A philologist is a specialist in the field of philology. Philology is a kind of collection of several disciplines into one large group that studies culture through writing. The main disciplines included in this group:

Literary studies;

Linguistics;

Russian language and culture of speech;

Textual criticism and more.

Linguistics

A linguist is a person who knows everything about language: its structure, laws of development and relationships between different languages. Unlike a linguist, a philologist does not deal with the language itself; he is a specialist in texts and everything connected with them. There are only a few philologists in Russia. Not so much the philologists themselves, but real and worthwhile people in the field of philology. And here a question arises for universities teaching philology. How do they distinguish between these 2 different professions or, on the contrary, see their commonality.

What is their difference anyway? Confrontation between linguistics and philology:

1. Linguistics studies languages, and philology is the science of words, mostly artistic.
2. For a linguist, language is the very goal and basis, and for a philologist it serves as a tool with which texts are processed.

There is one more nuance: a linguist is not a philologist, but any philologist is a linguist. This means that a linguist and a philologist are two different professions that have a common focus.

Who is a philologist?

We have already answered who a philologist is. A philologist is a specialist in the field of language culture and literacy.

Now let's summarize. Who is a philologist and what does he do? A philologist studies:

Language functionality;

Internal structure;

The nature of creation;

Historical movement throughout the years;

Division into classes: applied and theory, general and specific.

Philologists work in research centers, educational institutions, libraries and editorial offices. This means that philologists will always be in demand as a philologist-teacher, librarian, editor, journalist, speechwriter or copywriter, and a specialist in scientific research. In addition, philologists can also be found in modern agencies. As they say, who cares what. Therefore, you should not be surprised that a person with such a high, intelligent and competent profession can be found anywhere.

We can conclude that a philologist is a specialist in texts. And he does what he likes: advertising, journalism, etc. The scope of employment can be limitless, so it is better for young people who have recently graduated from secondary school to think about such an attractive profession. There are a lot of lawyers and accountants, but there are only one or two philologists.

Philologist-teacher. Requirements

A philologist must have the following qualities: knowledge of scientific language; attentiveness; resistance to stress; excellent memory and hearing; perseverance and patience; competent speech, both written and oral; broad-minded; analytical mind; initiative and energy. There is only one limitation in the medical sense - a philologist-teacher should not have neuropsychic disorders.

Philologist teaching Russian language and literature

A person with the education of a philologist can easily teach in educational institutions with a specialty - philologist of the Russian language and literature, teacher. Moreover, these could be primary classes, and secondary specialized schools, and even universities. After completing three university courses, a student can officially get a job as a teacher. In addition, as you know, although thousands of philologists graduate every year, they are in no hurry to find work as teachers. This increases demand. The shortage of teachers makes it possible to easily get into many educational establishments. In some diplomas, in the specialty column they write “Philologist, teacher of Russian language and literature.”

Philologist in research activities

Who is a philologist and what does he do? Philologists are graduated from higher educational institutions, which means their activities may well be related to science. Research activities for a philologist include:

Explanation and restoration of old manuscripts;

Creation of reviews;

Study of literature and historical data about the language.

Philologists who love their field will not be bored in this area. There are still a lot of things and writings that still need research to this day. As a place of work, philological scientists choose educational institutions where they can further improve themselves. Enroll in graduate school, defend your candidate's and doctoral dissertations, etc.

Philologists in the media

The gates of journalism open for a philologist graduate. If this is close to him, then he can safely apply for the position of proofreader, editor, journalist, reporter, editor-in-chief, production editor. The main requirement of all media is the ability to competently, clearly and with a clear arrangement of expressing one’s thoughts both in writing and orally. And, of course, a philologist falls under these criteria. Each of them must be literate in speech and text, be able to express and formulate thoughts on paper, or be good at presenting an idea to people through TV screens or on the radio. And here everyone needs to choose their own. What's better? Traveling and business trips or quiet work in the office at your desk? Proofreaders and production editors work in the offices. Their main task is to correct and rewrite an already formulated text on paper or electronically.

IT and the Internet are the place of work for competent philologists

Nowadays, tempting offers for philologists are appearing on the Internet. Today there are a lot of sites offering philologists to show themselves. Every day thousands of new sites appear on the Internet that need optimization, new unique texts to promote the site and its high-quality content. And here you simply cannot do without competent people who accurately express their thoughts. So, the positions of philologists on the Internet are: SEO specialist, who adapts the written text to the requirements of SEO marketing, a technical writer (technical editor), who describes products and services, a copywriter or rewriter, who creates and corrects content for websites.

Famous philologists

1. Latyshev Vasily Vasilievich (born in 1855).
2. Grimm Friedrich-Melchior.
3. Likhachev Dmitry Sergeevich.
4. Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich.
5. Renan Joseph Ernest.
6. Shares Lucius.
7. Galileo Galilei.
8. Gasparov Mikhail Leonovich.
9. McLuhan Marshall.
10. Ivanov Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich.
11. Tolkien John Ronald Ruel.

Bottom line

Philology is a very interesting science, which is very popular today. Philologists are literate and educated people. A philologist is not necessarily a teacher, it can be a journalist or Researcher, and an advertising agent. But this is not the limit.

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TICKET No. 1

Philology is a complex of scientific disciplines that study human spiritual culture through the analysis of written texts.

Philology– a community of humanities that study human culture through language and stylistic analysis of written texts.

The main area of ​​research is human spiritual culture.

Society culture is the value system of a given society. Values ​​are what is created in society: artistic, musical and other works of spiritual culture, or what a person considers to be values: friendship, love, etc.

Likhachev: “Culture- This is a shrine to the people, a shrine to the nation.

Journalistic values, literary texts, and religious texts are important for understanding culture. It is in written texts that the history of the people is reflected.

Philology grew out of textual comments. Comments were made on unclear words - glossaries.

The first text to be commented on was Homer's text.

The first philological work is the treatise “On Images” (“Collection of Svyatoslav” 1073).

Philology deals with a certain culture or a group of related peoples, which is why there are classical, Germanic, Slavic, etc. philologies.

Object of study classical philology – written heritage of the ancient era. Exactly at Ancient Greece the word philology begins to be used in a meaning close to the modern one. Classical philology had a huge influence on the development of all world literature. Classical philology arose in ancient times, continued to develop in the Middle Ages, and reached its peak in Renaissance.

By the 18th century. folds up modern concept philology, and classical philology played a big role in this. Along with classical philology, 19th century other philologies began to develop, including Slavic philology.

The development of Slavic philology as a science was preceded by the appearance of grammar Slavic languages. The origins of Slavic philology were the Croatian scientist Yuri Krizanich (1612-1683), but the founder of Slavic philology was the Czech scientist Joseph Dobrovsky (1753 - 1829).

The formation of Slavic philology was determined by a number of factors, two of which are main: the interest of European peoples in their national sources, national roots; trend of intra-Slavic development.

Factor I was determined by the formation of a romantic worldview during this period.

Factor II is associated with the national liberation movement of some Slavic peoples under Turkish rule.

Field of study of Slavic philology – spiritual culture of the Slavic peoples through the written heritage of these peoples.

XIX – XXI centuries – modern philology; " International Committee of Slavists"(1955, Belarus, Yugoslavia) - the efforts of several hundred Slavists. Once every five years, international congresses of Slavists take place in one of the capitals of the Slavic states.

Russian philology– part of Slavic philology; she studies the spiritual culture of the Russian people through the analysis of written texts. The systematization of the written heritage begins in the 15th century (“Manuscript collection of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery”). This kind of systematization took place in both the 16th and 17th centuries; in XVIII the description of the chronicle heritage begins. At the turn of the 18th – 19th centuries, Count Rumyantsev was collecting ancient Russian manuscripts. This collection formed the basis of the Rumyantsev Museum.

Vostokov was in charge of describing the manuscripts.

Lomonosov laid the foundations of Russian philology as a science. He has two philological works.

Lomonosov’s “Russian Grammar” was published in 1757, “Treatise on the Use of Church Books in Russian language" - 1758.

Slavic philology is a complex of sciences that includes Slavic literature, Slavic linguistics and Slavic folklore.

Slavic philology- part of the more general science of Slavic studies or Slavic studies. Slavic studies– a complex of scientific disciplines about language, literature, folklore, material and spiritual culture and the history of Slavic peoples.

Slavic studies– synthesis of disciplines, consisting of several directions.

Philological disciplines:

1. linguistics / linguistics

Linguistics, or linguistics, is the science of language, its social nature and functions, its internal structure, about the patterns of its functioning and historical development and classifications of specific languages.

1. literary criticism

Literary studies- a science that studies fiction as a phenomenon of human culture. Main branches: literary theory, literary history and literary criticism. There are many directions in literary criticism, including non-traditional ones - psychoanalytic and psychiatric.

1. folklorist A

Folkloristics– the science of oral folk art and folklore. It became a special field of knowledge at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, when the ideas of nationality arose. This emergence coincided with great interest in ancient myths, which included genres of oral folk art. In folklore at that time, its democratic nature and the unity of national and universal principles were discovered. In the mid-19th century, collecting interest in works of folklore strengthened throughout the world. The theory of plot migrations strengthened the idea of ​​the universal humanity of world folklore.

One of the first scientific schools of folklore studies was mythological, which declared folklore to be the result of the unconscious collective creativity of the “folk soul” (brothers V. and J. Grimm - in Germany, A.N. Afanasyev, F.I. Buslaev in Russia). In parallel, there was an educational school of folklore studies, in which, despite all the scientific reverence for folklore, critical notes were sounded: prejudices and the limitations of the aesthetic ideals of folklore were stated.

In the second half of the 19th century, an “anthropological school” emerged in European folklore, which explained the plot similarities in national folklore phenomena by the commonality of different peoples and races, and the biological unity of the human race. At the beginning of the 20th century, a “folk psychological school” arose, which tried to understand the psychological laws of the emergence of plots and types in folklore. At the same time, sociological study became widespread, which in Russia became known as the historical school. She sought to present folklore as something conditioned by social reality (V.F. Miller, B.M. Sokolov). Folklore studies is presented as a scientific and educational discipline in academic institutes and in all philological faculties of universities.

1. textual criticism

Textual criticism(from Latin textum - connection of words, and other Greek λόγος - building doctrine) - an auxiliary historical and philological discipline that studies the history of the origin and fate of the text of artistic and other works.

According to the definition of text critic A.L. Grishunin: “Textology− is a branch of philological sciences that studies works of writing and literature in order to restore history, critically verify and establish their texts, which are then used for further research, interpretation, publication and other purposes.

1. paleography.

The meaning of the word Paleography according to Efremova:

Paleography - an auxiliary philological discipline that studies ancient manuscripts from the point of view of the way letters are written, their shapes, the characteristics of the material on which they are applied, etc. in order to determine the time and place of their writing.

The meaning of the word Paleography according to Ozhegov:

Paleography - the science of the development of writing, of ancient manuscripts, with the goal of determining the time and place of their origin by appearance and letter

Paleography Features of the lettering and dividing marks of a manuscript .

Paleography in Encyclopedic Dictionary:

Paleography- (from paleo... and...graphy) historical and philological discipline that studies monuments ancient writing. Sets the place and time of their creation; determines the materials and tools of writing, traces changes in the graphic form of written signs, studies systems of abbreviations and secret writing, decoration and design of manuscripts and books. Musical paleography studies ancient systems of music recording and establishes the principles of their decoding.

Modern philology as a branch of science and a direction of higher education vocational education. Goals and objectives of the course “Fundamentals of Philology”

Together with philosophy, history, art history, cultural studies, pedagogy, psychology and other sciences, philology forms the field humanities. Philology is one of the branches within the humanities. Philology includes a number of sciences and scientific disciplines.

Philological sciences are linguistics (linguistics, linguistics) and literary criticism.

The number of philological scientific disciplines includes several groups of scientific disciplines.

• 1) Disciplines that exist at the intersection of linguistics and literary criticism. The main ones:
  • rhetoric(ancient Greek rhetorike). The main task of modern rhetoric is the study of speech communication in its impact on the reader/listener through the message. Modern rhetoric is an interdisciplinary philological science that exists at the intersection of linguistics, literary criticism, argumentation theory, and philosophy;
  • poetics (ancient Greek poietike techne - creative art). In modern philology, poetics is the doctrine of how a literary work is structured, what a writer’s creativity is, literary direction. The branch of poetics that focuses on the language of a work constitutes linguistic poetics. However, modern poetics studies not only artistic and literary works, but also others - journalistic, advertising, etc.;
  • stylistics (French stylistique, from Latin stilus, stylus - pointed stick for writing, manner of writing). The term “stylistics” arose at the beginning of the 19th century. in the works of the German scientist and writer Novalis (real name Friedrich von Hardenberg). Stylistics as a scientific discipline took shape in the middle of the 19th century, in fact, “on the ruins” of rhetoric, which by this time ceased to exist. In the study of language as a separate object of reality, stylistics has its own task - the study of the use of language. Her attention is focused on such issues as stylistic means of language, the possibility of their use in the text in general and in texts different types, different speakers/listeners. Traditionally, there is a distinction between linguistic stylistics and literary stylistics. The second focuses its attention on the speech of a work of art as a manifestation of the art of words.
• 2) Auxiliary philological disciplines. The most important of them:
  • textual criticism(Latin textus - connection, fabric and logos - word), which studies handwritten and printed texts of artistic, literary-critical and journalistic works for their publication and interpretation. The term “textual criticism” was introduced in the late 1920s by B.V. Tomashevsky. In the West, the term “textual criticism” is predominantly used;
  • source studies, which studies methods of finding and systematizing sources for further use by linguistics (linguistic source studies), literary studies (literary source studies);
  • bibliography (Ancient Greek biblion - books and grapho - I write), which deals with the accounting of scientific and printed products and information about it. Bibliography as a scientific discipline includes linguistic, literary, etc. bibliography.

The auxiliary disciplines also include historical and philological disciplines. They solve problems related to the study of ancient texts; these are paleography (from the Greek palaids - ancient and grapho - writing) and archeography (from the Greek archaios - ancient and grapho - writing).

• 3) Disciplines that exist at the intersection of philology and other sciences. Let's list some of them:
  • semiotics(Ancient Greek semeiotike - the study of signs), studying signs and sign systems. The central concept of semiotics is the sign;
  • hermeneutics (ancient Greek hermeneutike (techne) - interpretive (art)), studying ways of interpreting meaning. Central concepts of hermeneutics: meaning, understanding;
  • text theory, which studies text in a semiotic sense. A text is not only a sequence of linguistic signs that embodies meaning, but also, for example, a picture, a city, a person and other sequences created from non-linguistic signs or from a combination of linguistic and non-linguistic signs that embody the meaning. These are, for example, statements like “It’s flying!” in conjunction with a gesture pointing, for example, to a plane flying in the sky (means: “The plane is flying!”). The central concept of text theory is text;
  • philological theory of communication that studies human activity in creating and understanding text. The central concept is the communicative activity of homo loquens;
  • philological informatics, which studies the ways and means of creating, storing, processing, studying, transmitting, etc. philological information using information (computer) technologies.

In modern philology, the traditional division of philology by language (group of languages) is also preserved. There are different philologies: Slavic, Germanic, Romance, Turkic, etc., Russian, Ukrainian, Altai, Buryat, etc. Each of the philologies studies the corresponding languages ​​/ corresponding language and literature.

Each of the philological sciences and disciplines has a special internal structure, its own connections with other philological, humanitarian and natural sciences and disciplines.

Philology is one of the areas of training specialists with higher professional education. A modern philologist prepares to work with languages ​​(domestic and foreign), fiction (domestic and foreign) and oral folk art, various types texts - written, oral and virtual (including hypertexts and text elements of multimedia objects), oral and written communication. This is determined by the current Federal State Educational Standard in the field of preparation “Philology” (bachelor’s degree).

In the system of professional undergraduate disciplines in the field of preparation “Philology,” two cycles are distinguished: 1) disciplines in which the basic concepts and terms of philological science and its internal stratification are studied; students develop an understanding of the essence and significance of information in the development of the modern information society (general professional cycle); 2) disciplines in which the basic principles and concepts in the field of theory and history of the main studied language (languages) and literature (literatures) are studied; theory of communication and philological analysis of text; provides an idea of ​​the history, current state and prospects for the development of philology (professional cycle).

"Fundamentals of Philology" is one of academic disciplines first cycle. The course of fundamentals of philology is aimed at giving a holistic idea of ​​philology in its connections with other sciences; to lay the ideological foundations for students to understand individual branches of philology (Slavic, Turkic, Germanic, Romance, etc.; Russian studies, Ukrainian studies, etc.; linguistics, literary studies and folkloristics) as components of the whole; introduce general features scientific research in the field of philology.

Course objectives: 1) present a picture of the emergence and main stages of development of philology; 2) consider the main objects of philology; 3) outline the problem of philological methodology. Each of the tasks is implemented in a separate section of the academic discipline.

• 1 Radzig S.I. Introduction to classical philology. M., 1965. P. 77 et seq.
• 2 Vinokur G.O. Introduction to the study of philological sciences. M., 2000. P. 13.
• 3 Zelenetsky K. Introduction to general philology. Odessa, 1853. P. 4.
• 4 Konrad N.I. West and East. M., 1972. P. 7.
• 5 Panin L.G. Literature as a philological discipline // Methodology of modern linguistics: problems, searches, prospects. Barnaul, 2000. pp. 121-127.
• 6 Russian language. Encyclopedia. M., 1979. P. 372.
• 7 Russian language. Encyclopedia. Ed. 2. M., 1997. P. 592.
• 8 Benveniste E. General linguistics. M., 1974. P. 31.
• 9 Vinokur G.O. Language culture. Essays on linguistic technology. M., 1925. P. 215.
• 10 Vinokur G.O. Introduction to the study of philological sciences. M., 2000. P. 51.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

• The first philological professions. Explain the reasons for their occurrence.
• In what relation to the first philological professions is the profession of a teacher of rhetoric?
• What is modern philology “according to S.S. Averintsev"; “according to Yu.S. Stepanov"?
• How is modern philology defined in this textbook?
• What do you see as the reasons for the differences in definitions of philology that are mentioned in the two previous questions?
• What is an object of philology?
• What are the sources of the material studied by modern philology?
• What are research methods in philology?
• What is the place of philology in the system of sciences? V modern world?
• How do philological sciences and scientific disciplines differ?
• List the most important philological scientific disciplines. How are they related? with philological sciences?
• Correlate the concepts “philology - philological science - philological scientific discipline”.

READING MATERIALS

Sergey Averintsev. A word of praise for philology

What is philology and why do they study it? The word "philology" consists of two Greek roots. "Philane" means "to love." "Logos" means "word" but also "meaning": the meaning given in the word and inseparable from the concreteness of the word. Philology deals with “meaning”—the meaning of human words and human thought, the meaning of culture—but not naked meaning, as philosophy does, but the meaning that lives inside the word and animates the word. Philology is the art of understanding what is said and written. Therefore, her immediate area of ​​study includes language and literature. But in a broader sense, man “speaks,” “expresses himself,” “calls out” to his fellow human beings with every action and gesture. And in this aspect - as a being that creates and uses “speaking” symbols - philology takes a person. This is philology’s approach to being, its special, inherent approach to the problem of the human. It must not confuse itself with philosophy; her job is painstaking, businesslike work on the word, on the text. The word and the text must be more essential for real philology than the most brilliant “concept”.

Let us return to the word “philology”. It is amazing that her name includes the root of the verb “loin” - “to love”. Philology shares this property of its name only with philosophy (“philosophy” and “philosophy”). Philology requires from the person who studies it some special degree, or a special quality, or a special mode of love for his material. It is clear that we are talking about some very unsentimental love, about some semblance of what Spinoza called “intellectual love.” But is it possible to study mathematics or physics without “intellectual love”, which very often develops into a genuine, all-consuming passion? It would be absurd to imagine that a mathematician loves number less than a philologist loves a word, or, better yet, that a number requires less love than a word. No less, but significantly different. That intellectual love that it requires - by its very name! - philology, neither higher nor lower, neither stronger nor weaker than the intellectual love that the so-called exact sciences require, but in some ways qualitatively different from it. To understand what exactly it is, we need to take a closer look not at the name of philology, but at it itself. Moreover, we must distinguish it from its false similarities.

There are, alas, two very common ways of giving philology a seemingly relevant, vital, “consonant with modernity” appearance. These two paths are different from each other. Moreover, they are opposites. But in both cases, it is, in my deep conviction, about imaginary relevance, about imaginary vitality. Both paths distance philology from fulfilling its true tasks before life, before modernity, before people.

I would allow myself to call the first path methodological familiarity. Strict intellectual love is replaced by more or less sentimental and always superficial “sympathy,” and the entire heritage of world culture becomes a warehouse of objects of such sympathy. It is so easy to extract from the context of historical connections a separate word, a separate saying, a separate human “gesture” and triumphantly demonstrate to the public: look how close this is to us, how “consonant” it is with us! We all wrote essays at school: “What is near and dear to us...”; So, it is important to understand that for true philology any human material is “dear” - in the sense of intellectual love - and no human material is “close” - in the sense of familiar “shortness”, in the sense of loss of temporal distance.

Philology can master the spiritual world of a foreign era only after it honestly takes into account the remoteness of this world, its internal laws, its existence within itself. There are no words, it is always easy to “bring closer” any antiquity to modern perception if we accept the premise that at all times “humanistic” thinkers had, in principle, the same understanding of all the cardinal issues of life and only sometimes, unfortunately, “paid tribute to the time”, which they “misunderstood” and “understudied” this and that, which, however, can be generously ignored... But this is a false premise. When modernity gets to know another, bygone era, it must beware of projecting itself onto historical material, so as not to turn the windows in its own house into mirrors, returning it again to its own, already familiar appearance. The duty of philology is ultimately to help modernity to know itself and to rise to the level of its own tasks; but with self-knowledge the situation is not so simple even in the life of an individual. Each of us will not be able to find himself if he looks for himself and only himself in each of his interlocutors and companions in life, if he turns his existence into a monologue. In order to find yourself in the moral sense of the word, you need to overcome yourself. To find yourself in the intellectual sense of the word, that is, to know yourself, you need to be able to forget yourself and, in the deepest, most serious sense, “look closely” and “listen” to others, abandoning all ready-made ideas about each of them and showing honest will to an unbiased understanding. There is no other way to yourself. As the philosopher Heinrich Jacobi said, “without the ‘you’ there is no ‘I’” (compare the remark in Marx’s “Capital” about the “man Peter”, who is able to know his own human essence only through looking at the “man Paul”), But it is just as accurate An era will be able to gain complete clarity in understanding its own tasks only when it does not look for these situations and these tasks in past eras, but realizes, against the backdrop of everything that is not itself, its uniqueness. History should help her in this, the job of which is to find out “how it actually was” (the expression of the German historian Ranke). In this she should be helped by philology, delving into someone else’s word, into someone else’s thought, trying to understand this thought as it was first “thought” (this can never be fully accomplished, but one must strive for this and only this). Impartiality is the conscience of philology.

People who are far from philology tend to see the “romance” of a philologist’s work in the emotional side of the matter (“Oh, he’s just in love with his antiquity!..”). It is true that a philologist must love his material—we have seen that the very name of philology testifies to this requirement. It is true that in the face of the great spiritual achievements of the past, admiration is a more humanly worthy reaction than prosecutorial cleverness about what the unfortunate old people “failed to take into account.” But not every love is suitable as an emotional basis for philological work. Each of us knows that in life not every strong and sincere feeling can become the basis for true mutual understanding in marriage or friendship. Only the kind of love that includes a constant, tireless will to understand, confirming itself in each of the possible specific situations, is suitable. Love as a responsible will to understand someone else's things is the love that the ethics of philology requires.

Therefore, the path of bringing literary history closer to contemporary literary criticism, the path of deliberate “updating” of the material, the path of immodestly subjective “empathy” will not help, but will hinder philology from fulfilling its task for modernity. When approaching past cultures, we must be wary of the temptation of false intelligibility. To truly feel an object, you need to bump into it and feel its resistance. When the process of understanding goes too unhindered, like a horse that has broken the traces connecting it to the cart, there is every reason not to trust such understanding. Each of us knows from life experience that a person who is too easily ready to “feel” into our existence is a bad conversationalist. This is all the more dangerous for science. How often do we meet “interpreters” who know how to listen only to themselves, for whom their “concepts” are more important than what they interpret! Meanwhile, it is worth remembering that the word “interpreter” itself, in its original meaning, means “interpreter,” that is, an interpreter in some dialogue, an expounder who is obliged at every moment of his explanatory speech to continue to strictly listen to the speech being explained.

But along with the temptation of subjectivism, there is another, opposite temptation, another false path. Like the first, it is associated with the need to present philology in the guise of modernity. As you know, our time is constantly associated with the successes of technical intelligence. Slutsky's maxim about disgraced lyricists and triumphant physicists is perhaps the most well-worn of popular words last decade. The hero of the era is an engineer and physicist who calculates, who designs, who “builds models.” The ideal of the era is the accuracy of the mathematical formula. This leads to the idea that philology and other “humanities” can become modern only if it takes on the forms of thought characteristic of the exact sciences. The philologist also undertakes to calculate and build models. This tendency is revealed in our time at a variety of levels - from serious, almost heroic efforts to transform the deep structure of science to a masquerade game in mathematical expressions. I would like my doubts about the truth of this trend to be properly understood. I least of all intend to deny the merits of the school, usually designated as “structuralism,” in developing methods that certainly justify themselves when applied to certain levels of philological material. It wouldn’t even occur to me to make fun of a poet who puts accurate statistics in the place of amateurish approximation in the description of poetry. Verifying harmony with algebra is not an invention of the misanthropes from Salieri’s company, but a law of science. But it is impossible to reduce harmony to algebra. Exact methods - in the sense of the word “precision” in which mathematics is called “exact science” - are possible, strictly speaking, only in those auxiliary disciplines of philology that are not specific to it. Philology, as it seems to me, will never become an “exact science”: this is its weakness, which cannot be eliminated once and for all by a cunning methodological invention, but which has to be overcome again and again by the exertion of scientific will; This is also her strength and pride. Nowadays, we often hear debates in which some demand from philology the objectivity of the exact sciences, while others talk about its “right to subjectivity.” It seems to me that both sides are wrong.

A philologist under no circumstances has the “right to subjectivity,” that is, the right to admire his subjectivity, to cultivate subjectivity. But he cannot protect himself from arbitrariness with a reliable wall of precise methods; he has to meet this danger face to face and overcome it. The fact is that every fact in the history of the human spirit is not only the same fact as any fact of “natural history”, with all the rights and properties of a fact, but at the same time it is a kind of appeal to us, a silent call, a question. A poet or thinker of the past knows (remember the words of Baratynsky):

And how I found a friend in a generation,

I will find a reader in posterity.

We are these readers who enter into communication with the author, similar (though in no way similar) to communication between contemporaries (“...And how I found a friend in a generation”). Studying the word of the poet and the thought of a thinker of a past era, we analyze, examine, dismember this word and this thought as an object of analysis; but at the same time we allow the one who thought this thought and said this word to appeal to us and be not only an object, but also a partner of our mental work. The subject of philology is not made up of things, but of words, signs, and symbols; but if a thing only allows itself to be looked at, the symbol itself, in turn, “looks” at us. The great German poet Rilke addresses a museum visitor looking at the ancient torso of Apollo this way: “There is not a single place here that cannot see you. “You must change your life” (the poem is about a headless and, therefore, eyeless torso: this deepens the metaphor, depriving it of superficial clarity).

Therefore, philology is a “rigorous” science, but not an “exact” science. Its rigor does not consist in the artificial precision of a mathematized thinking apparatus, but in a constant moral and intellectual effort that overcomes arbitrariness and liberates the possibilities of human understanding. One of the main tasks of a person on earth is to understand another person, without turning him with thought either into a “countable” thing or into a reflection of his own emotions. This task faces each individual person, but also the entire era, all of humanity. The higher the rigor of the science of philology, the more accurately it will be able to help fulfill this task. Philology is the service of understanding.

That's why it's worth doing.

Quote from: Youth. 1969. No. 1. P. 99--101.

D. S. Likhachev. About the art of words and philology

Now from time to time the question of the need to “return to philology” is raised again and again.

There is a popular idea that sciences, as they develop, differentiate. It seems therefore that the division of philology into a number of sciences, of which the most important are linguistics and literary criticism, is inevitable and, in essence, good. This is a deep misconception.

The number of sciences is indeed increasing, but the emergence of new ones is not only due to their differentiation and “specialization”, but also due to the emergence of connecting disciplines. Physics and chemistry merge, forming a number of intermediate disciplines, mathematics comes into contact with neighboring and non-neighboring sciences, and the “mathematization” of many sciences occurs. And the remarkable advancement of our knowledge about the world occurs precisely in the intervals between the “traditional” sciences.

The role of philology is precisely connecting, and therefore especially important. It connects historical source studies with linguistics and literary studies. It gives a broad aspect to the study of the history of the text. It combines literary studies and linguistics in the field of studying the style of a work - the most complex area of ​​literary criticism. By its very essence, philology is anti-formalistic, because it teaches us to correctly understand the meaning of a text, be it a historical source or an artistic monument. It requires deep knowledge not only of the history of languages, but also knowledge of the realities of a particular era, aesthetic ideas of its time, the history of ideas, etc.

I will give examples of how important a philological understanding of the meaning of words is. New meaning arises from the combination of words, and sometimes from their simple repetition. Here are a few lines from the poem “Away” by a good Soviet poet, and, moreover, a simple, accessible one, N. Rubtsov.

And everything sticks out

The neighbor is sticking in the doorway,

The awakened aunts are hanging around behind him,

Words stick out

A bottle of vodka sticks out,

A senseless dawn sticks out the window!

Again the window glass is in the rain,

Again it feels like fog and chills.

If there were no last two lines in this stanza, then the repetitions of “sticks out” and “stick out” would not be full of meaning. But only a philologist can explain this magic of words.

The fact is that literature is not only the art of words - it is the art of overcoming words, of acquiring a special “lightness” for words depending on the combinations in which words are included. Above all the meanings of individual words in the text, above the text, there is still a certain super-meaning that turns the text from a simple sign system into an artistic system. Combinations of words, and only they give rise to associations in the text, reveal the necessary shades of meaning in the word, and create the emotionality of the text. Just as in dance the heaviness of the human body is overcome, in painting the uniqueness of color is overcome thanks to color combinations, in sculpture the inertia of stone, bronze, wood is overcome, so in literature the usual dictionary meanings of a word are overcome. Words in combinations acquire shades that cannot be found in the best historical dictionaries of the Russian language.

Poetry and good prose are associative in nature. And philology interprets not only the meanings of words, but also the artistic meaning of the entire text. It is absolutely clear that one cannot study literature without being at least a little linguist; one cannot be a textual critic without delving into the hidden meaning of the text, the entire text, and not just individual words of the text.

Words in poetry mean more than what they say they are, "signs" of what they are. These words are always present in poetry - whether when they are included in a metaphor, a symbol or are themselves, or when they are associated with realities that require some knowledge from readers, or when they are associated with historical associations.

Therefore, one should not imagine that philology is associated primarily with the linguistic understanding of the text. Understanding a text is an understanding of the entire life of one’s era behind the text. Therefore, philology is the connection of all connections. Textual critics, source scholars, literary historians and historians of science need it, art historians need it, because at the heart of each of the arts, in its very “deepest depths,” lie the word and the connection of words. It is needed by everyone who uses language, words; the word is connected with any forms of being, with any knowledge of being: the word, and even more precisely, combinations of words. From here it is clear that philology underlies not only science, but also all human culture. Knowledge and creativity are formed through the word, and through overcoming the rigidity of the word, culture is born.

3. The evolution of the concept “Word” was closely connected with the formation of the cycle of sciences about words (of course, calling them “sciences” can only be done with a large degree of convention). Since words-logoi are not only true, but also false, the need for a science of true reasoning penetrating through the shell of words is felt - logic has become such a science. In accordance with the fact that words serve not only cognition, but also the expression of individual and group emotions, desires, aspirations, etc., two sciences of reasoning arose that did not receive a common name - dialectics and rhetoric. Rhetoric was originally thought of as the art of oratory, dialectics - as the art of establishing truth through the detection of contradictions in the statements of opponents, i.e. as the art of conversation leading to correct knowledge. Aristotle, a universal genius, created “parallel” works in each of these areas: “Categories”, “On Interpretation” and “Analytics” were devoted to logic; the sciences of speech - dialectics and rhetoric - treatises “On Sophistical Refutations” and “Rhetoric”.

At the same time, a third science was created, philology - about the “pure” word, about the word as such. Already around the 4th century. BC. V Greek the verb fLoKhoueso “to love science, strive for learning” and the corresponding names appeared: the noun fLoKhou!a “love of scientific reasoning, scientific debate, scientific conversation” (cf. above the division into logic and dialectics) and the adjective fLoKhouos; "loving scientific reasoning, scientific debate." At first, these words acted as antonyms for tskgoHoueso “to dislike science and scientific disputes”: “<...>“My attitude to reasoning,” says Laches in Plato, “is ambiguous: after all, I can simultaneously seem to be both a lover of words (fLoKhouos;) and their hater (dkgoKhouos;)” (“Laches”, 188 f.; translation by S. Ya. Sheinman-Topstein). Later, in Plotinus, Porphyry (III century), Proclus (5 century), the concept of “philologist” acquired the meaning “attentive to words, studying words.” Stress shift -- fLoHooos; -- emphasized the difference from the previously established cpiXoXoyoQ which meant educated person at all. In turn, both words were contrasted with the word phLosophos; “loving knowledge, wisdom, sophia” (thereby, along the way, knowledge was abstracted from words and presented as an independent entity).

Even in the Hellenistic era (III-I centuries BC), before the separation of the two meanings of the word (fLoKhouos; and fLoKhouos;), i.e. Before the emergence of a special discipline, scientists were already engaged in philology, without distinguishing it, however, from grammar, and were called uraddatiso! "grammarians, grammarians." In Alexandria was founded the Mouceiov (sanctuary of the Muses), a state institution under the special care of the king, and a famous library for which manuscripts were acquired from all over the Greek world. To publish the works of the Greek classics, and above all Homer, Alexandrian grammarians (and essentially philologists) launched a huge amount of work: they sorted and selected manuscripts, compared text versions, separated the authentic from the attributed, established the most authoritative text, emphasized it, and commented on it. unclear passages, outdated and incomprehensible words, etc. The famous philologist and grammarian Aristophanes of Alexandria (257-180 BC) can be considered the founder of scientific lexicography.

In the era of Christianity, the main object of attention of word lovers, philologists, is the divine word: liturgical, prayerful, etc. Gradually, the interpretations of Holy Scripture (“word about word”) become very subtle, philologically and theologically sophisticated, and along with the word fLoKhouos; (in its new, philological meaning) another term appears - fLoHoush; “scientific commentator, scholiast” [this term was first recorded in Origen (about 185-- 253 or 254)]. Thus, one of the main disciplines in the study of the word was founded - criticism of the biblical text, which in the 19th and 20th centuries. developed into hermeneutics and merged with philosophy.

The current state of the concept “Word” is associated, first of all, with philology as a special branch of human knowledge. In Russian philology there are two top definitions of it: one belongs to F.F. Zelinsky, the other - G.O. Vinokuru. Zelinsky’s definition states: historical-philological science is “a science that has as its content the study of the creation of the human spirit in their sequence, that is, in their development” (1902, 811). This requires a difficult delimitation of the “spheres of influence” of its two fields - philology and history. Since “MamepiaMbuoe it is impossible to differentiate between both areas” (1902,811-812), Zelinsky tries to draw boundaries between them, relying on the ideas of German science of the end of the last century: according to the author himself, his article “is the first attempt to build a system of F<илологш>(more precisely, historical and philological science) on the basic idea borrowed from Wundt,” according to which “F<илолог1я>- this is the developed side of historical and philological science addressed to monuments, history; history and F<илолопя>- not two different sciences, but two different aspects of the same field of knowledge” (1902, 816, 812).

Warmly supporting this statement of Zelinsky, G.O. Vinokur categorically stated: “With all determination, it is necessary to establish, first of all, the position that philology is not a science, or more precisely, that there is no science that, unlike others, could be designated by the word “philology.” The empirical content of everything that philology deals with is completely covered by the subject of the corresponding special sciences that study individual aspects of historical reality” (1981, 36). This thesis requires purely terminological clarification related to scientific attempts to differentiate the object of science and its subject. Unlike the object, the subject of research is determined by the chosen method, and therefore philological research has its own subject.

By the way, Vinokur himself calls it: this is a message understood in an extremely broad sense (1981, 36-37). “A message is not only a word, a document, but also various kinds of things,” unless we limit ourselves to them practical application. This is, for example, furniture placed in a museum. We, of course, “can take it in our hands,” but in our hands in this case “we will only have a piece of wood, and not the very style of its processing and not its artistic and historical meaning. The latter cannot be “taken into hand,” it can only be understood” (1981, 37). Vinokur’s point of view is surprisingly modern: for the “philological semiotics” of our days, both series of words and series of things are equally carriers of information. But the universal (invariant, archetypal) accumulator of meaning is precisely the word, and first of all the written word: as Vinokur rightly notes, “a written text is an ideal message” (1981, 37-38).

So, philology is a field of humanitarian knowledge, the direct subject of study of which is the main embodiment of the human word and spirit - communication, and its most perfect form - verbal written text. At the same time, philology deals exclusively with texts addressed to a reader, even an indefinite one. The text, in principle devoid of an address, has nothing to do with philology - it is impossible to understand it.

The subject of philology is the word (text), its goal is the classification of texts and the identification of those with cultural significance. It examines the rules for creating, reproducing, and storing speech.

The subject of philology as a science is not only not defined clearly enough. Most philologists reduce the answer to the question about the subject of their science to the “union of linguistics and literary criticism,” or philology is defined as a “set” of disciplines, which includes textual criticism, stylistics, rhetoric, poetics, paleography, and semiotics.

Term philology is interpreted primarily etymologically - as “love of words.” It is obvious that initially philology was interpreted as the doctrine of the Word in a sacred sense, i.e. the word as a divine gift. linguistics- this is the doctrine of language, its structure, a system of signs expressing certain meanings, language as a means of communication. Ours literary criticism dealt only with artistic speech (literature), which is why other types of literature ( oral speech, scientific and philosophical literature, business and oratorical prose, means mass media) clearly lose in attention and degree of study.

The historical sequence in the emergence of sciences is obvious: philology originated in ancient times linguistics- a relatively new science. If we explain the development of sciences in connection with technical progress in the creation of texts, then philology is a science, the emergence of which is justified by the creation of writing or written speech (texts), and linguistics is a science, the creation of which was initiated by the possibilities of printed speech, progress in linguistic contacts of different peoples, the need explore many languages ​​and their structure.

It is no coincidence that it was in Russia at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries that the term literature, which, of course, became an analogue of philology, and verbal sciences- an analogue of philological sciences. Since the history of Russian linguistics in its most authoritative textbooks weakly concerns specifically the “verbal sciences” due to the imposition of the scheme of modern scientific linguistics on the classical scheme of Russian philological (“verbal”) sciences, it is necessary to clarify the consistent development of how verbal = philological = linguistic sciences in Russia, and touch on the history and modern understanding of the terms themselves word - speech - language.

The stages in the interpretation of a text make it possible to consistently build an understanding of the subjects of particular and general philologies: in particular philology, a specific text is analyzed (its origin, authorship, entry into a given area of ​​culture), in general philology - “general historical patterns of understanding and interpretation of texts against the background of cultural development, progress in knowledge and verbal communication, technical progress in the creation of texts.”

The subject of philology must be clearly distinguished from linguistics and literary criticism. If the role of philology is only “connecting”, if philology is only a “set of disciplines” and, according to academician. Y.S. Stepanova, “modern philology strives for “particularism”, based on the principle “each language is like no other”; thus, unlike linguistics, there is no “universal, or general, F.”

It must be affirmed that this object exists. First of all, most researchers, like Yu.S. Stepanov himself, believe that the initial object of study for a philologist is text. This very text is nothing more than ancient and classic word- not as a unit of language, but as a sacred phenomenon, a gift of God, an instrument of communication, an instrument of thought. It is in folklore that the main term is language as a tool of communication, an instrument of interaction and organization of all human life. In written culture, the concept comes first word- this is clear at least from the main evidence of the first lines of the Gospel of John, where it is said: “In the beginning was the Word.”

The study of the concepts language - speech - word in the Russian philological tradition allows us to draw the following conclusions regarding their semantic evolution:

1. Concepts in folklore texts language - speech - word used interchangeably: a tool for communication and interaction between people. The main task of folklore texts is about language– give rules of speech behavior, warning about the dangers and possibilities of language, speech, words.

2. In folklore texts the most frequent concept is language. Speech often has the meaning of a common text, and word sometimes used to denote a concept or minimal unit of language. in Chinese culture, the true path = rule (Tao) is expressed in the verbal nature of man, which is designated by the term wen. How word– guardian of culture and education, and wen in the Chinese tradition it means “culture, education, enlightenment, literature.”

3. In Russian classical philological theory, which developed on the basis of literature textbooks of the first half of the 19th century, the concept language is understood mainly as a tool for creating “oral speech” (except, of course, for the meaning of the popular “dialect”, the national language). According to the theory of K.P. Zelenetsky, the sciences of the Word were: lexicology(its subject is “utterances”, i.e. words = concepts); grammar(studies proposals); syntax(studies periods); rhetoric(studies speech in full) (Zelenetsky 1848).

4. Modern scientific explanation. First of all, the concept language is understood as a system of sign units that expresses a set of concepts and thoughts and is intended for communication. Speech – specific implementation language, expressed in oral or written form, and word– as the main structural and semantic unit of language, which serves to name objects and their properties. At the same time, modern uses of these concepts retain all the previous classical meanings.

1. Philology is the study of the rules and patterns of creation, transmission, storage, reproduction and functioning of verbal works.

2. Philology is the science of the cultural progress of mankind, expressed in the methods, principles and rules of creating texts (speech, verbal works). Philological knowledge shows how technological development of speech forms affects the meaning of speech.

3. Since “the entire composition of the culture of society is expressed in the works of the word, the theoretical task of philology is to build scientific picture culture taken through the prism of the word."

4. Philology is the science of classifying all verbal works of a given national speech culture. The subject of philology is “language texts” in different genres and types of literature. Linguistics speaks only about one side of language (its structure, system of signs)

The subject of philology is “literature, or language texts. The task of philology is, first of all, to separate works of literature that have cultural meaning from those who do not have it. To solve this problem, you must first review the entire array of works of literature. This can only be done by classifying these works” (Rozhdestvensky 1990: 112].

5. For the correct reading of texts, philology distinguishes linguistics and the sciences of speech” [Rozhdestvensky 1990: 113]. Linguistics has its own subject: the system of language and the explanation of the facts of language at its different levels (phonetic, lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic).

The Russian language will unite us not as a language system, but through meaningful language texts. In other words, we are united philology as the study of culture manifested in texts. The goal of philology is to describe all types of modern literature with the identification of goals, objectives, content, forms of communication, expression of these forms in various genres of speech, and the stylistic originality of texts.