The variety of ways of human knowledge. The variety of ways of knowledge and forms of human knowledge Folk wisdom and common sense features

Slide 5

Myths, purified of ritual and elements of holiness, gave rise to fairy tales.

The ancient heroic epic also goes back to myths.

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“AND EXPERIENCE, THE SON OF HARD MISTAKES...”

Unlike science, where knowledge is an end in itself, in practical experience it is a “by-product”;

The way to form practical knowledge was apprenticeship;

Practical knowledge also has its own language: “by eye”, “a little bit”...;

practical knowledge does not pretend to be theoretically justified.

A special way of understanding the world is life practice, experience Everyday life.

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Increasing complexity of people's activities - the need to record knowledge, achievements of practice in the form

descriptions.

FOLK WISDOM AND COMMON SENSE:

a set of behavioral recipes for different cases.

This information is learned spontaneously, it is heterogeneous and contradictory.

people's views on the surrounding reality and themselves that spontaneously develop under the influence of everyday experience, and these views are the basis for practical activities and morality.

Slide 8

Proverbs and sayings

• You have to bend down to drink from the stream.
• While the iron is in use, rust will not take it.
• Sleeping a lot is a matter of not knowing.
• Work is not a wolf; it will not run away into the forest.
• Such are the works, such are the fruits.
• The elbow is close, but you won’t bite.
• Spring feeds the year.
• Time cures.
• Two deaths cannot happen, but one cannot be avoided.

Slide 9

COGNITION BY MEANS OF ART – artistic exploration of the world.

A specific method of artistic cognition is an artistic generalization, an image;

An image, as a reflection of reality, has certain properties of a really existing object, and the essence and purpose of both becomes clearer.

Art expresses a person’s aesthetic attitude to reality. V.G. Belinsky called A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” “an encyclopedia of Russian life.”

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The image does not simply reflect the world, but, as it were, generalizes the important properties of many real objects.

The image reveals the essential, unchanging, eternal in the individual, transitory, accidental.

Botticelli "Birth of Venus"

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Slide 12

“parascience” (from Latin para - after, with), i.e. pseudo-scientific knowledge.

There are reliable facts that do not fit into established scientific systems.

Parascience uses information that is not confirmed by experiment, does not fit into accepted theories, or contradicts generally accepted and practice-tested scientific knowledge.

characterized by claims to universality and exclusivity, resorts to pseudoscientific terminology, difficult to translate and mysterious or meaningless.

Parascience is characterized by an avoidance of specific explanations, a desire to bypass those facts that do not correspond to or contradict the methods it uses.

Slide 13

“A person is born with a spherical biofield”

• What is a spherical biofield?
• Who and how determined its sphericity?
• How far does it spread?
• If geometrically a person is not a point, then does this mean that in different parts of the body the biofield has different thicknesses in order to remain a sphere?

Slide 14

Sources:

Pavlova Anelya Vasilievna history teacher, Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 12, Vyshny Volochok, Tver Region.

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The purpose of the lesson: create conditions for the formation of ideas about the diversity of human knowledge, the characteristics of non-scientific knowledge of the world;

Tasks:

• get acquainted with the types and levels of human knowledge;
• develop in students the ability to carry out a comprehensive search for information;
• analyze, draw conclusions, rationally solve cognitive and problematic tasks;
• contribute to the development of citizenship among students.

Technologies: Differentiated learning; information and communication; collaborative learning; development of critical thinking.

Expected results:

1. Improving the quality of knowledge;

2. Development of research and creative abilities;

3. Active life position;

4. The ability to consciously regulate one’s activities;

5. Skill and ability to highlight the questions being studied in the text when preparing for the Unified State Exam.

Students will learn:

• identify problems of world cognition;
• analyze your own and others’ views on the knowability of the world;
• search for the necessary information, highlight the main thing;

Basic concepts of the lesson:

• Unscientific knowledge;
• Folk wisdom;
• Parascience;
• Practical experience;
• Art;
• Epistemology;
• Eschatology.

Lesson type: business game.

1. Organizing time

Teacher's opening speech: “In history, we considered different kinds knowledge: rational and sensual, logical and illogical, scientific and non-scientific, ordinary and artistic, moral and philosophical. And the process of cognition does not always take place in scientific laboratories.

Does a person need faith in the miraculous?

What role does fantasy play in the process of learning the truth?

Does art help us better understand the world?

Let's think about these questions.

Preliminary preparation

The class is divided into groups, each of which represents a specific role as convinced supporters of their non-scientific ways of knowing the world and truth.

There is only one condition: everyone must be convincing when presenting their way of knowing.

1. Myth and knowledge of the world

5. Where science ends.

Lesson topic: “Diversity of ways to understand the world”

Lesson plan:

1. Myth and knowledge of the world

2. “And experience, the son of difficult mistakes”

3. Folk wisdom and common sense

4. Knowledge through art

5. Where science ends.

2. New material:

The work of the “Mythology” team

Presentation “Myths as knowledge of the world”

The class works in notebooks.

Myth- a reflection of the views of ancient people on the world, their ideas about its structure and order in it.

Myth is the predecessor of science in its transformative and educational role.

Notebook entry: The role and meaning of myth:

1. We gain knowledge about the system of rules and values ​​​​accepted in a given society;

2. Myths preserve the life experience of peoples;

3. Ensures continuity of cultural experience;

4. Conveys the best moral qualities of the heroes and invites them to follow subsequent generations.

Eschatology – “myths about the end of the world, about the end of time” - “The myth of the Flood”

Epistemology is a philosophical doctrine that does not reject the complexity of knowledge, and asserts that it is possible to know the world.

The main thematic cycles of myths:

Cosmogonic myths - about the origin of the world and the Universe;

Anthropogonistic myths - about the origin of man;

About cultural heroes - myths about the origin and introduction of certain cultural goods;

Eschalogical myths - myths about the “end of the world”;

Biographical - birth, marriage, death of heroes.

Work of group 2. “And experience, the son of difficult mistakes”

Presentation and speech.

The class is given a ribbon and scissors. Assignment: try to cut a “piece” of ribbon “a little bit” (all students cut the ribbon, but everyone has it of a different length.

What practical activity or everyday situation gave rise to the following proverbs?

You recognize a person when you eat a ton of salt with him.

A tailor without a caftan, a shoemaker without boots, a carpenter without doors.

Write in your notebook:

1. The experience of everyday life is a special way of understanding the world;

2. Its peculiarity is that obtaining knowledge is not an end in itself, but a “by-product”;

3. Practical knowledge does not pretend to be theoretically justified and does without it;

4. Practical knowledge has its own language: “a little bit”, “by eye”;

5. Not only practical knowledge is acquired, but also assessments and standards of behavior.

Work of group 3 “Folk wisdom and common sense”

Presentation and speech.

Write in your notebook:

- Folk wisdom- a kind of set of recipes for behavior for different occasions in life.

- Common sense– spontaneously developing views of people on the surrounding reality and themselves under the influence of everyday experience.

Hello examples of folk wisdom:

Do not indicate in someone else's house;

You can't make white out of black;

They don’t carry firewood into the forest;

We don’t keep what we have, we lose it by crying;

A kind word is also pleasant for a cat;

Everything is going like clockwork;

A bad soldier is one who does not aim to become a general;

Not the father who gave birth, but the one who gave him drink, fed him, and taught him wisdom;

A thread from the world - a naked shirt;

By talent and success.

You can use the literary work “Shemyakin Court”

Group 4 work “Cognition through art”

Presentation and speech.

Write in your notebook:

The peculiarity of cognition is artistic generalization, image. They help to imagine an ideal thought through a real embodiment and understand this embodiment through the expression of a thought.

Signs of artistic knowledge:

1. Reflection of the world in artistic images.

2. Subjectivity of the image.

3. Instead of evidence - emotional persuasiveness of images.

4. A special language of art - symbols, allegories, metaphors.

Group 5 work “Where science ends”

Presentation and speech

Write in your notebook:

Parascience is pseudo-scientific knowledge, the characteristic features of which are the nebulosity and mystery of the information with which it operates.

The reason for its appearance is the limited capabilities of science, which cannot answer all questions.

Distinctive features of parascience:

Claim for versatility;

Excessive demands for attention to oneself;

Intolerance towards traditional science is common.

1. The cognitive capabilities of man and society are limited, but the objects of knowledge are limitless.

2. The positive impact of parascience is that it contributes to the emergence of new scientific problems.

3. Let’s summarize the work of all groups: What non-scientific ways of understanding the world have we become familiar with?

4. Which of all did you find most convincing?

Working with tasks in the form of the Unified State Exam on the topic “Non-scientific knowledge of the world”

(Presentation prepared by the teacher from the Unified State Exam assignments for blocks A, B, C)

B 1 - art;

B 2- abstraction; experiment;

B 3 -3412; 3412;

C 7 – two features of artistic fiction: art can express phenomena that cannot be reflected and understood in any other way.

1. figurative reflection of the world;

2. reliance on the individual, unique;

3. conditional nature of the created works.

C8. plan your answer

1. Cognition as the process of understanding the world.

2. The main ways of non-scientific knowledge:

B) life practice

B) folk wisdom

D) art as a specific form of knowledge

3. Scientific knowledge and its features

A) theoretical nature of knowledge

B) striving for objectivity

B) evidence

D) systematicity.

Reflection.

Thank everyone for their work in class.

• Which way of knowing made an emotional impression on you?
• Business mood?
• What method will you use to constantly explore the world as an adult?

Homework: paragraph 23.

References.

1. Bogolyubov L.N. "Social science. Profile level 10th grade”, Moscow, 2008

2. Sorokina E.N. “Lesson developments in social studies, grade 10. Profile level”, Moscow 2008

3. Unified State Examination tests 2012-2013. Publishing house “Exam”, 2013

A special way of understanding the world is life practice, the experience of everyday life. For a long time, people not only sought to explain the world as a whole, but also simply worked, suffered from failures, and achieved the results of their fathers. At the same time, they accumulated certain knowledge. You already know that, unlike special cognitive activity, unlike science, where knowledge is an end in itself, in practical experience they are a “by-product.” For example, a person who lived on the banks of a river or lake built a ship or a boat to sail on the waves. The main result of such activity was supposed to be a ship, and a secondary result was the knowledge of what kind of wood to take, how and with what to process it, and what shape to give to a floating vehicle. At the same time the law. Archimedes was unknown to the ship's builder. But if the boat was successful, then most likely the Avila Ave., according to which it was built, was fully consistent with the scientific position, even if unknown to the practicing builder. A lot of knowledge of a practical nature was given to people by the activities of a craftsman, a farmer, a cook, a doctor, a winemaker, a builder, etc. An obligatory way of developing practical knowledge was apprenticeship with an experienced mentor, master, craftsman, craftsman.

Practical knowledge, which arises during the accumulation of experience, also corresponds to its own language. Remember: “by eye”, “a little bit”, etc. Try to accurately determine in grams, minutes, centimeters how many professions this is, and the skill of the owner of such practical knowledge requires the ability to “catch” microns and mg, fractions of a second, skill to navigate in all the variety of tools, materials, working conditions using the power of memorable signs, habits, dexterity.

In the process of acquiring life experience, a person acquires not only practical knowledge, but also assessments and norms of behavior, and he acquires them as if gradually, without special effort, acting according to a model. Knowledge related to everyday experience is sometimes called spiritual-practical. From them there is one step to folk wisdom.

PEOPLE'S wisdom and common sense

The growth in volume and complexity of people's activities aimed at satisfying their needs led to the need to record knowledge and achievements of practice in the form of descriptions. Moreover, such descriptions contained neither the collected generalized experience of different people, sometimes even many generations. Such generalized practical knowledge formed the basis of folk wisdom.

In the early stages of history, human wisdom was first attributed to the gods, and it was bestowed on individuals as a gift. For the ancient Greeks, it was the personification of wisdom. Athena. Pallas. It was believed that people who touched the “spark of God” acquired the ability to reason about the unknown, to predict the course of events directed by the gods themselves. With the destruction of the foundations of a society in which mythology reigned, the understanding of wisdom also changed. It began to be interpreted as the ability to understand earthly events by themselves, without correlation with the world. Bogiogiv.

Based on the generalization of experience, unique aphorisms, sayings, and judgments containing practical conclusions arose. Everyone knows the expression: “Strike while the iron is hot.” ​​This judgment was born from the observation that metal can be processed in a state where it is easier to process. It means a call to do something on time while conditions are conducive to activity. Now it can mean actions completely unrelated to anyone’s craft. Most of the provisions of folk wisdom, recorded in proverbs, sayings, riddles, are primarily associated with practical objective activity.

Riddles are closely related to the art of ancient oracles, predictors, and soothsayers. And at the same time, the folk riddle is accessible to any person with natural intelligence and life experience

A distinctive feature of folk wisdom as a kind of set of recipes for behavior for different cases is its heterogeneity and inconsistency. This is due to the fact that it records the attitude of different people to the same phenomena and actions. In the body of folk wisdom one can find directly opposite judgments on the same issue. For example: “Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today,” and next to it: “Early in the evening, the wiser.” You yourself can continue to select such paired judgments at the level of folk wisdom.

Now let's turn to what common sense is. The dictionary defines it as people's views on the surrounding reality and themselves, which spontaneously develop under the influence of everyday experience, and these absorptions are the basis for practical activity and morality. Let's try to understand this interpretation.

Previously, common sense included certain knowledge acquired spontaneously, without special cognitive activity. This information is assimilated to the extent that a person masters the living, direct experience of modern life. Chesnokov, human life skills. In this sense, common sense constitutes the so-called natural thinking and is inherent in every healthy person. So, from the point of view of common sense, if you don’t know how to use some device, it is advisable to ask someone who knows, and if there is none, do not touch the device unless absolutely necessary. Common sense dictates that it is better not to do anything that could harm others and yourself.

Undoubtedly, common sense records seemingly obvious information that has been repeatedly verified. But can you always trust only him in everything? Just common sense?

It should be noted that common sense, being closely related to the experience of many people, is entangled in misconceptions, prejudices, stable ideas, stereotypes, accepted by people of a given era as absolute, unshakable truths. Yes, in times. Homer considered the existence of people with dog heads possible. This caused surprise, but not doubt. Common sense is a rather conservative phenomenon, almost invariably, new dates hardly displace the previous ones, but changes still occur over time. Perhaps it is not bad that in the process of continuous development of ideas about the world, some areas of knowledge remain unchanged; it is not so much shy of science as of the living experience of our ancestors.