Architectural names. Architectural elements of the building facade. Elements of classical architecture

Aqueduct (lat.) - a bridge for water supply.

Axonometry is a way of visually representing a three-dimensional shape. The dimensions of the depicted object are plotted along three axes: height, width, depth.

An amphitheater is an ancient building for various public performances, which is a round theater without a roof. Rows of seats rise in successive tiers around a circular or oval arena. In modern architecture, this is the most common type of arrangement of seats in public halls.

An ensemble is a complex of buildings and structures connected by a single artistic solution.

Mezzanine - the upper mezzanine of a room; the upper mezzanine of one of the building's floors.

Enfilade is a series of spatial elements (rooms, courtyards, urban spaces) successively adjacent to each other, located on the same axis, which creates an end-to-end perspective.

Ramp (Greek) - a gentle rise or descent to another level.

Arcade - a series of extended arches of the same size, shape and outline, supported by pillars
or columns.

Flying buttress (French) - a semi-arch supporting a buttress.

Archetype (from Greek) - the most ancient, primary architectural forms of an ethnos.

Architectural typology of civil buildings - classification of buildings and structures according to certain criteria: plan configuration, number of storeys, design, functional purpose.

Attic is a decorative wall that is placed above the cornice crowning the building. Inscriptions, bas-reliefs or paintings can be made on the attic.

Basilica is a type of rectangular building that consists of an odd number (1, 3 or 5) of naves of varying heights.

Balcony (Italian) - a cantilever fenced area on the facades of a building.

Balusters are low figured columns in the form of columns (sometimes with carved decorations) that support railings for railings of balconies, stairs, etc.; made of stone, metal, marble, etc. They can be flat.

Bas-relief is one of the types of sculptural images on a plane, protruding above the surface by less than half of its volume. Serves to decorate buildings and monuments, contributing to the expressiveness of their architectural image.

The mezzanine is the first, highest floor of a building.

Stained glass (architectural) - historically - glazing of a window opening with elements of colored glass framed by a lead frame, making up an artistic composition. IN modern language- large glazing area with conventional transparent, colored, tinted or reflective glass.

Breakwater - a hydraulic device for protecting bridge supports, piers, etc. from wave impacts.

Hydraulic structures - embankments, dams, dams, locks, canals, etc.

A garland is an architectural decorative detail characteristic of the interior depicting fruits, flowers, leaves, often intertwined with ribbon.

Hotel is a building for temporary accommodation of people.

Doors - openings in external and internal walls or enclosing structures for the passage of people, are equipped with door leaves, if necessary, fireproof, fire-resistant, and open in the direction of evacuation flows.

Palace (from Russian dvor.) - a ceremonial building, home, residence of the highest state dignitaries.

Endova - a gutter connecting two adjacent roof slopes, serves to drain stormwater.

Reinforced concrete column is a modern load-bearing structure of a building.

A building or structure is a structural system consisting of load-bearing structures, enclosing structures, floors and utility equipment systems.

Architect (Old Russian 12th century) - a derivative of “zd” - clay, denoted the profession of a potter, a clay builder, a molder, a creator of form.

The golden ratio is a harmonious ratio of quantities, in mathematical expression as 1:1.61.

Tile - glazed ceramic product for lining heating furnaces.

Engineering equipment of buildings is the installation of systems that ensure the life and safety of people in buildings.

Campanile (Italian) - in Italian. architecture of the X-XVII centuries. free-standing bell tower: round, square or polyhedral.

The capital is the top part of the column on which the entablature rests.

A caryatid is a statue of a clothed woman supporting the entablature of a building and replacing a column or pilaster.

Frame is a system of vertical and horizontal load-bearing structures of buildings and structures.

Cartouche (French) - a decorative element in the form of an oval scroll to depict a coat of arms or inscription. -

Quadriga - a cart drawn by four horses, symbolizing triumph (on pediments, triumphal arches, etc.).

Caisson I (German) - in architecture, a recess in the ceiling structure formed by intersecting floor beams.

Caisson II (German) - a device for underwater hydraulic engineering and construction work.

Glued laminated wood structure is a structure made from fragments of wood joined together with glue.

Cloister - a covered gallery-bypass framing the rectangular courtyard of a monastery or large church; characteristic of Romanesque and Gothic architecture.

Column is a load-bearing structure, part of a wooden, metal, concrete frame.

Colonnade is an architectural composition in the form of a row or rows of columns.

Ridge - the top end of a pitched roof.

The console is a horizontal structure that has one support in the form of a rigid pinching in the wall.

Buttress (German) - a vertical inclined structure to absorb horizontal forces.

Conha is the hemispherical completion of part of the building.

The Corinthian portico is a protruding part of the building formed by load-bearing columns of the Corinthian order - an architectural composition, a specific system based on an artistically designed post-and-beam structure, distinguished by great solemnity and richness of decor. A distinctive characteristic is the high capital, decorated with stylized carved acanthus leaves arranged in two rows.

The red line is a conditional boundary separating streets, driveways and squares from built-up areas.

Cross vault - formed by the intersection of two cylindrical or box-shaped vaults of the same height at a right angle. It was used to cover square and sometimes rectangular rooms.

Roofing is the outer covering of buildings.

Court d'honneur is a front courtyard in front of the main facade of a palace or castle, bounded by the main building and side wings, separated from the outer space by a through fence with a gate. Court d'honeurs are widespread in European palace architecture of the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. (in Russia since the beginning of the 18th century).

Laterna (It.) - a light opening that completes the dome covering.

Scaffolding (Russian) - temporary structures for the construction of walls and ceilings of buildings.

Staircases are a structural element of a building in which interfloor passages are located. OK. made from fireproof or fire-protected structures, must have openings for natural lighting.

Flights of stairs - monolithic or prefabricated structures, equipped with standard steps to provide interfloor transitions, are made of fireproof materials.

False dome is a technique for making a domed ceiling made of bricks or blocks by gradually “lapping” each subsequent row of masonry.

False vault - constructing a vault by laying bricks or blocks with an “overlap” of each subsequent row.

Shovel (Russian) - a protruding part of the wall to its entire height, dividing the walls of the facade into sections. A characteristic element of Romanesque architecture and Old Russian architecture.

Attic - a floor built into the attic space.

Mascaron is a decorative animal mask for decorating the facade of a building.

A medallion is an architectural decoration that is an ornamental or pictorial composition in a round or oval frame.

Mezzanine (English) - a superstructure over part of the house.

The membrane is a flat structure that works in tension.

A modulion is an architectural detail that supports an extension slab of a Corinthian or composite cornice, sometimes it is simply a decorative element.

Burial ground (archaeological) - burial ancient man.

Burial ground (modern Russian) - a place reserved for the burial of dead animals.

Modernization - in architecture and construction - updating an object, bringing it into compliance with new requirements and standards of use, technical conditions, quality indicators. Both engineering and structural components are being modernized, as well as common decision facades, the entire appearance of the building. In some cases, the concept of use is modernized, a building or an entire development complex is given new functions.

Modulion (French from Latin) is a type of decorative cornice console in the form of a volute.

The pier is an artificial wall protruding into the sea to fence off the port water area from the open sea.

Installation is the process of constructing a building or structure; construction- installation work.

Motel is a hotel with parking for guests using personal vehicles.

Roll-up (Russian) - a continuous flooring made of round timber over a room.

Platband is a decorative element framing a window or doorway.

Flooring is a structure made of materials suitable for constructing the surface of a floor, roof, etc.

Rib (French) - a profiled rib of a Gothic vault.

Load-bearing structures are structures that bear vertical and horizontal loads.

Nave (French) - space in a basilica-type building in the span between two rows of columns.

A level is a geodetic instrument for measuring horizontal angles and relative levels of parts of a building.

Niche (French) - a rectangular or semicircular recess in the wall.

“Zero” cycle - the volume of construction and installation work or building structures located below the floor of the first floor.

Cladding is the application of a decorative layer of finishing to the internal or external surfaces of structures.

Shell is a thin-walled, complex curvature covering of buildings and structures.

Sheathing is a structure for securing the roofing deck.

Fire resistance of structures is the ability of a structural material not to lose load-bearing capacity and stability under direct exposure to fire for a specified period of time.

Enclosing structures are structures that protect a building from the external environment.

Windows are light openings in external walls or enclosing structures.

Order (ancient Greek) - order, style.

Order - subordination to the order system - architectural composition and a certain system based on the artistically designed design of the building. The order consists of a pedestal, a column including a base and a capital, and an entablature including a frieze and cornice.

Building orientation - the placement of the building on the plan relative to the cardinal directions.

The foundation is the soil on which the foundation of the building rests.

A plumb line is a construction tool for checking the verticality of structures.

Etching is a type of metal engraving, an intaglio easel graphics technique that allows you to obtain impressions from printing plates (“boards”). Known since the beginning of the 16th century.

The pavilion is a light construction.

Paduga - a smooth transition from the ceiling plane to the wall plane.

Chambers (lat.) - palace premises; Russian rich stone or wooden buildings with several floors.

Palazzo (Italian from Latin) - palace, palace building, from Palatine - the name of one of the hills of ancient Rome, on which the palace buildings of the Roman emperors were erected. A common residential building for wealthy residents of Italian cities during the Renaissance (XV-XVII centuries).

The Palestra is a public school for gymnastic exercises for young Romans. The palaestra had open
sites, Treadmills, gymnasiums, swimming pools.

Palmetta (Italian) - a type of floral ornament depicting palm leaves.

An archeological monument - places of settlement of ancient people, burial places, ruins of ancient settlements, fortifications, buildings for various purposes, more than 1000 years old.

An architectural monument is a work of architecture that has scientific, artistic and cultural value.

Urban planning monument - architectural ensembles, settlements that preserve the ancient planning structure of neighborhoods, roads, city streets.

Historical monument - a landscape, structure, populated area or part thereof that is a place historical events or phenomena.

A cultural monument is a landscape, structure, populated area or part thereof associated with a stage or phenomenon in the development of world, continental or national culture.

Natural monuments are a natural landscape that preserves unique or typical manifestations of nature, valuable in scientific, cultural, educational and aesthetic terms.

Ramp (German) - an inclined rise to the floor level.

Panel - the structure of a fence or ceiling.

Parapet (French from Italian) - letters, chest protection; fencing of the upper part of a bridge, embankment, building, solid and lattice, no higher than the height of a person’s chest.

Parkan (lat.) - the space between the internal and external walls.

Parquet (French from Lat.) - originally a fenced elevated place; modern material for the front covering of the floor from measured wooden plates of hardwood.

Parking lot - a place where cars are parked.

Parsena (from Latin) - conventional image faces; name in the direction of Russian portrait painting of the 17th century.

Sail, pandative - part of the vault, an element of the dome structure, through which the transition is made from the rectangular base to the dome floor or its drum. The sail has the shape of a spherical triangle with the top pointing down. Varieties of sail structure:

beam;
cantilevered;
stalactite;
stepped-cantilever;
step-niche;
arched;
conical (tromp);
arched-vaulted;
funnel-shaped;
reticular-edge;
conch;
stepped-arched;
spherical.

Passage (French) - a type of building with overhead light.

Patio (Spanish) - the courtyard of a residential building.

Partitions are internal non-load-bearing walls that divide the floor space into compartments or rooms.

Front (Russian) - a room in a rich residential building that served to receive visitors.

Pereduvka (Russian) - the front wall of the melting furnace.

The ceiling is a horizontal load-bearing structure that completes the floor.

Floors - interfloor structures bearing distributed or concentrated loads from people and equipment located on the floors of the building must have a standardized degree of fire resistance and fire safety. A lintel is a structure for blocking openings in the wall of a building.

Pererub (Russian) - an internal log wall to absorb the thrust of an elongated building.

Railings - fencing of stairs, openings.

Periphery (Greek) - the outer part of something.

Perun, pirun (Greek) - a needle, a short metal rod placed into the grooves of adjacent stone blocks to fasten them. The grooves were filled with lead.

Petroglyphs are drawings and signs carved into rocks, scenes.

Pid (Ukrainian) - attic.

Pi Tin I Fri - canopy, overhang, eaves in a people's home.

Pilaster (French from Latin) - half or a quarter of a rectangular column.

Plafond (French) - a ceiling surface with a round or oval element.

Platz (German from Lat.) - square.

Plintha (gr.) - large-sized flat square or rectangular brick, used in ancient Roman and Byzantine construction technology.

Carpenter (commonly known) - a master of rough wood processing.

A stair landing is a structure connecting flights of stairs.

Construction site - a place, territory allocated for the construction of a building.

Building area - the area of the first floor according to the dimensions of the external walls.

Pneumatic air-supported structures are structures based on excess pressure.

Pneumatic rod structures are structures based on excess pressure.

Pobiy (Ukrainian) - all types of wooden roofing.

Poval (Russian) - a log house of a wooden building that expands at the top.

Povalusha (Russian) - in Russian wooden architecture, a tower in a complex of residential mansions of the 12th-17th centuries.

Podvalina (Russian) - the base of a log house, the lower crown, made of stronger logs. Hence the basement, the lower floor of a residential or commercial building.

Podvorye (Russian) - an inn, a hut, later a hotel.

Valances are wooden boards with blind, often through carvings, bordering roof overhangs, cornices, huts, verandas, galleries.

The base of the foundation is the supporting (lower) part of the foundation.

Supporting arches are arched structures on which floor structures rest.

Sub-rafter beams are beams on which the rafter system of the pitched roof rests.

Port (sea, river) (French from Latin) - a place for receiving and servicing river and sea vessels.

Porta (lat.) - city gate, military camp.

Portal (German from Latin) - main entrance.

Portico (lat.) - a covered gallery in the architecture of ancient Rome.

Portfnetre (French) - French balcony, false balcony.

Poryadnaya (Russian) - a written or oral contract for the performance of construction work.

Posom (Karelian) - roof, roofing, canopy.

Ceiling (Eastern Slavic) - related to the floor, the completion of the floor.

Rule (Russian) - a wooden or metal strip up to 2 m long for checking the facing masonry of the wall.

Reduced costs (in construction) - the sum of one-time costs for the construction and operation of a building or structure, taking into account the depreciation period.

Binding - bringing the building project to the construction site.

Natural heritage - according to the UNESCO Convention of 1972 to P. n. include natural landscapes, geological and physiographic formations and natural places of interest.

The hallway is the first room in the house.

Vents (Russian) - holes for ventilation in wall structures.

Pedestal (French, Italian) - lit., place of the foot. The foot of a column, a sculptural work.

Piazzetta (Italian) is a small square in Italian cities.

The heel is the support of the arched vault.

Frame is a building structure.

Ramp - part of a building; a platform attached to the building, open or with a canopy, on the same level as the floor of the first floor of the room (±0.000) for the convenience of loading and unloading operations.

Rand beam is the main beam.

Raskat (Russian) - an embankment for installing guns.

A break is a small protrusion or break in an architectural element.

A brace is a diagonal element of a form.

Thrust is the horizontal direction of force generated in the supporting part of arched, vaulted or inclined structures.

Town Hall (Polish or German) - a bright house.

Reverberation (lat.) - reflection: in acoustics, repeated reflection and gradual attenuation of sound in a room or open space.

Redoubt - A closed field fortification made of earthen ramparts.

Recreation (German) - recreation area.

Relief (French from Latin) - a sculptural composition on a plane. Bas-relief - low relief, high relief - high relief.

Renovation is the process of improving a structure. Renovation in construction is the process of replacing worn-out structures and building equipment. Renovation in urban development - forced release of territory (demolition of buildings and structures, extraction from underground space engineering communications, networks, etc.) to ensure new construction, regardless of the degree of preservation of the buildings located on it (the term by N. S. Vedeneev and T. G. Maklakova, applied to construction reconstruction by V. I. Resin in the directive documents of the Moscow Government).

Retrachement (French) - internal additional fence in the fortress.

Crossbar (German) - a jumper between columns for supporting floor structures.

Rizalit (French) - the protruding part of a building.

Rose (French) - view of a round window in the central nave of a Gothic building, glazed with stained glass.

Rosette is a decorative architectural ornament arranged in a circle.

Rocaille (French) - decorative architectural ornament in the form of a shell. The element is characteristic of "Rococo".

Grillage (German) - a slab or strip resting on a pile foundation.

Rostra (lat.) - the bow of a ship, usually decorated with a three-dimensional image of a female half-figure.

Rotunda (French) is a circular structure covered with a spherical dome.

Rust - jointing between large stone blocks that make up the masonry of the wall.

Rust (lat.) - square stone masonry with highlighted seams between the rows.

Ryazh (Russian) - a support or foundation of a structure, cut from logs in the form of a multi-tiered cage.

Sazhen (from Slav.) - a measure of length; measured fathom - 176 cm, oblique fathom - 248 cm.

Sandrik is an architectural decoration in the form of a small cornice or pediment above a window or doorway. In Baroque architecture, sandriks of various shapes were used: triangular, arched (in the form of a circle segment), in the form of a curved cornice, etc.

Prefabricated housing construction is a technology for the rapid construction of buildings from enlarged elements.

Pile type of foundations is a method of constructing foundations by driving piles into the ground.

A vault is a structure that covers a space; type of vaulted ceilings:

cross;

cylindrical;

monastic;

closed;

ogival;

mirror;

dome;

Gothic;

sailing;

Sgrafitto (iT.) - letters, scratched; technique of plastering the walls of buildings.

A sectional house is a building consisting of several independent blocks.

Crypt (Polish) - pedval, tomb chamber.

A wedge is a structure that prevents water from flowing from the eaves onto the wall.

Estimate - calculation of the cost of an object or individual types of work.

Sun protection is constructive protection against excessive insolation of building premises.

Solarium (it.) - an open space for sunbathing or air bathing.

A log house is a wooden structure made of horizontal logs or beams connected at the corners.

The wall is a continuous load-bearing structure made of monolithic concrete or piece materials, a distinction is made between load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls.

Stodula (Russian) - a barn, a shed for carts and livestock.

Standing, stoa (gr.) - portico, gallery-portico.

Sling (Russian) - roof, attic.

Rafters are load-bearing structures for installing pitched roofs.

Stuchna (commonly known) - road, street, square.

Substructure (lat.) - supporting structure.

Crackers (Russian) - cantilever bars under the eaves, from ancient architecture.

Tabulat (lat.) - tiled floor.

Tambour (French) - drum.

Tectonics is the visual expression of an architectural structure in the relationships of its load-bearing and supported parts, in the artistic originality of a building or structure.

Thermal insulation - polymer or natural materials that improve the thermal resistance of enclosing structures.

Terrasite plaster is a cement-lime plaster with the addition of stone (marble) chips, mica, and pigments.

Terracotta (Italian, Lat.) - fired clay mass without enamel coating.

Terrace (French from Latin) is the open part of the building.

Terrazzio (Italian) - a mosaic floor made of different-sized fragments of stone, smalt.

Technical and economic indicators - total and usable area, construction volume, building area of the facility, etc.

Technical operation - a set of measures for the maintenance of buildings and structures; provided for by the project.

Tunnel, tunnel (English). - a transport structure for passing roads under thick soil (in mountainous areas).

Trade buildings - buildings and structures for wholesale and retail trade.

Shopping centers - compact placement of trade enterprises of various profiles.

Butt (Italian) - a block of stone or wood for paving streets.

Shotcrete is a method of concreting narrow spaces.

Hummocks - two rows of log houses with periodic cuttings and earth filling - fortifications.

The Tuscan order is an order developed by Roman architects on the basis of the Doric order, which was based on a column with flutes (vertical grooves) and no base. The Tuscan order differed from its prototype by a smooth-bore column and the absence of triglyphs - rectangular decorative elements with thin vertical grooves - located on the frieze, by the presence of a high base, and also had a high capital.

Travertine (Italian) - calcareous tuff for finishing the walls of a building.

Tavern (borrowed from Polish in the 18th century) - dining room, restaurant.

Transept is a transverse nave (ship) in basilica and cruciform churches, crossing the main (longitudinal) nave at a right angle.

Trench (French) - a channel in the ground.

Triglyph is an element of the Doric order frieze in the form of a rectangular protrusion with triangular in plan vertical cuts - glyphs.

Triforium (lat.) - a triple opening in a wall united by one arch.

Trophy (French from Greek) - a monument as a sign of victory.

Tula (Russian) - hidden, inaccessible place.

Turret is a corner watchtower on the top of the fortress wall, allowing observation in a 270° sector.

A department store is a building designed to sell a wide range of goods.

Unification of dimensions of parts of building structures - standardization in construction.

Estate (Russian) - a detached residential building surrounded by a park or garden.

Stability of a structure is the ability of a structure to withstand destructive forces.

Factory (lat.) - workshop, enterprise.

Plywood (from French) - to impose; a man-made wood building material made from several layers of thin wood panels glued together.

Facade (French from Italian) - lit. - face; one of the external walls of the building, as a drawing - an orthogonal projection of the external walls of the building.

Fachwerk (German) - a lightweight high frame, a type of structural solution for the building envelope.

Faience (French, after the Italian name of the city of Faenza) - ceramics made of white clay; Plumbing and technical products are made from fibre.

Truss (French) - an engineering structure consisting of rods, used to cover large spans of buildings and structures; There are triangular, polygonal, arched.

Recording an architectural monument - performing full-scale measurements and photographing objects classified as architectural monuments.

Fittings (English) - parts for threaded pipe connections.

Flash (French) - arrow; a light field fortification placed in front of the front (fortification).

Outbuilding (German) - a side extension to a building or a separate residential building in the rear part of the yard.

Weather vane (German) - the porch of a building.

Lantern (Greek) - a light opening in the roof for lighting rooms.

Fragment (lat.) - fragment, part of a structure.

Transom (Polish) - opening, the upper opening part of the window.

Frieze (French from Italian) - the middle horizontal part, bordered between the architrave and the cornice with an ornament.

Pediment (ancient Greek) - a triangular plane of the wall formed by two roof slopes and a cornice.

Foundation is an underground structural part of a building resting on a natural or artificial foundation.

Fust (English) - column trunk.

Choir - in architecture, the upper open gallery or balcony inside the church (usually at the second floor level).

Cement is an artificial material for the preparation of hydraulic binders and concrete.

Tsemyanka - lime concrete with the addition of crushed ceramic bricks.

Ziegel (German) - ceramic brick.

Cistern (lat.) - an artificial closed structure for storing water or other liquids.

Basement - the lower part of the building from the “zero” mark to the blind area.

The ground floor is the lower semi-recessed floor of the building.

Attic (borrowed from Turkic) - balcony, tower, space formed by roof slopes.

Tile is a ceramic roofing material.

A drawing is a representation on paper of parts and fragments of a building indicating dimensions and other information.

Chetverik (Russian) - quadrangular wooden frame.

Template (German) - a sample for the manufacture of products or for maintaining the correct form, a drawing of architectural details.

The pitch of load-bearing structures is the distance between load-bearing walls or rows of load-bearing columns of a frame.

Chalet (French) - a rural house in the Swiss Alps.

Chamotte (German) is a finely ground fired ceramic mass for the production of refractory and high-quality bricks.

Shanets (German) - a small earthen military fortification.

Tent roofing is an ancient Slavic method of covering wooden buildings in the form of a tent.

Shed (English) - a type of building covering with the installation of inclined light openings.

Shelom (Russian) - a log with a hollowed out longitudinal groove to cover the joints of the planks on the roof ridge - okhrupen.

Shelyga (Russian) - a line connecting the upper points of the girth arches on which the vault rests.

Damper (German) - valve, damper in the chimney of a stove.

Shibka (German) - a sheet of glass to fit the size of a window or door frame.

Shilpashastra (Sanskrit) is an ancient Indian treatise on construction.

Slate (German) - thin slabs of natural material - slate.

Gateway (Dutch) - a hydraulic structure for the passage of ships between the reservoir pools.

Way (Russian) - tract, road.

Veneer (German) - sliver, thin sheet of wood.

Dowel (Polish from German) - in wooden building structures, an insert that secures structural elements.

Sprengel (German) - a rod structure, additional to the main supporting structure.

Tongue and groove (German) - 1) wooden or metal piles with a tongue and groove, driven into the ground to construct a supporting or enclosing wall; 2) a longitudinal ridge on the edge of a board or beam, corresponding to a groove in the next part of the structure.

Stack (German) - method of stacking long building materials.

Strab (German) - releasing a quarter of a brick from a wall for laying the wall of the next stage of construction.

Shtraba (German) - a shallow vertical niche in the brickwork of a wall.

Plaster (German from Italian) is a finishing layer of cement-sand or cement-lime-sand mortars.

Noise protection is an event to protect urban areas from transport and industrial noise.

Noise-proof residential buildings are houses that have protective structures against external noise: screens, blank walls, windows with rubber seals, etc.

Crushed stone (modern) - material in the form of crushed stone for the preparation of concrete, distinguished by fractions and strength.

Gable (Russian) - akin to a pediment, the upper triangular part of the wall, not separated by a cornice from the lower part of the wall.

Eclecticism is an artistic movement in architecture that focuses on the use of any forms of the past in any combination in one building.

Screen (French) - in architecture and construction - a protective structure from light, noise, etc.

Exhauster (English, from Latin) - a fan that takes air from the room.

Explication (Latin) - explanation, list of elements of an architectural drawing of buildings, structures, general plan.

Exposition (lat.) - display for display.

Exterior (French lat.) - external forms, appearance buildings, facades.

Elevator (lat.) - 1) lift, lifting mechanism; 2) a structure for storing grain.

Boathouse (Gol.) - a land-based structure for building ships and launching them.

A bay window is a protruding part of a facade with windows to improve lighting and insolation of rooms.

Hermitage (French) - a secluded place, a country house.

Escalator (English, from Latin) - a mechanical inclined staircase for lifting people to the upper floors, lifting equipment for buildings.

Escarpment (French) - the internal inclined surface of an external defensive ditch in fortifications.

Overpass (French from Italian) - an overhead, on Qnopax, structure for pedestrians or public transport, as well as for laying utilities.

Esplanade is an open space in the fortress between the citadel and city buildings, about 500 m wide, necessary for observation and shelling. Subsequently, the esplanade began to be called the open space in front of a large building, often including garden and park parterres, wide alleys with fountains and decorative sculpture.

Bandstand (French, Italian from Spanish) - a raised platform for placing an orchestra, a stage area.

Floor (French) - part of a building on one level.

Mezzanine floor - an additional floor built into the volume of the floor, usually the first.

Attic floor - a floor built into the attic space.

First floor - the plan of the first floor is always different from the plans of other floors due to the arrangement of the entrance groups.

Basement floor - floor below the “zero” level.

Technical floor - a floor for placing engineering equipment of buildings.

Typical floor - repeating, same-type layout of different floors.

Shelf (specific) - an open frame for placing production technology.

Standard (French) - sample, exemplary measure.

Tier (lat.) - horizontal row.

The decorative elements of the building's facade demonstrate Baroque style motifs.

Various decoration elements are used by designers to express a particular idea and emphasize a style direction. Every period human history was marked by a certain approach to decorating houses. Back in the days Ancient Egypt and Ancient Sumer, temple and palace buildings had pillars-columns with stucco elements and paintings supporting the roof. The culture of Ancient Asia also used a variety of wall decor elements. In the process of state formation Ancient Greece and the annexation of various territories with peoples possessing certain architectural skills, an order system was developed, which later became the basis for many European styles. Stucco elements in different stylistic directions were modified, supplemented, acquired new features and forms, however, their basis, which was a sign of the basic style, did not change. If you are planning to give your home a classic look, you need to decorate it with stucco elements. At the same time, the appearance of this decor will indicate your commitment to this or that historical period in architecture.

The decorative elements of the facade indicate the classic style of the house.

There are various architectural elements of a building, many of which we have already considered, such as columns, porticoes, pediments, portals. Let's consider another important architectural element - the apse, used in a variety of styles. The apse is a protrusion of the facade with a roof covering. The first apses appeared in ancient Roman temples and baths. Most often at that time, this important architectural element had a semicircular shape and was covered with a semi-dome. In the Romanesque style, the apse was decorated with “blind” arches, often arranged in several tiers. In Christian churches of the Renaissance, Classicism, and Baroque, the apse acquired a rectangular, three-, five-, or multifaceted shape with a number of decorative false arches on columns - this is how they were built in Northern Italy, Syria; such arches were erected on pedestals in Russia and Transcaucasia. In the Caucasus regions, apses were made triangular. In modern construction, apses would be appropriate in buildings built in the Romanesque style, reminiscent of medieval castles. They are also suitable for the Baroque style, creating a smooth façade. Asps can be decorated with stucco elements, inlays, paintings, and mosaics.

The apse of the cathedral with false arches and decoration in oriental style. Montreal.

In modern private houses, the apse emphasizes the style direction, supports it, and gives the facade plasticity.

Lunettes can become an important architectural element of a building that shapes the style of the facade. This term refers to a part of a wall that is a segment of a circle, bounded at the top by an arch and at the bottom by a horizontal platband. Lunettes can be through with windows and blind, with unfilled space, or decorated with stucco elements, paintings, and mosaics. Classic lunettes were decorated with stone projections of various profiles. In the Gothic era, this architectural element of the building was distinguished by a complex volumetric relief, stucco molding, and spiers. Often the field of the lunette was filled with colored stained glass mosaics. Baroque lunettes were distinguished by rich paintings or bas-reliefs.

Design of the lunette of the Church of Sant'Eustorgio. Milan.

Lunettes on the wall and pediment of the building with classical motifs.

The classical style provides for the completeness of structures, which was expressed through various elements intended to mark the boundaries of the architectural parts of the facade structure. For example, the architectural element of the building - acroterions - were installed on the sides of the pediment on pedestals or they were used to decorate doorways. In Ancient Greece, these architectural elements were built on temple buildings (temple of Athena on the island of Aegina; temple of Nemesis in Attica). The earliest include images of a lyre, a vulture, later there were palmettes, climbing vines, volutes, and sculptures. This stucco element underwent various changes during the Renaissance; it was often used as a decorative element on walls and on the corners of buildings.

Variants of stucco molding of acroterions.

Architectural elements of wall decor from antiquity and archaic times were carved from stone, mainly marble. There were also stucco elements made of granite, tuff, and sandstone. During the Roman Empire, decorative elements began to be created from concrete. In some regions, architectural elements of buildings were made of wood: famous structures in South Asia are known to be created from durable wood. IN last decades, after many years of fashion for constructivism and minimalism, stucco elements decorating facades are again in fashion in buildings for private or public use. The emergence of artificial materials - polymers - simplified and accelerated the creation of decor different types difficulties. Polyurethane decorative elements are lightweight, easy to install, and do not require the participation of highly professional sculptors, which significantly reduces the cost of the facade.

Polyurethane decorative elements for walls and roofs help create the image of a modern baroque style home.

Basic architectural elements are an important component of facades created in a historical style. Now it is possible to decorate the facades of buildings with polyurethane products, selecting them from the catalog on the website, or making an individual order. The most important architectural elements of the building will make the building special, memorable, and stand out from the surrounding buildings. Many of them are presented in the Glossary of Terms section. Here you can find the definition of a particular element, its description and application.

Architectural elements of buildings They give the building individuality and its own unique style. It is thanks to the style of the building that the name of the architect is preserved through the centuries, outliving its owners and creators. In buildings, unlike people, it is the appearance that expresses the soul of the building, and nowadays you can make the appearance of the building to your liking, giving it exactly the design you want or using specialist designers for this.

Thanks to modern technologies the quality of materials used to make building elements has improved significantly. The architectural elements of a building are the most important attribute; without this, the building will look dull and soulless. Thanks to columns, balustrades, pilasters, as well as other architectural elements, the building acquires its completeness and completeness, as well as its commercial value.

Basic architectural elements of buildings and structures.

There are such architectural elements of buildings:

Arch is the covering of a span or opening in a wall, which has a curved shape (there are pointed, semi-circular and multi-layered).
Archivolt (Italian archivolto, Latin arcus volutus) is a special frame that separates the arch from the wall opening.
Base – the lower part of the column, the base.
A balustrade is a stair railing that consists of balusters (curly posts) and is connected at the top by a horizontal beam or railing. Usually serves as an element in balconies and terraces.
Cornice is an element of external or internal decoration in rooms, buildings, furniture. Separates the horizontal plane from the vertical.
Stucco molding is relief elements that are located in the interiors and on the facades of buildings.
A niche is a special recess in the wall for installing various decorative elements: statues, vases, built-in cabinets.
Panel - is a carved or stucco sculpture, ceramic composition, bas-relief and is intended to fill any sections of the wall or ceiling.
A parapet is a solid wall of low height that serves as a fence for a balcony, terrace, bridge, embankment, or building roof. Quite often used as a pedestal for statues and vases.
A rotunda is a round structure, usually topped with a dome.
Facade is the outer, outer part of a building or structure.
Pediment is the completion of the facade of a building.
Plinth is the lower part of the wall of a building, which most often protrudes from the general plane.

Features of the use of architectural elements of the building facade

Modern architectural elements of buildings are designed to fit very organically into the style of the building and are most often made of lightweight and at the same time quite durable materials, such as archstone, polymer concrete, fiberglass concrete, fiberglass. All materials can imitate natural materials in appearance and texture, and at the same time have a fairly long service life, which is especially good in the aggressive environment of megacities. It is very important to note that modern composite materials have a much shorter production time, which gives an undeniable advantage in a fast pace modern world. With the help of competent design you can give the building uniqueness.

Also, modern materials from which architectural elements of buildings are made are little susceptible to weathering, aging, and microorganisms. Work related to finishing facades with decorative elements consists of several stages: design based on sketches and drawings, development of fastening units for elements, creation of a load-bearing part, production of decorative parts, installation work on the facade of a building. All architectural elements of buildings are worked out in strict accordance with the client’s wishes.

Anyone who is going to begin repairing and decorating the facade of a building or interior space needs to know the basic names of decorative elements. This knowledge is necessary not to throw it around in an attempt to look knowledgeable person, but in order to make it easier for yourself to find these very decorative elements. And at the same time, understand what the architect, designer or finishers say who will help you transform the interior or facade, if you do not rely only on own strength. The concepts presented here are presented in the most understandable form without using a large number of terms so that they are easy to navigate.

From A to B

An entablature is essentially a beam that spans a span, sometimes serving as the end of a wall. It consists of three parts - an architrave, a frieze and a cornice. It is a carried part and all its constituent elements in each of the orders, be it Ionic, Doric or Corinthian, have different proportions, which are determined based on the parameters of the column. The combination of an entablature with columns is the main feature of the classical style. After the Renaissance, the entablature began to appear separately from the columns as the completion of the upper part of the wall. If pilasters or half-columns are used, the entablature is written around them. There is an entablature without its individual parts. For example, without the frieze the entablature is considered incomplete; without the architrave it is lightweight.

An arch is the covering of a curved opening located in a wall, or a span located between two supports (these can be either columns or bridge supports). This is a curved beam that creates a lateral thrust when finishing the facade. The arch can be semicircular - if there is a cross-section of a semicircle, pointed - if it consists of two arches that meet at an angle, arched - if the arc is less than a semicircle, and multi-lobed - when a combination of several small arches is used.

Archivolt - frames the arched span and distinguishes it from the wall. This is a purely decorative element, successfully used in the decoration of interiors and facades. An architrave made of stucco or a curved rod that borders the outer surface of an arch or window opening can also act as an archivolt.

The base is the lower element of a column or pilaster, serving as its base.

Balustrade is a stair railing that can be used on balconies and terraces. Usually it is small in height and consists of figured columns, on which railings or beams are placed on top.

Balusters - just belong to the balustrade and are those same low columns that can sometimes be decorated with carved decor. They support the enclosing railings.

From W to K

A panel is usually a painting designed to fill an empty part of the wall to make it more decorative and expressive.

The panel can be wall-mounted or placed on the ceiling, in which case it is called a lampshade. It can be made in the form of a bas-relief, stucco or carved, as well as a ceramic composition.

Pylon is a tower-like structure installed on both sides of the entrance. They first became known during the Middle Kingdom in Egypt, where they had the shape of a truncated pyramid. They usually had a large cross-section and carried flat or vaulted ceilings. Later, they were used to support load-bearing cables in suspension bridges. The architecture of classicism used these elements in a reduced form at the entrances to the territory of palaces and parks.

A portal is an architectural entrance to a building, made with either flat or arched lintels. Another type was known in the architecture of the Ancient East - peshtaki. Later, in Romanesque and Gothic, as well as Old Russian architecture, perspective portals were used in the form of ledges with columns in the corners connected by archivolts.

A portico is a series of columns that are united by an attic and a pediment. Sometimes only the attic acts as a unifier. It became widespread from the times of the architecture of Greece and Rome, and then was often used in classicism.

A pilaster or pilaster is a vertical projection with a rectangular cross-section placed on a wall or pillar. It has the same proportions and parts as the column, only without entasis (thickening in the middle part). It is a purely decorative element and can structurally strengthen the wall.

From R to S

Rocaille is inextricably linked with the Rococo style and is an ornamental motif based on the stylization of the shell.

Rotunda is the name usually given to a round building such as a pavilion, hall, temple or mausoleum, which is usually crowned with a dome.

Rust, rustic or rustication - masonry of relief stones or cladding of walls with such stones with a convex surface, which is called rustication. This technique serves to enliven the facade of the building and give it massiveness. Rusticism is often imitated with plaster by dividing the wall into strips and rectangles.

Sandrik is more often used outside buildings than in interiors and plays a decorative role. It is made in the form of a small cornice, which is placed above a window or doorway, can sometimes rest on consoles and be crowned with a pediment.

From T to F

The tympanum is the internal space of the pediment, in its recess, which can be triangular, semicircular or lancet.

The facade is one of the most important concepts in architecture - the outer side of any building. Its name depends on what configuration the building will be. There are main, street, side, park, courtyard and other types of facades. Their proportions and divisions depend on the purpose of the building and its style, as well as design.

Frieze - in architectural orders, this is the middle part of the entablature, which is located between the architrave and the cornice. It is also a continuous strip of sculptural, decorative, pictorial and other images that frames the top of a wall or the floor surface of a room, and can also serve as a carpet field.

Pediment is usually the final part of a facade, colonnade or portico. Usually triangular in shape, sometimes bow-shaped. Bounded by side slopes and a cornice at the base. Often, in a reduced form, the pediment is used as decoration for doors and windows.

At the end of the alphabet

Plinth is the protruding lower part of a building wall or column located on the foundation. It is processed with rustication or profiles, and decorative processing is performed.

Entasis is a thickening of the column trunk in its middle part to create the effect of tension. Typically used to eliminate the illusion of trunk concavity.

The hard work of stone carvers and plasterers who decorated palaces with intricate patterns is a thing of the past. Today, any person who does not belong to a noble family has access to ready-made elements of architectural decor. They give the building a luxurious look, pleasing the eye with the exquisite beauty of the classical style.

What are decorative elements for the facade of a house, what are they called and what are they made from. We will answer all these questions in our article.

Element names

Without knowing the terminology used to refer to facade decor, it is impossible to have an intelligent conversation with the designer, designer and seller. Therefore, the developer will benefit from a short course in familiarizing himself with the common names of his elements. Each of them must stand in a specific place, contributing to the appearance of the structure.

So, the architectural decor of the facade includes the following basic details:

Baluster (vertical element of the stair railing);
Basement cornice (horizontal strip projection);
Column base;
Column trunk;
Column capital (upper part);
Sandrik (cornice above the window opening);
Rusts (wide rectangular overlays on the corners of the walls);
Interfloor cornice (molding);
Bracket (supporting element of the window sill);
Arch;
Castle (protrusion at the top of the arch, simulating a capstone);
Pilaster (a flat rectangular projection of the wall, repeating the proportions of the column);
Platband (vertical protrusion on the window opening);
Socket (round wall trim);
Pattern (flat or three-dimensional ornament on the facade);
Panel (narrow linear framing element);
Frieze (a strip framing or crowning various elements of the facade).

Facade decoration materials

Decorative facade stucco molding is made from the following materials:

Casting plaster;
Polymer concrete;
Expanded polystyrene (foam);
Polyurethane foam.

Facade decor made of gypsum is used quite rarely today. There are several reasons for this:

The large weight of gypsum parts complicates installation;
High price;
Low resistance of gypsum to atmospheric influences.

Attempts to improve the properties of decor made with gypsum binder led to the creation of polymer concrete. In this material, the role of the connecting base is not gypsum, but a polymer composition. It makes finishing elements resistant to moisture and reduces their cost. To reduce weight, polymer concrete stucco molding is not made solid, but in the form of a hollow or thin-walled profile. To increase resistance to cracking, it is protected with a layer of fiberglass.

Foam facade decor is in high demand today. It is lightweight, inexpensive and quick to install. The disadvantages of the material include fragility and short service life before major repairs (6-8 years). Without a good outer coating, foam decor can deteriorate within a few seasons. Due to its low density, it deforms under the hot rays of the summer sun. To protect foam, manufacturers use acrylic-based coatings. They extend its service life to 15-20 years. At the same time, the cost of processed products increases significantly.

Polyurethane foam has proven itself better than others as a façade decor. This is a dense and resistant to external influences material. It is more durable than polystyrene foam, but has a higher price. Facade decor made of polyurethane foam does not absorb moisture, does not crack or crumble. The service life of stucco molding made from this polymer reaches 30 years, and all its maintenance consists of periodic tinting (once every 10 years).

Approximate prices

Due to the wide variety of facade decor, it is not possible to conduct a full-scale price comparison within the framework of a short article. Therefore, we will illustrate the cost differences between gypsum, polymer concrete, foam and polyurethane foam stucco using the example of the simplest smooth-drawn cornice profile.

The average price for such an element cast from gypsum is from 1200 to 1800 rubles per 1 linear meter.

A polymer concrete cornice 1 meter long will cost the buyer from 800 to 950 rubles.

For the same facade profile, but made of foam plastic, sellers ask from 180 to 260 rubles.

Facade decor made of expanded polystyrene with a protective coating is more expensive than “naked” (from 300 to 600 rubles).

Facade cornices made of polyurethane foam are sold at prices from 1100 to 2600 rubles per 1 m/p.

Installation features

Regardless of the type of façade decor, its installation requires the use of two types of fastening: adhesive (chemical) and mechanical. Such reinsurance will not be superfluous, since under the influence of temperature, molded elements (cornices, panels, friezes, platbands) experience significant deforming loads. Assembly adhesive, even the highest quality, requires the help of a steel anchor or dowel.

Source - http://penoprofil.ru

In general, installation of facade elements is carried out in the following sequence:

Prepare the base (clean, dry and level);
Markings are carried out (using a plumb line and a level, vertical and horizontal installation lines are applied to the facade).
The decor is fixed to the base. To do this, apply a layer of mounting adhesive to the back side of each product with a notched trowel and press it firmly against the surface of the facade. Gaps of 2-3 mm are left between adjacent elements.
Having glued the part, it is reinforced with facade dowels. The fastener caps are recessed into the product by 3-4 mm, after which the excess glue that has protruded to the surface is removed with a spatula.
After the glue has dried, the joints are treated with a special compound to seal the seams. After 2-4 days (at air temperatures above +20C), the seams are sanded.
The final finishing consists of priming and painting the decor. To increase the service life of massive façade stucco elements (cornices, arches), metal or plastic ebbs are placed above them.

Examples of buildings with various elements of facade decor

The statement that façade decor transforms a building is not an exaggeration. You can verify this by looking at photographs of finished objects.

This photo does not show the abundance of decorative stucco. However, the contrasting highlighting of the rustics and window frames in white pleasantly enlivens the gloomy brick façade.

Columns and balustrades, rustications and cornices are the basic elements for decorating a facade in a classic architectural style.

When using patterned stucco molding of the Europlast type, it is important to take precautions so as not to disturb the visual balance of other decorative elements. In the attached photo, the architect managed to do this.