Independent parts of speech - participle. Communion in Russian. Subjunctive participle

- non-conjugated verb form, expressing a characteristic of a person or object resulting from an action: comrade(Which?), arrived from Moscow(comrade who came from Moscow);
book(which?), read by me(the book I read).

Communion combines grammatical features verb and adjective. In it, as in the verb, the difference is , ; The participle controls the same case as the verb; the same adverbs can be attached to the participle as to the verb. But at the same time, the participle is declined and agrees with the noun in gender, number and case, like an adjective.

Participles are divided into valid And present and past passives. There is no future participle tense.

Active participles

Active participles denote a characteristic of a person or object that arises as a result of the actions of that person or object: reading student book, standing there is a table in the room.
Active participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs and retain the control characteristic of the verb; active participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle (meeting, met, met).

Formation of active participles

Active present participles are formed only from imperfective verbs by adding the present tense to the stem (for the first conjugation) or -ash-/-box-
push-ut - push-ushch-y (writing, writing, writing),
know - knowing (knowing, knowing, knowing),
knock-at - knock-ash-y (knocking, knocking, knocking),
pageó -yat - pageó -box (pageó building, building, building).

Active past participles formed from imperfective and perfective verbs by adding a suffix to the past tense stem -vsh-(after a vowel) or -sh-(after a consonant) plus generic endings of the adjective: wrote(nonsov.) - pisa-vsh-y, wrote-l(owl) - writing, carried(nonsov.) - brought it, brought it(owl) - brought it.

Passive participles

Passive participles denote a sign of a person or object undergoing some action: book, read comrade(a book that a friend read); house, built workers(the house that the workers built). Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs.

Formation of passive participles

Passive present participles formed from imperfective verbs by adding a suffix to the present tense stem -eat-(for the first conjugation) or -them-(for the second conjugation) plus generic endings of the adjective:
read - read-e-th (readable, readable, readable),
vúd-im - vúd-im-y (visible, visible, visible).

Many imperfective transitive verbs do not form passive present participles (for example, from protect, beat, shave, bend, heat, hold, fry, measure, wash, crush, drink, heat, clean, sew and so on.).

Passive past participles are formed from transitive verbs of the imperfect and perfect forms by adding suffixes to the past tense stem -nn- , -enn- , -T- plus generic endings of the adjective: read-l - chúta-nn-y, brought - brought-y, closed-l - closed.

Suffix -nn- joins past tense stems ending in a vowel and I, Sometimes e:sow-l - sow-nn-y, uvúde-l - uvúde-nn-y.

Suffix -enn- (or -yonn- ) is added to stems ending in a consonant (see example above) or vowel And , which drops out (in this case, an alternation of the final consonants of the base occurs, similar to the alternations in the formation of the 1st line of the present or future simple tense): purchased - purchased(cf. I'll buy), asked - asked(cf. I'll ask).

Suffix -T- joins the stems of verbs ending in the indefinite form with -no, -no, -here , and to monosyllabic stems (the prefix is not taken into account): took it out(from take out) - take it out,number(from prick) - colo-th, wiped(from wipe off) — wiped it, bi-l(from beat) — bú-t-y(similar to: nailed down, broken).

The most common are the passive past participles of perfective verbs.

Declension of participles

Participles are inflected like full adjectives: real participles are inflected like adjectives with stems on sch, sh(For example, general, good), passive participles - modeled on adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (for example, new): reading, reading it... reading, reading it..., hú tann-y, hú Tann-oh etc.

Passive participles of the present and past tenses have a short form, which is formed similarly to the short form of adjectives: masculine - without ending, feminine- with ending -A , neuter - with ending -O , plural- with ending -s (for all genera): from darling - love, darling, darling, darlings; from brought - brought, brought. brought, brought.
In a sentence, short participles, like short adjectives, are used as a predicate (in combination with or without an auxiliary verb): Shop closed; Window was closed;
Books will be purchased .

← Communion →

The participle is an independent part of speech, possessing both the characteristics of a verb: tense, reflexivity and aspect, and the characteristics of an adjective: gender, number and case. We can say that it is a verbal adjective or a special form of a verb, as few linguists claim. Participles are also divided into active and passive.

Participles together with dependent words form participial phrases.

Participle conjugation

The participle changes according to the characteristics of both the verb and the noun. It changes by type, by tense, by number, by case, by gender in the singular.

Examples

verb "paint" - participle "painted"
verb "go" - participle "going"
verb “to exist” - participle “existing”
verb "to live" - participle "living"

Notes

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Books

Practical grammar in Russian lessons In 4 parts. Part 2
Practical grammar in Russian language lessons. 4-7 grades Toolkit. In 4 parts. Part 2, Zikeev Anatoly Georgievich. Four editions of the manual include exercises aimed at developing the lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic aspects of students’ speech.…
Practical grammar in Russian language lessons: an educational and methodological manual for working with students in grades 4-7 of special (correctional) educational institutions. In 4 parts. Part. 2. Verb, A. G. Zikeev. The manual includes exercises aimed at developing the lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic aspects of students' speech. In the second…

A selection of rules: participle (definition, signs, pledge of participle, declension, spelling).

Participle– this is an independent part of speech that denotes a characteristic of an object in action that manifests itself in time, refers to a noun or pronoun and answers questions Which? which? which? which? (whitening, deciding, listening).

Signs

1. Constant signs

pledge (active, passive);
time (present, past);
perfect (from verbs of the perfect form), imperfect (from verbs of the imperfect form);
transitivity (transitive (from transitive verbs), intransitive (from intransitive verbs);
repayment (from verbs that are not used without -СЯ).

2. Variable signs

genus (male, female, average);
number (singular, plural);
form (full, short);
case (only for full form);
repayment (from verbs having a form with and without the suffix -sya).

Pledge of participles

valid- denote the signs of objects that themselves produce an action ( waiting passenger).
passive- are formed only from transitive verbs and denote the characteristics of such objects on which actions are performed ( expected train).

Full and short form of participles

Full form have all participles (decorated).

Short form only passive participles have perfect form ( decorated).
Short forms of participles vary according to gender and number.

Declension of participles

The participle in changes by numbers, by cases, by gender.

Initial participle form– masculine nominative case.

Nominative — reading(m.r.), reading(f.r.), reading(s.r.).
Genitive — reading(m.r.), reading(f.r.), reading(s.r.).
Dative — reader(m.r.), reading(f.r.), reader(s.r.).
Accusative — reading(m.r.), reading(f.r.), reading(s.r.).
Instrumental case — reading(m.r.), reading(f.r.), reading(s.r.).
Prepositional- (O) reading(m.r.), (o) reading(f.r.), (o) reading(s.r.).

Spelling of participle suffixes

Active participles

-USH-, -YUSH- are written in active present participles formed from verbs of the first conjugation ( count yushch oh, write ushch th).
-ASH-, -YASH- are written in active present participles formed from verbs of the second conjugation ( glue box oh, trembling asch th).
-VSH- form Vsh yay, hearing Vsh th).
-Sh- written in active past participles (formed from indefinite verbs) ( passed w hey, grown up w th).

Passive participles

-EM-, -OM- are written in passive present participles, formed from verbs of the first conjugation ( carried away eat oh, ved ohm th).
-THEM- written in passive present participles formed from verbs of the second conjugation ( view them oh, hear them th).
-T- written in passive past participles ( I understand T oh, I'll wrap it up T th).
-NN- written in passive past participles, formed by adding -NN- to suffixes -AND I- infinitive verbs ( hearing nn oh, dispelling nn th).
-ENN-, -ENN- written in passive past participles, formed from indefinite verbs by replacing suffixes -EAT, -ITE (offense enne oh, no wind enne oh, shot enne th).

REMEMBER! glimmer - breezy, build up - build up

Spelling -Н- and -НН- in participles

-NN- is written:

in perfect participles (decide nn It's a problem);
if there is a prefix ( except NOT) (read nn book);
if there is a dependent word ( wound nn saber fighter);
in participles on -OVANY / -EVANNY(marinova nn y cucumbers). Exceptions: chewing n oh, kova n y.

-N- is written:

in short participles ( I'll eat the pizza n A);
if there is no prefix ( cross n 1st baby);
if there is no dependent word ( more beautiful n y floor);
if there is a prefix NOT- (not beautiful n y floor).

REMEMBER: a finished person - a report finished on time, a named brother - named above, a planted father - a tree planted in the park, a bride's dowry - given to something.

REMEMBER!

These participles without prefixes are written with -НН-: bought, deprived, abandoned, decided, promised, born, caught, forgiven, captured, given, offended, seen, read.

Spelling is not in participles

NOT written CONTINUOUSLY:

with participles that are without NOT not used ( Not visible, Not yearly);
with participles formed from verbs with a prefix UNDER- (under considered);
if there are no dependent words or opposition ( Not noticed error).

NOT WRITTEN SEPARATELY:

in the presence of dependent words ( Not a bug noticed by no one);
in the presence of opposition ( Not a noticed but missed error);
with short passive participles ( error Not noticed).

Participial

A participle with dependent words is called a participle turnover. In a sentence, the participial phrase and the participle are a separate or non-separate agreed definition.

The participle, as a part of speech in the Russian language, is considered the most complex, or rather, its formation depends on the verb and its indicators (grammatical). A total of 6 participles (including reflexives) are formed from verbs. These are transitive verbs that have an imperfect form. Participles have long been described by various authors. For example, V. Dahl, who is the author of the famous explanatory dictionary, wrote in it something like this: a participle is a part of speech in the Russian language, participative of a verb, in the form of an adjective. He thus focused our attention not only on its content, but also emphasized the form of the sacrament. These two parts of speech have a lot in common; they change according to numbers, genders, and cases. They can be coordinated with adjectives; they both answer the same question - “which one?” From this we can conclude that the characteristics of both the verb and the adjective are already contained in the participle. This duality was noticed by ancient grammarians, so they gave it this name (participle), as if “participle” of both the adjective and the verb. If one word combines the characteristics of several other parts of speech, then it becomes richer in content and also economical. According to Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov: “These verbal names serve to shorten the human word, containing the power of the name and verb.” This property of participles is widely used by authors of works of fiction. In literature one can often find descriptions of pictures of nature, artistic characteristics, and the internal experiences of characters, where participles are used. Colloquial speech is not very replete with this part of speech, since it is rather harsh; usually it is not expressive brevity that is used, but an adverbial turn.

What is the difficulty of forming and using the sacrament? It is often confused with an adjective. Of course, you can learn to write, but you must understand the depth and subtleties of this great language, then there will be no mistakes. IN school curriculum The participle is considered as a special verbal form; its definition as a part of speech has a second name, called a hybrid verbal-adjective form. Participles combine the attributes of an adjective and a verb; they mean a procedural attribute of an object. Thus, the verbal features of participles include:

1. Preservation of a character that has verbal control (for example: talking about poetry - talking about poetry);
2. Preservation of the form of the verb;

They can:

3. Have 2 forms of voice (two-voice concept) – passive and active;
4. Have two temporary forms - past and present.

As for the verbal features of participles, they are constant. But the signs of adjectives are variable, this refers to gender, number, case, full or short (for passive) forms and the corresponding inflection in a specific sentence - a definition or a predicate. The initial form of participles, like adjectives, is nominative, masculine, singular. A common feature of the use of the participle is the affiliation of speech (bookish), which it itself constitutes. A number of the main categories of participles include elements of language (literary) borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language - hence their phonetic features.

The science that studies parts of speech is quite complex, but any cultural and educated person by nature, she loves to unravel various mysteries in order to get comprehensive answers.

Has some characteristics of this part of speech. They are of the perfect and imperfect form: “- prompted”, “excited - excited”; recurrent and irrevocable: “decided”, “falling asleep”; present and past tense: “thinking”, “running”.

Unlike a verb, a participle does not have a future tense form.

Denoting the attribute of an object, the participle, like adjectives, grammatically depends on and agrees with it in gender, number and case. For example: “boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling streams; boiling lava, boiling milk."

Types and methods of forming participles

The lexical meaning of a participle - a sign of an object by action - consists of the grammatical features of this part of speech. For example: “singing birds” (those that are singing now), “singing birds” (those that sang in the past), “the issue under discussion” (the one that someone is discussing now), “the issue under discussion” (the one which has already been discussed).

Accordingly, in the Russian language there are 4 forms of participles: active present and past tense, passive present and past tense.

The first group of participles (actual present tense) are formed from the stem of present tense verbs using the suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-). The choice of suffix depends on the conjugation of the verb. For example: “cry-ut - cry-ush-y”, “kol-yut - kol-yush-y” - I conjugation; “lech-at – lech-ash-y”, “kle-yat – kle-yash-y” – II conjugation.

Active participles in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by replacing the suffixes –т, -ти with the suffixes –вш-, -ш-. For example: “run - run - run”, “carry - carry”.

Present passive participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes –em- (I conjugation) and –im- (II conjugation): “cherish-em – cherish-em-yy”, “kran-im – stored” -im."

Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb using the suffix –nn-, if the verbs end in –att, -et. Verbs ending in –it receive the suffix –enn-, just like verbs ending in –ti, -ch, and verbs ending in –ot, -ut-, -ity- receive the suffix –t-. For example: “write - write-nn-y”, “capture - captured-nn-y”, “save - save-y”, “forget- forget-y”.