCD in the educational field "Security"

Municipal budget preschool educational institution

kindergarten No. 50

ABSTRACT

Directly educational activities for children

senior preschool age

By educational field« Safety»

« History of road signs»

Made up:

Deputy Head for Educational and Methodological Work

Popova Olga Vladimirovna

Angarsk.

Target: Introduce children to the history of road signs. Consolidate knowledge about road signs, types of traffic lights. Fix the name in speech road signs. Improve the dialogical form of speech and the ability to reason. Develop attention and memory. Cultivate a friendly attitude towards each other, a sense of mutual assistance.

Dictionary: settlement, area.

Equipment: large road signs, d/game "Collect road sign and name it» , items: stone, branch, bark, sculpture, pillar; didactic game "Extra traffic light", 2 city street layouts, road signs for layout, two magnetic easels.

Integration educational areas: cognition, socialization, communication. Kinds activities: cognitive, gaming, communicative, motor, productive.

GCD move:

Children enter the hall.

Q. Guys, today I invite you to talk about road signs, we can say that we will take you on a journey into the past and get acquainted with the history of road signs, but the guests who are sitting in this hall will go with us, let’s go with them let's say hello(children say hello) .

Q. Before we start the conversation, I would like to read you a letter that Boy Kolya sent us. (The teacher reads the letter) « Dear Guys, I found out that today you will talk about road signs. Could you tell me what is the relation to road signs have objects, which I am sending you are a stone, a broken branch and tree bark. I would really like to know what benefits they brought to people in the old days. Help me, please, find out this” (the teacher takes the items: bark, stone, branch)

Q. Guys, do you agree to help Boy Kolya unravel the purpose of these items? (Yes,

(the teacher invites the children to come to the table and look at the objects that the boy sent)

What do you think? way, these items are related to the rules traffic? (children's answers are listened to)

Q. Guys, I like that you tried to reason. But now, I would like to tell you what these objects mean and why people needed them in the old days. (the teacher invites the children to sit on chairs)

The teacher's story about history of road signs: As soon as a person "invented" roads, he needed road signs, for example to indicate routes. To do this, travelers broke branches and made marks on the bark of trees, placed them along roads stones of a certain shape.

Q. Guys, do you think it’s easy for a person to see such signs? (No) Why? (such road signs can be missed, drive by). What do you think, could these signs confuse people? (Yes) Explain why you think so? (because the branch will break, and the person may think that it is road sign and go in the other direction and get lost).

Q. You answered correctly, well done. So people started thinking about how to do signs are more visible. And then people along roads they started erecting statues. (the teacher shows the children sample road sign - statues) And when people learned to write, they began to make inscriptions on stones, most often these were the names of settlements. What is it "locality"? (this is a city or village where people live)- You are absolutely right.

Q. Then people began to erect tall pillars with eagles on top. Later, the poles began to indicate the distance and the name of the area. Such pillars began to be painted with black and white stripes. Why do you think? (to make it easier to see) That's right, these stripes were visible at any time of the day.

And only many years later, when the first cars appeared, the first road signs: symbols were drawn on a black or blue background with white paint - (The teacher demonstrates image of these signs: "Uneven road» , "Twisted road» , "Crossroads" And "Intersection with the railway Expensive» ).

Guys, what do you think these words meant in the old days? road signs? (listen to the children’s suggestions). Now, guys, I’ll tell you their correct name, and you show it on the easel.

V. Guys, now I suggest you look at these road signs. (the teacher puts modern road signs"Uneven road» , "Dangerous Turns", « Railway moving with a barrier", "The intersection of equivalent roads» ) Who can tell what these are called road signs? How signs old and new times are similar, but what is their difference? (Similar to the one in the center road signs have the same image - symbols, the differences are new signs have a triangular shape, with a red border, very bright color, the name has changed a little). Right.

Guys, to fix the name of these road signs(the teacher points to modern 4 sign) I suggest you collect them from the parts and say their name. ( "Uneven road» , "Dangerous Turns", « Railway moving with a barrier", "Intersection of equivalent roads)

Q. Guys, do you think the quantity has changed? road signs nowadays? Why do you think so? (the number has increased road transport there are more rules traffic).

B. Name, what else road signs, You know? (you can invite the children to stand in a circle - answers in a chain.) ("Crosswalk", "No Pedestrians", "Underground pedestrian crossing", "Overground pedestrian crossing", "Bicycle track» , "Bus Stop Location", "Tram stop", "Give in the road» , "No entry" and etc.)

(Physical minute: Guys, now let's rest a little m:

We walk down the street, follow all the rules and repeat the warm-up movements without hesitations: we turn left, we turn right, there are no cars and the path is open, the pedestrian is already in a hurry! He walks boldly along the zebra crossing and follows all the rules!

Q. Guys, what do you think could happen on the streets of our city if everyone disappears? road signs and traffic lights? (rules will not be followed in the city traffic. Without road signs, traffic lights, constant accidents will occur. If the rules are not followed traffic, then not only cars, but also pedestrians may suffer; pedestrians will not know where to cross the street, and car drivers will not let each other pass).

Q. Guys, I completely agree with you that it is very difficult to live in a city in which there are no road signs, no traffic lights and rules not followed traffic. Many accidents may occur there and a large number of people may be injured.

Q. I think it’s time to play, boy Kolya sent you different types of traffic lights that he drew, but he can’t define: which of them exist, and we can see them on the streets of the city, and which ones he invented himself. (each child completes this task independently)– after completing this task, sheets with traffic lights are placed on magnetic boards, the guys explain which traffic lights depicted and exist in reality, and which do not exist)

Q. Guys, you made me happy, you completed this task and were able to determine which traffic lights Kolya drew correctly.

Q. Guys, I suggest you approach the layouts on which city ​​streets are depicted, you need to try to place it correctly road signs and traffic lights. And explain why you made this choice. Guys, please stand around the tables, since you will be able to see the street from any side and you can begin this task.

(children work independently in subgroups, then explain the completed task)

Conclusion: Guys, all people should know road signs and their importance for pedestrians and drivers, follow the rules road movement and take care of your security. Today you showed that road signs are your friends, and we will write a letter to the boy Kolya, but not in words, but with the help of drawings, and your knowledge will help him learn a lot of new things about road signs.

Class hour: Road signs and their groups. History of the emergence and development of road signs.

Lesson participants: 2nd grade students

Class teacher: Leonova T.M.

Purpose of the lesson: Tell students about groups of road signs.

New words: Groups of road signs.

1. The teacher’s story and his conversation with students One of the main carriers of information about the road are road signs.

Our ancestors have been taking care of roads since the days when they rode horses or walked. In the steppe they laid stones and erected pillars, and in the forest they made poles on trees and poles from branches. Stone or wooden crosses were installed at intersections and chapels were built. Milestones became striped under Peter I, who ordered them to be painted in the color of the Russian national flag, because the “striping” was clearly visible from a distance. Later, inscriptions began to be made on poles located at intersections about where the “path-road” leads. While the speed of the horse carriage did not exceed 20 km/h, they did not think about special road signs.

Meanwhile, prototypes of modern road signs began to appear at the end of the 19th century, simultaneously with the appearance of the first cars.

In 1903, France adopted Act on motor vehicles on the installation of signs before intersections, dangerous turns and other “horrors”. After a few years, it became clear that we couldn’t do without prohibitions.

In almost a hundred years since that time, the number of signs has increased and they have changed their appearance. The changes went in parallel with the improvement of the means of transportation themselves. As danger increases in proportion to speed, attention to road signs and their installation increases.

In 1909, the first International Conference on Automobile Traffic was held in Paris. At this conference, questions about road signaling were also discussed. The conference approved four warning signs: “Rough Road”, “Winding Road”, “Intersection with Railway”, “Intersection of Roads”, which were to be installed 250 meters before the dangerous area.

In 1926, an International Conference was convened in Paris with the participation of 50 states. At this conference, the road signaling system was supplemented with two more signs: “Unguarded railroad crossing” and “Stopping is required.”

In 1931, at the Geneva Conference on Road Traffic, a new “Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity in Road Signaling” was adopted, according to which the number of road signs was increased to 26 and they were divided into three groups: warning, prescriptive and indicative. This system of signs was in effect in our country until 1961.

In 1949, at the next International Conference on Road Traffic in Geneva, the “Protocol on Road Signs and Signals” was adopted. The Protocol made recommendations on the placement of signs, their size and color. For warning and prohibition signs, a light background should be used - white or yellow, for mandatory signs - blue. The protocol provided for the existence of 51 road signs: 22 warning, 18 prohibiting, 2 prescriptive and 9 indicative. In our country, the system of signs provided for by the 1949 Protocol was introduced later and existed until 1973. The current road sign system in our country is based on the 1968 International Convention on Road Signs and Signals. Currently, there are 172 road signs in our country, not counting their various modifications.

Road signs tell you where cars or pedestrians can move and at what speed, where you can cross the road, and warn of dangers. That's why road signs are called road alphabet.

Currently, all road signs are divided into eight groups:

- warning signs;

Priority signs;

Prohibition signs;

Mandatory signs;

Signs of special regulations;

Information signs;

Service marks;

Additional information signs (plates).

The teacher draws students' attention to the fact that signs are round, rectangular, and triangular. They may vary in color. Depending on the shape and color of the road sign, its purpose also changes.

The teacher explains to students that the purpose of road signs is easy to remember. If the sign has a triangular shape with a red border, it belongs to the group of warning signs. These signs inform drivers that there is a dangerous section of the road ahead, they need to be careful and reduce their speed.

Round signs with a red border with a white, and some with a blue background, belong to the group of prohibitory signs. Prohibition signs always have a red border (association with fire or a red traffic light, red means dangerous).

If the sign is round in shape with a blue background, it is a mandatory sign indicating the direction of movement, minimum speed, etc.

Rectangular - signs of special regulations and information signs. They have different backgrounds: blue, green, white and yellow.

Additional information signs (plates) are rectangular in shape and, as a rule, have a white background.

At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher asks the children to remember what road signs they know. He shows the children signs with signs and asks the children to name them:

Warning warnings: “Pedestrian crossing”, “Children”, “Intersection with a bicycle path”, “Artificial hump”, “Railway crossing without a barrier”, “Railway crossing with a barrier”;

Prohibiting: “Entry is prohibited”, “Pedestrian traffic is prohibited”, “Bicycle traffic is prohibited”;

Prescriptive: “Pedestrian path”, “Bicycle path”;

Signs of special requirements: “Pedestrian crossing”, “Residential area”, “Artificial unevenness”;

Information signs: “Underground pedestrian crossing”, “Overground pedestrian crossing”;

Service signs: “Recreation place”, “Food station”, “Telephone”, “Car wash”, “Hospital”.

The teacher reminds the children what signs are intended for what. For example, a triangular “Children” sign is installed near schools, kindergartens, and child care institutions. It warns the driver that children may run out onto the road in this area. Some schoolchildren mistakenly think that this sign indicates where children cross the street. But that's not true. The teacher gives instructions to remember that this sign is for drivers. For pedestrians, the “Pedestrian Crossing” sign is rectangular, with a white triangle on a blue background, and a walking man in it.

Road sign “No cycling”. The sign has a drawing of a bicycle in a red ring. If a bicycle is drawn on a blue background without a border, then the sign indicates a bicycle path, i.e. specially designed for cyclists.

Sign “Pedestrian traffic is prohibited” (crossed out image of a man on a white background). Indicates that pedestrians are not allowed to walk in this particular area.

2. Practical task The teacher hangs drawings of the studied road signs on the board and invites the children to choose road signs intended for drivers or pedestrians.

Images of various road signs are laid out on the table in front of the students. The teacher names the sign. Students must find it, show it and say which group of signs it belongs to.

4. Questions to consolidate knowledge

1. Why are road signs needed?

2. What groups are all road signs divided into?

3. When did the first road signs begin to appear?

4. How many road signs were approved at the first International Conference on Automobile Traffic in Paris in 1909?

5. What external signs do warning, prohibiting, and ordering road signs have?

Where and when did the first road signs appear?

The very first road signs appeared on Roman roads. Stone pillars with distances marked on them were first installed on Roman roads at the direction of Gaius Gracchus (12 BC). According to Plutarch, he measured all the roads of Rome and erected stone pillars to indicate distances. Subsequently, it was accepted that on the roads, every 10 stages (1800 m), signs were installed indicating the distance to Rome and the nearest settlement, the name of the ruler and the year that built the road; special signs were installed indicating settlements, distances to the object, turns. The distance markers were stone pillars with a diameter of 0.4-1.0 m and a height of 1.25-3 m. Distances were counted from a bronze pillar, called the “golden” one, installed near the old Roman Forum. Under the French minister Zulli (1559-1641) and Cardinal Richelieu, regulations were issued according to which intersections of streets and roads should be marked with crosses, pillars or pyramids in order to facilitate travelers' orientation.
In Russia, a decree of 1817 by Alexander I read: “At the entrance to each village, have (following the example established in Little Russia) a pillar with a board showing the name of the village and the number of souls it has.”
For the first time, a road sign with the image of the symbol “Steep descent ahead” began to be used in the middle of the 19th century on mountain roads in Switzerland and Austria. The sign was painted on rocks and depicted a wheel or brake shoe used on carriages. Later they decided that it would be more convenient to draw a sign warning about a dangerous descent on a sign with the inscription “Braking point”. At the congress of the League of Tourism Unions, held at the end of the 19th century in London, the first general requirements for signs were developed. At the next congress, held in 1900 in Paris, it was decided that only symbols would be depicted on signs. The very first sign was not forgotten either. An inclined red arrow on a gray plywood background meant - be careful, there is a steep descent ahead. If the red arrow was directed vertically downward, then this meant that there was a dangerous area ahead that must be passed carefully. The need for signs arose after the first automobile traffic rules, which could not provide for the entire variety of road situations. The first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris in 1903: on a black or blue background of square signs, symbols were painted in white paint - “Steep descent”, “Dangerous turn”, “Rough road”. The rapid development of road transport has posed the same challenges for each country: how to improve traffic management and travel safety. To resolve these issues, in 1909, representatives of a number of European countries gathered in Paris and adopted the first convention on international road transport. She introduced four road signs: “Rough Road”, “Twisting Road”, “Intersection with the Railway”, “Intersection” and which were usually installed 250 m before the dangerous section at right angles to the direction of travel.
The first road signs in Russia began to appear in 1911. The magazine Avtomobilist No. 1, 1911 reported: The First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow, starting in the fall of this year, begins placing warning signs along the highways of the Moscow province. Initially, the signs will be placed along the Petersburg Highway to the village of Bezborodkovo. The warning sign designs are international, adopted throughout Western Europe."
In the adopted conventions on road signs, the number of road signs constantly increased: in 1926 - to 6, in 1931 - to 26, in 1949 to 58, in 1964 - to 78.

Road signs are an integral part of roads and order on them. It's hard to imagine life without them. And recently I wondered where they came from, who invented them and how.

But first things first.

First signs

There are many hypotheses about the very first pointers. It is believed that primitive people laid out routes through forests and open areas, leaving small piles of stones, making notches in trees or breaking branches.

Not the best option. Marks, branches and stones cannot always be seen.

Next step

Next, people decided to erect pillars with sculpted heads of gods, statesmen and philosophers so that they contrast with the natural landscapes. Over time, inscriptions of settlements were added to the signs.

Officially, the first system of road signs originated in Ancient Rome. Cylindrical mileposts were installed on roads. They contained information about the distance from the Roman Forum, where the golden milepost was located. Therefore, “all roads lead to Rome.”

From there the milepost system spread everywhere. Although our signs appeared quite late: only during the time of Peter I.

New push

The first traffic rules in the modern sense appeared in Portugal in 1686. Priority signs were installed on the narrow streets of Lisbon to regulate traffic flows.

On a large scale, road signs began to be installed for fast and quiet cyclists in the 1870s. The signs did not provide distance information but warned, for example, about steep hills.

With the development of the automotive industry, they decided to revise the road sign system. In 1895, the Italian Tourist Club completed the development of the first one. The first signs were installed in Paris in 1903.

Standardization failed

And then it began. Who cares? Each country had its own road signs. However, automobile traffic to other states has become commonplace. There is an urgent need to introduce signs of international significance.

Thus, in Paris in 1909, the following road signs were adopted by the “International Convention concerning the Movement of Motor Vehicles”: “Rough Road”, “Twisting Road”, “Intersection”, “Intersection with Railway”.

Since 1926, international road signs have been intensively developed, changed and supplemented. But whatever one may say, the signs are different in different countries. In some Chinese or Japanese, you can’t understand anything at all without knowing the language.

Who invented them?

Road signs were not invented overnight. They have been developed and modified over the years.

The different types of signs that everyone can understand were developed by more than one person. This work involved automotive users and government committees to create easy-to-understand signs. Any business requires a focus group, and traffic rules are no exception.

A little humor at last


Today it is very popular to stick different people, animals and other things on signs, giving them a fun and unusual look. I know for sure that there are many of these in Italy.

And depending on the area, signs may warn of wildlife that wander onto the road: moose, bears, kiwis, crocodiles, penguins and other animals. Plus there are funny ones, like “you can’t go to the toilet in a big way in the forest”, “the reproductive zone, don’t disturb the kangaroo” or “you can’t hunt killer whales” in the desert.

So it goes. Have you noticed unusual signs in other countries?

Together with the installation of stones and special pillars reflecting the distance to a specific settlement or direction of travel, the history of road signs began. With the development of the automotive industry, their number had to increase significantly. Modern ones contain more than a hundred signs that allow motorists to determine the order of travel, notice danger at the right time, and so on.

On the purpose of road symbols

With heavy vehicle traffic, precise flow control is necessary, so the main emphasis is on this. Although the history of road signs goes back only a little over a hundred years, more than a thousand elements were invented during this period of time. Manufacturing materials, presentation options and external characteristics changed, but the essence always remained the same.

The following signs are distinguished:

  • warning;
  • prohibiting;
  • informational;
  • service;
  • determining the priority of passage;
  • providing additional information;
  • establishing special regulations.

When designating in each specific case, certain colors and geometric shapes are used. This is done to simplify the perception of signs, as well as their timely detection when moving. In addition, elements of the same type are always easier to remember.

First international unification

The world's first unification, which took place in 1909 in the capital of France, can be associated with the official history of the appearance of road signs. As a result of the work done, a special convention on automobile travel on an international scale was created. The agreement was signed by 16 European countries. Russia was also included in their number.

To a modern driver, the first set of signs may seem unexpected, since the number of cars at that time did not exceed 6 thousand units. Mostly horse-drawn and rail vehicles moved along the streets. Cars began to influence the formation of traffic rules much later.

At the turn of the century, activists from automobile communities and tourism organizations were concerned about the installation of signs. However, private initiative was a temporary phenomenon. At first, problems of unification began to be solved at the international level, then state authorities began to deal with them.

In 1926, the USSR delegation attended an international conference in Paris, where a new convention was put on the agenda. The Soviet history of road signs was intertwined with many states. The presented convention was also signed by:

  • Germany.
  • Belgium.
  • Cuba.
  • Ireland.
  • Denmark.
  • Bulgaria.
  • Greece.
  • Finland.
  • Italy.
  • Czechoslovakia and other countries of the world.

The next document was established in 1931, according to which the number of characters reached 26 units. However, after 6 years their number was reduced, as government agencies were able to prove that many of them distract the attention of people behind the wheel.

Failure of unification in the middle of the 20th century

In the history of road signs, there was also an unsuccessful attempt to bring them to a single form, which happened in 1949. Some time after the Second World War, another convention on traffic standards was adopted in Geneva, and a protocol on signals and symbols was drawn up. The documentation was approved at the international level with the participation of 80 states.

However, the protocol on existing road signs was supported by only 34 countries. The developed system was not approved by world powers - Great Britain, the USSR and the USA. At that time, the following types of sign systems were used on roads.

The British and Americans did not agree to abandon the signs operating in the country. Therefore, at this time you can observe their diversity.

Signing of the Geneva Protocol of the USSR after 1959

Studying history does not note an important period for After the signing of the Geneva Protocol in 1959, their number increases to 78 pieces. They are becoming more familiar to modern car enthusiasts.

The sign, without stopping, appeared already then, but the inscription on it was made in Russian. It was enclosed in a triangle, which was embedded in a circle. At that time, a sign appeared canceling all existing restrictions. It had not been used on roads before. The car began to be used as the main symbol prohibiting overtaking.

Vienna Convention: Great Unity

It was in Vienna in 1968 that a compromise was found between the two systems - American and European. In the formation of the modern history of the emergence of road signs, this moment became a turning point. 68 states took part in signing the convention.

To reach a compromise with the Americans, the Europeans introduced an octagonal STOP sign into the established system. In the international system it has become the only text element. Initially, it was understood that white letters directly on a red background would definitely attract the attention of passing drivers.

In the Soviet Union, a similar sign appeared on the roads in 1973 after the official entry into force of clauses of GOST 10807-71. The road symbols in the documentation are quite recognizable to current drivers. The Vienna Convention played an important role in the unification of the road traffic sign system. The new order began to be recognized in the USSR, China, USA, Japan and Great Britain.

This is the history of the creation of road signs. Since 1968, modern car enthusiasts have been able to travel around the world without any difficulties. Reading signs on the roads is no longer a problem for drivers. All countries began to follow the examples of the Vienna Convention. However, in fact, no one is prohibited from using their own analogues, so sometimes you still come across incomprehensible road signs.

About publications of traffic rules in Russia and the USSR

About two years before the formation of the Soviet Union, the first traffic regulations were issued. The title of the document implied movement around Moscow and its environs. Within the framework of those rules, the most important issues were described. Modern documents are very different from those first presented in 1920, but then a start was made.

Soon, driver's licenses began to be issued, and speed limits for movement on the country's roads were also determined. In 1940, general rules were published, which were edited for a specific city. Unified traffic regulations were approved only in 1951.

As a conclusion

In general, the history of the creation of traffic rules and road signs is very interesting and instructive. It resembles the system of formation of states and various entities. Using them you can study the history of different countries of the world. New clauses will always be added to the rules, as technology is constantly evolving. Over time, new signs will appear. In Russia, one of them began to be used quite recently. It involves photographic recording on the roads. Along with it, temporary signs with special symbols on a yellow background were introduced.