Rules for preparing for x-ray examinations. "Preparation of the patient for x-ray examinations." Indications and contraindications for the study
No preparation is required for a skull x-ray (women must remove pins and clips from their hair). When removing the bones of the extremities, iodine should be removed from the skin, heavy oil dressings should be replaced with light aseptic ones, and strips of adhesive plaster should be removed. If a plaster cast is applied, you need to check with your doctor whether the photo should be taken with the bandage on or whether it should be removed. If it is decided to remove the plaster, this is usually done in the presence of a doctor, who, after a preliminary examination, decides on further immobilization. You must understand well that without special instructions from a doctor, you cannot remove the plaster cast, give the limb the position necessary for taking an image, or transport the patient without fixing the limb. These rules are of particular importance for trauma or orthopedic patients, but personnel caring for patients in surgical departments, where interventions on bones and joints are sometimes performed, should also be aware of them.
To take pictures of the shoulder girdle (scapula, collarbone), sternum, ribs, cervical and thoracic there is no need for preparation of the spine.
In order for the lumbosacral spine and pelvic bones to appear well in the picture, the intestines need to be sufficiently cleansed, so enemas and dietary restrictions are necessary.
These studies are not performed on an empty stomach - the patient can be allowed a light breakfast.
Preparing patients and conducting x-ray examinations of the stomach and small intestine
Patients with normal bowel function do not require any special preparation for an X-ray examination of the stomach.In case of pathology of the stomach and intestines, it is necessary to prepare patients and conduct X-ray examinations of the stomach and small intestine
Patients with normal bowel function do not require any special preparation for an X-ray examination of the stomach. The study is carried out on an empty stomach.
In case of pathology of the stomach and intestines, 2–3 days before the study, foods that contribute to gas formation (brown bread, vegetables, fruits, legumes, milk, etc.) are excluded from the diet of the test subject. 14 hours before the examination, the patient stops eating and takes 30 ml in the evening. castor oil, and after 2-3 hours he is given a cleansing enema with 1-1.5 liters of warm water, chamomile infusion or soap solution (5 g of baby soap). 2–3 hours before the study, a repeat cleansing enema at room temperature is given. On the day of the study, the patient should not drink or smoke.
If there is a large amount of liquid, mucus, or food debris in the patient’s stomach (for example, with an organic narrowing of the gastric outlet), the stomach should be rinsed 2–3 hours before the examination.
For severe flatulence and persistent constipation, a cleansing enema is recommended 1.5–2 hours before the examination.
Preparation for irrigoscopy
To carry out an X-ray examination of the colon - irrigoscopy (Latin irrigatio - irrigation) - a complete cleansing of the intestines from contents and gases is necessary. A radiopaque substance up to 1.5 liters of warm (36–37° C) suspension of barium sulfate is injected into the intestines using an enema directly in the X-ray room.Contraindications to irrigoscopy: diseases of the rectum and its sphincters (inflammation, tumor, fistula, sphincter fissure). Situations are possible when the patient cannot keep the fluid administered to him in the intestines (rectal prolapse, sphincter weakness), which makes this procedure impossible.
Stages of preparing the patient for the study:
- Prescribe a diet 2-3 days before the study, excluding foods rich in plant fiber and containing other substances that promote increased gas formation. It is necessary to exclude fresh rye bread, potatoes, legumes, fresh milk, fresh vegetables and fruits, and fruit juices from the diet.
- On the eve of the study, the patient is prescribed a light dinner (no later than 8 pm). Omelette, kefir, caviar, cheese, boiled meat and fish without seasoning, tea or coffee without sugar, semolina porridge cooked in water are allowed.
- On the eve of the study, before lunch, the patient is given 30 g of castor oil to take orally (contraindication to taking castor oil is intestinal obstruction).
- The night before (30–40 minutes after dinner), the patient is given cleansing enemas with an interval of 1 hour until “clean” rinsing water is obtained.
- In the morning, 2 hours before the study, the patient is given a cleansing enema until “clean” rinsing water is obtained.
- The study is carried out on an empty stomach. If necessary, as prescribed by the doctor, the patient is allowed a light protein breakfast in the morning (low-fat cottage cheese, whipped egg white soufflé or protein omelet, boiled fish), which allows for a reflex movement of the contents of the small intestine into the large intestine and prevents the accumulation of gases in the intestines. In this case, a morning cleansing enema is given 20–30 minutes after breakfast.
- 30 minutes before the study, a gas outlet tube is inserted into the patient.
CT scan
Computed tomography (CT) is one of the X-ray examination methods. The production of any x-ray image is based on the different densities of the organs and tissues through which the x-rays pass. With conventional radiography, the image is a reflection of the organ or part of it being examined. In this case, small pathological formations may be poorly visible or not visualized at all due to tissue superposition (superposition of one layer on another). To eliminate these interferences, the linear tomography technique was introduced into practice. It made it possible to obtain a layer-by-layer longitudinal image. Isolation of the layer is achieved by simultaneous movement in opposite directions of the table on which the patient lies and the film cassette. The next step was computed tomography, for which its creators Cormack and Hounsfield were awarded Nobel Prize. The method makes it possible to obtain an isolated image of the transverse layer of tissue. This is achieved by rotating an X-ray tube with a narrow beam of X-rays around the patient and then reconstructing the image using special computer programs. Transverse plane imaging, which is not available in conventional x-rays, is often optimal for diagnosis, as it gives a clear picture of the relationship of the organs. For successful and effective application CT scanning must take into account indications and contraindications, the effectiveness of the method in each specific case, and follow an algorithm based on the principle “from simple to complex.” Computed tomography should be prescribed by a doctor, taking into account clinical data and all previous studies of the patient (in some cases, preliminary radiography or ultrasound is necessary). This approach allows you to determine the area of interest, make the study targeted, avoid conducting studies without indications, and reduce the dose of radiation exposure.- Computed tomography of the skull and brain (no preparation required).
- Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses (no preparation required).
- Computed tomography of the temporal lobes (no preparation required).
- Computed tomography of the chest (previous x-ray examination is required, no preparation required).
- Computed tomography of organs abdominal cavity(previous ultrasound examination is required).
- Computed tomography of the pancreas (previous ultrasound examination is required).
- Computed tomography of the kidneys (previous ultrasound examination is required).
- Computed tomography of the pelvic organs (previous ultrasound examination is required).
- Computed tomography of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs (previous X-ray examination is required, no preparation required).
- Computed tomography of bones and joints (previous x-ray examination is required, no preparation required).
- Dilute the contents of two ampoules of urografin 76% in 1.5 liters of boiled water.
- Drink 0.5 liters of solution in small portions the evening before the test.
- On the morning of the test, instead of breakfast, drink another 0.5 liter of solution.
- Drink the remaining 0.5 liters (take with you) 30 minutes and 15 minutes before the test.
Preparing for magnetic resonance imaging
At MRI abdominal and pelvic organs, it is recommended to refrain from eating and drinking 5 hours before the examination. No special preparation is usually needed for MRI of other organs. Contrast is not used in MRI in most cases, but sometimes it cannot be avoided. Contrast is injected into a vein through a catheter, no discomfort and there are no complications. MRI contrast is contraindicated for pregnant women.MAMMOGRAPHY
Mammography- special x-ray method examination of the mammary glands in women using a reduced dose of x-rays.
The objectives of the study are early detection of breast tumors. According to the American Cancer Society's recommendations for cancer detection methods, a woman's first mammogram should be done after the age of 40, before the age of 49 it should be performed every 1-2 years, and after 50 years - annually. Mammography helps to detect changes in the gland tissue that are difficult to determine during examination and palpation. It is also used to recognize inflammatory diseases in the mammary gland, before prescribing preoperative radiation for breast cancer, and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.
How is the research performed?
X-rays are taken in a specially equipped room using a mammography X-ray machine. The examination is best carried out on days 7–14 menstrual cycle when the breasts are less painful. For postmenopausal women, mammography is performed at any convenient time. During the examination, the woman stands or sits and the breast is placed between two plates.The pictures are taken with some compression of the mammary gland. This is done in order to reduce the radiation dose and obtain higher quality images. During the examination, slight painful sensations may appear. Usually two images of each gland are taken. In some cases, additional photographs are taken. Most often, this is necessary when there are scars on the chest after previous operations, as well as when the doctor wants to evaluate some additional details of the structure of the gland.
Information content of the method and its limits. The method has proven itself for early detection of breast cancer and is widely used for examining women. Using mammography, the diagnosis of breast cancer can be suspected in 85% of cases, but the most important thing is that in 45% the method detects signs of a tumor at the most early stages when neither the woman herself nor even the doctor notices anything suspicious during examination. At the same time, if the doctor detects any lumps in the gland, and mammography data are normal, a biopsy of the suspicious area of the gland should be done, because in 15% of cases mammography does not reveal signs of a tumor. Typically, after a mammogram is performed, the images are reviewed by a doctor. If signs suspicious for the development of a tumor are detected, the woman is invited to be examined by a specialist, who will decide on further examination and necessary treatment. It is very important to compare images taken over a number of years. A biopsy, i.e. taking gland tissue for histological examination, can be carried out under the control of a mammographic examination. The reliability of the method decreases with small breast sizes, the study is not carried out in young women, and also in the presence of an implant in the mammary gland after plastic surgery by its increase.
Preparing for the study
No special preparation is required for the study. Before mammography, you should not use powders (talcum powder) or deodorants, which can lead to difficulties or errors in diagnosis.Dangers and complications
As with any x-ray examination, mammography involves extremely small, completely acceptable exposure to x-rays. The method does not cause complications.X-ray research methods remain fast, convenient and reliable diagnostic methods, are often used in modern medicine and, despite the abundance of new methods, confidently take their place in planning patient examinations.
In the X-ray room
Types of X-ray diagnostics
There are two main X-ray examination techniques:
- X-ray(otherwise called X-ray transillumination) ─ X-rays, passing through an intensifying apparatus, are displayed on the monitor screen. The advantage of this type of diagnosis is that the study takes place in the present tense. The structural features and functions of the organ, as well as the features of the movement of contrast through it, are assessed.
A significant disadvantage of fluoroscopy is the relatively high radiation dose compared to radiography.
- Radiography─ projection of the object being studied using x-rays onto a special film.
For x-ray examination, depending on its purpose and area of conduct, various x-ray contrast agents can be used (for example, oil or water suspensions of iodine preparations for bronchography).
These types of diagnostics differ in the method of execution; the patient’s preparation is similar.
Doctor's tactics
Before prescribing any examination to his patient, the doctor interviews and examines him, carefully reads his anamnesis and medical history. Having put forward a hypothesis about a possible disease, the doctor may resort to x-rays as one of the ways to confirm it.
The doctor gives the patient a referral for an x-ray
In this case, it is important to be guided by the principles of necessity and sufficiency ─ to use only those methods and diagnostic methods that will be sufficient to determine the disease, but not unnecessary.
Before moving on to diagnosis, it is important to explain to the patient the purpose of the study, the reasons why this particular method was chosen and not another, and also explain what the preparation consists of.
Contraindications
Any x-ray examination has a number of contraindications:
- Children's age up to 15 years.
- Pregnant women.
In pregnant women, X-ray radiation can negatively affect the development of the fetus, and in children it can cause disruption of the growth and development of organs and systems.
The doctor may insist on conducting an examination if it is impossible to use other methods to verify the diagnosis.
During the upcoming x-ray examination, it is necessary to remember that there are basic principles of preparation for it in order to conduct a high-quality diagnosis.
General principles of preparation
X-ray technician helps the patient to take the correct position
- It is necessary to free the area under study from clothing as much as possible.
- The study area should also be free of bandages, patches, electrodes and other foreign objects, which may reduce the quality of the resulting image.
- Make sure that there are no various chains, watches, belts, hairpins if they are located in the area that will be studied.
- Only the area of interest to the doctor is left open; the rest of the body is covered with a special protective apron that screens out X-rays.
X-ray of the skull, spinal column and joints
Both an overview and a targeted image of the area of interest to the doctor can be prescribed.
There is no preparation for x-rays of the skull and several parts of the spine: from the cervical to the thoracic.
With x-rays of the lumbar and sacral spine, examination of the pelvic bones, as well as x-rays hip joints, the patient is prescribed a diet and bowel cleansing, all of which is described in detail in preparation for the gastrointestinal tract examination.
No preparation is needed to examine joints and limbs.
Radiography is widely used in traumatology
Chest x-ray
- Plain radiography of the chest organs allows you to diagnose pathological changes in the skeleton, lung tissue, the condition of the pleural cavity, assess the size and shape of the shadow of the heart and adjacent vessels.
There is no need to prepare for this study.
- Bronchoscopy and bronchography allow you to obtain X-ray images of the trachea and bronchi after contrast administration. Needed for studying parts of the lungs that are inaccessible to endoscopy, when diagnosing various bronchopulmonary diseases and/or planning surgical intervention.
As a preparation, if there is sputum, the lungs should be cleared of it, for example, with the help of expectorants prescribed in advance before the study. On the day of the study, it is forbidden to eat or drink.
X-ray of the breast
X-ray examination of the mammary glands (mammography) allows us to identify pathological changes in the glands, mainly of a tumor nature. Prescribed according to indications by a gynecologist, oncologist or other specialist.
Used as a screening method for early diagnosis breast cancer in women over 40 years of age.
No preparation is required for a breast x-ray.
X-ray of the digestive organs
- Plain radiography of the abdominal cavity gives a general idea of the state of the patient’s gastrointestinal tract. Allows you to diagnose intestinal obstruction, the presence of free gas (if there is perforation of a hollow organ).
No special preparation is required.
- X-ray of the esophagus. Without a contrast agent, it is needed to search for foreign bodies.
Most often, a study with contrast is necessary ─ to assess the motor function of the organ, determine the presence of possible narrowings or expansions, neoplasms, hiatal hernias.
Preparation for fluoroscopy includes ingesting the required volume of contrast agent before the examination.
- X-ray of the stomach and duodenum shows the size and shape of the stomach, its motor activity, the presence of defects in the mucous membrane, neoplasms, and stenoses.
A few days before the study, the patient is prescribed a diet that excludes dishes and foods that cause increased gas formation. The study is carried out on an empty stomach.
X-ray of the stomach is performed on an empty stomach
The day before the examination, a cleansing enema is given or a laxative is prescribed. It is possible to use enterosorbents.
- X-ray of the large intestine shows the size and position of the intestine, as well as its motor function.
During irrigoscopy, a barium suspension is administered rectally and fluoroscopy is performed. A combination of barium suspension and air is possible (double contrast technique).
Preparation is similar to preparation for the examination of the stomach and duodenum.
X-ray of the gallbladder and biliary tract
These research methods make it possible to determine the shape and position of the gallbladder, the presence of stones or neoplasms in its lumen.
The contrast agent can be administered orally or intravenously.
Preparation for the study is the same as when studying the gastrointestinal tract.
X-ray of the urinary system
Patient preparing for x-ray examination of kidneys and urinary tract
- Plain radiography of the kidneys and urinary tract helps to form a general impression of the shape and position of the kidneys, the condition of the ureters, and determine radiopaque stones.
- Several types of urography(excretory, retrograde) provide more information than the previous study.
As preparation, the diet already described above and laxatives on the eve of the study are prescribed.
Preparation for radiography and fluoroscopy is quite simple, and if performed correctly and with high quality, it allows the doctor to obtain the most informative results.
Preparing the patient for X-ray examination of the stomach
5. Deliver the patient with a medical history to the X-ray room.
Preparing the patient for x-ray examination of the colon guts(irrigoscopy)
This study is carried out after introducing a barium suspension into the colon using an enema (200 g of barium per 1.5 liters of water).
Preparation procedure:
1. If possible, establish a trusting relationship with the patient. Explain the purpose and progress of the procedure, obtain consent to carry out it.
For 2-3 days before the study - a slag-free diet.
2. Dinner the day before - no later than 21.00.
3. The study is performed on an empty stomach.
4. In the evening and morning, 2 hours before the study, a cleansing enema (see above).
5. 30 minutes before the study - a gas outlet tube.
Preparing the patient for x-ray examination of the gallbladder (cholecystography)
In preparation for cholecystography, the patient takes a contrast agent (cholevid, bilitrast) orally.
2 days before the study, the patient is prescribed a slag-free diet.
12-14 hours before the examination, a contrast agent is given orally (at the rate of 1 g per 15-20 kg of body weight).
Remember! The contrast agent should be administered in fractional portions mixed with granulated sugar every 10 minutes for 1 hour.
3. In the evening and 1 - 2 hours before the study, give a cleansing enema.
4. Warn the patient that the study will be carried out in the morning on an empty stomach.
If the study is carried out on an outpatient basis, the patient should bring with him a choleretic breakfast (2 egg yolks, 20 g of sorbitol), which causes contraction and emptying of the gallbladder.
biliary tract (cholegraphy)
When preparing a patient for cholegraphy, a contrast agent (bilignost, endografin) is administered intravenously.
Remember! Before carrying out the test, it is imperative to find out whether the patient has previously had signs of intolerance to iodine-containing drugs . If such signs are observed, testing and administration of the full dose of the drug are contraindicated!
If, during the test, signs of hypersensitivity to iodine preparations appear (general weakness, lacrimation, sneezing, runny nose, itchy skin, nausea, vomiting, as well as hyperemia, pain and swelling in the injection area), you should immediately inform your doctor.
In the absence of signs of hypersensitivity, the patient continues to be prepared for the examination.
Preparing the patient:
If possible, establish a trusting relationship with the patient. Explain the purpose and progress of the procedure, obtain consent to carry out it.
1 - 2 days before the study, a sensitivity test to the drug is carried out: 1 - 2 ml of bilignost is administered intravenously.
The patient is warned that the study will be carried out in the morning on an empty stomach.
1 - 2 hours before the study - a cleansing enema.
In the X-ray room, with the patient in a horizontal position, 30 - 40 ml of a 20% solution of bilignost, heated in a water bath to 37 ° C, is slowly injected intravenously.
Preparing the patient for x-ray examination kidneys and urinary tract (intravenous urography).
Purpose of training- empty the intestines of contents and gases. Preparing the patient:
If possible, establish a trusting relationship with the patient. Explain the purpose and progress of the procedure, obtain consent to carry out it.
1. For 2 - 3 days, exclude their diet: vinaigrette, fruit, sugar, milk, black bread.
2. For flatulence, prescribe one tablet of carbolene 4 times a day.
3. On the eve of the study, limit fluid intake from the second half of the day.
4. In the evening and in the morning, 2-3 hours in advance - cleansing enemas and a test for tolerability of a contrast agent (Verografin, urography, etc.) 40-60 ml of contrast agent is administered intravenously in the X-ray room in the presence of the attending physician.
Preparing the patient for endoscopic examination of the stomach (fibrogastroduodenoscopy)
An important study that allows you to visually determine the location, nature and degree of changes in the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. Preparing the patient:
1. If possible, establish a trusting relationship with the patient. Explain the purpose and progress of the procedure, obtain consent to carry out it.
2.Inform the patient that the study is carried out in the morning on an empty stomach; During the examination, you should not speak or swallow saliva.
3. Make sure that on the day of the examination the patient takes off his dentures and goes to the office with a towel.
15 - 20 minutes before the test, 1 ml of a 0.1% atropine sulfate solution is injected subcutaneously (as prescribed by a doctor).
Preparing the patient for endoscopic examination of the large intestine (colonoscopy)
Endoscopic examination of the high parts of the colon requires careful preparation of the patient. Preparing the patient:
1. If possible, establish a trusting relationship with the patient. Explain the purpose and progress of the procedure, obtain consent to carry out it.
3-5 days before the study, the patient is prescribed diet No. 4.
2. 2 days before the study, the patient receives laxatives (castor oil 30-50 g).
3. In the evening before the study and 2 hours before it, a high cleansing enema is given (3 - 4 liters of warm water 37-38 ° C).
4. 25 - 30 minutes before the study (as prescribed by the doctor), 1.0 ml of a 0.1% atropine sulfate solution is injected subcutaneously.
If the patient has constipation, diet No. 3 is prescribed for 5-7 days before the study, and laxatives are prescribed 2 times a day. 12 and 2 hours before the study, the patient is given cleansing enemas.
Preparing the patient for endoscopic examination of the rectum (sigmoidoscopy)
Study, direct, sigmoid and descending colon. The use of this examination method makes it possible to identify inflammatory processes, ulcerative lesions of the mucous membrane, enlargement and inflammatory processes of internal hemorrhoids, and the presence of neoplasms. Preparing the patient:
1. Inform the patient that the study is carried out in the morning, on an empty stomach.
2. 2 hours before the study, give the patient a cleansing enema. Remember: There should be a break of at least two hours between preparing the patient’s intestines and the examination, since a cleansing enema changes the natural appearance of the mucous membrane for some time.
Radiography is the main imaging method that allows doctors to obtain images of tissues and organs non-invasively. The procedure allows you to diagnose many diseases.
To obtain clear images and reliable results, preparation for x-rays is required, the rules of which are determined by the area of the body being examined.
X-rays are energy waves that can penetrate almost any organism and capture the illuminated picture, leaving imprints on the photographic plate. Doctors use these properties of the rays to obtain images internal organs man and skeleton. This method makes it possible to make an accurate diagnosis of the patient.
Exist different ways X-ray examinations:
- Overview. Allows you to cover most of the body. For example, the entire chest, abdominal organs, etc.
- Sighting. Used to obtain images of a single organ.
- Densitometry. A test that measures bone density.
- CT - computed tomography. Allows you to obtain three-dimensional images of organs.
- X-ray with functional tests. Performed when examining the spine or checking the condition of the vertebral arteries.
Types of X-rays are also distinguished by the method of obtaining images. So, to obtain images on film, radiography is performed. A research method in which the results of x-raying of organs are displayed on a screen is called fluoroscopy.
Indications and contraindications for the study
There are general and specific indications for radiography. In the first case, the examination is carried out to determine the condition of all areas of the body, in the second - to identify pathologies of individual organs. X-rays are necessary in traumatology, pulmonology, surgery, dentistry and other medical fields.
The main indications for the examination are:
- assessment of the condition of any organs;
- identification and examination of pathologies and neoplasms;
- diagnostics of inflammatory processes;
- preparation for surgical interventions;
- assessment of the quality of treatment;
- visualization of defects and anomalies of organ development.
X-rays are contraindicated in severe patient conditions, open bleeding, pneumothorax and pregnancy.
Contrast X-rays are not performed in cases of thyroid pathology, severe kidney or liver diseases, active forms tuberculosis. This type of examination is not prescribed for patients who are highly sensitive to iodine-containing substances and women during lactation.
How to prepare for an x-ray
The study of radiography is based on the property of rays that can penetrate dense media and are absorbed to varying degrees depending on the composition and properties of these media. Organs and tissues of the body differ from each other chemically and physical characteristics, absorbing X-rays differently. This determines the natural contrast of the finished images. For the same reason, without special training, it is possible to conduct examinations of such organs as:
- lungs;
- spine;
- kidneys;
- rib cage;
- scull;
- large joints;
- collarbone;
- paranasal sinuses.
Some x-ray examinations require preliminary preparation. Thus, x-raying of the pelvic bones, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary system is carried out only after 2-3 days of maintaining a special diet and carrying out cleansing procedures.
Why do you need to prepare for the examination?
Preliminary preparation of the stomach and intestines before x-ray allows you to obtain the most accurate examination results. In emergency cases, candling of organs is carried out immediately, without any diets or cleansing procedures. However, there is a possibility that a filled intestine or stomach will not allow you to view the resulting image and establish a clear diagnosis - the image will be blurry or contain incorrect, “extra” information.
What is the preparation?
To ensure that the image obtained as a result of an X-ray examination is clear, experts recommend that patients thoroughly cleanse the intestines before the procedure. For radiography of the pelvic bones, examinations of the lumbosacral spine, upper urinary tract and kidneys, a cleansing enema is given in the evening, on the eve of the examination, and in the morning, 1-2 hours before the procedure. On the day of the study, a light breakfast is recommended.
Examination of the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon) is carried out on an empty stomach, after cleansing enemas. In the morning before the procedure, you should stop drinking liquids and smoking, and 2-3 days before, follow a diet that includes the following items:
- avoidance of foods that cause increased gas formation;
- intake of adsorbents;
- exception alcoholic drinks and high fat foods.
For flatulence, the doctor may prescribe the patient a course of medications containing enzymatic compounds, or ask him to take valerian tincture for 4-5 days before the examination.
Preparing for an X-ray with a contrast agent: recommendations for patients before and after the examination
X-ray images obtained as a result of contrast radiology have high diagnostic value for doctors. This type of examination has many limitations and requires more careful preparation than with classic x-rays:
- 3-4 days before the procedure, complete abstinence from flour, fatty, spicy and smoked foods is necessary;
- the last meal should be no later than 18 hours on the eve of the examination;
- You should give up alcohol 2 weeks before and quit smoking 24 hours before;
- preparation of the stomach and intestines includes deep enemas on the eve of the procedure and 2 hours before it.
After the procedure, you should drink a lot of fluid, which helps to quickly remove the iodine-containing substance used as a contrast. It is recommended not to shower or take a bath for the first 12 hours, and you should also adhere to bed rest throughout the day.
Preparing the patient for an x-ray using dual contrast
Preparation for double contrast fluoroscopy includes thorough cleaning of the gastrointestinal tract from toxins and gases. To do this, the patient needs to do a cleansing enema or take the drug Fortrans, the effect of which is identical to the traditional procedure for emptying the intestines of contents.
In addition, a provocative test is performed to prevent allergic conditions: half an hour before the procedure, the patient drinks a small amount of barium sulfate and is under medical supervision. X-rays with double contrast are performed only if there is no negative reaction of the body to the substance.
How is radiography performed?
The procedure depends on the organ being examined and the x-ray method chosen. It is important to listen to the recommendations of the specialist taking the pictures - following the instructions exactly will allow you to get a high-quality and clear image.
The research is carried out in several stages:
- Preparing the patient, removing clothing and jewelry from the area to be x-rayed.
- Pointing X-rays at the area being examined.
- Viewing the results of the passage of rays through the human body and recording the data on film or a special amplifier that transmits the image to the monitor screen.
With contrast radiography, a special substance is additionally administered to the patient during the examination. Such a contrast agent allows you to create a visual difference between the object of examination and the surrounding tissues or organs, which is necessary for accurate diagnosis of diseases of organs located in the abdominal cavity.
What pathologies can be identified?
Proper conduct and preparation of radiography allows us to clarify the shape of organs, their position, peristalsis, tone, and relief. Such data is necessary for recognizing tumors, ulcerative lesions, traumatic changes, inflammatory and infectious diseases. This type of examination allows for timely and accurate diagnosis of almost any pathology developing in the patient’s body.
Where is it done and the price of the procedure
Thanks to the development and good equipment of clinics, x-rays are available in most medical institutions Russia. The price of x-ray examinations depends on their type, the organ being examined, the cost of the equipment, the classification of the specialist and many other minor factors. The region where the procedure is performed also plays a role. Thus, the highest cost of x-rays is observed in large cities.
The price range for x-rays can vary from several hundred to thousands of rubles.
The approximate cost of the procedure can be determined by the type of examination:
- classic x-ray - from 200 rubles;
- with functional tests - from 400 rubles;
- with contrast - from 500 rubles;
- digital - from 600 rubles;
- at home - from 1500 rubles.
The smaller and more accessible the area examined by x-ray, the lower the cost of the procedure. As the size of the area being examined increases, the price of an x-ray also increases. If you have a medical insurance policy and a referral from a doctor, the patient can count on free x-rays in a public medical institution.
Radiography is a medical diagnostic method based on the use of x-rays. Radiation exposure during radiography does not pose any danger to human health, but implies a limitation in the frequency of use of studies (x-rays, radiography, fluorography, etc.).
X-rays are divided into overview, which gives an idea of any area of the body (most often, a survey X-ray of the chest organs is performed - fluorography), and targeted, which gives more detailed information about the work of a particular organ and its structure.
The image obtained as a result of radiography is called a radiograph. The results of X-ray diagnostics are necessary for making a diagnosis in all branches of clinical medicine; X-ray diagnostics is included in a basic level of medical diagnostics in children and adults.
Preparing patients for radiography:
Special preparation of patients for x-ray examination is generally not required, however, the following preparation methods are available for examination of the digestive organs:
- Previously, special diets were carried out, foods that promote flatulence were excluded from the diet, and a cleansing enema was performed, but now it is generally accepted that for RI of the stomach and duodenum patients with normal bowel function does not require any preparation. However, in case of severe flatulence and persistent constipation, a cleansing enema is performed 2 hours before the test. If there is a large amount of liquid, mucus, or food debris in the patient’s stomach, gastric lavage is performed 3 hours before the test.
- Before cholecystography, the possibility of flatulence is also excluded and a radiopaque iodine-containing drug is used (cholevid, iopagnost 1 g per 20 kg of live weight). The drug enters the liver and accumulates in gallbladder. To determine the contractility of the gallbladder, the patient is also given a choleretic agent - 2 raw egg yolks or 20 g of sorbitol.
- Before cholegraphy, the patient is injected intravenously with a contrast agent (bilignost, bilitrast, etc.), which contrasts the bile ducts.
- Before irrigography, it is carried out using a contrast enema (BaSO4 at the rate of 400 g per 1600 ml of water). On the eve of the study, the patient is given 30 g of castor oil, and in the evening a cleansing enema is given. The patient does not eat dinner, the next day a light breakfast, two cleansing enemas, a contrast enema.
Advantages of radiography:
- Wide availability of the method;
- Ease of conducting research;
- Most tests do not require special patient preparation;
- Relatively low cost of research;
- The images can be used for consultation with another specialist or in another institution (unlike ultrasound images, where a repeat examination is necessary, since the resulting images are operator dependent).
X-ray and fluoroscopy in the Volyn hospital
Digital X-ray equipment used in the Volyn hospital is highly sensitive and allows you to reduce the radiation dose by 5-10 times for radiography and 2 times for fluoroscopy, i.e. make the procedure as safe as possible for humans.
In X-ray rooms, radiographic and fluoroscopic examinations of any degree of complexity are carried out:
- Examination of the chest organs (fluorography);
- Organ examination gastrointestinal tract;
- Retrograde cholangiopancreatography;
- Examination of the genitourinary system;
- Mammography;
- Fistulography;
- Radiography and fluoroscopy of skeletal bones;
- X-ray of the paranasal sinuses;
- X-ray of the nasopharynx, etc.