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What part is Algeria located in? Full description of Algeria. Algerian People's Democratic Republic


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Description of the country

State in North Africa. In Arabic it sounds like al-Jezair "islands". This name owes its origin to small islands near the capital, the port city of Algiers. About 4/5 of the country's territory is occupied by the Sahara Desert. In the north, Algeria is washed by the Mediterranean Sea, in the east it borders with Tunisia and Libya, in the south with Mali and Niger, in the west with Mauritania, Western Sahara and Morocco. Algeria, Africa's gateway to Europe, was torn by war for half the last century and continues to be today.
Algeria is the largest port, economic and cultural center. A beautiful white city, located amphitheatrically on the slope of Mount Djurjura, stretching along the coast for 16 km. It is surrounded by greenery of gardens, parks and boulevards. Its neighborhoods are built up with multi-storey buildings and villas. The Catholic Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique rises above the city, its domes are far visible from the sea. Algeria is home to the country's oldest university, a national library, museums of fine arts, ancient and medieval art, ancient history and ethnography and a large botanical garden. The Kasbah (“fortress”) has been preserved - an old Muslim district with narrow crooked streets and dilapidated two-three-story houses.

Geography

ALGERIA, Algerian People's Democratic Republic (Arabic: Al-Jumhuriyah al-Jaza`iriyah ad-Dimuqratiyah ash-Sha"biyah), a state in North Africa, belongs to the Maghreb countries. It is washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, bordered by Tunisia, Libya, Niger , Mali, Western Sahara, Mauritania and Morocco. The area of ​​Algeria is 2381.7 thousand km2. The capital is Algeria. Large cities: Algiers, Oran, Annaba, Constantine, Setif, Blida, Tizi-Ouzou, Ash-Chelif. Algeria is a republic according to its government system The head of state is the president. The legislative body of Algeria is a unicameral National national assembly. During a state of emergency, power passes to the Supreme State Council. According to the administrative-territorial division, Algeria includes 48 vilays (provinces).

Time

Lagging behind Moscow in summer period- for 3 hours, in winter - for 2 hours.

Climate

The climate of Algeria in the northern part is subtropical. Here the average annual temperature is +16 C. The average January temperature is +5-12 C, July - 25 C, precipitation up to 1200 mm. in the mountains and 200-400 mm. on the plains. The central and southern parts of the country, with a tropical climate, are occupied by the Sahara Desert, where average daily temperature fluctuations reach +30 C and precipitation falls less than 50 mm. in year. Dust storms and dry winds from desert areas are frequent.

Language

Arab. French is widely spoken. The majority of Algerians (80%) consider Arabic their native language, the rest - Berber dialects. The Berber population predominates among the highlanders and in the oases of the Sahara (Kabila, Shawiyya, Tuareg), and often the Berbers are equally fluent in Arabic. People who have received education or worked abroad, as a rule, have a good knowledge of French in addition to their native language. The spoken form of French is widely spoken in cities. State documents, books, magazines, and newspapers are published in literary Arabic.

Religion

Most of the Algerian population are Sunni Muslims (Malikis and Hanafis). A number of followers of the Ibadite sect live in the Mzab Valley, Ouargla and Algiers. The state religion of the country is Islam. There are approx. 150 thousand Christians, mostly Catholics, and approximately 1 thousand adherents of Judaism.

Population

The country's population is represented by different ethnic groups. The most numerous are Arabs (80%). The traditional way of life of Arabs in rural areas is the uniting of several families of different generations under one roof. The head of the family is the father. Men work, visit public institutions and acquaintances. Women take care of the home and raise children. A woman's secluded lifestyle is dictated by the Koran. In cities, each family lives separately. The traditional clothing of women is a white hijab (veil), which covers everything except the eyes. Most townspeople wear European clothes. The second largest place (18%) is occupied by the Kabyles - the indigenous Berber population, pushed by the conquerors from the coast to the mountains of Kabylie, to the northeast of the country. This allowed them to preserve their language, original culture, customs, and morals. Kabilki are very sociable, do not cover their faces, and wear colored dresses. They do pottery and weave carpets. Men make jewelry from silver and enamel.
A special ethnic group is represented by the Mo-zabits (25 thousand people) - residents of the geographical region of Mzab, of Barbary origin, who settled in the Sahara nine centuries ago. In addition to cultivating date palms, Mozabi men engage in trade in different cities. Women are prohibited from leaving the oasis. The Tuaregs are nomads living in the Sahara. Caravan transportation of goods across the Sahara plays a large role in their life.

Electricity

The electrical network complies with Russian standards of 220 volts. Plugs and sockets generally correspond to Russian ones; if necessary, an adapter for Western sockets is available in local hotels and stores.

Emergency numbers

Connection

Internet
Russian operators do not have GPRS roaming. Regular access is not easy to obtain. According to the latest data, the state has a very strict policy regarding the use of Internet services. There is information about the presence of one provider, whose work is controlled by the state.

cellular
Communication standard GSM 900/1800. Roaming is available to subscribers of major Russian operators.

Currency exchange

Algerian dinar, equal to 100 centimes. The circulation of other currencies is prohibited.
Usage credit cards and tourist traveler's checks are difficult, only possible in the capital. Credit cards can only be used in expensive hotels and shops. There are no ATMs in Algeria at all.
Currency exchange can only be done in banks and official exchange offices.
Any foreigner entering Algeria must exchange the equivalent of 200 USD for dinars. It is imperative to save all currency exchange receipts, including those issued when exchanging money in banks.
In restaurants, it is customary to leave a tip of 10% of the bill, and luggage carriers will be grateful for 5-10 dinars.

Visa

The entry visa is valid for 30 days. Consular fee - 8 US dollars. Visa-free transit is not permitted. When crossing the border, you must present a passport with an entry visa and a completed card indicating: full name, gender, date and place of birth, citizenship, profession, address of permanent residence, passport number, time and place of issue, points route, residential address in the host country. In case of entry with children, their last names, first names, date and place of birth are indicated on the back of the card.
Russian citizens who arrived for a period of more than 3 months are registered with the local police and receive a residence permit card, paying 400 dinars; those who arrived for a period of up to 3 months are only registered. Due to the difficult situation in the Andrand Democratic Republic and the special regime of residence, movement is permitted only when accompanied by armed guards. When importing pets, you must present a veterinary certificate with a vaccination record.

Customs regulations

The import of foreign currency is not limited (declaration is required). Upon entry, a convertible currency equivalent to 1000 Algerian dinars is exchanged. Failure to comply with the minimum exchange rules will result in the refusal of the customs service to complete customs formalities. Violation of exchange rules is punishable by law, including criminal liability.
The export of foreign currency is allowed. In this case, it is necessary to present a declaration completed upon entry into the country to check the availability of currency, transactions carried out in Algeria for the exchange of exported valuable items declared upon entry into the country. Persons not residing in Algeria are required to pay for air tickets in convertible currency at the official local dinar rate.
Duty-free import (per person):
cigarettes - up to 200 pcs., up to 100 cigarettes, 50 cigars or 250 gr. one brand of tobacco
up to 2 l. wine or 1 l. strong alcoholic drinks
up to 50 gr. perfume or 250 gr. eau de toilette
5 films
5 video and 5 audio cassettes
1 carpet
personal jewelry and products made of gold, platinum and silver (filling out a declaration is mandatory),
valuable items necessary for work or leisure (video and photographic equipment) - to the extent necessary,
household and personal items within the limits of needs.
Import prohibited:
drugs
pornographic literature
weapons and ammunition
documentaries
recorded videotapes
items contrary to good taste, local customs and morals
animals and plants on the verge of extinction
classical art objects

Holidays and non-working days

All Muslim holidays, as well as
January 1 - New Year
May 1 - Labor Day
June 19 - Solidarity Day
July 5 - Independence Day
November 1 - Revolution Day
non-working days - Thursday (second half) and Friday

Transport

Transport and railways in Algeria.
The first state-owned railways were built more than a hundred years ago. In 1990, the length of the network railways was 4293 km. The main railway line runs in a northwest direction from the border with Tunisia to the Algerian-Moroccan border. A number of branches connect it with the main ports and cities of the country.
Metro.
Currently there is no metro, but its construction is progressing at an active pace. An agreement on this was signed in the late 90s between the Algerian government and the Vinci concern, which also includes Siemens Transportation Systems and CAF (a rolling stock manufacturer). The $400 million project is due to be completed by 2010.
Traveling without a car is virtually impossible, but after the 2003 tourist kidnappings, tourists should be aware of the risks involved when driving independently. Solo travel deserts in the area of ​​the Tunisian and Libyan borders, Tamanrasset, Illizi and Djanet - extremely undesirable.

Tips

Typically 10% of the bill.

The shops

A special attraction of Algeria is the large number of carpets, the design and manufacturing methods of which differ from region to region. Jewelry and woodwork are also on the list of products to look out for.
Prices and quality vary greatly. IN major cities In Algeria you can find state-run shops selling every kind of handicraft item you can imagine. Even if these stores do not offer you a very suitable price, wandering around there is still good way spend time and find out what it costs in Algeria.

National cuisine

The cuisine in Algeria is very diverse. For main courses, khubizet with cheese and spinach, or turta with meat are very popular, these are pies, potatoes baked in white sauce, with many different seasonings.
Fish dishes are very popular in Algeria. Fish is fried, steamed, stuffed, baked in various sauces and seasonings. Mostly cooked sea ​​fish, although dishes from river fish are not rare. Fish couscous is especially popular. The country produces many varieties of wine. These are mainly rosé and red table wines. Grapes have grown in Algeria since ancient times. Mention of winemaking within its borders dates back to the era of the Roman Empire.

Attractions

The capital of country - ancient city Algeria, spread out like an amphitheater on the hills near the bay of the same name. Most buildings are made of light building material, giving the city an elegant look. The Arabian Kasbah is unique in the old part of the city with a bizarre confusion of narrow streets and one-story houses with flat roofs, slender mosques and other buildings in oriental style. Among them, the mosque-tomb of Sidd Abdarrahman and the Jami al-Jadid mosque, built in the 17th century, stand out.
But still, if anyone dares to visit Algeria, they do it mostly to see the Kasbah - the old city, the only one of its kind remaining on Earth. Full of dark dead ends and alleys, a mysterious city, the heart of Algeria. He shows only blank walls to strangers and the incurious. But, inhabited and lively, these old quarters have remained unchanged since the 16th century. This is the world of the Middle Ages, a world where night and day, shadow and light collide at every step.
Another pearl in the necklace of Algerian wonders - Constantine, one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the world. Located in the northeast of the country, relatively close to the border with Tunisia. The city suddenly emerges and approaches due to a pile of rocks, gorges and steep cliffs.
The once turbulent Rummel River carved an island into the rocks. A city arose on the island - Xanthis. The river has gone, leaving emptiness as its eternal companion - right and left, above and below. Our Swallow's Nest very vaguely resembles this city flying above the earth. One of the streets is called “Boulevard of the Abyss”. And the Constantineans joke: “In all cities, crows shit on people, but in Constantine, people shit on crows.”
Other attractions include a healing spring Hammam Meskoutine. They say it cures all diseases (including even diabetes). The water in it is the hottest after the Icelandic geysers - 98 degrees. Tourists are advised to take raw eggs with them and have them cook them in the spring as a snack. For non-believers who have previously put their hand or foot into the spring, there is a first aid station nearby.

Resorts

Setife
Setife is a city in the northeastern part of Algeria, the administrative center of the province of the same name with a population of 240 thousand people. The province is the second largest in Algeria. The city has an ancient history. It was the capital of the first Amazigh kingdom, founded after the destruction of Carthage. Later a colony for Roman army veterans was founded here. On the outskirts of Setife you can still see the ruins of a Roman mausoleum and the remains of Byzantine fortifications.
Setife is located on a high plateau (1096 m above sea level), making it one of the coldest areas in Algeria. In cold winters, up to 40 cm of snowfall falls here. In summer it is quite hot here, the air temperature can reach 40°C.
In the city itself there is a large amusement park, a zoo and an artificial lake.

Algeria
Ancient Algeria, the capital of the state of the same name, lies like an amphitheater on the hills near a beautiful bay. A quaint jumble of narrow streets, one-story houses with flat roofs, slender mosques and intricate oriental-style buildings - the old city enchants with its festive decorations and fairy-tale atmosphere. Among the most famous architectural monuments are the Sidd Abdarrahman mosque-tomb and the Jami al-Jadid mosque, built in the 17th century, as well as famous museum ancient history and antiquity.
The ruins located in the mountains also make an indelible impression. ancient capital Hammadid. Founded in 1007 and destroyed in 1152, Qala Beni Hammad today offers a unique insight into an ancient Muslim city. The mosque, its prayer rooms with 13 naves and 8 rows of seats, is one of the largest in Algeria.
Timgad
Ancient name Tamugadi, Roman - Colony of Marcianus Trajan, was founded in 100 BC. e. under Emperor Trajan on the slope of the Ores mountain range to protect the southern borders of Roman Africa; its first inhabitants were veterans of one of the empire's legions. Timgad reached its peak in the 2nd-3rd centuries. It was then that its architectural appearance took shape.
Initially, the city occupied a rectangular area surrounded by walls measuring 330 * 360 m and was laid out according to the usual pattern of a Roman military camp with intersecting main streets cardo and decuman, with a clear division into six block blocks, each of which included 24 insula houses, with triumphal arches at the entrances to the main thoroughfares, with a forum, a capitol, a theater, and baths.
Next to Timgad, on the same road 20 km from Batna, there are another ruins of a small fortress. Only the tower, triumphal arch and temple survived, but the state of preservation is better than in Timgad.

POPULATION: About 29.9 million people. Arabs of Algeria, descendants of ancient Berbers and Arabs - 83%, Berbers - 15%. In addition, 60 thousand Arabs from other countries, 40 thousand French, 20 thousand Spaniards, 10 thousand Italians, 6 thousand Turks, 5 thousand Jews and other peoples live in the country.

LANGUAGE: Arabic, French widely spoken.

RELIGION: 99% are Muslims.

GEOGRAPHY: One of the largest and developed countries Africa, located in the north of the continent. The country's territory occupies the central part of the Atlas mountain system and the north of the Sahara Desert. The relief of northern Algeria is represented by two main ridges - the Coastal (or Tel Atlas) and the Saharan Atlas and intermontane plains. The highest point is Mount Takhat (3003 m) in the Ahaggar highlands. The territory of the Sahara is occupied by rocky deserts - hamads and sandy ones - ergs. The river network is poorly developed (the main river is Shelif), most of the rivers regularly dry up. It borders with Morocco in the west, with Tunisia and Libya in the east, with Niger, Mali, Mauritania in the south. From the north it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Algeria belongs to the countries of the Maghreb ("Arab West"). The total area of ​​Algeria is 2381.7 thousand square meters. km.

CLIMATE: The climate of Algeria in the northern part is subtropical. Here the average annual temperature is +16 C. The average January temperature is +5-12 C, July - 25 C, precipitation up to 1200 mm. in the mountains and 200-400 mm. on the plains. The central and southern parts of the country, with a tropical climate, are occupied by the Sahara Desert, where average daily temperature fluctuations reach +30 C and precipitation falls less than 50 mm. in year. Dust storms and dry winds from desert areas are frequent.

POLITICAL STATE: State structure- republic (actually a military regime). The head of state is the president. The head of government is the prime minister. Higher Legislature- parliament (unicameral National People's Assembly). Algeria is a member of the UN, IMF, OAU, League of Arab States, OPEC.

CURRENCY: Algerian dinar, equal to 100 centimes. The circulation of other currencies is prohibited, the use of credit cards and tourist traveler's checks is difficult, only possible in the capital. Currency exchange can only be done in banks and official exchange offices.

TIME: It lags behind Moscow in the summer - by 3 hours, in the winter - by 2 hours.

MAIN ATTRACTIONS: The attractions of Algeria include: numerous ruins of ancient cities of the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans and Byzantines on the country's coast. The capital of the country is the ancient city of Algiers, spread out like an amphitheater on the hills near the bay of the same name. Most of the buildings are built from light-colored building materials, giving the city an elegant look. The Arab "kasbah" in the old part of the city is unique, with a bizarre confusion of narrow streets and one-story houses with flat roofs, slender mosques and other buildings in the oriental style. Among them, the mosque-tomb of Sidd Abdarrahman and the Jami al-Jadid mosque, the “old city”, a museum of ancient history and antiquity, built in the 17th century, stand out. In Oran there is a Great Mosque (XVII century) and a citadel (XVIII century). Algeria has thousands of kilometers of excellent beaches that are currently underutilized.

ENTRY RULES: Visa regime. The entry visa is valid for 30 days. Consular fee - 8 US dollars. Visa-free transit is not permitted. When crossing the border, you must present a passport with an entry visa and a completed card indicating: full name, gender, date and place of birth, citizenship, profession, address of permanent residence, passport number, time and place of issue, points route, residential address in the host country. In case of entry with children, their last names, first names, date and place of birth are indicated on the back of the card. Russian citizens who arrived for a period of more than 3 months are registered with the local police and receive a residence permit card, paying 400 dinars; those who arrived for a period of up to 3 months are only registered. Due to the difficult situation in the Andrand Democratic Republic and the special regime of residence, movement is permitted only when accompanied by armed guards. When importing pets, you must present a veterinary certificate with a vaccination record.

CUSTOMS RULES: The import of foreign currency is not limited (declaration is required). Upon entry, a convertible currency equivalent to 1000 Algerian dinars is exchanged. Failure to comply with the minimum exchange rules will result in the refusal of the customs service to complete customs formalities. Violation of exchange rules is punishable by law, including criminal liability. The export of foreign currency is allowed. In this case, it is necessary to present a declaration completed upon entry into the country to check the availability of currency, transactions carried out in Algeria for the exchange of exported valuable items declared upon entry into the country. Persons not residing in Algeria are required to pay for air tickets in convertible currency at the official local dinar rate. Duty-free import is allowed (per person): cigarettes - 200 pcs., 100 cigarettes, 50 cigars or 250 grams. tobacco of the same brand, 2 l. wine or 1 l. strong alcoholic drinks, 50 g of perfume or 250 g of eau de toilette, 5 photographic films, 5 video and 5 audio cassettes, 1 carpet, personal jewelry and items made of gold, platinum and silver (filling out a declaration is required), valuable items necessary for work - within the limits of necessity, household items within the limits of personal needs. The import of drugs, pornographic literature, weapons and ammunition, documentaries, recorded videotapes and other items that are contrary to good taste, local customs and morality, endangered animals and plants, and objects of classical art is prohibited. With special permits from the relevant authorities, the following are imported: films, photographic and video films, seeds and plants (a phytosanitary certificate is required), works of art, objects of archaeological value (certification by cultural authorities is required), works of art and historical documents (permission from the Commission of the National People's Assembly is required).

Algeria is located in northern Africa. One of the largest countries on the continent. The total area of ​​the country is 2,381,740 km2. The length of the coastline is 998 km.

One of the largest and most developed countries in Africa, located in the north of the continent. The country's territory occupies the central part of the Atlas mountain system and the north of the Sahara Desert. The relief of northern Algeria is represented by two main ridges - the Coastal (or Tel Atlas) and the Saharan Atlas and intermontane plains. The highest point is Mount Takhat (3003 m) in the Ahaggar highlands. The territory of the Sahara is occupied by rocky deserts - hamads and sandy ones - ergs. The river network is poorly developed (the main river is Shelif), most of the rivers regularly dry up. It borders with Morocco in the west, with Tunisia and Libya in the east, with Niger, Mali, Mauritania in the south. From the north it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Algeria belongs to the countries of the Maghreb ("Arab West"). The total area of ​​Algeria is 2381.7 thousand square meters. km.

Nature of Algeria

The Tell Atlas mountain range running in the north along the coast is cut through by a few bays and plains. The lowlands around the cities of Algiers and Oran are densely populated. Small bays are used for fishing, export of iron ore and oil. Tell Atlas rises more than 1830 m above sea level and includes the Tlemcen, Greater and Lesser Kabylia and Mejerda massifs.

At mid-altitudes there are Mediterranean-type shrubs and cork oak forests. At higher elevations, cedar and pine forests once grew, but as a result of deforestation, fires and livestock grazing, many mountainous areas have turned into shrub-covered wasteland. The climate is Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers and warm, rainy winters. In winter, snow covers only the highest peaks. The range of average annual precipitation amounts is from 760 mm on the coast to 1270 mm on the seaward slopes of Tell Atlas and less than 640 mm on its internal slopes.

The southern part of Tell Atlas is a high plateau with an average height of 1070 m. This area is characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions with annual precipitation of 250–510 mm. In more humid areas, cereals and alpha grass (esparto) are cultivated, the fibers of which are used to make ropes, fabrics and high-quality paper. Salt lakes (called chotts) and salt marshes occur at lower elevations with a dry climate. Located even further to the south, the Saharan Atlas rises to a height of 150 m above the plateau level and then descends towards the Sahara by more than 300 m. The most elevated part of the Saharan Atlas is the Ksur, Amur and Ouled-Nail mountain systems. The annual rainfall on the northern slopes is approx. 510 mm, in the south - 200 mm. Thanks to its abundant grass cover, the Saharan Atlas serves as a convenient grazing area for livestock.

Statistical indicators of Algeria
(as of 2012)

The rest of the country is occupied by the Sahara Desert. The average altitude in the Sahara is approx. 460 m. In the area of ​​the Ahaggar (Hoggar) massif near southern border Algeria has the highest peak of the country, Mount Takhat - 2908 m. Most of the Sahara is occupied by gravelly and pebble deserts (hamads and regis), and approximately 1/4 of the part is sandy deserts (ergs). The day is hot, sometimes the temperature reaches 35°, but the nights are cool. Precipitation is extremely rare. In oases, under conditions of constant irrigation, the date palm grows. In Algeria, only a few rivers have a constant flow; the rest are fed by precipitation. Sources of water supply are wells dug in dry river beds (wadis), in many places underground water is used, coming to the surface through artesian wells and foggara - horizontal tunnels dug at a slight slope.

Geological structure of Algeria

In the territory of Algeria there are different geological structure and metallogenies of the region - Saharan (part of the ancient African platform) and Atlas (sector of the Mediterranean geosynclinal belt), separated by the South Atlas fault. In the south of the Sahara region, the Ahaggar (Hoggar) shield stands out, in the southwest - El-Eghlab (Regibat). They are composed of Archean crystalline rocks, metamorphosed volcanic-clastic and carbonate deposits of the Lower Proterozoic and Riphean-Vendian; In Ahaggar, geosynclinal-orogenic volcanic-sedimentary deposits and Taurirt granites (650-500 million years) are also widely developed. The platform cover is formed by marine terrigenous-carbonate sediments of the Riphean-Vendian (especially in the Regibat massif), lagoonal-continental and marine sediments of the Paleozoic (thickness 1.2-3.8 km), sandstones and evaporites of the Triassic, clays and sandstones of the Jurassic - Neogene.

In the cover of the Sahara Plate there are syneclises (Tindouf, Western and Eastern Sahara), separated by uplifts, and the Ugarta zone, which is an aulacogen, the folding of which appeared at the end of the Carboniferous. Riphean-Vendian volcanics and granites are associated with deposits of uranium, tin, tungsten, rare metals and gold ores in Ahaggar. In the Tindouf syneclise, among the Paleozoic clay-sand deposits of the platform cover, the largest iron ore deposits are localized, and in the south of Ahaggar there are promising uranium deposits. Anticlines in the sediments of the cover on the northern plunging of Ahaggar contain unique deposits of oil (Hassi-Mesaoud) and gas (Hassi-Rmel).

In the folded Atlas region, evaporites, gypsum-salt-bearing clays and red clastic rocks of the Triassic are developed, overlain by marine terrigenous-carbonate sediments and carbonate-terrigenous flysch (Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene). In the north, the Neogene is represented by marine volcanic-sedimentary, clayey-carbonate sediments, in the south - by continental sediments.

In Tel Atlas, folded rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic (up to and including the Middle Miocene) form a series of tectonic nappes (nappes) moving from north to south. In the coastal zone, andesites and granitoids of the Neogene are insignificantly developed, in the massifs of Greater and Lesser Kabylia - Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Paleozoic shales, which protrude to the surface. To the south of Tel Atlas there is a platform block of the High Plateaus (Oran Meseta), where the folded Hercynian basement is covered by a thin, slightly deformed Mesozoic-Cenozoic cover. In the handfuls, terrigenous and volcanic-shale rocks of the Paleozoic are exposed, crushed and intruded by Hercynian granitoids. South of the High Plateaus there is a moderately folded zone of the Saharan Atlas, formed at the site of the Mesozoic trough. In general, the Atlas region is dominated by near-latitudinal folds and faults of eastern and northeastern (or “Atlas”) strike, as well as submeridional “Red Sea” faults superimposed in the northern part of Algeria on the Tel Atlas overhangs. Longitudinal and transverse faults determine the placement of volcanics, evaporite diapirs and the most important ore-bearing zones with deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals in the Atlas region. In Northern Algeria, deposits of ores of iron, zinc, lead, copper, antimony, mercury and various types non-metallic raw materials.

The territory of Algeria is characterized by high seismicity, which is associated with movement along faults and ridges in various zones of Northern Algeria. The most seismic is Tel Atlas (6-7 points), within its boundaries there are coastal zones (Tenes-Chershel, Oran-Mostaganem and Shelif).

Minerals of Algeria

In Algeria, deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, uranium ores, iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, antimony, gold, tin, tungsten, as well as phosphorites, barite, etc. have been discovered and explored.

Algeria ranks third in Africa in terms of oil reserves. On the territory of Algeria, 183 oil and gas fields are known, confined to the Algerian-Libyan oil and gas basin; Most of the deposits are located in the northeast of the Sahara region. The largest oil field, Hassi Mesaoud, is localized in Cambrian-Ordovician sandstones. The fields of Zarzaitin, Hassi-Tuile, Hassi-el-Agreb, Tin-Foue, Gourd-el-Bagel, etc. have significant reserves. Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of gas reserves. The largest gas field, Hassi-Rmel, lies in Triassic sandstones; significant gas reserves have been explored in the Gurd-Hyc, Nezla, Oued-Numer and other fields.

Coal reserves are insignificant; its deposits (Kenadza, Abadla, Mezarif) are concentrated in the Upper Carboniferous sediments in the Beshar basin. The coals are fatty, caking, medium ash (8-20%), contain 20-35% volatile impurities and 2-3.5% sulfur.

Algeria ranks 4th in Africa in terms of uranium ore reserves. Hydrothermal vein deposits of uranium ores Timgauin, Tinef and Abankor have been explored in Ahaggar (proven reserves 12 thousand tons, U3O8 content 20%); in the south of the shield, uranium occurrences are known in Paleozoic sandstones (Tahaggart).

Algeria ranks second in Africa in terms of iron ore reserves. In Northern Algeria, metasomatic iron ore deposits have been explored in Aptian reef limestones (Jebel Ouenza, Bou Khadra), the total reserves of which are over 100 million tons, the Fe content is 40-56%. In the Tindouf syneclise, the largest Devonian sedimentary deposits of oolitic iron ores in Algeria were discovered - Gara-Dzhebilet (total reserves 2 billion tons, Fe content 50-57%) and Mesheri-Abdelaziz (2 billion tons, 50-55%). The reserves of manganese ores are insignificant; they are confined to the volcanic-hydrothermal deposit of Oued Guettara (total reserves 1.5 million tons, Fe content 40-50%) in the Bechar region.

Algeria ranks second in Africa in terms of lead and zinc ore reserves. In Northern Algeria, stratiform, vein (telethermal) and lens-shaped vein (hydrothermal) deposits of polymetallic ores are developed. Stratiform deposits of lead and zinc ores are located in carbonate deposits of the Jurassic (El-Abed, Deglen), Cretaceous (Kerzet-Yousef, Meslulla, Jebel Ishmul), veins in sandy-clayey rocks of the Cretaceous (Gerruma, Sakamody) are associated with diapirs of Triassic evaporites. Volcanogenic and plutonogenic-hydrothermal copper-polymetallic deposits in Cretaceous-Neogene rocks are associated with Miocene volcanics (Bu Sufa, Oued el-Kebir) and granitoids (Bu Douka, Ashaysh, Ain Barbar, Kef um Tebul). Ore occurrences of cuprous sandstones are known in Cretaceous and Triassic deposits (Ain Sefra, in the western Saharan Atlas), Cambrian (Ben Tajik in Ugarta) and Vendian (Khanq in the south of Regibat).

Algeria ranks 1st in Africa in terms of mercury reserves (about 4% of global reserves). Deposits of mercury ores were identified in the Azzab region among the terrigenous-clastic rocks of the Cretaceous - Paleogene and in Precambrian shales (Genish deposits - total reserves in terms of metal 4.5 thousand tons, Hg content 1.16%; Mpa-Cma, respectively, 7.7 thousand t, 3.9%; Ismail - worked out). Algeria ranks second in Africa in terms of antimony ore reserves; they are concentrated in Northern Algeria at the Khammam-Nbails telethermal field. Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of tungsten ore reserves. In Ahaggar, quartz-cassiterite-wolframite-greisen-vein bodies Nahda (Launi), Tin-Amzi, ​​El-Kapycca, Bashir, Tiftazunin and others, associated with Taurirt granites, have been explored. In Northern Algeria, the Belelieta skarn-scheelite deposit is known.

The most significant hydrothermal vein gold deposits - Tiririn, Tirek, Amesmessa, Tin-Felki, etc. - were explored in the Precambrian crystalline rocks of Ahaggar; exploration and search for gold continues.

The Bou-Douau deposit has been discovered in Northern Algeria.

Algeria ranks 5th in Africa in terms of phosphorite reserves. In Northern Algeria, deposits of granular phosphorites are confined to clay-carbonate deposits of the Upper Cretaceous - Paleogene. The largest deposits are Dzhebelyonk, El-Quif, Mzaita (see Arabian-African phosphorite province).

Algeria ranks second in Africa in terms of barite reserves. In Northern Algeria, the Mizab vein deposits (total reserves 2.15 million tons, BaSO4 content 90%), Affensou, Bou Mani, Varsenis and Sidi Kamber have been identified, in the Bechar region - the Bou Kais, Abadla and other vein fields. other minerals in Algeria, a large deposit of celestine Beni-Mansour (Northern Algeria) has been explored, the total reserves of which are 6.1 million tons; known deposits of pyrites (reserves are small), table salt, etc.

History of the development of mineral resources. The oldest evidence The use of stone for making tools is found in Ternifin and dates back to the Lower Paleolithic (about 700 thousand years ago). From the Neolithic era, the extraction of clays for the manufacture of ceramic utensils began (5-4th millennium BC), from the 2nd millennium BC. - stone for the construction of large funeral structures - dolmens. Information about the developed mining and metallurgical production in the Middle Ages is given in the works of Arab scientists and travelers al-Yakubi (9th century), al-Bakri (11th century), al-Qazwini (13th century), etc. The main mining centers were concentrated in the north - iron ore mines "Nemours" and "Beni-Saf" near the city of Arzev (Western Algeria), as well as near the cities. Setif, Annaba, Bejaia; copper mines in the Jebel Ketama mountains. In the department of Constantine (near Majana, Eastern Algeria), the development of deposits of silver, lead ores, and building stone (no later than the 16th century) is also mentioned. Mercury ore was mined near the city of Arzev. In the 10th century, salt mines were located on the Jebel el-Melkh hill ("Mountain of Salt").

After the colonization of Algeria (1830), intensive searches for minerals began in the country. Industrial exploitation of iron ore deposits (Ain Mokra, Beni Saf, Jebel Ouenza, Mokti el-Hadid) has been carried out since the 50-60s. 19th century, at the same time intensive development of deposits of lead, zinc and copper ores (Muzaya, Oued Merja, Tizi Ntaga), and phosphorites (since 1893) was carried out. In 1907, the main coal deposit of Algeria, Kenadza, was discovered, the maximum production of which was carried out during the Second World War 1939-45.

Mining. general characteristics. The leading branch of the mining industry is oil and gas production (more than 90% of the value of all products of the mining industry); provides the majority of foreign exchange earnings. In 1981, oil and gas accounted for 96% of the value of the country's exports, which amounted to 62 billion Algerian dinars. In the mining industry, the public sector plays a leading role. In the oil and gas industry, a monopoly position is occupied by the state company "Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation et la Commercialization des Hydrocarbures" ("SONATRACH"). The company has taken control of oil and gas reserves and production, all main oil and gas pipelines, gas liquefaction and oil refining plants.

The total number of personnel employed in the oil and gas industry is about 36 thousand people (1980). The Algerian government is promoting the development of the oil and gas industry by merging with foreign capital (up to 49%) while retaining 51% of the shares with SONATRACH. The company carries out production, as well as exploration for oil and gas, in the Sahara together with the French companies "Total", "Compagnie Française de Pétrole", "Compagnie de Recherches et d'Activities Pétrolières", US companies (Getty Oil Co.), Spain ("Hispanoil"), Germany ("Deminex"), Poland ("Copex") and Brazil ("Petrobras"). After the nationalization of mines and quarries (1966) in the Algerian mining industry, the state company "SONAREM" completely controls the exploration, production, consumption and export of all solid minerals (total number of employees about 14 thousand people, 1980). The company includes 30 mines and quarries and conducts exploration in Northern Algeria and the Sahara. Algeria is one of the leading producers of mercury. The extraction of iron ores and non-ferrous metals is insignificant.

Climate of Algeria

The climate of Algeria is subtropical Mediterranean in the north and tropical desert in the Sahara. Winter on the coast is warm and rainy (12° C in January), in the mountains it is cool (there is snow for 2-3 weeks), in the Sahara it depends on the time of day (at night below 0° C, during the day 20° C). Summer in Algeria is hot and dry. Annual precipitation ranges from 0-50 mm in the Sahara to 400-1200 mm in the Atlas Mountains.

Water resources of Algeria

All Algerian rivers are temporary watercourses (oueds) that fill during the rainy season. Rivers far north countries flow into the Mediterranean Sea, the rest are lost in the sands of the Sahara. They are used for irrigation and water supply, for which reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations are built on them. The largest river is Sheliff (700 km). Lake basins (sebkhas) are also filled during the rainy season, and in the summer they dry out and are covered with a salt crust up to 60 cm thick. In the Sahara, in areas of large reserves groundwater the largest oases are located.

Flora and fauna of Algeria

Poor in Algeria vegetable world. In some places in the mountains there are cork oak forests, semi-desert and desert vegetation. In the north of the country, oak, olive, pine and thuja grow. The Sahara Desert contains virtually no vegetation, and there are very few oases. The most typical animal species for the country are jackals, hyenas, antelopes, gazelles, and hares are also found.

Population of Algeria

At the time of the French conquest, the population of Algeria was approx. 3 million people. In 1966 it already reached 11.823 million people, and in 1997 – 29.476 million people. In 1996, the birth rate was 28.5 per 1,000 people and the death rate was 5.9 per 1,000 people. Infant mortality (children under one year old) is 48.7 per 1000 newborns. In the mid-1990s, approx. 68% of the population was under 29 years of age.

Algeria was originally inhabited by peoples speaking Berber languages. These peoples back in 2000 BC. moved here from the Middle East. The majority of the modern population uses a colloquial version of Arabic in everyday life. Arabs settled in Algeria during the Islamic conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries. and nomadic migrations of the 11th–12th centuries. The mixing of two waves of settlers with the autochthonous population led to the emergence of the so-called Arab-Berber ethnic group, in the cultural development of which the Arab element played a dominant role.

As the main ethnic subgroup of Algerian society, the Berbers play an important role in the life of the country. During the Roman and Arab conquests of North Africa, many Berbers moved from the coast to the highlands. Berbers make up approximately 1/5 of the country's population. The largest concentration of the Berber population is found in the mountainous area of ​​Djurjura, east of the capital, known as Kabylia. The local residents, the Kabyles, have settled in many cities of the country, but carefully preserve ancient traditions. Other significant groups of the Berber population are represented by the Shawiya tribal alliances, originating from the mountainous region around Batna, the Mzabita, settled in the oases of Northern Sahara, and the Tuareg nomads living in the far south in the Ahaggar region.

After the conquest of Algeria by France in the 19th century. The size of the European part of the population increased, and by 1960 approx. 1 million Europeans. Most had French roots, the ancestors of the rest moved to Algeria from Spain, Italy and Malta. After Algeria declared independence in 1962, most Europeans left the country.

Most of the Algerian population are Sunni Muslims (Malikis and Hanafis). A number of followers of the Ibadite sect live in the Mzab Valley, Ouargla and Algiers. The state religion of the country is Islam. There are approx. 150 thousand Christians, mostly Catholics, and approximately 1 thousand adherents of Judaism. The official language is Arabic, but French is still widely spoken. Some Berber tribes speaking Tamahak and Tamazirt acquired their own written language. Several books have already been published in the Tamazirt dialect in Algeria.

About 3/4 of the population is concentrated in the foothills of the Tell Atlas, approximately 1.5 million people live in the highlands and less than one million in the Sahara Desert. The highest density is observed near the capital and in the Kabylia region.

Characteristics plan

1. Name of the country and composition of the territory.

2. Economic-geographical and political-geographical position. The influence of EGP on the development of the country. Changing position of the country over time.

3. Features of the population. Demographic policy.

4. Natural resources and their use. Assessment of natural resource potential for the development of industry and agriculture.

5. General characteristics of the farm. Reasons influencing the pace of economic development.

6. Geography of the main industrial complexes and industries.

7. Specialization of agricultural production.

8. Development of the transport complex.

9. External economic relations. Export. Import. Participation in integration economic unions.

10. List of used literature.

1. Name of the country and composition of the territory

Algeria. The capital is Algeria. Population – 29.5 million people (1997). Population density – 12 people per 1 sq. km. Urban population– 56%, rural – 44%. Area – 2381.74 thousand square meters. km. The highest point is Mount Takhat (2908 m), the lowest is Lake Melgir (-40 m). Main languages: Arabic (official), French. The state religion is Islam. Administrative division: 48 wilayas (provinces). Monetary unit: dinar = 100 centimes. Public holiday – Independence Day (July 5, since 1962).

IN Northern Africa, in the western part of the Mediterranean basin, where important world routes between the Atlantic and the Middle East, Europe and African countries pass, is the largest country in Africa after Sudan - Algeria. In Arabic it sounds like al-Jezair (islands). This name owes its origin to small islands near the capital. Its area is 2382 thousand square meters. km. In the west, Algeria borders with Morocco, Western Sahara and Mauritania, in the south with Mali and Niger, and in the east with Libya and Tunisia. The Mediterranean coast (1300 km) serves as its northern border. Algeria has four main physical regions. In the north, stretching along the coast and going south from 80-190 km, is Tell, consisting of narrow valleys ending in part of the Atlas mountain system. The country's main river, Chelif, originates in the Atlas Mountains and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. There are practically no rivers south of Tel. Further south lies the second region - the High Plateau, several depressions of which form small lakes during the rainy season. When dry, they become salt squares called Schott or Chott. The third region is the Saharan part of the Atlas Mountains. The fourth, occupying more than 90% of the country's territory, is the Algerian Sahara: a rock desert.

Since the 16th century, the country was under the rule Ottoman Empire, and in the middle of the 19th century it was occupied by France. The seven-year war against French rule ended with Algeria's declaration of independence in 1962.

WITH
The capital of the state is the city of Algiers - the largest port, economic and cultural center. It was founded in the 10th century. By the end of the 20th century, more than 3 million people lived in it. This is a beautiful white city, located an amphitheater on the slope of low mountains on the western shore of the Bay of Algiers, stretching along the coast for 16 km. The city is surrounded by greenery of gardens, parks and boulevards. Its neighborhoods are built up with multi-storey buildings and villas. The Catholic Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique (Cathedral of Our Lady of Africa) rises above the city, the domes of which are far visible from the Mediterranean Sea. Surrounded by modern quarters, the old Kasbah district continues to exist - a complete architectural ensemble of the 16th century. This ancient part of the city contains all the examples of religious and secular buildings from the time of the Ottoman Empire’s rule over Algeria from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th century - mosques, madrassas, citadels and city dwellings. Algeria is home to the country's oldest university, a national library, museums of fine arts, ancient and medieval art, ancient history and ethnography, and a large botanical garden.

The second largest city is Oran (1 million inhabitants). This is a modern port in the north-west of the country, a large industrial and cultural center.

Constantine is the “eastern capital” of Algeria, the third largest city (750 thousand inhabitants), located in the mountains, on both sides of a deep gorge.

2. Economic-geographical and political-geographical position. The influence of EGP on the development of the country. Changing position of the country over time.

On the territory of Algeria, 4 economic regions can be distinguished: North-West (approximately covers the vilayas of Mostaganem, Oran, Saida, Tiaret and Tlemcen); Central North (Algiers, Medea, Tizi Ouzou and El Asnam); Northeast (Annaba, Constantine, Ores, Setif), as well as the territory of the Algerian Sahara. The North-West, with its fertile lands, became the main region for commercial agriculture (soft wheat and especially wine grapes). The Northeast, with large deposits of iron ore, phosphorites, and other minerals, received mining specialization in combination with backward forms of agriculture. production. The Central North began to emerge as a region of the most diverse types of agriculture (grain farming, subtropical horticulture, early vegetable growing combined with transhumance grazing) with the main center of the processing industry in Algeria. After the discovery of the largest oil and gas resources in the Algerian Sahara, separate mining centers, nodes and mineral resource areas began to emerge on its territory.

The structure of the Algerian economy was formed under the long-term influence of French monopoly capital during the colonial period. Local, so-called traditional production, represented mainly by semi-subsistence and small-scale agriculture and handicrafts, which employed 4/5 of the total economically active population, in last years French rule provided less than 1/4 of the gross national product. The European capitalist sector occupied a dominant position in such sectors of the economy as energy, mining, transport, and in a number of sectors of commercial agriculture and manufacturing. IN agriculture there were 22 thousand European farms that owned 27% of all cultivated land, providing about 2/3 of all agricultural production. products, the rest accounted for 631 thousand Algerian farms. In 1954-58. Agriculture accounted for 75% of the economically active population and 21% of gross output, while industry accounted for 7% and 18%, respectively.

After gaining state independence, the government of the Andres Republic began to overcome the consequences of the 7-year war (1954-62) and transform the colony's economy into a national one. In 1962-65. The expropriation of foreign land property and the nationalization of many industrial and commercial enterprises (the so-called “orphan property”), as well as the main modes of transport, were carried out. In 1966, enterprises in the mining industry (excluding oil and gas production) were nationalized; in 1967-68. - a number of foreign companies in the manufacturing and distribution industries. On this basis, self-governing farms and state enterprises were created, together forming the leading socialized sector (in 1968, its share in value accounted for 60% of all agricultural and 80% of industrial products, except oil and gas, as well as 100% of domestic cargo transportation ). Foreign capital, mainly French, maintains a position mainly in the oil and gas industry and some branches of manufacturing. In 1963-66. a reorganization of the financial and banking system was carried out (new monetary unit - dinar = 100 old francs). In 1968, all the country's banks (with the exception of one) passed into the hands of the state. A new customs tariff was introduced, state control over foreign trade was established and a national investment code was approved. A program for industrialization and modernization of agriculture, development of backward areas was adopted, the first national 7-year plan was developed, covering 2 periods: 1967-69 and 1970-73.

In the 1980s, the country's socio-economic situation worsened and the pace of development slowed down. The gap between food production and the needs of the population has increased; as a result, grain imports increased. In addition, Africa suffered an unprecedented drought, the country found itself in the grip of debt to Western countries.

In the 90s, the socio-economic situation improved somewhat.

In 1996, Algeria's GDP was estimated at $115.9 billion, or $4,000 per capita. Between 1987 and 1997 the annual increase in GDP was 0.5%.

In 2003, Algeria's gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at $173.8 billion, or $5,400 per capita. The share of agricultural production is 11.7%, the mining industry is approximately 40%, the share of the service sector is 40% and the manufacturing industry is approximately 10%. In 2002, GDP growth was 3.3%. According to 2003 data, the population on the verge of poverty was 23%.

3. Features of the population. Demographic policy.

During the era of the French conquest, the population of Algeria was about 3 million people. In 1966 it already reached 11.823 million people, and in 1997 – 29.476 million people. In 1996, the birth rate was 28.5 per 1,000 people and the death rate was 5.9 per 1,000 people. Infant mortality (children under one year old) is 48.7 per 1000 newborns. In the mid-1990s, about 68% of the population was under 29 years of age.

The country's population is represented by different ethnic groups. The most numerous are Arabs (80%). They settled in Algeria during the period of Islamic conquests of the 7th-8th centuries and nomadic migrations of the 11th-12th centuries. Traditionally, they live in large families, or clans, uniting several generations under one roof, where everyone occupies a strictly defined place. Men work, shop for home, visit cafes and other public places. Women are responsible for taking care of the home and raising children. Families especially value their sons. If a man says that he has three children, this means that he has three sons, although he may also have daughters. The restrained behavior of a woman - the keeper of traditions - is dictated by Korn. The traditional clothing of Algerian women is a white haik veil, with which she wraps herself from head to toe, covering everything except her eyes. But by the end of the 20th century, these customs were preserved only in rural areas. In cities they weaken, the process of disintegration of a large family accelerates, which cannot exist in city apartments and therefore gives way to small families. Khaik is worn only by elderly city women or visiting peasant women. Mostly city residents dress in European clothes.

The second largest population is occupied by the Berbers. This indigenous population in the 7th century was pushed by the Arabs from the coast to the inaccessible mountains of Kabylia in the northeast of the country. For many centuries, the Berbers resisted the Arabs, Turks, and then the French. This allowed them to preserve their language, original culture, customs and morals. The older generation of Algerian intelligentsia is mainly from Kabylia.

A special group is made up of the Mozabites (about 25 thousand people) - residents of the Mzab region in the south of the country, who settled in the barren Sahara in the 6th century. The identity of this people of Berber origin is explained by life in the desert, where religion, tradition and asceticism were necessary conditions for survival. In Mzaba there is a chain of cities - oases, the main one among which is Gordaya. They were specially built small so that even residents of the outskirts could hear the voice of the muezzin calling Muslims to prayer. Mozabites cultivate date palms. In addition, they are engaged in trade in different parts of the country. Some men live a long time away from their homes, but before they die, they either return to their homeland themselves or their remains are brought there. Mozabites marry only girls of their own people, but they do not practice polygamy. Women, according to ancient traditions, never leave the confines of their oasis. Mozabi women live behind the blank walls of houses, their clothes hide them from head to toe, leaving only one eye open.

After the conquest of Algeria by France in the 19th century, the size of the European part of the population increased, and by 1960 about 1 million Europeans already lived here. Most had French roots, the ancestors of the rest moved to Algeria from Spain, Italy and Malta. After Algeria declared independence in 1962, most Europeans left their country.

The state religion of the country is Islam. There are about 150 thousand Christians in the country, mostly Catholics and approximately 1 thousand adherents of Judaism.

The official language is Arabic, but French is still widely spoken. Some Berber tribes speaking Tamahak and Tamazirt acquired their own written language. Several books have already been published in the Tamazirt dialect in Algeria.

About ¾ of the population is concentrated in the foothills of the Tell Atlas, approximately 1.5 million people live in the highlands and less than 1 million in the Sahara Desert. The highest density is observed near the capital and in the Kabylia region. The average population density is about 13 people per 1 km 2.

Society and culture Book >> Sociology

Entire countries. Why Algeria, one of the most modernized... from the new global economy. Economics North Africa thanks geographical, demographic and... significant reconstruction, fully and documented described in Machimura's book. Government...

There are few people in the world who do not like to travel. Isn't it tempting to go to an unknown country and see how people live there? And how exciting it is to travel across countries and continents, to see different customs of different peoples, to hear unfamiliar speech, to find yourself in someone else’s house, where everything is different from your own, familiar one. Traveling alone is boring. So we all go on a journey together.
We have an exciting expedition ahead of us.

So, we set off, cross the Mediterranean Sea and reach the shores of North Africa.

1.North African country - Algeria

  • Algeria (official name - Algerian People's Democratic Republic) was a colony of France for a long time; received the status of an independent state in 1962.
  • This is one of the largest countries not only on the continent, but also in the world. The area of ​​Algeria is 2,381,740 km².
  • The capital is the city of Algiers.

2.Geographical location

  • Algeria lies in northwest Africa.
  • The country's territory occupies the central part of the Atlas mountain system and the north of the Sahara Desert.
  • From the north it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

Exercise

Name Algeria's neighbors.

Define extreme points Algiers - the capital of the state

relief (work on a map)

The Sahara Desert occupies about 90% of Algeria and consists of isolated sandy and rocky deserts.

In the southeast of the Algerian Sahara, the highlands of Ahaggar, where the highest point of Algeria is located, are located.

The north of the Algerian Sahara lies 26 m below sea level. Here is the salt lake Shott-Melgir

Exercise

Find the name of the highest mountain in Algeria, located in the Ahaggar highlands, using the map in the atlas.

3. Nature and climate

Algeria's climate is subtropical Mediterranean in the north and tropical desert in the Sahara.

Winter on the coast is warm and rainy (12° C in January), in the mountains it is cool (there is snow for 2-3 weeks), in the Sahara the temperature depends on the time of day (at night below 0° C, during the day 20° C).

Summer in Algeria is hot and dry.

Annual precipitation ranges from 0-50 mm in the Sahara and up to 400-1200 mm in the Atlas Mountains.

Water resources:

  • The river network in Algeria is poorly developed. Most of the country's rivers are temporary streams (oueds) that fill during the rainy season.
  • The rivers of the far north of the country flow into the Mediterranean Sea, the rest are lost in the sands of the Sahara. They are used for irrigation and water supply, for which reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations are built on them.
  • The basins of the lakes (sebkhas) are also filled during the rainy season, and in the summer they dry out and are covered with a salt crust up to 60 cm thick.
  • In the Sahara, in areas of large groundwater reserves, the largest oases are located, up to 60 cm thick.

Exercise

Determine the largest river in the country.

  • The largest river is Sheliff (700 km).

Vegetation

The Mediterranean coast is represented by hard-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs. The Atlas Mountains are home to forests of cork and holm oak, Aleppo pine, juniper, thuja, Atlas cedar and deciduous trees. Olives and pistachios are grown up to an altitude of 500 m. The vegetation of the Sahara is very poor and is represented mainly by ephemerals and solyankas.

Animal world

Poor because it has been largely exterminated by man. In the forests of the Atlas, hares, wild boars and macaques are preserved, in the Sahara - cheetahs, jackals, hyenas, genets, fennec foxes, gazelles, addax antelopes, predator birds, small rodents, snakes, lizards, turtles, invertebrates - locusts, scorpions, phalanges, centipedes. Natural zones: areas of altitudinal zones, semi-deserts and deserts, hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs.

4. Population

Population - 34.6 million (estimate as of July 2010)

Annual growth - 1.2%

Urban population - 65% (in 2008)

Literacy - 79% men, 60% women (2002 estimate)

Ethnic composition -Arabs 83 %, Berbers16%, others less than 1%.

Languages ​​- Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French is widespread.

Religion - Sunni Muslims 99%, others 1%.

Exercise:

Where do you think the bulk of the Algerian population lives?

5. Economy of the country

Industry

  • Algeria is one of the most mineral-rich countries in Africa. The country has rich deposits of iron ore, manganese, zinc, lead, copper, mercury, and phosphorites. But the main wealth is natural gas (8th place in the world in terms of its reserves) and oil (15th place in the world).
  • Algeria has a wide variety of mining and manufacturing industries.
  • Algerian authorities are making efforts to diversify the economy and attract foreign and domestic investment into other sectors. Structural changes in the economy, such as the development of the banking sector and infrastructure construction, have been slow, partly due to corruption and bureaucracy.

Agriculture

  • On the fertile soils of the Mediterranean coast and in the intermountain valleys, Algerians grow valuable subtropical crops - grapes, citrus fruits, oilseeds (olives), and fruit trees.
  • In the deserts, Algerians are mainly engaged in animal husbandry. Sheep, goats, and camels are raised. Agriculture in the Algerian Sahara is possible only in oases where date palms are grown, and under their dense crown - fruit trees and grain crops (wheat, oats).

Transport

Domestic transportation of goods is carried out by road and rail. The total length of roads is 104 thousand km,

The length of railways is 4.8 thousand km. Of these, 1.1 thousand km are narrow gauge tracks, 300 km are electrified

Maritime transport carries out 70% of foreign trade freight transport

(railway 20%, road 10%).

Main ports: Algiers, Arzev, Annaba, Oran, Skikda.

There are 136 airports in the country, 51 of which have concrete runways.

The main international airport of class A is Dar el Beida..