Denmark is an industrial-agrarian country with high level development. The share of industry in national income is more than 40%. The country ranks first in the world in terms of foreign trade turnover per capita. Denmark has one of the most sustainable economic systems in Europe, it is characterized by a balanced government budget, stable currency, low interest rates and low inflation. The monetary unit is the Danish krone.

Denmark is poor in mineral resources and therefore depends on the external market. However, in terms of energy resources, Denmark is completely self-sufficient. IN last years Oil was discovered on the shelf in the North Sea and in southern Jutland. In transport, the main burden falls on the fleet. Denmark maintains connections with almost every country in the world. Changes are taking place in the economy: if 20 years ago there were 200 thousand farms, now due to consolidation only 70 thousand remain, and of the 20% of the population employed in agriculture, 6% remain. Successes here have been achieved by highly competent specialists. Fishing plays an important role, and the Danish coasts abound with ports. Leading industries: metalworking, mechanical engineering, especially shipbuilding, electrical and electronics, food, chemical, pulp and paper, textile. In agriculture, the leading role belongs to meat and dairy farming.

Denmark is characterized by high-tech agriculture and modern small businesses and corporations. A high degree of social protection of the population has been achieved in recent decades.

The Danish mining industry is quite small in terms of production volumes. On about. Bornholm is developing kaolin deposits (for the production of ceramics and use in the pulp and paper industry), and granite is being mined (used in the construction of roads and houses). 25 largest joint stock companies control more than 53% of industry, agriculture and trade and financial enterprises, 57% of all banking operations are carried out by the 3 largest banks. Over 80% of industrial output comes from the leading industries: metalworking and engineering (especially shipbuilding, production of ship engines, agricultural machinery, electrical engineering, radio electronics), food processing (dairy, meat canning, flour milling, sugar, tobacco, brewing, confectionery), chemical, pulp and paper, textile.

Thanks to oil fields in the Danish sector of the North Sea, Denmark's dependence on the state of world oil markets has partially decreased compared to the 1970s.

Agriculture is highly productive. The leading industry is meat and dairy farming. It provides 9/10 of all commercial agricultural products. The main crops grown are potatoes, sugar beets, and wheat. Fishery is developed, especially herring fishing. About 80% of all marketable products are created by cooperatives. By the beginning of the 21st century. the emphasis in foreign trade has shifted from the export of agricultural products to the export of industrial goods: cars, electronics, products chemical industry. There is an active trade in durable consumer goods: furniture, toys, clothing, textiles. Porcelain products from the Royal Factory and famous silver products are still popular.

Businesses investing in Denmark benefit not only from the country's favorable macroeconomics, but also from favorable tax conditions and low labor costs. Investors are offered a number of significant tax benefits. Denmark's exports of goods and services account for about 50% of GDP. Approximately 67% of total exports are sent to other EU countries.

Denmark statistics
(as of 2012)

One of the main brands created in Denmark is the Lego constructor, and the Danish company Maersk, operating in various sectors of the economy, mostly known for its transport business, occupies one of the first places in the field of transport transportation in the world.

Leading industries in Denmark

Similar to its neighbors Scandinavian countries Denmark only felt the full impact of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 19th century, mainly due to the lack of coal deposits. Opportunities for industrial development in Denmark were much more limited than in any other country Northern Europe. Unlike Sweden and Norway, Denmark does not have large rivers or significant hydropower reserves. Oil and gas reserves in the Danish sector of the North Sea are smaller than in the Norwegian and British ones. Forests occupy less than 10% of the country's area. Denmark's industrial structure is based on its agricultural products, its limestone and clay resources and its wide range imported raw materials. An important factor is the availability of qualified labor.

Approximately a quarter of those employed are concentrated in metallurgy and mechanical engineering. However, industrial enterprises produce approximately 25% of Denmark's GDP and supply approx. 75% export. The country has both large iron and steel factories and numerous small enterprises producing milking machines and electronic equipment. Industrial enterprises located in many parts of the country and provide jobs in almost every city. However, the largest and most famous industrial centers are Copenhagen, Aarhus and Odense. Shipbuilding was the most important industry in Denmark, but due to foreign competition, the activities of many large shipyards in Copenhagen, Helsingør and Aalborg were curtailed or completely ceased. However, there are shipyards in Odense and Frederikshavn. Danish shipyards also specialize in the production of refrigerated ships, railway and car ferries.

Two other important industrial sectors in Denmark are agricultural engineering (beet harvesters, milking units, etc.) and the production of electrical goods (from cables to televisions and refrigerators). Denmark has entered the international market, specializing in certain types of goods. The cement industry stands out here, which arose on the basis of limestone deposits in the Aalborg region. The development of this industry stimulated the production of related machines, and Denmark exported finished cement plants to more than 70 countries. Another type of Danish minerals - clay - is used as a raw material for the production of bricks and tiles. The main area of ​​this production is north-east Zealand, located close to the developed production building materials in Greater Copenhagen.

Some Danish industries rely on local agricultural raw materials. Sugar mills are concentrated on the islands, mainly Lolland and Falster, where sugar beets are grown. The waste from this production is an important source of feed for livestock; production has been established industrial alcohol, alcoholic drinks and yeast from potatoes, molasses (a by-product of sugar production), cereals and sugar beets. Most of these enterprises are located in Copenhagen, Aalborg and Randers, some in Hobro and Slagels. Breweries use part of the barley harvest. About 90% of Danish beer is produced in Copenhagen; large breweries are also located in Odense, Aarhus and Randers.

Denmark has a diverse light industry. There is a small textile production, the size of which is determined by the limited domestic market and the availability of relatively cheap imported products. The city of Vejle in eastern Jutland is the main center of cotton spinning. Weaving factories are located in Copenhagen and Helsingor, on the island of Zealand, in Greno, Aalborg, Fredericia and Herning in Jutland. Half of the knitwear is produced in Herning. In contrast to the slow and limited development of the textile industry, Denmark experienced significant growth in the chemical industry, and in the 20th century. large enterprises in this industry arose in seaports. Oilseeds imported from tropical countries are processed in factories in Aarhus and Copenhagen. The oil is used to make margarine, soap and paints. Køge, Helsingør and Copenhagen are centers for the production of rubber products. The pharmaceutical industry is also developed.

The oil refining and chemical industries of Denmark are not distinguished by a wide variety of products and the complexity of technologies. A large share of this sector comes from refined petroleum products. Manufacturers of chemical products are united in the Association of the Danish Chemical Industry, which includes enterprises specializing in the production of the following product categories: inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, pharmaceutical products, enzymes, chemicals used in agriculture, mixed.

An important area of ​​chemical production in Denmark is the production mineral fertilizers and agrochemicals. The largest producer of mineral fertilizers is the Superfos concern, most of whose products are used on the foreign market. As elsewhere in Denmark, great attention is paid to protecting the environment, so all the company’s enterprises contain a biological water treatment plant, a waste incineration plant, and a plant for incinerating gases generated in the main production.

The environmental aspect is given top priority in Denmark. A number of companies are exclusively engaged in the development and implementation of production aimed at improving the environmental situation. Thus, the well-known company Haddor Topsø, which accounts for 25% of the sulfuric acid produced in the world, has developed processes for waste-free production of sulfuric acid; As a result of production, virtually no waste or wastewater is generated. In addition, the company has developed processes for the combined removal of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as well as a process for the catalytic combustion of organic solvents contained in the exhaust air.

Textile and forestry industries in Denmark. The production of ready-made clothing begins its chronology as an industry in the 1930s, when a number of enterprises of this profile were founded. Then, as a result of the economic crisis, the government decided to adopt new tax legislation protecting domestic producers. During this period, the main enterprises of the modern textile industry and a strong infrastructure of the territory were created. The second impetus for the development of the industry was the post-war industrial boom. In 1973, with Denmark's entry into the Common Market, all import restrictions were lifted. However, almost immediately after this, by decision of the EU member states, new ones were introduced in the form of import quotas for the countries of the Far East and Southern Europe. Currently, industry enterprises are concentrated in the central and western parts of Jutland. 30% of all companies (and almost 100% of all knitwear companies) are located in Rinkøbing. The largest centers of ready-made clothing are the cities of Ikaet and Herning.

One of the industry trends in recent years has been the location of the production phase itself in the countries of the Far East, Southern, and later Eastern Europe. This is due to the low cost of labor in these regions. Another trend is that the production of knitwear is developing at a faster pace than sewing regular clothes. This is due to the fact that knitwear requires less time to produce and is produced in larger quantities (especially underwear). In addition, the changed manufacturing technology of knitted fabric has improved the characteristics of the fabric, and as a result, expanded the scope of application.

Timber industry. In Denmark, 11% of the territory is occupied by forests, 2/3 of which are privately owned. Almost all of this is forest planting done over the past 200 years. On average, there is 1 square meter per Dane. km. forest lands. Two-thirds of them are coniferous forests, with 41% of all forest plantations being spruce forests. Of the broad-leaved species, beech is the most widely represented - 17% of the total forest area, followed by oak - 7%. The total area under broad-leaved species has not changed over the last hundred years and is approximately 140 thousand hectares.

There is a forest law that confirms the inviolability of forest areas. Privately owned forests are monitored by government inspectors to prevent violations of the Forest Law. State-owned forests are managed by the National Agency for Forests and Nature. In 1994, the Danish government introduced the Sustained Forestry Strategy program. In accordance with this program, a number of measures were taken, in particular aimed at breeding hardwood trees: planting the latter in spruce forests, special government grants for planting hardwood plantations. The Danish Parliament has adopted a resolution according to which it is planned to double the number of forests in the country by the end of the next century.

In Denmark, only a small number of wood processing companies have large specialized plants for the production of windows, doors, flooring and ceiling panels. The overwhelming majority have insignificant production capabilities, a limited number of employees (5-10 people) and are essentially specialized carpentry workshops.

One of the most developed industries in Denmark is furniture, which was defined as an industry back in the 17th century. Since then, the quality of Danish furniture has been maintained at a high level both through the Furniture Manufacturers Guild and through government subsidies. Until the beginning of this century, European style prevailed in Danish furniture, but in the 1920s, a Furniture School was formed at the Royal Danish Academy of Arts, through the efforts of which the products of local furniture makers acquired original, unique features. This allowed Danish manufacturers to enter the world market in the late 1940s, a strong place in which they occupy to this day.

Electrical engineering of Denmark. The Danish communications industry has traditionally been strong in the production of radio communication systems. Historically based on the production of maritime radio communication systems, Denmark is also actively developing cellular communications, wireless information transmission systems, and ground-based satellite communication terminals. Most Danish telecommunications equipment companies are small and therefore quickly adapt to changes in the communications industry and market demands. They have highly qualified specialists, know-how in this sector of the economy and good connections in the markets of Western European countries and the Baltic countries, which makes them attractive as partners in joint ventures with foreigners.

Various telecommunications equipment is developed and manufactured in Denmark. A number of Danish companies occupy leading positions in the market for control and measurement equipment for the telecommunications sector. Danish fiber optic technologies are also well known in the world. The Danes have extensive experience in the production and maintenance of cellular communication networks and marine radio systems.

Leading agricultural sectors in Denmark

Agriculture is highly commercial. The leading industry is meat and dairy farming. It provides 9/10 of all commercial agricultural products. The main crops grown are potatoes, sugar beets, and wheat. Fishery is developed. Denmark has the most favorable conditions for agricultural production, since due to the existing terrain, 64% of all land can be used in agricultural production. About 80% of all marketable products are created by cooperatives.

In 1995, 55% of Denmark's area was used in agriculture. From the end of the 19th century. Danish agriculture specialized in livestock farming, mainly cattle (which provided large supplies of dairy products for export) and pigs (which provided large exports of bacon and pork). A significant part of crop production is used as animal feed. Overall, the role of agriculture in Denmark is decreasing. Debt crises and deliberalization policies have meant that the number of farms has fallen by more than half since 1975, and there has been a trend toward smaller land holdings (in practice, part-time farms) and larger farms. Agricultural policy is the responsibility of the EEC, which seeks to reduce subsidies and overproduction.

Cereals and root crops. Cereal crops account for more than half of the total area of ​​cultivated land, and root crops such as fodder and sugar beets, turnips, kohlrabi and potatoes account for about 6%. Approximately 25% of agricultural land consisted of forage grasses, which were either sown in crop rotation or used as permanent pastures.

The 1990s saw a significant shift in cereal production: barley, previously Denmark's leading crop, gave way to wheat. Barley is mainly used for fattening pigs, but some of it is purchased for brewing and a significant part is exported. Wheat production continues to rise sharply. Rye grows well in acidic sandy soils. Its crops are concentrated mainly in Central and Western Jutland, where vast heathlands have been reclaimed since the 1860s. Oats, like rye, are an undemanding crop, adapted to soils of light texture and cool, wet conditions of the summer season. Oats are grown mainly in Northern and Western Jutland. In Denmark, crops of root crops and coarse grains are planted depending on regional climate and soil conditions. Fodder and sugar beets are grown on the islands of the Danish archipelago. On the other hand, kohlrabi grows well in the acidic sandy soils that predominate in Jutland. Potatoes are also widespread in Jutland. It is used for fattening pigs, producing flour and industrial alcohol. Relatively recently, they began to grow corn, which is entirely used as livestock feed.

Vegetable growing and horticulture. Commercial production of fruit, berry and vegetable crops in Denmark has been declining since the 1970s. The area under these crops has decreased as farms have become larger, but production efficiency has increased. In the 1980s, there was a shift from the production of fruit and berry crops (apples, strawberries) to the production of vegetables (zucchini, peas, carrots, onions and leeks). Approximately 25% of the total area under fruit, berry and vegetable crops is concentrated in Jutland, the rest is on the islands. Vegetable growing and horticulture are developing most intensively in south-eastern Zealand. Their products are processed in nearby canneries in Copenhagen and Slagels. Another important area for vegetable growing and horticulture is the island of Funen with canneries in Odense and Svendborg. Animal husbandry. From the end of the 19th century. The Danish economy was dominated by livestock farming. About 90% of grain and root crop harvests go to feed cattle, pigs and poultry. There have been dramatic changes in this area since the 1960s. In 1967, approximately 92% of farms in Denmark raised pigs or cattle, but in 1994 this figure dropped to 65%. In Denmark, dairy farming sharply predominates over meat farming. Most of the milk is used to produce butter and cheese, which are mainly exported.

The main livestock-raising region is the Jutland Peninsula. 75% of the total cattle population is concentrated here. In the Danish Islands, livestock farming plays a smaller role than crop farming. Cattle have long dominated Danish farms, but since the early 1970s pigs have become almost equally important. They are fed skim milk and whey (by-products of the dairy industry), as well as barley, potatoes, rapeseed, sugar beets and fishmeal.

Fishing. The main fishing areas are the North Sea and Skagerrak banks, and the main ports are on the west coast of Jutland. Esbjerg is the base for many North Sea vessels, while Frederikshavn, located in northern Jutland, serves other fishing vessels. The Danish fishing fleet is modernized and efficient. Fish export is favored by the presence of direct rail and road connections with Germany. Since the early 1980s, due to overexploitation of resources and pollution of the North Sea, fish catches by Danish vessels have declined. Among the seafood, cod, flounder, shrimp and herring stand out. True, only 1/3 of the catch has nutritional value.

Transport Denmark

The transport industry in Denmark is traditionally considered one of the most important sectors of the economy and is the third largest exporter in the country. It remains a significant source of foreign exchange earnings (about 90% of earnings).

Sea transport. It accounts for approximately 75% of all foreign trade transport. The Danes cover 5% of the global freight market. The activity of the Danish merchant fleet is concentrated mainly on international routes. Domestic transportation accounts for only 10% of shipping companies' turnover. Cargo transportation in Europe accounts for 25% of turnover. Denmark's largest shipping market is the North American continent. It accounts for 50% of the total turnover of the Danish fleet. Within the Nordic countries, the Danes carry out only 5% of maritime transport.

Rail transport is concentrated mainly under the authority of the state-owned company Danish National railways(DSB). In addition, there are 13 minor railways in Denmark that provide services on the island of Zealand. The total length of Danish railways is more than 3 thousand km. Every year, approximately 150 million passengers and more than 9 million tons of cargo are transported by rail, including about 65% of foreign trade cargo. About 20% of passenger traffic comes from this type of transport.

Road transport is important for cargo and passenger transportation within the country. Every year, more than 75% of all domestic freight transport and more than 90% of passenger transport, as well as approximately 8% of foreign trade cargo transport, are carried out by road transport.

Currently, the majority of overland transport flows (both road and rail) coming from the Central and Western Europe to Sweden, Norway and Finland, as well as in the opposite direction, converge to the Danish Straits. On the shores of the Öresund and Great Belt straits, numerous cars, buses and wagons must be loaded onto ferries in order to reach the opposite shore. Therefore, across these straits - the Oresund, which separates Denmark and Sweden, and the Great Belt, which runs between the Danish islands of Zealand and Funen, the construction of bridges and tunnels is in full swing. These transport arteries are receiving great attention from the European Union, since together they should complete the unification of the road and rail networks on the continent into a single whole. These crossings will ease traffic jams and traffic will become uninterrupted and fast.

Air Transport. Central to this is SAS (Scandinavian Airlines System), a public-private joint venture involving Sweden, Denmark and Norway. SAS handles all international air transport, while its Danish subsidiary Danair handles domestic transport. Every year, SAS airlines transport more than 13 million passengers, including about 2.5 million passengers on Danish domestic routes. The airline's fleet consists of more than 200 aircraft. These include: Airbus 330, Airbus 340, Airbus 321, Boeing 767-300, Boeing 737, MD-90. Most aircraft are small and used on domestic flights.

Source - http://ru.wikipedia.org/

The development of Danish industry occurred under the influence of limited conditions. The country lacks large coal deposits, gas and oil reserves, and large rivers. Forests account for less than 10%. Nevertheless, the state's economy is developing quite dynamically.

Brief information about Danish industry

It is based on agriculture, as well as significant reserves of limestone and clay. Of course, one should not underestimate such a resource as a highly qualified workforce. Large and small enterprises operate mainly through the use of imported raw materials. Almost every city has a factory that provides jobs to the population.

As for shipbuilding, until a certain period it was the dominant industry. However, due to a foreign conference, most of the shipyards were closed. But Denmark has successfully entered the international market as a producer of cement and high-quality agricultural machinery.

On this moment Light industry is well developed in the country. On your own The population's basic needs for sugar and textiles are covered. The pharmaceutical industry is well developed. Attention is drawn to chemical production (rubber, varnishes, paints, etc.), based on oilseeds imported from tropical regions.

Agriculture

One of Denmark's leading industries is agriculture. The government is actively working to expand agricultural lands and improve their quality. The main part of the cultivated area is occupied by forage crops. More than half of the land is occupied by barley, which is intended for fattening pigs. Among other crops, the most common are rye and oats (in the center, west and north of Jutland), as well as wheat (in the fertile lands of the Danish Islands and in the east of Jutland).

Up to 90% of the cost of agricultural products comes from meat and dairy products. In recent years, pig farming has been gaining momentum, the feed source for which is dairy production waste. Poultry farming is concentrated on egg production. IN Lately broiler farming for export has expanded.

Shipbuilding

Denmark is one of the few countries in the world that is engaged in shipbuilding. The peak of production in this industry occurred in 1997. But high production costs, as well as constantly growing competition, have led to the fact that the scale of ship production has decreased significantly. At the moment, the main consumers of the work of shipyards are domestic shipping companies.

Today, shipyards specialize in the production of standard vessels for transporting containers with cargo, as well as tanks with chemicals. Experimental work is also being carried out in the field of construction of transport ships, ferries (passenger and automobile), and tugboats.

The annual turnover of the shipbuilding industry is approximately 11 billion CZK. This is approximately 3% of the total trade turnover in Denmark. The main problem with the development of the industry is EU rules that prohibit subsidies for shipbuilding. However, there is covert support for the industry, which is expressed in orders for the repair of Navy ships.

Fishing

Fishing plays an important role in Danish industry. This is due to its favorable location relative to production and sales sites. Flounder, cod, shrimp and herring are caught in the North Sea, and trout are bred in lakes and rivers. On the last point, Denmark is one of the world leaders. Fishery products are exported mainly to Germany, Italy, the UK and Sweden.

It is worth noting that the North Sea has been heavily polluted since the 1980s. This has led to a significant reduction in volumes. Only a third of the fish caught have nutritional value.

Forestry industry

Characterizing the timber industry in Denmark, it is worth noting that 11% of the territory is occupied by forests, more than half of which is privately owned. These are artificial plantings that have been grown over the past 200 years. 41% falls on coniferous forests, 17% on beech, 7% on oak.

Denmark has adopted a law according to which forest areas are inviolable. Also, since 1994, there has been a state program for the breeding of hardwood trees. By the end of the next century, the forest area is expected to double. The timber industry employs 10% of the working population. This industry is developing most dynamically.

Furniture industry

Answering the question about which industry is the most developed in Denmark, it is worth noting woodworking (or rather, furniture). It was formed back in the 17th century. It is regulated and supported by the Furniture Manufacturers' Guild. Attention has always been paid not only to the quality, but also to the design of the furniture. It acquired unique shapes and forms, which have no analogues in the whole world.

The value of Danish furniture lies not only in the variety of styles, but also in the huge number of purposes. A third of manufacturers produce specialized products for the elderly, disabled, and children. Furniture made from wood treated with biological methods is also produced.

Furniture manufacturing is the eighth largest industry in Denmark. It has about 500 companies employing almost 20,000 people. The main market for Danish furniture is Germany. Due to the fact that supplies to the United States have significantly decreased in recent years, manufacturers are working to expand sales markets. In particular, the Russian direction is considered promising.

Textile industry

Among the main industries in Denmark, it is worth highlighting textiles. It was formed in the 1930s when government decided on the need to support the domestic manufacturer. In 1973, with Denmark's entry into the common European market, there was a new impetus in the development of the industry.

Most of the textile industry is concentrated in the center and west of Jutland. Large knitting companies are located in Rinkebing, and ready-to-wear centers are located in Herning and Ikaet. Interestingly, different companies are engaged in different production cycles. This leads to more and more companies resorting to economic mergers.

At the moment, there are two main trends in the country's textile industry:

• opening of production phases in the countries of the Far East (due to cheap labor);
• the predominance of the production of knitted fabric over the tailoring of ready-made clothing.

Chemistry and oil refining

What is the leading industry in Denmark? A significant place is given to oil refining. The industry cannot boast of a variety of technologies and a wide range of products. Recently, production volumes in this industry have been declining, and some factories are being liquidated.

Manufacturers in the industry work within the framework of the Association of the Danish Chemical Industry. It includes the manufacture of organic and inorganic chemicals, enzymes, agricultural fertilizers and so on. It also produces flavors and colorings for the Danish food industry. The chemical industry employs almost 50 thousand people.

It is worth noting that in Denmark they are sensitive to issues of environmental responsibility. A number of companies are developing mechanisms to reduce the negative impact of the chemical industry on environment.

Medical industry

One of Denmark's main industries is the production of medical equipment. More than 11,000 people are involved in this area, including those who work at Danish companies outside the country. It produces electromedical and rehabilitation equipment, as well as disposable devices and surgical instruments. There are also companies specializing in X-ray equipment and dental devices. 90% of products are exported.

As for the pharmaceutical industry, it is also characterized by high export potential. This industry is developing very rapidly. As a rule, Danish pharmaceutical companies cooperate with Japanese and American specialists to develop new drugs.

The largest pharmaceutical company Novo-Nordisk deserves special attention. It is a world leader in the production of insulin, enzymes and hormonal drugs. The company spends about a quarter of its profits on Scientific research and development of new drugs.

Electrical engineering

In Denmark, industry and production in the field of radio communications have traditionally been at a high level. This is due to many years of developments in the field of radio communication systems for mariners. On this basis, wireless and satellite data transmission systems are actively developing.

Most electrical and communications companies are small in size. This gives them the ability to quickly and flexibly respond to changing customer requirements. Denmark boasts a large number of highly qualified specialists.

Despite the high level of development of the electronics industry, it occupies a very small segment of the economy. A little more than 2,000 people are employed in this area (according to official data), which is less than 1% of the total working population.

Transport

Transport occupies a significant place in the Danish economy and industry. This industry accounts for about 90% of foreign currency receipts in the state. Here are the main components:

• Sea transport. Provides 75% of foreign trade transportation (5% of the total global cargo transportation market). The bulk of maritime transport occurs in North America (about 50% of trade turnover).
• Railway transport. Is in state ownership. The total length of railways exceeds 3000 km. This type of transport is used annually by 150 million passengers and transports 9 million tons of cargo.
• Automobile transport. It accounts for 75% of domestic freight traffic and 90% of passenger traffic.
• Air Transport. The central place is occupied by SAS, which is a joint brainchild of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. More than 13 million passengers use the services annually. The fleet consists of more than 200 aircraft.

Export potential

In industrial development, Denmark maintains ties with almost all countries of the world and supports a liberal trade policy. About 50% of GDP comes from exports. Almost 70% of the total volume of products produced is exported. The following Danish products are in greatest demand abroad:

• windmills and wind generators;
• mechanical engineering instruments;
• medicines;
• furniture;
• artificial Christmas trees;
• salt;
• meat;
• fish;
• dairy products;
• foodstuffs.

Denmark

Denmark:

Denmark, one of the oldest states in Northern Europe, occupies an important key position at the crossroads of busy trade routes from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea, on the one hand, and between Central Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula, on the other. The historical core of the Danish state consists of most of the Jutland Peninsula with adjacent islands, the Danish archipelago (the islands of Zealand or Sjælland, Funen, Lolland, etc.) and the island of Bornholm. All these territories are united in official documents under the name “Denmark proper”.

In addition, Denmark includes the Farrier Islands and Greenland, which enjoy internal self-government.

The capital of the state is the city of Copenhagen.

The area of ​​Denmark proper is about 43 thousand square meters. km, and its population is 5.12 million people. This is one of the small European countries. In size it is significantly inferior to the neighboring states of the Scandinavian Peninsula, being 10 times smaller than Switzerland and 7.5 times smaller than Norway.

Denmark's 68 km long land border with Germany crosses the Jutland Peninsula in its narrowest part and is not connected to major natural boundaries. The remaining borders of this country are by sea. In the west, the coast is washed by the North Sea, in the north - the Skagerrak Strait, in the east - the Kattegat and Öresund (Sund) straits, in the southeast - the Baltic Sea. The smallest width of the Øresund (eastern strait) is only 4 km, and in good weather you can see the Swedish coast from the Danish coast.

Being on the Danish peninsula, you cannot be more than 52 km from the sea. The total length of the coastline is 7300 km, half of this length is made up of islands (which occupy 2/5 of the country's area); There are about 500 islands in total (400 do not have a permanent population), most of them are concentrated in the east of the country, at the entrance to the Baltic Sea, and are united in the Danish archipelago.

Climate and geographical location:

Denmark's climate is determined by its geographical location. Throughout the year, air currents from temperate and tropical latitudes of the Atlantic predominate, bringing large amounts of heat and moisture. Oceanic influence evens out the annual course of temperature and precipitation. Summer in Denmark is never particularly hot, and winter is characterized by mild, stable weather. Transition seasons are usually long.

The influence of the ocean is most pronounced in winter. The average temperature of the coldest month - February - is around "0" degrees Celsius, the average temperature in July is about 15 - 16 degrees. In summer, the oceanic climate is less pronounced (anticyclones from Scandinavia and the Baltic). The average annual precipitation varies around 800 mm. Precipitation falls mainly in autumn and winter with small amounts in spring and early summer. Snowfalls are rare, and the snow that falls immediately melts.

The long duration of the thermal season favors the cultivation of late-ripening varieties of wheat, gray bread, vegetables and potatoes, sugar beets, and fruit plants.

Denmark is covered with a dense network of small rivers with slight slopes and slow, calm flows. The rivers are mainly fed by rainwater and, to a lesser extent, by groundwater. There are very few navigable rivers. Even on the largest river, Gudeno, only tourist boats sail.

This country is characterized by winter floods, when the bulk of precipitation falls.

The country's water consumption is so high that groundwater levels have dropped in some areas; In some places, groundwater salinity has increased.

Population:

The population is very homogeneous in ethnic composition. 98% are Danish. In terms of language and culture, they have many common features with the Norwegians and Swedes, as well as with the Icelanders and Farriers, forming together with them a single group of Scandinavian peoples. As part of this group, the Danes early emerged as an independent nation. Among the Scandinavian languages, Danish is second only to Swedish in distribution. There are slightly more women than men in the Danish population (50.3 and 49.7%). The ratio of urban and rural population about like 1/4.

Denmark's highly developed agriculture industry makes extensive use of male labor, and male migration to cities is low, unlike in a number of other Western countries. Denmark is a densely populated country. In terms of population density, it is ahead of other Northern European countries. The Danish archipelago is the most densely populated, where 2/3 of all the country's inhabitants are concentrated.

Denmark is a state with a government system based on a constitutional monarchy. According to the constitution, the head of state is the monarch, who exercises legislative power together with a unicameral parliament (Folketing); executive power belongs to the king and is exercised on his behalf by the government (council of ministers). The Danish Parliament is elected for a term of 4 years.

Administrative territorial division - 14 autonomies.

The monetary unit of Denmark is the Danish krone.

Economic situation:

Denmark has developed a complex of industries specializing in the processing of agricultural products. In addition to mechanical engineering, which specializes in the production of equipment for agriculture and fishing, leading industries include the chemical electrical industry, as well as precision engineering. Currently, Denmark is an industrial-agrarian country with a high level of capitalist development. It actively participates in international economic relations, acting primarily as an exporter of engineering products and food, especially meat and dairy products. The economy is characterized by a high level of concentration and centralization of capital and production. Almost 3/4 of the capital is concentrated in the three largest banks: Copenhagen Commercial, Agricultural and Private. Large monopolistic associations account for 4/5 of the country's total industrial output. More than 30% of Danish companies are under the influence of foreign monopolies - American, West German, and Swedish. However, simultaneously with the import of capital, its export is growing rapidly.

The industrial structure of Denmark is dominated by industries that are closely connected with the foreign market - with the import of raw materials and semi-finished products and the export of finished products.

In fact, many industries developed with export in mind; These include, for example, metalworking, mechanical engineering, meat and dairy industries. Some light industries operating for the domestic market also supply large volumes of export products: shoes, fabrics, furniture, etc.

Denmark is a highly developed agricultural country and ranks first in the world in food production per capita. Almost 32% of its territory or 2.7 million hectares are cultivated lands. The nature of the soil in the country varies from dry sandstone to rich clay. In some regions there are fertile black soils. These circumstances determined the range of crops grown in different regions of the country.
Agriculture in Denmark is the most important sector of the economy. It is based on individual land ownership and the family farm. The total number of farms at the end of 2002 was 51.6 thousand, with an average farm size of 51 hectares (Table 2.1).

At the same time, 17.8 thousand farms are engaged in production all year round. They provide 80% of the total production of pork, young meat and crop products in the country. The remaining 33.8 thousand farms are engaged in production seasonally.
Danish agriculture currently meets the food needs of more than 15 million people. Therefore, two thirds of the products produced in the country are exported. Denmark is the world's largest exporter of fodder seeds and livestock products. Almost 80% of dairy products and 75% of pig products are exported to more than 180 countries, including Japan and the USA.
According to the Agricultural Council of Denmark, at the beginning of 2002, about 92 thousand people, or less than 5% of the country's working population, were employed in agriculture. In total, about 200 thousand people work in the agro-industrial sector, including those involved in the primary processing of agricultural products, their transportation and storage. Average age for a farmer starting farming is 32.5 years. The average age of a farmer in general is 52 years. There are about 13 thousand male hired workers in agriculture. If the enterprise employs at least one hired worker, the farm is considered large.
Danish farmers produce grain crops - wheat, barley, rye, oats (Table 2.2).

Rapeseed is grown from oilseed crops. Significant areas are occupied by sugar beets and potatoes. Forage crops include perennial legumes and cereal grasses, winter cereals, rapeseed, fodder beets and corn for silage. Due to the lack of sum of active temperatures, soybeans and sunflowers are not grown in Denmark.
In the livestock sector, pig breeding, milk production, cattle fattening and mink breeding are developed (Table 2.3).

To a lesser extent they produce poultry products (broiler meat and eggs). Separate farms raise sheep and horses. The main branches of agriculture in Denmark are the production of grain, milk and pigs.
At the end of 2003, Danish farmers produced (indicators for past years are presented in Tables 2.4 and 2.5) 9.1 million tons of grain with an average yield of 63 centners per hectare, 4.7 million tons of milk with an average milk yield per cow 8140 liters. Total meat production in 2002 was 2.3 million tons. On the country's pig farms, where an average of about 12 million pigs are kept, up to 25 million heads are raised, fattened and sent for slaughter annually, with a delivery weight of each of them being 100 kg. It takes 1.3 s to produce one pig, and 1.0 s to produce one piglet.

According to Eurostat data for 2002, 134 million chickens were raised and fed for meat in Denmark. Poultry meat production, including the production of turkey, duck and goose meat, amounted to 220 thousand tons. The number of laying hens is 3.7 million, and egg production is more than one billion per year. 12.2 million minks have been raised and slaughtered, which provide valuable fur.
Almost three quarters (73 percent) of the total income of Danish farmers comes from livestock farming, 27 percent comes from the sale of crop products.
The farming system is based on optimal crop rotations with a predominance of grain and fodder crops. About 60% of agricultural areas are occupied by grain crops, the main one of which is barley (65% of grains). In addition, winter and spring wheat, as well as oats and rye are grown.
In addition to grain, corn, fodder beets, and various grasses are also grown as fodder crops. In Denmark, seed production of cereal grasses is highly developed. The grown seeds are used not only within the country, but also exported.
The farm's crop rotation alternates cereal grains with rapeseed, corn for silage, winter crops for green fodder and sugar beets.
Traditional soil cultivation is plowing using a plow to turn over the soil and carefully incorporate crop residues. Leveling plowing in the fall is widely used to conserve moisture and reduce the time required for spring field work.
About 3,500 farms use surface tillage on an area of ​​146 thousand hectares. It is called “ecological agriculture” and is characterized by the fact that crop residues are crushed and left on the surface of the field. Tillage is superficial or absent altogether. At the same time, crops are sowed using zero technology. This treatment is carried out on soils subject to water or wind erosion.
In agriculture, organic and mineral fertilizers are used under the strict control of services responsible for environmental protection.
Due to the intensive development of livestock farming, the use of mineral fertilizers is being reduced. Currently, they add 168 kg of active substance per 1 hectare of arable land, incl. nitrogen no more than 80 kg a.i. per hectare This is due to high doses (up to 100t/ha) of manure applied to the soil, the production of which in the country in its native form (feces + urine) is over 40 million tons per year.
A study of the processes occurring in Danish agriculture shows that currently the prevailing trend is polarization of farm sizes, characterized by the following data. 4.7% of reproductive farms with 500 or more sows contain 21% of the total number of sows. On 4.7% of fattening farms with 5,000 or more heads, more than 30% of the total pig population is fed. 41% of farms with 50 or fewer sows contain 3.6% sows. 40.9% of farms feeding 200 or fewer heads contain 2% of fattened pigs. In 2010, the total number of pork production farms will be 7,800, and in 2015 - about five thousand.
Danish analysts believe that by 2015 the total number of farms producing milk and pork will be about 10 thousand, while maintaining the current volume of milk production - 4.7 million tons per year and pork - 1.9 million tons per year.
The next trend is the specialization of farms. If 30 years ago every farm contained cows, horses, pigs, and poultry, today farmers produce one type of product: milk, pigs, and poultry, achieving outstanding results (Fig. 2.1...2.2).

As can be seen from the graph presented in Fig. 2.1, and, over 10 years, from 1992 to 2002, the yield of piglets per sow steadily increased and amounted to 24 piglets/year in 2002. Thus, the yield of piglets increased by 17%. At the same time, the growth rate and absolute indicators of pork production in Denmark are higher than in the four most developed countries: Holland, Germany, France and Canada (Fig. 2.1, b).
The average daily increase in live weight of fattening pigs in Denmark is also higher than in the above countries (Fig. 2.1, c). It amounted to 868 g/day in 2002, which is 68 g/day. more than in 2000.
Milk yields in the country's farms are also steadily increasing (Fig. 2.2).

As the graph shown in Fig. 2.2, over 10 years, from 1992 to 2002, the milk yield from each cow constantly increased and amounted to 8.0 tons in 2002. Thus, the increase in cow productivity was 17.6%.
Danish experts explain the significant growth rate of animal productivity by the high level of education of a typical farmer, which is one of the highest in the world; the use of advanced technologies, as well as the ever-increasing contribution of science to agricultural production (Fig. 2.3).

From the one shown in Fig. 2.3 of the graph shows that the share of costs for research work related to increasing the efficiency of agricultural production amounted to 12.2% in 2001. This is significantly higher than in the most developed countries - Holland, Germany, France, Japan and the EU as a whole.
The most important trend is to increase environmental safety by complying with the “harmony requirements”, i.e. correspondence between the number of livestock on the farm and the area of ​​land owned by one farmer. As a rule, it is not allowed for the number of animals on a farm to exceed 500 animals. One cow, or three sows, or 30 fattening pigs are taken as one animal unit.
A steady trend is a reduction in the area of ​​arable land, which is due to the complexity of the agricultural landscape and the ruggedness of the territory by rivers, lakes, and ravines. The flat surface is subject to winds whose speed reaches 20...25 m/s. These factors cause soil erosion and deflation. In this regard, in accordance with Danish legislation, winter crops must make up 65% of the crop rotation in the cropping structure to reliably protect the soil from the destructive effects of external factors. For the same purpose, arable land taken out of production is used to plant forests and forest strips in wind-hazardous directions.

Denmark is a highly developed industrial country, the standard of living and social guarantees of its population is one of the highest in the world. The economy is dominated private sector, but the state exerts significant influence through monetary, financial and tax policies, and the provision of subsidies to agriculture. The state owns many public utilities and most of the air and rail transport.

The service sector gained a dominant position in the Danish economy in the second half of the 20th century. The main industries in which private services are common are banking, insurance and finance, tourism, transport and trade.

In the 1990s, Denmark had a diverse industry, with no single industry dominating the economy. Structure Danish industry based on its agricultural products, North Sea oil and gas reserves, limestone and clay resources and a wide range of imported raw materials. An important factor is the availability of qualified labor.

Having limited reserves of hydroelectric power and brown coal, Denmark was forced to import almost all energy resources until 1980. In 1966, oil and natural gas reserves were discovered in the Danish sector of the North Sea, exploitation of which began in 1972.

Agriculture in Denmark specializes in livestock farming; A significant part of crop production is used for animal feed. Overall, the role of agriculture in Denmark is decreasing.

Leading foreign trade partners of Denmark in 1995 there were Germany, Sweden, Great Britain, the Netherlands and Norway. The share of countries belonging to the EEC accounted for 68.8% of foreign trade turnover, and the share of the USA - approx. 4%.