Presentation on the topic "Reforms of M. Speransky." Reform activities of M.M. Speransky Presentation on the topic Speransky reformer or converter

Reform activities MM. Speransky

• Political Reform Project
• Reasons for the resignation of M.M. Speransky

CHARACTERISTICS M.M. SPERANSKY

Contemporaries and historians about M.M. Speransky

• Voltaire in an Orthodox theological shell” (V.O. Klyuchevsky)
• The genius of good" (A.S. Pushkin)

• In 1888 V.O. Klyuchevsky said about Speransky: “Since the time of Ordin-Nashchokin, no other such strong mind has come to the Russian throne; after Speransky, I don’t know if a third one will appear.” Now that the entire history of the Russian throne is behind us, we can say, paying tribute to the names of A.M. Gorchakov and D.A. Milyutina, S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin that a third such strong mind did not appear.

(N.A. Troitsky)

• The sun of Russian bureaucracy (M. Korf)

CHARACTERISTICS M.M. SPERANSKY

The son of a priest, who became the second person in the state.

One of the most educated people in Russia

Officially he held the position of Secretary of State.

Napoleon, appreciating the mind of M.M. Speransky, jokingly suggested that Alexander 1 exchange the Russian official for one of his kingdoms.

POLITICAL REFORM PROJECT

Using the text of the textbook (pp. 20-22), highlight the purpose and main ideas of M.M.’s political reform. Speransky

Target – gradual introduction of a constitutional monarchy and the abolition of serfdom

Key Ideas

• Separation of powers : legislature– State Duma, executive – ministries, judicial – Senate. As before, the emperor finally approved or rejected any bill

• Creation State Council – deliberative power
• Society on 3 estates: nobility, “middle class” (merchants, burghers, state peasants), “working people” (serfs, workers, servants)

• Political rights of the 1st and 2nd estates , the third estate could gain rights as property grew

Only one thing has been implemented - State Council created

REASONS FOR M.M.’S RESIGNATION SPERANSKY

- In March 1812 M.M. Speransky exiled to Nizhny Novgorod

Reasons for resignation:

• Dissatisfaction with reforms among the nobles (why?). Among the opponents is the historian N.M. Karamzin, a conservative in views
• Before the War of 1812, it was necessary to unite society

• 1816 - returned to public service in the position Penza governor
• 1819 - governor general Siberia and initiator of Siberian management reforms
• 1821 - returned to St. Petersburg, appointed a member of the State Council and the Siberian Committee, managing the Commission for Drafting Laws. Later a member of the Supreme Criminal Court over the Decembrists.
• from 1826 – is engaged codification laws
• in 1835-1837– teacher of legal sciences of the future Emperor Alexander II

• what unusual can be identified in the biography of M.M. Speransky
• Name the position he held from 1810 to 1812.

Select the views of M.M. Speransky:

• Any change in the state is evil
• Serfdom abolished immediately
• The entire population of the country is divided into 3 estates
• The idea of ​​separation of powers
• Only nobles have political rights
• Establishment of the State Council

• What classes did M.M. Speransky propose to divide society into?
• What is the essence of his idea of ​​separation of powers?
• What is the significance of his reforms, what was implemented?

Define:

• liberal
• conservative
• state council

HOMEWORK

 3 according to plan

Slide 2

1. Start of activity of M.M. Speransky. 2. Political reform project: plans and results. 3. Resignation of M. M. Speransky: causes and consequences. Lesson plan:

Slide 3

Start of activity of M.M. Speransky

Slide 4

Political Reform Project: Intentions and Results

Speransky proposed the first draft of political reforms to the Tsar back in 1803 in his “Note on the structure of judicial and government institutions in Russia.” He raised the question of the need to carefully introduce a constitutional monarchy in the country

Slide 5

“Introduction to the Code of State Laws” (1809) State governance is carried out on the basis of the separation of powers Legislative (State Duma) Judicial (Senate) Executive (ministries) The State Council was supposed to become an advisory body and consider laws before they enter the Duma

Slide 6

3 main classes of Russian society were established: nobility “working people” (serfs, domestic servants, workers) “middle estate” (merchants, burghers, state peasants)

Slide 7

Elections in State Duma were four-tiered: Volost Dumas District Dumas Provincial Dumas State Duma (leader-chancellor) appointed by the king)

Slide 8

1) when was the manifesto on the creation of the State Council published? 2) What is its main task? 3) functions of the State Council.

Slide 9

The main task is to establish order in the preparation and adoption of laws. Functions: - assessing the content of laws and the need for its adoption;

- “clarification” of the meaning - consideration of reports from ministries - making proposals for the distribution of government revenues and expenses

Slide 10

1811 – draft “Code of the Governing Senate”

Governmental (in charge of local self-government issues) Judicial (the highest judicial authority that controls all judicial institutions)

Alexander Borisovich Kurakin In 1804, Kurakin granted freedom to his peasants from 22 farms (the settlements of Belokurakinskaya and Pavlovka in the Starobelsky district of the Kharkov province), numbering up to 3,000 souls. He transferred them forever and hereditarily to free cultivators, and gave them up to tens of land. For their part, the peasants pledged to contribute one million rubles in banknotes over the course of twenty-five years to the St. Petersburg Board of Trustees in favor of the pupils of the Prince Baron Serdobins. This amount was insignificant compared to the real cost. The Rise of M.M. Speransky Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey Over the years, Speransky prepared several of his own political notes: “On the fundamental laws of the state”, “On the gradual improvement of social”, “On force” public opinion

", "Something else about freedom and slavery", "Note on the structure of judicial and government institutions in Russia." In these documents, he first outlined his views on the state of the Russian state apparatus and substantiated the need for reforms in the country.

Peace Conditions Russia recognized all of Napoleon's conquests. Russia's joining the continental blockade against England (secret agreement). Russia must completely abandon trade with its main partner (in particular, the terms of the peace treaty ordered Russia to completely exclude the export of hemp to the UK). Russia and France pledged to help each other in every offensive and defensive war, wherever circumstances require it. On the territory of the Polish possessions of Prussia, the Duchy of Warsaw was formed, dependent on France. The territory of Prussia was significantly reduced (Polish regions were torn away), although it was preserved as an independent state and turned into a state dependent on France. Russia withdrew its troops from Moldova and Wallachia, conquered from Turkey. Russia tacitly pledged not to interfere with Napoleon's establishment of control over the Ionian Islands, and a few months later they became part of the Illyrian provinces of France. Russia recognizes Joseph Bonaparte as the King of Naples, Ludwik Bonaparte as the King of the Netherlands, and Jerome Bonaparte as the King of Westphalia. Russian recognition of the Rhine Confederation.

Period of years The era of the highest importance and influence of Speransky reform of the State Council (1810), reform of ministers (), reform of the Senate ()

“The rule, hitherto autocratic, should be established and established by law.” The views of the new reformer M. M. Speransky are most fully reflected in the 1809 note “Introduction to the Code of State Laws”: “Slavery can take two forms. The first form not only excludes subjects from any participation in the use state power, but also takes away from them the freedom to dispose of their own person and their property. The second, softer one, also excludes subjects from participation in government, but leaves them freedom in relation to their own personality and property. Consequently, subjects do not have political rights, but they retain civil rights. And their presence means that there is freedom to some extent in the state.”

Activities of the State Council () All bills had to pass through the State Council. The general meeting was composed of members of four departments: 1) legislative, 2) military affairs (until 1854), 3) civil and spiritual affairs, 4) state economy; and from ministers. The sovereign himself presided over it. (It is stipulated that the tsar could only approve the opinion of the majority of the general meeting.) The first chairman of the State Council (until August 14, 1814) was Chancellor Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (1751_1826). The Secretary of State (new position) became the head of the State Chancellery.

The decree on court titles on April 3, 1809 changed the procedure for obtaining titles and certain privileges. From now on, these ranks were to be considered as simple insignia. Only those who performed public service received privileges. For many decades, the offspring of the most noble families (literally from the cradle) received the court ranks of chamberlain (class 5, respectively), and after some time chamberlain (class 4). Upon entry upon reaching a certain age into civil or military service They, who had never served anywhere, automatically occupied the highest places. By Speransky's decree, chamber cadets and chamberlains not in active service were ordered to find an occupation for themselves within two months (otherwise, resignation).

Decree on new rules for promotion to ranks in the civil service on August 6, 1809. From now on, the rank of collegiate assessor, which previously could be obtained based on length of service, was given only to those officials who had in hand a certificate of successful completion of a course of study in one of Russian universities or who have passed exams according to a special program. This program provided for testing knowledge of the Russian language, one of the foreign languages, natural, Roman, state and criminal law, general and Russian history, state economics, physics, geography and statistics of Russia.

Speransky's exile From September 23, 1812 to September 19, 1814, Speransky served exile in the city of Perm. In 1814, Speransky was allowed to live under police supervision in his small estate Velikopolye, Novgorod province. On August 30 (September 11), 1816, by decree of the emperor, M. M. Speransky was returned to public service and appointed Penza civil governor in March 1819. Speransky unexpectedly received a new appointment as Governor-General of Siberia; in March 1821 he returned to the capital.

Slide 1

Topic 3
Reform activities of M.M. Speransky

Slide 2

Plan:
Start of activity of M.M. Speransky. Political reform project: intentions and results. Resignation of M.M. Speransky: causes and consequences.

Slide 3

Alexander I decided to regain the authority lost after Tilsit with the help of a new round of reform activities. With the cooling of the tsar towards the members of the Secret Committee, a need arose for new faces, who, however, had to continue the previous direction of reforms.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky
The Emperor quickly found a man who met these requirements. It was M. M. Speransky.

Slide 4

1. Start of activity of M.M. Speransky.
Document Contemporaries about M.M. Speransky “Possessing very happy talents, an attractive appearance and, at the same time, the highest degree of skill, flattery, and compliance in agreeing with all the opinions of senior persons inferior to him in talents, he managed to quickly climb the first steps of the career ladder, pushing aside his colleagues, and there was no there was no shortage on his part in all kinds of intrigues... It was in his power, if not to completely achieve the desired goal, then at least to lay a solid foundation for it, precisely by thoroughly and correctly comprehending the meaning of public institutions. Speransky would have been able to do this if he had not sacrificed that great merit to his desire for innovation, his empty vanity to redo everything.” From the “Notes” of Baron G. A. Rosenkampf

Slide 5

1. Start of activity of M.M. Speransky.
“A strange personality who sometimes elevates us, and sometimes makes us feel our dependence... Speransky has enormous power; he is amazingly smart and cunning, but as proud as he is ignorant; thirsty for what only gives appearance happiness, he is not able to comprehend the good that leads to peace of mind. He is afraid of being understood and therefore puts on a thousand masks: sometimes he is a citizen and a good subject, sometimes an ardent fronder, using every effort to convince the public of his talents and not revealing his strength...” Baron Gustav Armfeld Assignment for documents. What qualities of Speransky are highlighted by the authors of the statements? When answering, please note that G.A. Rosenkampf, and G. Armfeld were worst enemies MM. Speransky.

Slide 6

Speransky proposed the first draft of political reforms to the Tsar back in 1803 in his “Note on the structure of judicial and government institutions in Russia.” He raised the question of the need to carefully introduce a constitutional monarchy in the country and thus prevent a “French revolutionary nightmare” for Russia.

However, only after the Peace of Tilsit did the tsar commission him to draw up a project for a comprehensive reform of public administration.

Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”
Slide 7 2. Political reform project: plans and results. Reform Project
government system
Russia M. M. Speransky “Introduction to the Code of State Laws” (1809)
Goals:
Save autocracy
Modernize public administration

To begin the constitutional process in Russia

Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”

Prevent the possibility of revolutionary upheavals in Russia

Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”
Slide 8
Slide 9
Basic principles:
Separation of legislative, executive and judicial branches of government
Responsibility of the executive branch before the law

Election of administrative and executive authorities

Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”
Independence of the Judiciary, Public Proceedings and Trials by Jury
Slide 10
New bodies in the system of higher public administration:

The State Duma is a representative body for discussing bills and hearing reports from ministers

Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”

State Council (1810 -1906) Composition appointed by the Emperor (coordinates the actions of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government

Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”

Slide 11

Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”
Slide 8
Slide 12 Slide 13 Political rights were to belong to representatives of the “free” (first two) classes; however, the third estate received common
civil rights

(chief among them was the provision that “no one can be punished without a judicial verdict”) and could, as property and capital accumulated, move into the second estate; the first estate also retained special rights (to buy estates with serfs, etc.);

Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”
Only persons who owned movable and immovable property (that is, representatives of the first two classes) received the right to vote;
Slide 14
Slide 8

Elections to the State Duma were supposed to take place in four stages (first there were elections to volost dumas, then deputies of these bodies elected members of district dumas, who, in turn, elected deputies to provincial dumas. And only provincial dumas elected deputies to the State Duma).

Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”
The implementation of Speransky's project was supposed to be important step on the path of reform. This plan would eventually develop into other transformations. The reformer saw the ultimate goal in limiting the autocratic power of the tsar and eliminating serfdom. Alexander I generally approved of Speransky's project. However, it had to be implemented gradually, without causing upheaval in society. Taking this into account, the tsar decided to first proceed with the most “harmless” part of the reform.
On January 1, 1810, a manifesto on the creation of the State Council was published. His main task was to establish order in the preparation and adoption of laws. All their projects were now to be considered only through the State Council.

Slide 16

Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”
In 1811, on the initiative of M.M. Speransky, a reorganization of ministries was carried out. The Ministry of Commerce was abolished, whose functions were distributed between the Ministries of Finance and Internal Affairs. The Ministry of Police was created. The departments of state control, spiritual affairs, foreign religions and communications began to operate as ministries. The composition and functions of ministries, the limits of ministerial power and their responsibilities were more clearly defined.
Conducted in 1810 - 1811. The reforms, as well as the desire to grant civil rights to serfs, caused such a storm of indignation among senior officials and the majority of nobles that Alexander was forced to stop implementing reforms: the fate of his father was too fresh in his memory.

Slide 17

Speransky, on behalf of the emperor, also developed projects for economic reforms. They provided for a limitation on state spending and some increase in taxes, which affected the nobility. Opposition to reforms in these conditions began to be open. Such authoritative people as, for example, N.M. Karamzin, one of the ideologists of conservatism, joined in criticizing the government.
Alexander understood perfectly well that Speransky’s harsh criticism was essentially directed at himself. Speransky was even accused of treason for his sympathy for the order in France, which he allegedly wanted to introduce in Russia to please Napoleon. The tsar could no longer hold back the wave of criticism and decided to resign Speransky.

Slide 18

3. Resignation of M.M. Speransky: causes and consequences.
Not the least role here was played by the emperor’s intention to unite society on the eve of the approaching war with Napoleon. In March 1812, Speransky was exiled to Nizhny Novgorod, and then to Perm. However, given the administrative abilities of M.M. Speransky (in 1816-1820 - governor of Penza and governor-general of Siberia), in 1821 the emperor returned him to St. Petersburg and introduced him to the State Council.
Despite the fact that Speransky’s reforms did not affect the foundations of the feudal-autocratic system, they were almost never implemented. At the same time, Speransky’s reformist quests formed the basis on which new reform projects were subsequently developed.

Slide 19

3. Resignation of M.M. Speransky: causes and consequences.
Attitude to the project M.M. Speransky was expressed by the writer and historian N.M. Karamzin in “Note on Ancient and New Russia”: “Reforms will harm Russia, since they pose a threat to the primordial foundations of the country.”

1. Start of activity of M.M.
Speransky.
2. Political reform project:
intentions and results.
3. Resignation of M.M. Speransky.

First stage of reforms
Alexander I ended
in 1803, when it became
it's clear what to look for
new ways and forms
implementation.
To the Emperor
new ones were also needed
people, not so crowded
associated with the apex
aristocracy and
undivided
loyal only to him
personally.
Alexander I

The king's choice settled on A.A.
Arakcheev, the son of a poor man and
an ordinary landowner, formerly
favorite of Paul I, famous for his
devotion “without flattery”, that
appeared on his coat of arms.
A.A. Arakcheev
To develop plans for new
different reforms were needed
man and the choice fell on M.M.
Speransky.
V. Tropinin. MM. Speransky

In 1834 A.S. Pushkin wrote in
in his diary:
"Last Sunday
dined at Speransky's. I
told him about beautiful things
beginning of his reign
Alexandra: You and
Arakcheev, you are standing in
doors opposite
this reign, like
genius of Evil and Good."
A.S. Pushkin
View of A.S. Pushkin
reflected the general opinion of that
time.

MM. Speransky
In 1797 the family
-V
was born
office
priest.generalFrom seven
prosecutor
Senate,
studied for years
in
titular
advisor
Vladimirskaya
(9th rank).
seminaries,
and from 1790 In 1801
G. -
in the main
seminary
valid
at Alexandrostatsky
(4th
Nevsky adviser
monastery
V
rank).
Since 1803 –
Petersburg.
By director
completion -
department
Ministry of Internal Affairs. WITH
teacher
1807
g. - actually
seminaries,
then
personal secretary
secretary
Prince A.B.
Emperor.
Kurakina.
MM. Speransky

Start of activity of M.M. Speransky
Difficult to find in
historical
consciousness
subsequent
generational personality,
which would be given
so
controversial
ratings: "popovich",
"seminarian",
"campaigner",
"traitor", "father"
Russian
bureaucracy",
"reformer", etc.
MM. Speransky

Start of activity of M.M. Speransky
"Voltaire in Orthodox Theological
shell"
“Since the time of Ordin-Nashchokin, the Russian
the throne did not become another like this
strong mind; after Speransky, I don’t know,
will there be a third one?
IN. Klyuchevsky
Napoleon
“...I saw him as reasonable,
strictly thinking, huge
human mind, energy and
by the tenacity of one who has achieved power
and who uses it only
for the good of Russia."
"What kind of person do you have with
to yourself! I would give anything for him
kingdom!"
L.N. Tolstoy

Which
quality M.M.
Speransky
Start
activities
MM.
Speransky
do the authors of the statements highlight?
“Possessing very happy gifts,
attractive appearance and, moreover, in the highest
degree of art, flattery, compliance to agree
with all the opinions of senior persons...”
From the “Notes” of Baron G.A. Rosenkampf
"A strange personality who sometimes elevates us, and
sometimes makes us feel our dependence...
Speransky has enormous power; he's amazingly smart
and cunning, but as proud as he is ignorant.. He
afraid of being understood and therefore puts on a thousand
masks: sometimes he is a citizen and a good subject, sometimes
ardent frond..."
Baron Gustav Armfeld

Political Reform Project
First project
political
Speransky transformations
proposed to the Tsar back in 1803
in the “Note on the device
judicial and
government
institutions in Russia".
However, only after
Tsar of the Tilsit world
instructed him to draw up
comprehensive
government reforms
management.
MM. Speransky

What thoughts does the excerpt from
Political Reform Project
letters to M.M. Speransky to Alexander I?
MM. Speransky
"At the end of 1808, Your Majesty
started to occupy me more constantly
subjects of higher management,
to become more familiar with your image
thoughts... From all these exercises, from
a hundredfold, maybe
conversations and reasoning of your
Majesty should finally
make one whole. From here
there was a plan for universal
public education."
From a letter from M.M. Speransky
Alexander I

Political Reform Project
Thus, the reform plan drawn up by M.M.
Speransky was a presentation of the thoughts and ideas of himself
Emperor?
What kind of measures were these?
"...on your own, without
sanctions of the king and his
approval, Speransky
I would never dare to
proposal of measures,
extremely radical in
conditions of the time
Russia."
S.V. Mironenko
Doctor
historical sciences

Which
the principle was
laid
the basis
By whom
first
was
proposed
In which
country
this principle of reform
was the first time
Project
political
proposed by M.M. Speransky project
implemented in practice?
this
principle?organs?
structures
state
State
thought
executive
Separation
authorities
Ministries
Senate

Political Reform Project
emperor
State Council - advisory
organ under the emperor
State
thought
Senate
Ministries

Which
political law
are called civilians?
Project
reforms

Nobility
"Average
state"
"Working people"
Civil rights
Personal integrity, presumption of innocence,
equality before the law, judicial protection,
right to housing, possession and disposal
property, conclusion of transactions.

Which
rights are called
political?
Project
political
reforms
Class structure of the population
Nobility
"Average
state"
"Working people"
Based
property
qualification
Political rights

Political Reform Project
chancellor
State Duia
Provincial Duma
District Duma
Parish Duma
Elections to the State Duma were planned
four-stage.

Political Reform Project
Project implementation
Speransky should have
be an important step towards
paths of reform. The final
The reformer saw the goal in
limitation
autocracy and
liquidation of the serf
rights. Alexander in general
approved the project. However, his
should have been translated into
life is gradual, no
causing turmoil in
society.

Project
political
reforms
What are
tasks
State
advice?
On January 1, 1810, a manifesto on
creation of the State Council.
MM. Speransky
“In accordance with state regulations
The Council represents the body in which everything
actions of the legislative, judicial and
executive in their main respects
connect and
through him they ascend to sovereign power and
pour out from her. Therefore, all laws
charters and institutions in the first place
styles
are proposed and considered in
State Council and then
by the action of the sovereign power come to
intended for them
committed in accordance with the law,
judicial and executive."

Political Reform Project
According to the calculations of P.N. Danevsky, out of 242 cases, according to
which in 1810-1825 in the State Council
disagreements occurred, Alexander I in 159
cases approved the opinion of the majority, in 83
cases, the minority opinion (and in four
cases agreed with the opinion of one member
Council.
What do you think it's about?
the numbers show
given in the document?

Resignation of M.M. Speransky
Conducted in 1810-1811. transformations, as well as
the desire to provide serfs with civilian
rights caused such a storm of indignation among
senior officials and most nobles, that
Alexander was forced to stop implementing
reform6 the fate of his father was too fresh in his memory.

Resignation of M.M. Speransky
Only in court circles did they know that
Rainy
March
at night 1812
from St. Petersburg
like-minded person
emperor
Alexandra
Iв
in a southeast direction
postal
reformist
activities left
and his closest
wagon. IN
were
two passengers:
secret
advisor
ponies
issues
possible
reconstruction
advisorsecretary
Mikhail Mikhailovich
Speransky
Russia,
State
advice
private
the bailiff is sent
Shipulinsky.into exile.
the highest
command

Resignation of M.M. Speransky
What are the reasons for the resignation of M.M. Speransky?
MM. Speransky by
by order of the emperor
developed and
economic projects
reforms. They
provided
limiting expenses
states and some
tax increase,
which affected
nobility.

Resignation of M.M. Speransky
“The great day of the Fatherland and all of us - March 17
1812 God marked His mercy on us... And
our enemies have fallen. A crime has been discovered in
Russia is extraordinary - treason and betrayal...
One must simply assume that Speransky
intended to sell the fatherland and the sovereign
our enemy. They assure that at the same time he
wanted to spark a riot..., giving liberties
peasants..."
Notes from V.I. Bakunina.
LikeYou
how
think
nobility
Why
accused
for the capital
MM.
Speransky?
the nobility fell from grace
How much
MM. Speransky
In your opinion,
became
these
accusations
"great
were they fair?
during the day"?

Political Reform Project
“Speransky scared Alexander by showing him in
concretely embodied form of its vague and
a formless dream. And composed by Speransky
paragraphs stood before the mind's eye
Alexandra as a living reproach to his dreamy
passivity, as presented for payment exactly
summed up account. ... But there is never anything between them
could have established a real... spiritual
intimacy like nothing can ever compare
dreamer and implementer."
Kizevetter A.A. Historical chronicles
What does the historian see as the reasons for the cooling?
Than M.M. Speransky “scared Alexander I?
Emperor to M.M. Speransky?

Resignation of M.M. Speransky
N.M. Karamzin
Grand Duchess
Ekaterina Pavlovna
Against
Nobles
reforms
performed
spoke
against
conservatives
financial
chapter
reforms
with N.M.
and vesting
Karamzin
serfs
and the great peasants
princess
Ekaterina
civilian
Pavlovna.
rights.
Accusations
Imperial
Speransky
environment
in espionage
contemptuously
and secret
related
relations with France
upstart and son
Napoleon.
Popovich.

Resignation of M.M. Speransky
“Speransky entered the history of Russia as
loser. And in fact, none of him
reform plans were not implemented
to some extent - for the most part
state projects created by him
transformations were destined to remain
paper, they weren’t even tried to be implemented on
practice. But can we say that he lived
barren? That in vain I threw away my soul and
talent for politics?
Tomsinov V.A.
Answer the question asked by the historian.
Why do you think so?

Do you think that Speransky's reforms
could fundamentally change Russia,
direct it in a more favorable direction
historical path?
Why are reform projects unrealized?
deserve such high praise?
Did the proposed reforms meet
needs and state of the time
Russia?