In what year was the city of Berlin founded? The history of the city of Berlin. St. Mary's Church

The capital of Germany grew out of two fishing villages - Berlin and Cologne, united in 1307. Despite the fact that there are several versions of the origin of the city’s name, most often the word “Berlin” is identified with the German noun “Bär” (“bear”).

The status of the administrative center of the city on the Spree was consolidated in 1417, after Elector Frederick I managed to seize the reins of the Brandenburg Mark. Berlin was immediately given the title of the residence of the Margrave and the capital of the principality, which allowed it to later become a fateful city for the entire Hohenzollern dynasty.

By the end of the 19th century, Berlin had become the political and cultural center of the German Empire. Well, the boundaries of the modern metropolis began to emerge only in the 20s of the 20th century, after the merger of the capital with nearby cities and towns. Truly grandiose prospects loomed before Berlin after the Nazis came to power. They began to give it the title of capital of the world, and the architect Albert Speer even managed to sketch out a project for this wonderful city of the future. To top it all off, summer holidays were held here in 1936. Olympic Games.

The National Socialists were prevented from realizing their great plans for Berlin by defeat in World War II. By 1945, most of the German capital lay in ruins, and the territory of the city itself was torn into occupation zones: the western part went to Great Britain and the USA, and the eastern part went to the USSR. Moreover, Berlin remained the administrative center only for the capitalist Federal Republic of Germany, while the government of the thoroughly socialist GDR moved to Bonn. The city managed to become the unified capital of Germany only in 1991, after the demolition of the legendary Berlin Wall and the unification of both republics.

Urban districts and districts

The system of administrative division in the German capital is quite unique. Berlin comprises 12 districts, each of which has a certain degree of independence and has its own district government. In turn, the districts are divided into districts (the exact number is 96). Statistical territories such as Schöneberg and the Bavarian quarter can also be considered an unofficial administrative unit, whose boundaries often coincide with the boundaries of the districts.

Unlike most European cities, Berlin's attractions are scattered throughout the vast metropolis. As a result, in order to cover as many historical monuments and places of worship as possible, you will have to travel dozens of kilometers around the capital.

The most generous district in terms of attractions and at the same time the historical center of Berlin is Mitte (“middle”). Of course, this is far from the wild and reckless Mitte that greeted tourists in the 30s of the last century (during the war the area was almost completely destroyed), and, nevertheless, it still has plenty of interesting places. By the way, the main symbols of the German capital - the Reichstag building, the Brandenburg Gate and the TV tower - are located precisely in this area.

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A bohemian abode, the location of the most pretentious restaurants and hotels, as well as the center of attraction for all shopaholics in Germany - the Charlottenburg-Wimmelsdorf district. People come here to visit the Berlin Opera, as well as to appreciate the non-trivial exterior of the Wilhelm Kaiser Church. Administrative District Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg is completely occupied by Berlin's informals, so young people will definitely like it here. Rebellious spirit, soft drugs, nightclubs and cheap accommodation - the area has plenty of these and other simple riches. Travelers with children should look into the Tempelhof-Schöneberg district, firstly, because the famous Berlin Zoo is located on its territory, and secondly, because of the calm, peaceful atmosphere that reigns on the local streets. The only “wormhole” of the area is that for some reason it is especially adored by representatives of the gay community.

Treptow-Köpenick is a paradise for lovers of outdoor recreation: the entire district is literally surrounded by green groves, interspersed with natural and artificial reservoirs. And, of course, don’t forget about the famous Treptower Park with its monument to the liberating soldier and the Köpenick Palace, which can be found in this part of the city. An alternative to Treptow-Köpenick is the Steglitz-Zehlendorf district, home to those whose lives have been successful. In addition to the title best place In a show of financial snobbery, Steglitz-Zehlendorf boasts Strandbad Beach, which is hands down Berlin's most beautiful beach.

A visit to the Spandau district, which was once an independent city, is worth visiting for those interested in monuments of the past. The area still preserves the walls of the ancient citadel, as well as part of the historical center, where the skillfully restored Kolk Street and the 13th-century Church of St. Nicholas are located. But it’s better not to stay long in Neukölln and Lichtenberg. Among respectable burghers, the districts enjoy an ambiguous reputation, partly due to the emigrants from the CIS and Eastern countries inhabiting them. However, if you plan to visit the above-mentioned Berlin neighborhoods solely for excursion purposes, it is unlikely that the local residents will interfere with you.

Attractions and entertainment

At first glance, the face of modern Berlin is somewhat stern and ascetic. There is not the abundance of historical monuments here that you would expect to find in a city with almost 800 years of history, although the capital of Germany itself is not at all to blame for this: all the most spectacular and truly ancient buildings were swept away by the whirlwind of World War II. Of course, the skillful hands of German builders reconstructed part of the lost cultural heritage, but, alas, the notorious epoch-making spirit that their ancient predecessors literally exuded is no longer felt in the glossy remakes.

And yet, Berlin is beautiful! It is beautiful for its wonderful museums, where you can find everything your heart desires: from ancient Greek statues to creepy exhibits from the Holocaust; green boulevards and cozy cafes, at the tables of which Remarque, Brecht and Zweig once sat; delightful park areas, laid out with true German precision, and recognizable architectural symbols. Finally, in Berlin it’s great to just enjoy life: have breakfast in tiny coffee shops in the morning, go on a shopping spree in the capital’s stores during the day, and drink up exotic cocktails in numerous clubs at night.

But the first thing, of course, is to run around religious places and spontaneously photograph everyone and everything. The Brandenburg Gate, the legendary Reichstag with its panoramic dome, any section of the Berlin Wall, Alexanderplatz, the TV tower, the Red Town Hall and Mary's Church - all this is a mandatory minimum cultural plan, without which it is simply a shame to leave Berlin. The boulevards Unter den Linden and Kurfürstendamm need not even be mentioned, since only a person who has completely lost interest in the small joys of life can bypass these two highways.

Another outstanding landmark of the German capital is the Berlin Cathedral. An exquisite massive structure with turquoise domes, surrounded by the Lustgarten park, is located on Museum Island. By the way, about the island itself: it is worth allocating the longest period of time to visit it, since this particular piece of land in the middle of the Spree River is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List and houses the best museums in the country - Pergamon, the Old National Gallery, the Bode Museum, the Old and the New museums.

The rest of Berlin is also full of museums of various types. Technology fans will be gladly welcomed at the Luftwaffe Museum. Fans of creepy historical exhibits will definitely find something for themselves at the Jewish Museum and the Stasi Prison Museum. Behind interesting facts From the life of great gays, it’s worth a look at the Museum of Homosexuality, and the best place to appreciate the style and technique of painting by the German Expressionists of the 20th century is at the New National Gallery. In the Berlin-Dahlem Museum Center you can get acquainted with the masterpieces of Asian art, and at the same time wander among the funny houses, stylized as the homes of different peoples of the world.

If you want a real fairy tale, try taking a tour of Berlin palaces. Stroll through the ornate halls of Charlottenburg, appreciate the discreet charm of Bisdorff, sigh enviously over the Köpenick porcelain collection and, for a snack, enjoy the magnificent landscape stretching out in front of the Tegel palace and park ensemble.

A great way to cheer yourself up and dispel the myth about the hopeless existence of our little brothers in captivity is a trip to the Berlin Zoo. By the way, this establishment is still listed among the world leaders among its peers in terms of living conditions and species diversity of animals. For relaxation, unusual souvenirs and contradictory impressions, it is better to go to the Tiergarten district, whose signature feature is unusual and sometimes downright ambiguous sculptures. Patriots are strongly recommended to stop by Treptower Park to stand at the legendary monument to the unknown soldier and walk along the alley of sarcophagi. Well, travelers who dare to come to Berlin with children will be helped out by the local Tropical Island water park. The gigantic entertainment complex is divided into several thematic zones and amazes with its crazy attractions.

All sights of Berlin

Night Berlin

For those who find real freedom in Berlin, it is for fans of club life. Within the city there are several hundred establishments of various profiles: from simple disco bars to swingers and gay clubs. No matter how unusual your passions may be, in the German capital you will always find a cozy place and company of similar interests. The main thing is not to forget that each club has its own contingent, its own rules, and often its own dress code. For example, only glamorous kitties and pretentious hipsters hang out in 40 Seconds, so you won’t be able to break through here in Chinese sneakers. Fans of Latin American rhythms usually flock to Hawanna, while puro Sky Lounge is where fans of pop and house styles rock.

You can get your share of “savory” pleasures at KitKatClub (tourists with strong moral principles should skip it, since it’s mostly gays and swingers who hang out here). A mainstay of Berlin's nightlife, Berghain enjoys a well-deserved reputation as the most intimate establishment. Not a single scandalous story will ever leak through the doors of this club, so you will have to try very hard to get into it (there are rumors that even some Hollywood celebrities did not pass face control at Berghain). The most delicious cocktails - according to Berliners - are served in the seemingly inconspicuous Prinzipal Kreuzberg, and the best DJs perform at the Watergate club, famous for its exclusive terrace built right on the water.

Transport

You can get around Berlin by buses, trams, ferries or metro. The latter here has two lines: the above-ground S-Bahn and the underground U-Bahn. During peak hours, trains run at intervals of 1.5-3 minutes, while the standard waiting time for a train is no more than 10 minutes.

An alternative to the metro is MetroTram trams, identified by the letter “M” on the cars. The classic routes of such trams are areas of the city that the Berlin metro does not reach. As for buses, the most useful, from a tourist point of view, are routes No. 100 and No. 200, which go around Alexanderplatz and the zoo. In addition, at night, night buses travel through the streets of the metropolis.

Water modes of transport also have their adherents. Berlin is dotted with a network of canals, and the Spree River is just a stone's throw away. Water buses run in 6 directions. The most popular route is the central part of the capital, although some companies offer boat trips on lakes in the eastern and western parts of the city. In addition, there are several ferry services in Berlin that are not part of the general transport network. The main feature of such floating platforms is that in addition to passengers, they also transport vehicles.

May be useful: understand all the intricacies transport system Berlin, as well as plot the necessary route in virtual space, on the official website bvg.de.

Berlin has developed a system of unified travel tickets. True, they operate in the overwhelming majority only in specific zones (combined options also occur). There are three such zones in total:

• A – areas bounded by the S-Bahn ring railway;
• B – areas outside the ring railway line;
• C is a suburban area that includes airports, Oranienburg and Potsdam.

The cheapest Kurzstrecke pass costs 1.3 euros and is valid for 6 buses or tram stops(transfers are not provided), or three metro stops (transfers are allowed). A two-hour Einzelfarausweis ticket for any type of transport will cost 2.8 euros. A 1-day single-tagescard ticket costs 7 euros. The same type of ticket, but designed for a group of up to 5 people (“partner-tageskarte”), will cost 16.9 euros. You will have to pay exactly 29.5 euros for a weekly pass (“Sieben-tage-karte”), and about 72.5 euros for a monthly option (“monatskarte standard”). By the way, it is highly not recommended to show miracles of ingenuity and ride around the city like a hare, since the fines in Berlin are impressive.

Taxis in Berlin can be caught on the street, called by phone, or taken directly from the parking lot. The prices here, by European standards, are quite affordable: boarding – 3.4 euros; the first 7 km of the journey – 1.8 euros; then 1.3 euros for each subsequent kilometer. By the way, it is better to pay in cash, since when paying by credit card you will be charged an additional 1.5 euros. And don’t forget about tips – the standard 10% of the cost of the trip.

Due to the heavy traffic flow, Berlin is not the most suitable city for cyclists. But if you want, finding special paths for bikes in it is not so difficult. Most cheap way rent a bicycle - take it to one of the parking lots near the metro. To remove the lock from your vehicle, you just need to call the CallBikes call center (the number is located on the bike frame) and tell them your bank card number in exchange for the lock code. The time of use of the “two-wheeled friend” is recorded by a meter and costs 0.06 euros/min. The bike should be returned to the same parking lot: just press the “Ruckgabe” button on the steering wheel and remember the code that will appear on the electronic display. After that all you have to do is call hotline rental point and report the location of the bike. You can also get a bike for temporary use at rental offices and hostels. However, in this case you will have to put up with higher tariffs and a mandatory deposit of 50 euros.

Car rent

Any driver between the ages of 21 and 75 can rent a car in Berlin, provided that he has at least a year of driving experience. On average, renting a car costs 27 euros. For additional “bells and whistles” in the form child seat, navigator, delivery of the car to the desired location or driver services must be paid separately. Initially, the car is delivered fully fueled, so you must return it to the agency with a full tank.

Gasoline prices in the German capital range from 1.3-1.4 euros/liter. A pleasant fact: you won’t have to pay for the operation of the road surface in Berlin and its suburbs. But if you want to get into the city center, it makes sense to spend money on a special sticker that costs about 15 euros, informing others that the emission level of your car meets acceptable standards.

Connection

You can go to Berlin with a SIM card from any of the Big Three operators, having previously activated profitable services for international roaming. Beeline has the “Most profitable roaming” option, MTS has the “Zabugorische” tariff, which is also available as an option. Megafon offers travel with the “Whole World” option, as well as prepaid packages of free minutes (“25 minutes Europe and CIS”, “50 minutes Europe and CIS”). If you don’t have a domestic SIM card with you, you can find something suitable from local cellular companies: Vodafone, T-Mobil, O2 and E-Plus.

More than 100 free Wi-Fi hotspots await Internet addicts in Berlin. True, you can partake of the benefits of civilization without compromising your own budget only for half an hour - the generosity of the burghers also has its limits. You can find the nearest access point to the World Wide Web on the publicwifi.de map.

How to save money in Berlin

Berlin is not a cheap city, but you can find opportunities to save money here too. Try to get a Berlin WelcomeCard or CityTourCard immediately upon arrival. Both the first and second options are aimed at short-term visits to the capital and provide serious discounts on visiting the most significant attractions.

So, for 21.9 euros, the owner of a Berlin WelcomeCard has the right to ride any type of ski for 48 hours. public transport, and also go to museums and theaters in Berlin and Potsdam for almost half the price. The listed privileges also apply to children whom an adult can accompany with them (up to three people under the age of 14 years). The same set of pleasures, but extended over three days, will cost 29.9 euros. You can buy a Berlin WelcomeCard on the official website berlin-welcomecard.de.

The CityTourCard is more focused on leisure activities than sightseeing tours, and also includes free travel on public transport. The hottest offers of this type of “pass” are a 30% discount on visits to Madame Tussauds Berlin, the Legoland center, and the heartbreaking attraction “Underground Prison”. The cost of a 48-hour CityTourCard is 16.7 euros. It is better to check the tariffs and the list of places for which discounts apply on the website citytourcard.com.

Restaurants and cafes

There are 19 Michelin-rated restaurants in the German capital, although this criterion is not decisive for Berliners themselves. All local catering outlets are divided into noteworthy establishments “for Germans” and uninteresting “tourist eateries”. It is clear that in order to have a proper lunch, it is worth making your way to a restaurant from the first category. Marjellchen has a good reputation and generous portions, but the restaurant’s halls are almost always packed, so it’s best to book a table a couple of weeks in advance. People usually go to the Michelin-starred Facil for its stylish interiors and creative menu, while the Rausch Schokoladenhaus is loved by those with a sweet tooth.

In taverns of a lower rank, the spirit of Asia and the East is already clearly felt (emigrants are trying their best). As for traditional street food, the East is already completely in charge: kebab and falafel shops are at every turn in Berlin. Pizzerias and Thai restaurants are no less popular. If you still want to get acquainted with classic German cuisine, try ordering soup stew in a clay pot - eintopf, or the stereotypical, but still incredibly tasty eisbein, which is a pork knuckle baked with cabbage. You can also indulge in beer. The burghers themselves especially praise its local version with a reduced alcohol content: Berliner Weiße.

Prices for all this deliciousness vary. In elite establishments you can leave 70 euros or more; a check in a mid-range cafe usually amounts to 25-40 euros. Well, a snack in a street tent will cost 3-5 euros. It is better to resolve the issue of tips before the start of the meal: in some cafes this type of gratitude is included in the bill and amounts to 10% of the order cost. Meanwhile, there are quite a few establishments in Berlin where tips are left at the discretion of the client.

Where to stay

Hotels in the eastern and western parts of Berlin are slightly different. In the first case, chain giants with the maximum number of stars and corresponding prices will prevail, while in the western part of the capital you can find fashionable “five” hotels and nice mini-hotels with a host behind the counter. The highest concentration of Hiltons, Sheratons and Marriotts is located in the historical center - Mitte, but by and large in each of the city districts you can find at least one luxury establishment. At the same time, not only an oligarch can afford to stay in Mitte: in this part of Berlin there are also plenty of more affordable housing options. As a rule, these are two-star hotels, guest houses or boarding houses, the prices of which range from 60 to 80 euros per room. Austerity enthusiasts will be pleased with the local hostels. If you take care of your reservation in advance, you can get a pretty decent room for just 36 euros (of course, not during the tourist season).

Holidays and Events

Holidays in Berlin are celebrated on a grand scale, sometimes smoothly flowing into a real bacchanalia. The exception is Catholic Christmas, which is usually celebrated in a quiet family circle. On New Year The capital's more or less standing population flocks to Alexanderplatz to sip spicy mulled wine and squeal to the sound of fireworks. At the end of May, the city streets are filled with all kinds of creative groups and crowds of idle spectators who came to the opening of the Carnival of Cultures.

If you're pretty tired of traditional festivities and performances by amateur ensembles, it's worth checking out the Berlin Gay Pride Parade: this is where they really masterfully break molds and break stereotypes. Desperate film fans are advised to come to the capital during the Berlinale festival, but fans of Oktoberfest-style events should wait for the start of the Beer Mile - an annual beer marathon starting in mid-August.

Shopping in Berlin

In Berlin, shopaholics with tightly packed wallets go to wool the elite boutiques of Kurfürstendamm (3.5 kilometers of continuous showrooms), while supporters of more affordable prices storm Alexanderplatz, or rather, the Galeria Kaufthaus located on it. The first place in the top 5 most advertised shopping centers in the city still belongs to the Ka De We department store (Tauentzienstrasse). Here you can not only get a stylish outfit from world couturiers, but also stock up on all kinds of products: on the sixth floor of the shopping center there are grocery rows and food courts. Berliners also have their own Galeries Lafayette (Friedrichstrasse), where wealthy burghers drop in to test a new fragrance from Amouage or try on a Tissot watch. There is a culinary department at the mall, where you can try plenty of elite varieties of cheese and baked goods.

If you are interested in budget brands, check out the Peek & Cloppenburg brand store on Tauentzihenstrasse: both established customers and fans of budget shopping are welcome here. And by the way, don’t think that Berlin is exclusively about giant malls filled with luxury brands from all over Europe. In some areas like Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain, entire blocks are taken over by tiny shops and galleries run by local designers. They also sell interesting items designed for a narrow circle of connoisseurs.

And of course, what would a German city be without flea markets! Hallentroedelmarkt Treptow, Berliner Kunst- und Nostalgiemarkt, Troedel- und Kunstmarkt, Flohmarkt am Arkona Platz - at each of these flea markets you can unearth real rare treasures, or ordinary penny trinkets, diligently given out for this very rarity.

Twice a year, on the first Monday in July and the last Monday in January, Berlin's shopping centers are stormed by thousands of excited Germans. This can only mean one thing: respectable ordinary people have finally gotten their hands on the seasonal sales. Usually, local traders save the most tempting offers for the end of the season, so last days sales, you can see such an attraction of unprecedented generosity as discounts of up to 70%.

What to bring from Berlin

• a cute fur coat made of natural fur or a shocking outfit from an unknown local designer, bought for a symbolic price;
• real Swiss watches. If the famous Carrera hurts your pocket, you can limit yourself to a model of a lesser-known brand, which will cost you some 100-300 euros, but will work no less;
• a car (well, where else can you buy German cars if not in their homeland);
• glazed gingerbread hearts “lebkuchen”, sausages, a bottle of schnapps or a couple of varieties of local beer.

Tax free

Berlin stores support the Tax free system, so if you have purchased goods for an amount exceeding 25 euros, urgently look for a counter in the hall with the inscription “Tax free Shopping” and ask for your legal receipt. You can get a VAT refund of 10-15% of the purchase amount right before departure at the airport.

. During the summer months from 6 trains depart from Moscow in the direction of Berlin, in winter - no more than 3. The trip lasts about 30 hours.

If you want to minimize travel costs, you can buy a bus ticket. Direct flights depart from Moscow (Rizhsky station), the Northern capital (stations on the Obvodny Canal embankment and Vitebsky) and Kaliningrad. Many people leave for Berlin from Moscow in their own car. A trip along the Minsk Highway through Poland will take 19 hours. From St. Petersburg you will have to travel in the direction of the German capital through the eastern part

BERLIN, the capital of Germany, the country's largest city and its leading economic, cultural and scientific center. Has the status of a federal state of Germany. Located in the eastern part of the country, on the Spree River, at its confluence with the Havel River (the right tributary of the Elbe River). Area 891 km2. Population 3.4 million (2005; 1900 - 2.7 million; 1939 - 4.3 million; 1943 - 4.5 million); over 7% of the city's population are foreigners, of which about 35% are from Turkey and other countries of the Near and Middle East, over 15% are from the Balkan countries, as well as immigrants from Italy, Spain, countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including republics former USSR. A characteristic trend of the 1990s - early 2000s was a decrease in the population in the center of the Berlin urban agglomeration (Berlin itself) with the rapid growth of suburbs.

Berlin is an important railway and highways. International airports Schönefeld, Tegel, Tempelhof (limited use). Berlin's internal waterways have a length of about 800 km (182 km are navigable). There are 650 bridges in the city. Through the Spree and Havel rivers, as well as the Oder - Spree, Havel - Oder, Elbe - Havel and Teltow Canal canals, Berlin is connected to the German and European water communications network. Two river ports.

The first settlements on the territory of Berlin date back to the 3rd-4th millennia BC. Around the 7th century BC the area was inhabited by Germanic tribes (from the 2nd century BC by the Burgundians and Semnonians). After their departure to the west (2-4 centuries AD), tribes of Polabian Slavs settled here. The Burgs of Kopnik (Köpenick, built around 750) and Spandow (Spandau, built around 825), along with Branibor (Brandenburg), were their important political centers for several centuries. In the mid-12th century, the Slavic tribes were conquered by the German prince Albrecht the Bear, and their lands were included in the North Mark, later the Margraviate of Brandenburg. In the 12th century, the trading settlement of Kölln (Cölln, first mentioned in 1237) arose on an island on the Spree River, between Köpenick and Spandau. Around 1230-40, not far from it, on the site of a village that had a name derived from the Old Polish birl or berl - swamp, the margraves of Brandenburg founded the city of Berlin (Latin name Berolina). Berlin was first mentioned in documents in 1244. Since 1307, Berlin and Cologne were governed by a single city council, from 1359 they were part of the Hansa, and in 1432 they united. Since 1486, Berlin became the permanent residence of the Electors of Brandenburg. In 1539 the Reformation was carried out in Berlin. The city suffered greatly during the Thirty Years' War of 1618-48. In 1709, Berlin was proclaimed the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia. Great value for economic development Berlin had the construction of the Oder-Spree canal (1668) and the provision of refuge to the Huguenots after 1685. The strengthening of Prussia contributed to the growth of the political importance of Berlin from the beginning of the 18th century. During the Seven Years' War of 1756-63, the city was captured first by Austrian (1757) and then by Russian troops (1760); in 1806-08 it was occupied by the Napoleonic army. In the 19th century, with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Berlin became one of the largest industrial and financial centers in Germany and Europe. In 1867-70s, Berlin was the capital of the North German Confederation, in 1871-1945s - the capital of the German Empire. From the mid-19th century, Berlin began to play an important role in the revolutionary movement. Street fighting in Berlin in March 1848 served as a signal for revolution in Prussia and other German states. The main events of the November Revolution of 1918-19 unfolded in Berlin. In 1920, the nearby cities of Spandau, Charlottenburg, Wilmersdorf, Schöneberg, Neukölln, Lichtenberg, Köpenick and rural communities were annexed to Berlin, creating Greater Berlin within its modern borders. In the 1920s and 30s, Berlin became one of the main centers of Russian emigration. During the period of Hitler's dictatorship (1933-45), a general reconstruction of Berlin began with the goal of turning it into the capital of a world empire; Upon completion of the reconstruction, Berlin was planned to be renamed (the new name is Germany). During World War II, as a result of American and British air raids, the central part of Berlin was almost completely destroyed. 2.5.1945 taken by the Red Army.

After Germany's surrender in May 1945, Berlin was divided into Soviet, American, British and French occupation sectors. Until June 1948, the victorious powers shared control of Berlin. The split of Germany and the formation in 1949 of two German states - the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic(GDR) led to the division of Berlin into West Berlin (American, British and French sectors) and East Berlin (Soviet sector). East Berlin became the capital of the GDR. West Berlin received a special status and was under the control of Western occupation authorities. During the Cold War, Berlin was the scene of intense political confrontation between East and West. The Berlin crises of 1948-1949 and 1958-63 led to a serious aggravation of the international situation. 17.6.1953 East Berlin became the main center of anti-government protests in the GDR. On August 13, 1961, the GDR authorities established a state border regime in relation to the territory of West Berlin (see Berlin Wall). The signing in 1971 of the Quadripartite Agreement on West Berlin between the governments of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and France and agreements between the governments of the GDR, Germany and the Senate of West Berlin made it possible to reduce tensions in Berlin. In November 1989, during mass protests by residents of the GDR, free communication between East and West Berlin was restored. With the renunciation of their rights by the victorious powers in the territories of Germany and Berlin and the annexation of the GDR to the Federal Republic of Germany (October 1990), the unity of Berlin was restored. On June 20, 1991, the Bundestag decided to move the capital of Germany from Bonn to Berlin. Since 1994, the residence of the President of the Federal Republic of Germany has been located in Berlin; in the 1999-2000s, the Bundestag, the Bundesrat and the government of the Federal Republic of Germany moved to Berlin.

Most of the historical architectural monuments are located in the eastern part of Berlin. During the Second World War, many of them were destroyed and have not yet been fully restored (the oldest of them are the Gothic Nikolaikirche Church, 1230-1470, and the Marienkirche Church, around 1260 - mid-14th century). At the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, the city was built up according to a regular plan, squares and avenues appeared (Unter den Linden), ensembles and buildings were erected in the Baroque style: Charlottenburg Castle (since 1695, architects I.A. Nehring, I.F. Eosander von Goethe; east wing in the Rococo style, 1740-46, G. W. Knobelsdorff), Zeichhaus (1695-1706, architects I. A. Nehring, A. Schlüter, J. de Bodt; now the German Historical Museum) , Berlin Castle (built since 1698). The so-called Rococo of the era of Frederick II (1740-80s) is represented by the ensemble "Forum Fridericianum" (now "Lindenforum"): Court Opera (now the German State Opera, 1741-43, architect G. W. von Knobelsdorff), palace Prince Henry (1748-53, architect I. Bowman; from 1810-25 the building of the Humboldt University), Old Library (1775-80, architects G. H. Unger, G. F. Bowman, according to the plan of I. E. Fischer von Erlach), St. Hedwig's Cathedral (1747-73). The Bellevue Palace (1785-86, architect M. F. D. Bowman; now the residence of the President of the Federal Republic of Germany) is designed in the same style. The Brandenburg Gate and numerous buildings erected by K. F. Schinkel were built in the style of classicism (the so-called Prussian Hellenism): the New Guardhouse (1816-18, now the Central Memorial of Germany), Tegel Palace (1820-24), Friedrichwerder Church (1824 -30 years, since 1987 K.F. Schinkel Museum), "Schauspielhaus" (1818-21, since 1987 "Konzerthaus"), which, together with the German and French Cathedrals (1701-08, towers 1780-85 , architects K. Gontard, G. H. Unger) determines the architectural appearance of Gendarmerie Square. Numerous architectural monuments of the mid-19th - early 20th centuries bear the stamp of great power, which is associated with the unification and rise of Germany that took place at that time and the transformation of Berlin into the capital of the German Empire: “Red Town Hall” (1861-69, architect G. F. Wesemann ), Victory Column (1872-73, sculptor F. Drake), Reichstag building (1884-94, architect P. Wallot), Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church (1891-95, architect F. Schwechten), Berlin Cathedral (1894 -1905, architects Yu. K. and O. Rushdorff), etc. During this era, the unique architectural ensemble of “Museum Island” took shape (included in the World Heritage List).

At the end of the 19th - first third of the 20th centuries, industrial, public buildings and residential complexes were built in Berlin and the surrounding area, designed in the spirit of functionalism and constructivism. Department store A. Wertheim (1896-1904, architect A. Messel), turbine shop of the AEG plant (1908-09, architect P. Behrens), Mosse publishing house (1921-23) and the Universum cinema (1927 year; both - architect E. Mendelsohn), "Shellhaus" (Germany's first high-rise reinforced concrete building, 1926-31, architect E. Fahrenkamp), the villages of Britz (1925-1933, architects Berlin Taut and M. Wagner) and Siemensstadt. (1929-31, architect V. Gropius). During the period of the Nazi dictatorship, as part of the Berlin reconstruction program, a number of buildings in the neoclassical style were erected, of which the building of the former Ministry of Aviation (1934-36), the Tempelhof air terminal (1934-39; both by architect E. Sagebiel), and the Olympic Stadium ( 1934-36, architect V. Markh) and others.

After World War II, construction in West Berlin was carried out with the widespread involvement of Western European and American architects. In 1957, as part of the preparation for the international construction exhibition Interbau, the construction of the so-called Hanseatic Quarter (about 50 residential high-rise buildings; architects H. A. Aalto, V. Gropius, Le Corbusier, O. Niemeyer, etc.) was completed, which influenced the formation of architectural appearance of West Berlin in the international style. New ensembles and large public buildings were erected: the Congress Hall (1957, architect H. Stubbins; since 1989, the House of Cultures of the World), the New National Gallery (1968, architect L. Mies van der Rohe), “Europe Center” ( 1963-64, architects G. Hentrich, G. Pechnig), etc. A monument to Soviet soldiers - heroes of the storming of Berlin (1945-1948, sculptors L. E. Kerbel and V. E. Tsigal) was erected in Tiergarten Park.

In East Berlin, after 1945, a broad program of restoration and reconstruction of the historical center and new development of the surrounding areas was carried out. The architectural appearance of the city center was complemented by the Palace of the Republic (1976), the Palast Hotel (1979), and the new building of the Friedrichstadt Palast Theater (1984). Alexanderplatz square was completely reconstructed, where a number of administrative buildings were erected, the Congress Hall (1964, architect G. Henselmann), the high-rise hotel "Stadt Berlin" (1969, architects R. Korn, H. Scharlipp, H. E. Bogacki), etc. A television observation tower was erected nearby (365 m; 1969, architects K. Kollman, K. Timm, G. Franke, engineer V. Herzog and others). In Treptower Park there is a monument to Soviet soldiers who died in battles against fascism (1946-49, sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, artist A.A. Gorpenko, architect Ya.B. Belopolsky).

After the reunification of Germany and the demolition of the Berlin Wall, reconstruction and new development of the central part of Berlin was carried out, primarily the Potsdamerplatz squares (Sony Center, 1996-2000, architects H. Yang and R. Murphy) and Pariserplatz (architects R. Piano, K. Kohlbecker , O. M. Ungere, J. Nouvel, etc.), Leipziger Strasse, etc. The Reichstag building was reconstructed (1994-1999, architect N. Foster), preserving the external forms with new filling in the high-tech style, with new glass dome; a spiral strip of mirror allows a view into the boardroom. The building complexes of the Government Quarter (architects A. Schultes, S. Frank), the Office of the Federal President (architects M. Grubber and G. Kleine-Krankenburg), the new main railway station Berlin - Lehrter-Bahnhof (architects M. von Gerkan and W. Marg), North-South Tunnel. In 2005, the Holocaust Memorial was erected on a vast area between the Brandenburg Gate and the Reichstag (architect P. Eisenman).

The largest scientific institutions in Berlin: Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, Academy of Arts (founded in 1696), Academy of Film and Television, Archaeological Institute, Federal Center for the Study and Testing of Materials; institutes: urban studies, economic research, standardization; Berlin Research Center for Social Research; research institutes of the M. Planck Society (on the history of science, biology, molecular genetics, plasma physics, etc.), the Hahn-Meitner Institute, the Hertz Institute of Communications, etc.

19 universities, including 14 public ones: Humboldt University of Berlin, Free University (founded in 1948), Technical University (founded in 1946), two Higher Schools of Arts; Higher School of Music (founded in 1869), Higher School of Acting, State Ballet School, European Higher Economic School, etc. There are a large number of research institutes and scientific centers. Largest libraries: Berlin State Library - Prussian Cultural Heritage (founded in 1661, divided after 1945, merged and reorganized in 1995), Humboldt University Library (founded in 1831), Central City and State Library of Berlin (since 1995) .

There are over 130 museums in Berlin. A significant part of them is included in the complex of the Berlin State Museums, among them: museums of the “Museum Island” - the Old Museum (1824-1830, architect K. F. Schinkel), the New Museum (1843-46, architect F. A. Stüler ; reconstructed in 1997, architect D. Chippenfield), Old National Gallery (1866-76, architects F. A. Stüler and I. G. Strack), Pergamon Museum (1909-30, architects A. Messel and L. Hofmann) and the Kaiser Friedrich Museum (now the Bode Museum; 1897-1904, architect E. von Ine). Other museums: New National Gallery (1968, architect L. Mies van der Rohe), Egyptian Museum, Bröhan Museum, Bauhaus Archive - Museum of Architectural Designs, Museum of Arts and Crafts, Museum of Berlin, Museum of Transport and Technology, City Museum (Merkisches- museum, founded in 1874), Art Gallery (founded in 1997). House-museums of G. Zille, K. Kollwitz, G. Kolbe, numerous art galleries. Berlin's palaces and parks are included in the World Heritage List.

There are about 40 drama theaters in Berlin, including such famous ones as the Deutsches Theater (Deutsches Theater, since 1883), the Volksbühne (since 1890), the Schiller Theater (since 1894), Schlosspark Theater (since 1945), Berliner Ensemble (since 1949), Maxim Gorky Theater (since 1952), Schaubühne (since 1962), children's Grips Theater (since 1966 ). The theater festivals “Berliner Festage” and “Berlin Meetings” are held annually as part of the “Berliner Festspiel”; International Film Festival "Berlinale" (since 1951; until 1990 - in West Berlin). Over 10 musical theaters, including the German State Opera (since 1742), Deutsche Oper Berlin (Deutsche Oper Berlin, since 1961), Komische Oper (since 1947), Metropol Theater (operetta , since 1898), “Theater des Westens” (operetta and musical, since 1896), “Friedrichstadtpalast” (revue and show, since 1947), etc. Orchestras: over 10 symphonies, including the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (1882 year), Berlin Symphony Orchestra (1952), Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra (1946); chamber, contemporary music, jazz. The largest concert venues are the Konzerthaus (formerly Schauspielhaus) and the Philharmonic Hall. Musical unions, societies, a number of music archives and libraries. International and national music festivals and competitions are held annually (the most important of them are within the framework of the Berliner Feetspiele).

Zoological Garden (“Zoo”, or “Tiergarten”; one of the largest in Europe, since 1844), “Berlin Aquarium” (1911-13), landscaped Friedrichefeld Zoo (the largest in Europe, since 1956), Botanical Garden with Botanical Museum (1679; herbarium opened in 1815). Two observatories, including the Archenhold Observatory (since 1896) in complex with a planetarium (since 1987), equipped with a projector from Carl Zeiss.

In 1936, the XI Olympic Games were held in Berlin at the Olympic Stadium (about 100 thousand spectators). A traditional women's tennis tournament is held. In 2005, the World Beach Volleyball Championship was held.

After the split of Germany in 1949, Berlin did not represent a single economic entity. East Berlin became the most important economic center of the GDR, while the economy of West Berlin was oriented towards the Federal Republic of Germany. After the reunification of Germany in 1990, the formation of an integral economic complex in Berlin was one of the most important tasks solved by the German government.

Since the early 2000s, Berlin has been the largest and most diversified manufacturing and service center in Germany. However, its role in the country's economy is significantly lower than that of other European capitals (for example, Paris in France, London in the UK). In the structure of the service sector (employing 76% of the economically active population, 2003), the sector plays an important role government controlled, as well as science, education, culture. By some indicators, Berlin is losing its role as a leading center to others major cities countries. Thus, of the 500 largest companies in Germany, only 11 have their headquarters in Berlin (in Hamburg - about 50, Frankfurt am Main and Munich - 30 each). As a banking, financial and insurance business center, Berlin ranks third in Germany after Frankfurt am Main and Düsseldorf; as a place to place head business organizations- 2nd place after Cologne. The largest (by turnover) service enterprises: banking and financial corporations Bankgesellschaft Berlin AG and Sparkasse der Stadt Berlin, as well as the dominant ones in the sector retail Karstadt Quelle AG and Metro AG. Berlin firmly holds 1st place among German cities in terms of the value of manufactured products of the manufacturing industry, as well as in the share of those employed in it (about 24% of all employees in the urban economy in 2003; in the early 1990s, over 30%); within the administrative boundaries of the city there are more than 1,500 industrial enterprises. The leading industry is mechanical engineering, in the structure of which electrical engineering and radio electronics predominate (by value they produce more products than the corresponding industries of Switzerland and Austria combined); production of office equipment and computers, energy, refrigeration and motor transport equipment, compressors, vehicles (cars, river boats), instrument and machine tool manufacturing. Other traditional industries for Berlin are chemical-pharmaceutical, photochemical, rubber, light goods (primarily clothing), printing, food, and tobacco. The largest enterprises in Berlin are the Siemene AG and AEG plants (electrical engineering and radio electronics), Daimler-Chrysler AG (automotive industry), and Schering AG (chemical products). In the 1990s - early 2000s, due to a sharp rise in land prices and increased rents for use land plots and production areas within the city limits, especially in the central regions, there was a transfer of industrial enterprises to the suburbs of Berlin.

Lit.: Keiderling G., Stulz P. Berlin 1945-1975. M., 1976; 750 Jahre Architektur und Städtebau in Berlin. Stuttg., 1987; Ribbe W. Geschichte Berlins. Münch., 1987; Burg A., Crippa M. M. Berlino. Mil., 1991; Haus W. Geschichte der Stadt Berlin. Mannheim, 1992; Ribbe W., Schmädeke J. Kleine Berlin-Geschichte. 3. Aufl. B., 1994.

O. V. Vshilev, A. M. Muratov, L. A. Poletova, V. N. Streletsky.

Berlin is a modern metropolis, the economic and cultural center of the EU, a city of contrasts. It is dynamic and multifaceted. The collections of the city's galleries and museums are beyond praise. Berlin clubs organize the most fashionable parties, where new movements, styles, and subcultures are born. And shopping in Berlin is excellent, all products are of high quality at reasonable prices.

Berlin, photo: Tobias Nordhausen

Berlin is the capital of the medieval Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Kingdom of Prussia, the powerful German Empire, the socialist GDR and modern united Germany. The second metropolis of the European Union in terms of population, it is a multinational city that symbolizes the victory of humanity over fascism. Berlin is the heart of Brandenburg; historical, cultural, scientific, industrial and economic center of world significance. It is called the "City of Bridges". There are more of them built here than in Venice - about 1,700 large and small engineering structures.

5 things to do in Berlin

1. Take the Reichstag and look at Berlin from its dome.
2. Take a selfie against the backdrop of the Berlin Wall with the legendary kiss of Brezhnev and Honecker.
3. Eat the most delicious döner kebab (shawarma) for lunch and drink beer.
4. See the bust of the Egyptian queen Nefertiti in the Pergamon Museum.
5. Stay up all night and dance in the club.

When is the best time to go to Berlin?

Berlin is located in the eastern part of the country - where the Spree and Havel currents merge. The modern districts are built on the moraine hills of Teltow and Barnim; the historical center is located in the lowland between two hills.

The climate here is temperate: average between maritime and continental. Summer is warm, about +20°C. Winter is moderately cold, on average +1– +2°C, but frosts down to -25°C also occur. The rainy months are June-July, the driest is March.

Berlin Guide

Sights of Berlin

Brandenburg Gate, photo by Raoni

The historical Gate of Peace (Brandenburger Tor) is a recognizable emblem of Berlin and Germany, a symbol of the reunification of the divided territories of the country. The memorial complex, founded in 1789 on behalf of Frederick William II, is considered an example of Berlin classicism. The architecture of the gate follows the exterior of the Propylaea on the Parthenon. Above six monumental columns, paired with a carved ceiling and a relief attic, rises the Victoria quadriga. Initially, a figure of the goddess of peace Irene carrying an olive branch was installed there. During reconstruction in the 19th century, after the victory over the French, the sculptor Friedrich Schinkel changed the statue. The Goddess of Victory with the Iron Cross in her hands was installed in the chariot. The height of the Brandenburg Gate is 26 m, the total length of the building is 66 meters.

Reichstag

Reichstag (Reichstagsgebäude), photo by Andy

From the northern part, the gate is adjacent to the Reichstag, the main attraction of the city, which is known all over the world. (Reichstagsgebäude) is a majestic building, a symbol of the past war and Victory over the horrors of Nazism. It was built in 1884–1933. according to the project of P. Volot. The building served for parliamentary meetings. The dome in the center of the building symbolized the greatness of Kaiser Wilhelm II. The monumental towers at the corners of the complex were dedicated to the four kingdoms: Bavaria, Prussia, Württemberg, and Saxony. The grandiose Renaissance-style building was burned down by unknown persons in 1933 (Berlin communists were blamed for the arson). The Reichstag was restored, but was no longer used for government purposes. In 1945, the allied armies stormed the building and it was again destroyed to ruins. After the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Reichstag remained on the side of West Germany. Major reconstruction was carried out twice: in 1961–64 and in 1992–95. The new building under a huge glass dome retains the features of the High Renaissance. Today, the Reichstag towers house government offices and meeting rooms. An observation deck is equipped in the under-dome space.

Berlin Wall

Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer), photo rysberlin

The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) is a historical monument, a symbol of the Cold War and many tragedies in the lives of ordinary Germans. The former dividing line with the status of a border, almost 45 km long, passing through the capital's neighborhoods. The wall was a solid concrete barrier 3.6 m high, reinforced with a ditch, a signal complex, spikes, and three hundred border towers. More than 1,300 people died at various times while trying to cross the Wall without authorization. Most of the Berliner Mauer was demolished in 1989, but a 4-hectare memorial with a central monument and a 1.3 km section of the fence remained, gradually turned into a spontaneous art object. Today it reminds us of a difficult period in modern German history.

Checkpoint Charlie

Checkpoint Charlie, photo fam_dax

Checkpoint Charlie is a famous Berlin site, a former military checkpoint between two parts of the city, a symbol of the confrontation between two controlled sectors - Soviet and US. The checkpoint stands in the middle of Friedrichstrasse, and two light stands with portraits of soldiers - an American and a Russian - rise above it. This installation was created by artist Frank Thiel. The Checkpoint Charlie complex includes expositions of political and military history, photo exhibition, Berlin Wall Museum.

Victory Column

Victory Column (Siegessäule), photo juergenberlin

Chocolate House

Chocolate house Fassbender&Rausch, photo A_and_K

A unique, largest chocolate house in the world has been opened in Berlin - the Schokoladenhaus Fassbender&Rausch store. The center of attraction for all lovers of sweets is located in the French Quarter near Gendarmerie Square (Gendarmenmarkt).

Address: Charlottenstraße 60, 10117 Berlin.
Opening hours: Mon-Sat 10:00 - 20:00; Sun 11:00 – 20:00.
Website: www.rausch.de.

Here we have listed only a small part of the attractions of Berlin. But if you are traveling to the German capital for the first time, then these will be your first priority travel destinations.

Palaces and castles

Museums, exhibitions and galleries

Architecture and monuments

Squares and streets

Gardens and parks

Theaters and entertainment

Temples and cathedrals

A little history

In the 12th century, the settlements of Altberlin and Cologne appeared on the territory of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, on the banks of the Spree and the island of Spreeinsel. In 1237–44 they became independent cities. In 1307, the two cities actually united, but the official unification took place only in 1709.

In 1417, Berlin was declared the capital of the Margraviate/Electorate of Brandenburg. From the beginning of the 18th century until the second half of the 19th century, it was the capital of Prussia. After the Great Unification into the German Empire, Berlin was its capital until 1918; until 1933 - the capital of the Weimar Republic, until 1945 - Nazi Germany (Third Reich).

After the defeat of Hitler's army in World War II, Berlin was divided into four occupation sectors, which were under the control of the victorious countries. In 1949, 2 German states appeared: the Federal Republic of Germany in the western zone and the GDR in the east. Berlin was also divided into two parts. The Berlin Wall, which divided the city, the country and many families for a long time, was erected in 1961 and demolished in 1989. The Eastern and Western territories of Berlin were reunited, external control was abolished, and a new period began in the life and history of the city.

Entertainment

Walking through the city at night, photo by Theodor Sirbuletu

The city transforms every night, its splendor can be appreciated if you go for a walk through the city at night, and in warm weather along the Spree by boat to see the magnificent Berlin buildings and bridges from the water, from a new perspective.

Night clubs

In a Berlin nightclub, photo puroberlin

The night lights come on. The doors of numerous clubs in Berlin open.

The respectable establishment 40 Seconds at Potsdamer Straße 58 has several halls and two dance floors on terraces with views of the city.

The Berghain techno club hosts incendiary non-stop parties from Friday to Monday, and there is a Panorama Bar on the second floor. Address: Am Wriezener Bahnhof.

Puro Sky Lounge is located on the twentieth floor of the Europacenter building - from there, from a dizzying height, a magnificent all-round panorama of the night capital opens. This club has luxurious conceptual interiors, a variety of music, and themed parties. Address: Tauentzienstraße 9-12.

The glamorous Mio is located in the basement of the Berlin TV Tower. Here stylish interiors and a huge terrace overlooking the historical center. Address: Panoramastraße 1A.

Casino lovers can visit the Spielbank Berlin gambling house on Potsdamer Platz. IN entertainment complex There are four halls with modern slot machines, roulette, blackjack, and classic card games. Address: Marlene-Dietrich-Platz 1.

Holidays

Christmas in Berlin, photo bz_foto

New Year's holidays in Berlin are noisy, with home feasts, street celebrations, and fireworks.

On the first of May, Berliners celebrate Maifeiertag. The ancient pagan tradition has today turned into an official holiday. The main symbol of the holiday is the Maypole decorated in a special way. The evening before, street events “Dance in May” begin, they go into Walpurgis Night - noisy fun reigns on the capital's streets. In the morning, the trade union association DGB is organizing a May Day demonstration.

The third Sunday in October is the harvest festival, Kirmes. The symbol of autumn folk festivities is considered to be a straw effigy with an indispensable bottle of schnapps - it is burned in the square.

Berliners' favorite holiday is Christmas. It was from Germany that the custom of decorating the Christmas tree originated. Celebrations last a week, until New Year.

Events

Festival of Lights, photo Frank

In February, the Berlinale opens, the famous Berlin film festival dedicated to intellectual cinema, with the main prize “Golden Bear”.

At the end of May, the colorful Carnival of Cultures takes place with costumed processions and scenic street areas.

Museum Night falls on the last Sunday in August. Almost all museums and galleries in the city offer cultural and entertainment programs. This international project today takes place all over the world, and it started in Berlin, since 1997.

In October, the German capital hosts an enchanting Festival of Lights. All the main attractions are illuminated, and spectacular light shows are projected onto the walls of buildings. The holiday lasts two weeks, ending with the night mass marathon City Light Run.

Shopping

Berlin's shops can turn even the most pragmatic people into shopaholics.

Store opening hours

Shops are usually open from Monday to Saturday from 10:00 to 20:00. On Sunday they rest, except for some, for example, at train stations.

Sales

Traditionally, the winter sale (Winterschlussverkauf) begins on the last Monday of January, and the summer sale (Sommerschlussverkauf) on the last Monday of July. They last approximately 2 weeks. But many stores in winter begin to reduce prices before Christmas. Discounts in Berlin shopping centers are announced by Reduziert, Sale or % signs.

The shops

Department store KaDeWe, photo Markus Ammann

The capital's shopping routes run along Kurfuerstendamm (Ku'damm for short) and Friedrichstrasse. Ku'damm is the abode of luxury: Gucci, Chanel, Sonia Rykiel, Max Mara, Jil Sander. On Friedrichstrasse and Unter den Linden you will find expensive boutiques of Escada, Herm'es, Hugo Boss clothing and Herend porcelain.

On Friedrichstrasse, interesting shopping centers are Quartier 205, Quartier 206 and Quartier 207, where the Galleries Lafayette is located. Departmentstore Quartier 206 on the second floor presents the latest collections of leading brands Calvin Klein, Dolce & Gabbana, Manolo Bahnik, Miu Miu, Oscar de la Renta, Marc Jacobs, Prada, Victoria Beckham, Tom Ford, Yves Saint Laurent, Bottega Veneta, Etro . With admission new collection Discounted items go to the Last Season store downstairs.

On Tauentzienstrasse, this continuation of Ku’damm, there are stores of affordable brands (Zara, H&M). There are also large department stores here: Peek&Cloppenburg (Tauentzienstraße, 19), Europa Center (Tauentzienstraße, 9-12), Wertheim (Kurfürstendamm, 231).

Next to the Wittenbergplatz metro station, there is the department store Kaufhaus des Westens, abbreviated Ka-De-We (Tauentzienstraße, 21-24). The 8-storey KaDeWe is the second largest department store in Europe.

You can find inexpensive clothes on Wilmersdorferstrasse. Discounts are given for most of the range.

Two hundred branded retail establishments are gathered under the roof of the Alexa shopping center at Grunerstraße 20. Here you can find quite affordable brands.

The Arcade shopping center on Potsdamer Platz Arkaden sells fashion items, cosmetics and other beauty products, electronics, and gadgets. Address: Alte Potsdamer Straße, 7.

European clothing is presented in the die mitte shopping center on Alexanderplatz.

The brands at Galeria Kaufhaus on Alexanderplatz are aimed at average incomes. Here you can buy high-quality shoes and clothes, costume jewelry, leather goods and various accessories.

It is also worth checking out the impressive range of Ritter Sport chocolates in the 1000 m² Ritter Sport Bunte Schokowelt brand store at Französische Straße 24.

Outlets

The capital's outlets offer inexpensive shopping:
Marc Cain Factory (Oudenarder Straße, 16),
PrivaFashion-Club Outlet Berlin (Altonaer Straße, 59),
Zalando Outlet Store Berlin (Köpenicker Straße, 20),
Designer Outlet Berlin (Alter Spandauer Weg 1, 14641 Wustermark).

Flea markets

There are several flea markets in Berlin. Here are a few.

The largest Hallentroedelmarkt Treptow is located on the site of a former factory. Opening hours: on weekends from 10:00 to 16:00. Address: Eichenstraße 4.

Berliner Kunst- und Nostalgiemarkt is located next to Friedrichstrasse. There are a lot of tourists here, so the prices are inflated. Opening hours: on weekends from 11:00 to 17:00.

Kunst-und Trödelmarkt is the oldest flea market in Berlin, located in the Tiergarten park. Among other things, there are decent displays of records and CDs. At Trödelmarkt you can find a real treasure for next to nothing. Collectors usually come here. Opening hours: on weekends from 10:00 to 17:00. Address: Straße des 17. Juni (at the end of the street).

The Trödelmarkt on Arkonaplatz is frequented by locals. It's not crowded here and prices are lower. They sell household items, inexpensive vintage clothing and vinyl records. Opening hours: Sundays from 10:00 to 16:00. Address: Arkonaplatz 1.

Flohmarkt am Mauerpark is still a young market, so there are few tourists here. Opening hours: Sunday from 09:00 to 18:00. Address: Bernauer Strasse 63-64.

Food and restaurants

In a Berlin restaurant, photo by Constanze Hallensleben

The Alpenstück Restaurant & Bakery at Gartenstrasse 9 serves National dishes, they make real sausages, serve fresh pastries, excellent beer, German and Austrian wines.

Schneeweiß at Simplonstrasse 16 is considered an inexpensive establishment. They serve schnitzels and lamb meat, entrecote with vegetables, and pork with dumplings.

Reinhard's offers European and Russian cuisine and is famous for its fast service. Addresses: Poststraße, 28; Kurfürstendamm, 27; Koenigsallee, 56; Am Hamburger Bahnhof, 4.

Authentic German dishes can be ordered at the Maxwell restaurant (address: Gleimstraße 23). The restaurant's menu is divided into meat, fish, and vegetarian sections.

Traditional German schnitzels or goulash with dumplings, Sachertorte and classic apple strudel will be served at the concept cafe Einstein on the street "Under the Linden Trees" (address: Unter den Linden 42).

Local beer bars serve klops meatballs and Kotelett chops with German potato salad, an exotic “hakepeter” snack made from raw minced meat on bread; White beer is served with fruit syrup. Be sure to try the Eisbein pork knuckle - here it is prepared in a special way, boiled in beer. Try the Berlin "Eintopf" - thick vegetable soup with assorted smoked meats. Berliner donuts with powdered sugar and fruit marmalade filling are considered a cult dessert in the capital.

Berlin tram, photo bashirRANA

Getting around Berlin is quite convenient by public transport. The city has a metro that was built before the war. Ground transportation will take you anywhere in Berlin. You need to worry about tickets in advance. For tourists, a 24-hour ticket is most suitable. It will allow you to travel throughout the city during the day at any distance. ...

In this article you will learn:

Berlin is the main city of Germany, which is its capital.

It is the second largest city in the European Union in terms of population.

This is a very interesting city, known for its difficult and long history. Until this time, it retained the features of medieval buildings. Squares and cathedrals, theaters and museums, including other attractions of the city, are very popular among tourists.

Description

Berlin is an extremely fast-paced center and one of the most famous and interesting places in the European Union. It is incredibly diverse: parks and new buildings, parties, various eateries and expensive restaurants, a lot of young people and office workers.

Today it is a metropolis with a population of approximately 3.4 million people, and also the economic center of the European Union. At the same time, Berlin remains the most cozy and beautiful corner of Europe.

The area of ​​the capital is approximately 890 kilometers square. The capital has Tegel and Schönefeld airports, bus stations and railway stations. The largest transport system makes it easy to get to every corner of the city - for visiting guests and tourists, trams and buses, as well as the metro, operate almost around the clock.

Modern Berlin

Story

The modern architectural state of the capital is largely determined by the difficult history of Berlin, because throughout its existence it has changed dramatically. Its appearance was significantly imprinted on the results of the military events that took place, where Berlin played one of the noticeable and significant roles.

On the site of today's capital there were originally Berlin and Cologne, which served as points of trade routes. Cologne was mentioned back in 1237, and it was this year that was taken as the time of its founding. And after 70 years, these territories united, turning into one whole. Each of these territories at the same time also had self-government.

By 1432, these two self-governing territories actually became one, but at the official level the final unification was carried out only in 1709.

Thirty Years' War

During the Thirty Years' War, which took place in 1618-1648, it was incredibly destroyed, the population was significantly reduced - too many died in the war.

In 1701, the Elector of Brandenburg was crowned, he became the King of Prussia, and Berlin became the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia. Frederick II made a significant contribution to the development of the capital. As a result, in the 18th century Berlin became one of the main centers of the European Enlightenment.

1871 - Berlin became the capital of the German Empire, in 1919-1933 the capital of the Weimar Republic, and directly in 1933 - the capital of Germany.

After the World War of 1945, the capital was divided into four parts, this subsequently led to the formation of two ideologically opposite countries, the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany.

In 1961, the famous Berlin Wall was erected, which was demolished in 1989. The country and the city united again.

Berlin Wall

Climate

The capital is located in the temperate climate zone. The average precipitation is 582 mm. The average annual temperature is -9 °C.

The warmest months are July and August, their average temperatures are 18.6 and 17.8 °C; February and January are considered the coldest with −0.4 and −0.7 °C. The highest amount of precipitation should be expected in July - approximately 71 mm, the least - in March (about 31 mm).

More than 40% of the city’s territory is covered with various green spaces; more than 400 thousand trees are planted along the streets. The city has a huge number of small open spaces, including vast urban park areas, which are nicknamed “islands of cold”; they create a very useful climate for citizens and visitors.

Attractions

You can talk about Berlin for quite a long time, and also endlessly sing about its sights, but it is much better to see everything with your own eyes.

But if you already went to Berlin, then start your excursion with - the main symbol of the city, which for so many centuries has symbolized the reunification of West and East.

Above the gate stands the famous statue of the Goddess of Victory on a chariot with four horses. Imagine how the famous Napoleon liked this symbol of the city that, on his orders, they were forced to demolish it and move it to Paris.

But a lot of time passed before this statue could be returned to its original place.

Brandenburg Gate

One of the memorable places in the city is the Berlin Wall. It is considered the most famous building in Berlin, the memory of which continues to live from year to year.

Are you wondering where the famous Berlin Wall is located? But you are unlikely to be able to see all of it, but it is quite possible to look at some fragments, and even take a photo near them.

Berlin Wall

The Reichstag is one of the central government bodies In the medieval Holy Roman Empire, the German nation witnessed a turbulent German history. But, no matter what history the country has preserved for us, tourists can get to this place through the western gate, then the only thing left to do is take the elevator up to the dome.

From the panoramic view you will see an amazing panorama of Berlin. And from this point you can see the city and enjoy an extensive overview.

Reichstag

And you can take a walk along the Unter den Linden Boulevard. This place for a walk has become the most famous and largest street in Berlin. The whole aggregate is concentrated on it best buildings urban area - the German State Opera, the Russian Embassy, ​​the building of a former guardhouse.

Boulevard Unter den Linden

Potsdamer Platz combines the entire history of Berlin. It was once a wasteland, but after the fall of the Berlin Wall, it became a beautiful city center. The square contains casinos, hotels, shopping centers, cafes, restaurants, cinemas and theaters. In 2010, its own Boulevard of Stars was opened there.

Potsdamer Platz

Other attractions include such famous architectural structures as the TV Tower, Charlottenburg Palace and the Memorial Church.

Charlottenburg Palace

It is not for nothing that Berlin is called one of the cultural capitals of the world - the city is home to a huge number of monuments, theaters, concert halls and museums. The city hosts major music festivals, for example, the Jazzfest festival.

Theaters

The most famous and popular theaters among residents and visitors include the Volksbühne, Berliner Ensemble, and Theater of the West.

In addition, the city has three opera houses: the Comic Opera, the Deutsche Oper, and the Unter den Linden Opera.

Festivals

In February, it takes place annually, which is considered the largest public festival.

Berlin is a place where large festivals are often held, which are very popular among citizens and visiting tourists.

Holidays, all kinds of parades and processions that are organized in the open air are very exciting. These are carnivals of cultures, all kinds of carnival processions, various festivals and the like.

Museums

It is very difficult to list all the sights of Berlin, because there are over 200 museums on its territory alone.

But among them there are record holders - museums that are most often visited by tourists. And they are: Pergamon Museum, Old National Gallery, Egyptian Museum, Security Museum, M Natural History Museum, Bauhaus Archive, Grunewald Palaceand the world's largest Museum of Erotica. Be sure to take a look at all the beauty on display.

Bauhaus Museum-Archive
Grunewald Palace
Museum of Erotica

Symbols and landmarks

The Germans themselves call the main visiting card of Berlin the Bradenburg Gate, which is often called the Gate of Peace.

An equally significant landmark for tourists will be the TV tower in the Mitte district, which appears on postcards with views of Berlin.

TV Tower and Bode Museum

Excursions

We decided to take a walk around Berlin; experienced guides or simply people who live in the center of Germany will help you. Using the Tripster service, you can choose an excursion that interests you and enjoy the beauty of the city.

Berlin is one of the most “live” cities in Europe, which has sunk into the soul of many tourists. This city has a very large number of clubs, many new styles, trends and subcultures. The shopping here is very good and the quality of service is buzzing throughout Europe. Berlin is famous for its cultural heritage, there are many galleries and museums here.

Berlin has a very large number of cultural attractions. Let's look at how to save on them.

1. When walking around Berlin, you must have a hotel card or a copy of your passport with you.
2. It is better to book concert tickets on eBay. Many people who, for some reason, cannot do this, sell them on private advertisements for next to nothing.
3. For frequent travel around Berlin, you need to purchase a Berlin - Potsdam Welcome Card. It will allow you to save on public transport and will give you a discount on visiting museums and theaters. Buses operate even at night, they are marked with the letter N. It is worth taking a 24-hour pass so as not to use expensive taxi services.
4. Living in Berlin, despite the fact that it is the capital of the country, is cheap. To do this, you need to use the German services Airbnb, Studenten-wg.de and Wg-gesucht.de. It often happens that students rent out their housing when they are not at home. Typically these dates fall on holidays. The period of their absence can even last up to a month.
5. With your ISIC International Student ID you will have many discounts on most attractions, galleries and museums. On Mondays all cultural institutions are closed, best time for excursions there will be Tuesday and Wednesday.
6. There are shops everywhere in Berlin, you can find them everywhere here as souvenir shops and fashion boutiques. Most accept payment credit card, so you don't need to carry it with you a large amount money. There are also many cafes with free Wi-Fi access.
7. The residents of this city are very scrupulous; they will never allow themselves to be late for a meeting.
8. Refer to to a stranger on the street you can use the phrase “Herr Doctor”. It is the word “doctor” in Germany that has a broad meaning and refers to many types of professions.
9. Cheap supermarket chains in Berlin are Lidl, Aldi, Kaufland, Netto. Also, by visiting them, you can find many promotions and sales.
10. Most young Berliners own English language, so tourists should not have any problems. It has been proven that when you contact locals in German, they will be more willing to answer you.
11. When visiting cafes or bars, you should say hello to everyone at the entrance, using the phrase “Mahlzeit”, which means “bon appetit”. In the center of Berlin, food is expensive, but you can go to any supermarket to eat.
12. All attractions in the German city are within the same radius. You can explore them on foot or rent a bicycle.

Where to stay in Berlin

We decided to go to the capital of Germany and don’t know which hotel is better to choose. We will show you the most optimal options, close to the city center.

Hotel	Stardom	Discount	Price per night, from	Select dates
Motel One Berlin-Alexanderplatz	★★★		12 018 8 135
Linnen Luxx Apartment			19 184 15 610
Classic Hotel Alexander Plaza

The city of Berlin is located on the territory of a state (country) Germany, which in turn is located on the territory of the continent Europe.

In what state is the city of Berlin located?

The city of Berlin is part of the state of Berlin.

A characteristic of land or a subject of a country is the possession of the integrity and interconnection of its constituent elements, including cities and other populated areas that are part of the land.

The State of Berlin is an administrative unit of the state of Germany.

Population of the city of Berlin.

The population of the city of Berlin is 3,469,849 people.

What time zone is Berlin located in?

The city of Berlin is located in the administrative time zone: UTC+1, in summer UTC+2. Thus, you can determine the time difference in the city of Berlin, relative to the time zone in your city.

Berlin area code

The telephone code of the city of Berlin: +49 30. In order to call the city of Berlin from mobile phone, you need to dial the code: +49 30 and then the subscriber’s number directly.

Official website of the city of Berlin.

Website of the city of Berlin, official website of the city of Berlin, or as it is also called “Official website of the administration of the city of Berlin”: http://berlin.de/.

Flag of the city of Berlin.

The flag of the city of Berlin is the official symbol of the city and is presented on the page as an image.

Coat of arms of the city of Berlin.

In the description of the city of Berlin, the coat of arms of the city of Berlin is presented, which is distinctive sign cities.

Metropolitan in the city of Berlin.

The metro in the city of Berlin is called the Berlin Underground and is a means of public transport.

The passenger flow of the Berlin metro (Berlin metro congestion) is 493.30 million people per year.

The number of metro lines in the city of Berlin is 10 lines. The total number of metro stations in Berlin is 173. The length of metro lines or the length of metro tracks is: 146.30 km.