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Journal of General Biology. Journal of General Biology Editor-in-Chief: Evgeniy Arkadievich Kriksunov. Mathematical biology and bioinformatics

Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Biology

The scientific journal publishes the results of completed original research (theoretical and experimental articles) in various fields modern biology, which have not previously been published anywhere and have not been submitted for publication in another publication. In addition, descriptions of fundamentally new research methods, review articles on individual problems, reviews and chronicles are published. Included in the RSCI system. Full-text archive available since 2007: http://journals.tsu.ru/biology/&journal_page=archive

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Journal of General Biology

The magazine is dedicated to biological sciences. Included in the RSCI system. Since 2006, most articles have been accompanied by popular synopses (retellings) intended for a wide range of readers, including non-biologists: http://elementy.ru/genbio/all

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An electronic bilingual (Russian, English) journal publishes original scientific articles on the application of the theory of algorithms, methods of applied mathematics and statistics to solve biological problems. The topics of the journal's articles include: bioinformatics (the use of algorithms and statistical procedures for the analysis of huge volumes of information generated by high-tech methods of experimental biology and molecular genetics); mathematical biology (formalization and mathematical modeling of biological objects and their communities); computational genomics (the study of the structure and functions of the genomes of cells and organisms); molecular modeling (mathematical modeling of biological processes, including simulation modeling); structural biology (modeling and prediction based on experimental data of the structures of biomolecules and their complexes); computational biochemistry and biophysics (kinetic and thermodynamic models of cellular processes and their interactions, molecular dynamics methods). The journal is included in the RSCI system. Full text archive available since 2006: http://www.matbio.org/arhiv.php

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The yearbook covers a wide range of problems of modern biochemistry and physical-chemical biology. Full-text archive available since 2000: http://www.inbi.ras.ru/ubkh/ubkh.html

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International magazine in English. Publishes materials on biochemistry and biochemical aspects molecular biology, bioorganic chemistry, microbiology, immunology, physiology and biomedical sciences. Full texts of individual articles since 1996 are available: http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents.html

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Peer-reviewed open access journal A country: Bulgaria. Language: English. Publishes materials on the following topics: biogeography; evolutionary ecology; risk management; ecology environment; changing of the climate; landscape ecology; marine and freshwater ecology; ecology of the urban environment; environmental assessment; environmental informatics; waste management, etc. Full-text archive available since 2008: http://www.pensoft.net/journals/biorisk/archive

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Journal in English of the International Institute for Science, Technology and Education ( International Institute for Science, Technology and Education) (USA, UK, Hong Kong). Publishes original articles based on the results scientific research in the field of ecology. Full text archive available since 2011: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/CER/issue/archive

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Russia, Barnaul. Periodic report (in Russian and English languages) “Turczaninowia” is named after the outstanding researcher and expert on Siberian flora Nikolai Stepanovich Turchaninov. Publishes systematic reviews, descriptions of new species, and floristic findings. Full text archive available from 1998:

Articles are published on theoretical issues of biology that are of interest to biologists of any specialty (issues of evolution, ecology, general taxonomy, general cytology, genetics, problems of mechanisms of adaptation of living organisms to living conditions, patterns of development of organisms, bionics, etc.), based on new original factual material or summing up the work of a particular scientific team.

In addition to theoretical articles, reviews of new books by Russian and foreign biologists are included, as well as information about international congresses and all-Russian meetings on critical issues biology.

The magazine was founded in 1940.

Chief Editor

E.A. Kriksunov

Editorial team

V.V. Aleshin (deputy editor-in-chief), V.N. Mikheev (deputy editor-in-chief), T.A. Britaev, V.E. Gokhman, D.O. Logofet, A.V. Markov, N.N. Marfenin, M.P. Moshkin, V.G. Onipchenko, A.A. Oskolsky, K.A. Rogovin, A.E. Bobyrev (executive secretary)

V.N. Bolshakov, D.M. Grodzinsky, S.G. Inge-Vechtomov, L.P. Rysin

Head by the editors

L.V. Filippova

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Archive of scientific articles from the Journal of General Biology

  • RELATIONSHIP OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND INDICATORS OF SPERM COMPETITIVENESS IN MALES IN TAXA OF THE SUPRA-SPECIES COMPLEX MUS MUSCULUS SENSU LATO

    AMBARYAN A.V., KOTENKOVA E.V., MALTSEV A.N. - 2015

    Some physiological parameters that determine the quality of male sperm (its concentration, sperm morphology) and the size of the testes change in an integrated manner, in other words, the larger the testes, the higher the quality of the sperm. Therefore, estimates of relative testes weight are often used as an indicator of sperm competitiveness when comparing phylogenetically related mammalian species. In house mice of the supraspecific complex Mus musculus s.l. the relative mass of testes in exoanthropic species is greater than in synanthropic species. The work shows that such a pattern is also observed at the intraspecific level, since the mass index of the testes, the concentration and percentage of morphologically normal sperm are significantly higher in the facultatively synanthropic subspecies Mus musculus wagneri compared to the synanthropic M. m. muscle Analysis of the sexual behavior of three forms: the exanthropic species M. spicilegus and the two subspecies mentioned above showed that both the efficiency of sexual behavior and the frequency of ejaculations during mating were higher in M. spicilegus compared to the two subspecies. Based on an analysis of the lifestyle, reproductive systems and features of the spatial and ethological structure of groups, hypotheses have been proposed to explain the maintenance of selection aimed at increasing the competitiveness of sperm in exoanthropic species of house mice.

  • CONTRIBUTION OF THE THEORETICAL HERITAGE OF L.G. RAMENSKY INTO MODERN SCIENCE OF VEGETATION (TO THE 130TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF THE SCIENTIST)

    Consideration is given to the contribution to modern science about the vegetation of the theoretical heritage of L.G. Ramensky (1884-1953), an outstanding Soviet geobotanist of the first half of the twentieth century. L.G. Ramensky formulated the principle of continuity of vegetation cover, on the basis of which the modern paradigm of vegetation science was formed. The scientist contributed to the development of such important provisions of the theory of plant science as types of plant strategies, cenosis and cenobiosis (coexistence of species), patterns of annual changes in plant communities, ecological succession, and floristic incompleteness. L.G. Ramensky created unique ecological scales characterizing the distribution of 1,400 species along gradients of moisture factors, soil richness and salinity, moisture variability, pasture digression and alluviality. He opposed the mechanistic ideas of V.N. Sukacheva about the structure of biogeocenosis. The scientist did not propose his own method for classifying plant communities, but his reasoned criticism of the dominant classification played a big role in the transition of Russian phytocenology to the principles of floristic classification (Brown-Blanquet approach).

  • INFLUENCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS PARAMETERS ON LEAF LIFESPAN

    VASFILOV S.P. - 2015

    In higher plants, there is wide variability in leaf lifespan (LL), which is the sum of two components: functional LL f (duration of active photosynthesis) and non-functional LL n (duration of periods without photosynthetic activity). For evergreen species of the boreal zone, LL n corresponds to the winter dormancy period. Based on the dynamics of the maximum rate of photosynthesis P a during the time LL f with a maximum during the “growing up” of the leaf (P a max), the photosynthetic potential of the leaf (PPL) is calculated as the maximum possible amount of CO 2 fixed during its life. Photosynthetic potential is more dependent on functional lifespan than on the maximum rate of photosynthesis. The PPL/LL f ratio determines the rate of realization of photosynthetic potential during the life of the leaf. LL f closely and positively correlates with LL, therefore, to a first approximation, the speed of PPL implementation determines not only LL f, but also LL. Long LLf in evergreen species gives them an advantage in the form of higher photosynthetic potential compared to deciduous species. Accordingly, the implementation of PPL in evergreen species proceeds at a lower rate than in deciduous species. An increase in LL f and LL is accompanied by an increase in the leaf construction cost (LCC a) and a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis, and the decrease per unit dry mass (P m) is much stronger than per unit leaf area (P a). This suggests that the proportion of cell wall mass in the dry mass of long-lived leaves of evergreen species is significantly greater than that of short-lived deciduous species. Unidirectional changes in PPL and LCC a stabilize the leaf payback (LP). Species with a short (long) LL f and a high (low) rate of PPL implementation are characteristic of early (late) succession and for habitats with favorable (unfavorable) environmental conditions for photosynthesis and growth, in which these species exhibit greater competitive ability. Species with a high rate of PPL realization under conditions favorable for photosynthesis and growth gain competitive advantages by using environmental resources for active growth and expansion. The rate of photosynthetic potential realization reflects the rate of leaf aging.

  • INFLUENCE OF TECHNOGENIC POLLUTION ON THE EMISSION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY SOILS IN THE KOLA SUBARCTIC

    ZAKHAROVA A.I., KADULIN M.S., KOPTSIK G.N. - 2015

    The emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) by soils, the most important component of the carbon cycle and a characteristic of the biological activity of soils, was studied in background and ecosystems exposed to atmospheric pollution in a large industrial region of Russia - the Kola Subarctic. Long-term pollution by emissions from the Pechenganikel plant, the largest in northern Europe source of sulfur dioxide and heavy metals, led to technogenic digression of forest ecosystems - destruction and death of the tree layer and depletion of the species composition of phytocenoses, weakening of the activity of soil biota, soil pollution, disruption of biogeochemical cycles of elements, and a decrease in ecosystem productivity. Technogenic wastelands have formed near the plant. Field studies revealed a slowdown in CO2 emission from soils in situ on average from 190-230 mg C-CO2/m2 h in background pine forests to 130-160 mg C-CO2/m2 h in pine forests at the defoliation stage , 100 mg C-CO 2/m 2 · h in technogenic pine woodlands and 5-20 mg C-CO 2/m 2 · h in technogenic wastelands. The emission of CO 2 by soils in birch forests is more intense compared to pine forests and, with increasing pollution, tends to decrease from 290 mg C-CO 2/m 2 h in background forests to 210-220 mg C-CO 2/m 2 h in birch forests at the defoliation stage and 170-190 mg C-CO 2/m 2 h in technogenic woodlands. CO 2 emissions from soils of technogenic open forests and wastelands differ significantly from background levels. CO 2 emissions from soils are characterized by high spatial variability within biogeocenoses, which decreases in pine forests with increasing pollution. CO 2 emission (or soil respiration) reflects the total production of carbon dioxide as a result of autotrophic (plant roots) and heterotrophic (soil microorganisms and animals) respiration. For the first time in the region, a decrease in the proportion of root respiration was discovered with an increase in pollution from 38-57% in background forests to zero in wastelands, which indicates the primary death of the plant component of biocenoses and the comparative stability of microorganisms. According to the results of correlation analysis, soil respiration and the contribution of roots to it are directly related to the distance from the plant, the mass of small roots, the content of carbon and nitrogen; an inverse relationship is observed with the content of available nickel and copper compounds in soils. Remediation of technogenic wastelands contributed to the intensification of biological activity of soils. At the same time, planting willow with simultaneous sowing of grasses in the newly created fertile bulk layer is more effective in activating soil respiration and the contribution of roots to it than in limed and fertilized contaminated soils (chemo-phytostabilization).

  • POSSIBLE EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS OF “CULTURE” IN ANIMALS: HYPOTHESIS OF DISTRIBUTED SOCIAL LEARNING

    PANTELEEVA S.N., REZNIKOVA Zh.I. - 2015

    The manifestation and formation of behavioral traditions in different types A huge amount of work has been devoted to animals, but it is still unclear which factors promote and which hinder the spread of forms of behavior new to the population. The article presents an analytical review of research on this topic, examines the results of studies of “culture” in animals and analyzes the contradictions that arise when trying to clarify the ethological mechanisms of cultural continuity. The hypothesis of “distributed social learning” is formulated: for the spread of complex behavioral stereotypes in a population, the presence in it of a few carriers of integral stereotypes is sufficient, if the remaining animals are carriers of incomplete genetic programs that trigger these stereotypes. The presence of “sleeping” program fragments creates in their carriers an innate predisposition to perform a certain sequence of actions. To complete a complete stereotype, the simplest forms of social learning (“social facilitation”) are sufficient. The hypothesis is considered at the behavioral level and supported by experimental data obtained from studying scenarios for the development of hunting behavior in the ants Myrmica rubra L. It allows us to explain the spread of behavioral models in animal communities in a simpler way than through cultural continuity.

  • SELECTIVE FEEDING OF FISH: INFLUENCE OF NUTRITIONAL AND DEFENSE MOTIVATIONS CAUSED BY NATURAL ODORS

    KASUMYAN A.O., MARUSOV E.A. - 2015

    We studied the influence of food and defensive motivation caused by natural olfactory signals (food smell, alarm pheromone) on the choice and consumption of food objects differing in taste and color by fish (koi Cyprinus carpio, roach Rutilus rutilus). In pure water and against the background of an aqueous extract of chironomid larvae or fish skin extract, single fish were simultaneously fed red and green granules containing one of the amino acids (glycine, L-proline, L-alanine; all at a concentration of 0.1 M). It has been established that odors have different effects on the food-procuring activity and feeding selectivity of fish. Against the background of the smell of food, fish grab presented pellets more often than in clean water, and the same attitude of fish towards pellets of different colors changes to a preference for red pellets. Despite the increase in the absolute number of granules captured, their relative consumption decreases and is replaced by selective consumption of glycine granules, regardless of their color. The increased demands of fish for the quality of food, due to increased food motivation in response to the smell of food, is an important adaptation that strengthens the mechanisms of food selection and consumption. Defensive motivation caused by the alarm pheromone suppresses the feeding activity of fish. Fish grab pellets several times less often than in clean water and refuse to consume most pellets. There are no shifts in preferences for the color or taste of food. Manipulative activity is inherent in the feeding behavior of fish of both species; it is higher when fish are stimulated by food odor and in cases of refusal to consume food.

  • INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOR AND MECHANISMS OF ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION BY THE EXAMPLE OF FISH

    BUDAEV S.V., MIKHEEV V.N., PAVLOV D.S. - 2015

    The phenomenon of individual differences in animal behavior is considered using fish as an example. An overview of the main ethological approaches to their study is given. The operational applicability of the concept of temperament for describing the stable characteristics of the individuality of animals is shown. To classify an element of behavior as a characteristic of temperament, it must be relatively stable over time and in different situations. The genetic and physiological mechanisms individual differences using the example of fish, as well as factors influencing their development in ontogenesis, the influence of individual experience. The significant adaptive significance of temperament has been shown; in many cases, natural selection supports alternative behavioral strategies of individuals. The main models explaining the coexistence of individuals with different types behavior. The importance of individual differences in behavior as a factor influencing population dynamics is shown.

  • CONCEPT OF PLANT COMMUNITY: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE

    MIRKIN B.M., NAUMOVA L.G. - 2015

    The history of the concept of “plant community” (PC) and the main discussions about its nature that took place in the twentieth century are discussed. Most modern researchers accept the pragmatic interpretation of the PC as a conditionally homogeneous contour, isolated from the multidimensional continuum of any vegetation. A broad interpretation of MS has led to the need to develop its polymodel concept with the establishment of several types that differ in the combination of formation factors. An overview of the main features of MS (composition, structure, functional parameters) and the contribution of heterotrophic organisms to its formation is given.

  • CORAL REEFS FACED ECOLOGICAL THREATS OF THE XXI CENTURY

    TKACHENKO K.S. - 2015

    To date, more than a quarter of the tropical coral reefs of the world's oceans are considered completely destroyed, and in the next 30 years, if the current rate of degradation continues, this value could double. The destruction of coral ecosystems for a significant part of the planet's coastal population means the loss of the main source of food resources, natural protection from hurricanes and storms, and significant, if not the only, income from the use of reefs, including in the tourism industry. Finally, there is the threat of deprivation of living space (in the event of the destruction of inhabited low-lying coral islands). Global negative impacts include temperature anomalies in surface waters and increased CO 2 levels in the atmosphere, causing acidification of the world's oceans. Local negative impacts include increased sedimentation and eutrophication, the passage of cyclones and storms, coral diseases, chemical pollution, mechanical destruction of corals by humans, and anthropogenic depletion of functional groups of fish and invertebrates. This review discusses the full range of responses of coral communities to these stresses, both at the level of individual taxa and the ecosystem as a whole. Analysis of the literature suggests with a high probability that by the middle of this century, tropical coral communities will be in the collapse phase in more than 50% of their biogeographical distribution, especially in areas with high human population densities. As a result of the complex impact of the negative factors discussed in the review, in the most optimistic scenario, coral ecosystems in certain water areas will be preserved. However, after global transformations, they will be dominated by the most stable taxa, mainly cortical and massive forms of perennial, slowly growing species with high competitiveness. Poritids have the highest indicators for these characteristics. In the most pessimistic scenario, scleractinian communities will be everywhere replaced by alternative communities of macroalgae or corals that do not have a calcareous skeleton.

  • CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE TYPE OF GYNOECIA AND OVRY POSITION IN FLOWERS OF ANGIOSPERMS: THE ROLE OF MORPHOGENETIC AND TERMINOLOGICAL PROHIBITIONS

    SOKOLOV D.D. - 2015

    The gynoecium of angiosperms consists of elementary units - carpels, which can be either free (apocarp) or fused (coenocarp). One of the most difficult problems in the evolutionary morphology of angiosperms is the distinction between monomeric apocarpous and pseudomonomeric gynoecium. It is assumed that the former arose when the number of carpels in the polymeric apocarpous gynoecium was reduced to one, and the latter as a result of reduction processes in coenocarpous gynoecium. Pseudomonomeric gynoecium has a single fertile carpel and more or less pronounced traces of sterile carpels (or carpels). Although from an evolutionary point of view these two types are sharply different, in extreme forms of reduction a pseudomonomeric gynoecium can be difficult to distinguish from a truly monomeric one. G.B. Kedrov proposed an original approach to solving this issue. Based on the absence of an apocarpous polymeric gynoecium with an inferior ovary in angiosperms, he suggested that there is a prohibition on the existence of an inferior ovary in an apocarpous gynoecium. Therefore, in controversial cases in plants with an inferior ovary, the gynoecium should be considered pseudomonomeric and not monomeric. Critical analysis of the views of G.B. Kedrova shows that following them, it would be necessary to revise the interpretation of gynoecium accepted in modern reports in several key groups of basal angiosperms. An alternative point of view is proposed, according to which for the most probable types of formation of the inferior ovary of angiosperms, the “prohibition” on its combination with apocarpy is associated exclusively with the definition of the concept “apocarpy” and is not of a biological nature. It is concluded that there are two morphogenetic prohibitions: 1) on the presence of a typical inferior ovary in the gynoecium from a single conduplicate carpel and 2) on the radial fusion of individual carpels with stamens or perianth elements without fusion of these groups with each other. The probable nature of these morphogenetic restrictions is discussed.

  • CRYPTIC SPECIES OF RODENTS OF THE CAUCASUS AS MODELS IN STUDYING PROBLEMS OF SPECIES AND SPECIATION

    BASKEVICH M.I., MIRONOVA T.A., POTAPOV S.G. - 2015

    The problems of species and speciation are considered on models of cryptic species of rodents of the Caucasus, a mountain system characterized by a pronounced altitudinal gradient natural conditions and the island nature of modern mountain habitats. These circumstances open up additional opportunities for choosing a species concept (biological, phylogenetic) and elucidating the paths of origin (sympatric or allopatric speciation) of model groups of cryptic species, as well as for testing the “refugia” hypothesis. Twin species of Sicista of the “caucasica” group (a group of monochromatic mouse mice of the Caucasus) and representatives of bush voles of the subgenus Terricola (Microtus, Arvicolinae) were used as model species. Based on new data on karyology, nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytb gene, multivariate statistical analysis of odontological characters and biogeography of sibling species of Sicista of the “caucasica” group and bush voles of the subgenus Terricola (Microtus, Arvicolinae), their evolutionary history in the Caucasus is reconstructed and concepts applicable to them are considered kind. Modern sibling species of Sicista of the “caucasica” group have an allopatric distribution, consistent with the hypothesis of speciation in refugia. The sympatry of Terricola twin species in the Caucasus is considered secondary, and their phenotypic similarity is considered an adaptation to similar living conditions. The coexistence of Microtus (Terricola) majori and Microtus (Terricola) daghestanicus in the Caucasus and the lack of their hybridization confirms their status as sibling species within the biological concept of the species. The existence of allospecies Sicista of the group of monochromatic mice of the Caucasus is in the best agreement with the phylogenetic concept, however high level chromosomal differences between sibling species and, in particular, between extreme variants of a single evolutionary series of a group (Sicista kazbegica, Sicista kluchorica) do not contradict the biological concept of the species.

  • LOCALIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELLS IN VIVO

    PAYUSHINA O.V. - 2015

    IN Lately In world science, there is an increased interest in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Numerous studies, mainly conducted in vitro, have led to significant progress in understanding the biology of MSCs, but many aspects of their behavior in vivo remain unclear. This review examines data on the localization of MSCs in the body, the mechanisms of their participation in tissue regeneration and the maintenance of hematopoiesis. MSCs are present in many tissues, and their numbers and properties change during ontogenesis. Pericytes or adventitial cells are primarily considered as possible equivalents of MSCs in vivo. Self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of MSCs are controlled by their tissue microenvironment, including surrounding cells, soluble molecules, and extracellular matrix. Probably, in early ontogenesis, MSCs move throughout the body, populating various tissues. In a sexually mature organism, they are able to migrate directionally to the area of ​​damage and exert a reparative effect, due not so much to differentiation as to the paracrine production of bioactive molecules and immunomodulatory properties. One of the most important functions of MSCs is the creation of a hematopoietic microenvironment through the secretion of cytokines and chemoattractants, as well as direct interactions with hematopoietic cells. Some data indicate the participation of MSCs in maintaining the stable functioning of not only hematopoietic but also other tissues. The unique features of MSCs make them attractive for clinical use. However, for their successful implementation in medical practice, further study of various aspects of the interaction of introduced cells with the recipient’s body and their influence on the regenerative process is necessary.

  • ON THE BOOK OF MORDKOVICH V.G. “STEPPE ECOSYSTEMS”

    MIRKIN B.M., NAUMOVA L.G. - 2015

  • ON THE BOOK OF ROSENBERG G.S. “INTRODUCTION TO THEORETICAL ECOLOGY”

    MIRKIN B.M., NAUMOVA L.G., KHAZIAKHMETOV R.M. - 2015

    The monograph under review (editor E.A. Kriksunov, reviewers Yu.A. Pykh and D.I. Iudin) is a generalization on a wide range of environmental issues. The first volume is devoted to system ecology and mathematical modeling of environmental objects, the second - to the theoretical aspects of modern ecology. The monograph includes an “Introduction,” 11 chapters divided into sections and subsections (categorization sometimes reaches four levels), and a “Conclusion.”

  • Gypsy moth LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. IN THE SOUTH URAL: FEATURES OF POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MODELING

    KRASNOPEROVA P.A., PONOMAREV V.I., SOKOLOV G.I., SUKHOVOLSKY V.G., TARASOVA O.V. - 2015

    An analysis of the characteristics of the population dynamics of the gypsy moth in various habitats within the Southern Urals was carried out, the nature of cyclical fluctuations in population density was studied, an assessment was made of the temporal contingency of the series of population dynamics of the gypsy moth in various habitats within the Southern Urals, and the relationships between weather indicators and characteristics of population density were studied. Based on the studied patterns, a statistical model of the population dynamics of the gypsy moth in the Southern Urals was constructed and estimates of the influence of regulating and modifying factors on population dynamics were given.

  • ON THE DEPENDENCE OF THE NUMBER OF COLLISIONS OF INDIVIDUALS ON POPULATION DENSITY: ARE THERE ANY BASES FOR CLASSICAL MODELS OF POPULATION DYNAMICS?

    Nedorezov L.V. - 2015

    The work is devoted to the problem of justifying the choice of the type of functions that describe the action of self-regulatory mechanisms in classical models of population dynamics. A probabilistic model with discrete time of migration of individuals on a plane is considered for various options for calculating the number of pairwise interactions of individuals. The data averaged over time and space are compared with the corresponding functions of classical models of population dynamics: Verhulst, Gompertz, theta-logistic and Svirezhev models. It is shown that for various options interaction of individuals, the results can be well approximated using classical models. However, in many cases, the requirements that are usually imposed on “good” models are not met: the hypotheses about the normality of distributions are not met, and in some cases there is a strong serial correlation. The only exceptions are the Verhulst model and the theta-logistic model, which provide a satisfactory approximation for one type of data. This means that to justify the choice of the type of function that describes the action of self-regulatory mechanisms, other arguments should be used or other functions should be used.

  • ASSESSMENT OF THE STRENGTH OF INFLUENCE ON A POPULATION BY RESOURCE AND PREDATOR: REVIEW OF METHODS

    KASPARSON A.A. - 2015

    The study of the mechanisms that determine the distribution and abundance of living organisms is the main task of population ecology. To solve this problem, it is important to assess the strength of impacts on populations from the resource and the predator (consumer). In this paper, we analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the main methods for assessing the relative strength of the two types of influences. These methods can be divided into two groups. In the first group we include the search for consistent examples, assessment of abundance correlations and biomanipulation. What they have in common is that they involve either only the resource or only the predator. Methods of the second group assume the presence of both types of influences and are aimed at quantifying their relative strength. These include factorial experiments and analysis of the dynamic characteristics of populations (rate of population growth, mortality and birth rates). It is shown that due to the limitations of the methods of the second group, none of them is universal. However, their combined use represents a promising approach to assess the mechanisms driving population change in experimental and field studies.

  • ORIGIN OF THE PLAGUE CAUSE - THE MICROBE YERSINIA PESTIS: THE CONCEPT OF POPULATION-GENETIC MACROEVOLUTION IN A TRANSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT

    SUNTSOV V.V. - 2015

    An ecological scenario for the origin of the plague causative agent, the bacterium Yersinia pestis, from a clone of the pseudotuberculosis microbe of the first serotype Y. pseudotuberculosis O:1b is presented. The conditions for the gradual transition of a cold-loving saprozoonotic ancestor into the blood of the primary host - the Mongolian tarbagan marmot (Marmota sibirica) - are revealed. The inducer of speciation was the maximum Sartan cooling at the end of the Late Pleistocene in the arid ultracontinental climate of Central Asia. Freezing of the ground to the level of the wintering chambers in marmot burrows initiated the transition of the larvae of the marmot flea Oropsylla silantiewi to facultative hemophagy on the oral mucosa of sleeping marmots, which, in turn, created conditions for the massive traumatic introduction of Y. pseudotuberculosis into the bloodstream from fecal particles entering the oral cavity marmot during the installation of a wintering plug. Selection of bacteria in marmot populations was carried out under conditions of heterothermy with repeated changes in the body temperature of a hibernating marmot in the range of 5-37°C (torpor - euthermy). During the warm season of the year, when the pseudotuberculosis microbe is completely eliminated from the blood of healthy marmots with a body temperature of about 37 oC, the bacteria survived in the digestive tract of fleas in the form of a biofilm, forming the so-called forestomach block. The final isolation of the daughter species from the ancestral one occurred with the development of intrapopulation antagonism, caused by the onset of full synthesis of the bacteriocin pesticin. Population genetic processes in the marmot-flea environment led to a macroevolutionary event: the transition of the bacterium to a fundamentally different ecological niche and adaptive zone than its ancestor. All modern intraspecific forms of Y. pestis, which arose through microevolution, originate from the marmot subspecies Y. pestis tarbagani, which occurred in Central Asia during the era of the Sartan cold snap.

  • THE ROLE OF HYBRID ZONES IN SHAPE FORMATION (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF CHROMOSOMAL RACES OF THE HOUSE MOUSE MUS DOMESTICUS AND THE COMMON SHREW SOREX ARANEUS)

    BULATOVA N.SH., LAVRENCHENKO L.A. - 2015

    The diverse complexes of chromosomal races of mammals are a rather rare phenomenon, but at the same time, the significance of their study is not at all reduced to the knowledge of some unique phenomenon that has no direct analogues. On the contrary, these complexes are an almost ideal model for studying the role of hybridization in microevolution. The convenience of using chromosomal races as model objects is determined by the practically “zero” level of their molecular genetic differentiation and the unambiguous differences between them, usually associated exclusively with chromosomal rearrangements. As shown in this review, the study of natural polymorphic chromosomal complexes of Sorex araneus and Mus domesticus makes a special contribution to the development of ideas about the diversity of connections between the processes of hybridization and speciation and the study of such evolutionary phenomena as “strengthening” reproductive barriers in hybridization zones, diversification of forms before they reach species status without interrupting the flow of genes between them and “zonal race formation”

  • CO 2-GAS EXCHANGE IN THE TUNDRA OF VAYGACH ISLAND DURING AN Atypical WARM AND DRY GROWING SEASON

    ZAMOLODCHIKOV D.G. - 2015

    In the summer of 2013, field studies of O2 gas exchange were carried out in the tundra of Vaygach Island using the chamber method. Models have been proposed that establish connections between the values ​​of CO 2 flows and key environmental factors, namely temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, mass of foliage of vascular plants, depth of soil thawing. According to model estimates, in the growing season of 2013, the tundra of Vaygach Island was a source of CO 2 for the atmosphere (31.9 ± 17.1 g C m -2 sec -1) with gross primary production of 136.6 ± 18.9 g C m -2 sec -1 and respiration ecosystems 168.5 ± 18.4 g C m -2 sec -1. CO 2 emission from the soil surface (soil respiration) averaged 67.3% of ecosystem respiration. The cause of carbon loss in the island's tundra was the unusually warm and dry weather conditions of the summer of 2013. The air temperature during the summer months was almost 2 times higher than the climatic norm for 1961-1990. Revealed by works last decades The trend towards increased carbon sinks into the tundras of the circumpolar Arctic may be interrupted by an increase in the frequency and scale of atypically warm weather situations.