Painting of the 20th century - a new language of art - presentation according to the Moscow Art Culture. Painting of the 20th century - a new language of art - presentation on the Moscow Art Complex Development of architectural ideas by S. E. Le Corbusier

– presentation on the Moscow Art Culture, continuing the theme “Art of the 20th Century”. This is an attempt to give an idea of ​​the diversity of trends in European fine arts XX century.

Painting of the 20th century - a new language of art

Illustrations in the presentation “Painting of the 20th century – a new language of art”, will introduce you to some of the main trends in the fine arts of the 20th century. No era has given world artistic culture as many names and creations as the twentieth century. Along with realistic art, which continues to develop despite the calls of avant-garde artists to destroy old art, such trends as Fauvism, expressionism, futurism, cubism, abstract art, surrealism and others " isms". The new language of art was not understood by many, often causing outrage or ridicule. Fundamental changes in the life of society led to the birth of new forms in art.

New language of art

Is there something that unites these numerous directions in painting? The main thing, in my opinion, is the desire to create new forms, the denial of “old art”, the tendency to destroy traditions. In this regard, the manifestos of the Dadaists and Futurists are characteristic, in which they sought to justify the appearance of creations that often shock and cause bewilderment and indignation among art lovers:

Manifesto of Futurism

1909, Italy, Filippo Marinetti

From Italy we proclaim to the whole world this furious, destructive, incendiary manifesto of ours. With this manifesto we are establishing Futurism today, because we want to free our land from the fetid gangrene of professors, archaeologists, talkers and antiquarians...

Museums are cemeteries!.. There is undoubtedly a similarity between them in the gloomy mixture of many bodies, unknown to each other. Museums are public bedrooms where some bodies are doomed to rest forever next to others, hated or unknown. Museums are absurd slaughterhouses of artists and sculptors, mercilessly killing each other with blows of color and line in the arena of walls!…

Raise your head! With our shoulders proudly squared, we stand on top of the world and once again challenge the stars!

Painters of the 20th century do not set themselves the goal of depicting reality; they are convinced that

"The Purpose of Art − not conveying impressions of reality, A an image of its tragic and chaotic essence, hostile to man, passed through the artist’s personality »

This is, for example, the art of the Expressionists, whose work was greatly influenced by political events in Europe in the first half of the 20th century.

Is this art?

“Dada's Cannibal Manifesto”

1918, Paris, Francis Picabia

“...Dada does not smell of anything, he is nothing, nothing, nothing.

Like your hopes: nothing,

like your paradise: nothing,

like your idols: nothing,

how are you politicians: nothing,

like your heroes: nothing,

like your artists: nothing,

like your religions: nothing"

“Dadaism is great!!!

“Dada is Art! This, in my opinion, is one of those movements that had great fame; not accepted by the majority and, as a consequence, living a stormy and short life.
Dadaism is a monument to a plastic bottle, these are paintings with objects pasted on it... This is a philosophical absurdity, this is a stumbling block, this is a denial of everything classical and accepted by the majority. Dada is everything and nothing. This is and this is not.
Everyone has it, but not everyone accepts it. Probably Dada has a smell: the smell of rebellious gaiety, the smell of the eternal search for the absurd.”

A wonderful film created by the smart people (literally) of the Arzamas Academy will help you understand the art of the 20th century, which is difficult to understand and often not accepted by many:

Sometimes, in search of new forms in art, painters of the 20th century come to deny content that would be understandable to connoisseurs of traditional art, shocking and shocking the viewer, as some Dadaists and surrealists did.

MHC, 11th grade

Lesson #28

Architecture

XX century

D.Z.: Chapter 25, ?? (p.319-320), TV. tasks (p.320-322)

© ed. A.I. Kolmakov

Lesson No. 26

Part 1

LESSON OBJECTIVES

• Promote students' awareness of the role of twentieth-century architecture in world culture;
• Develop skill independently study the material and prepare it for presentation; continue to develop the ability to analyze works of architecture;
• Bring up the culture of perception of masterpieces of architecture of the twentieth century.

CONCEPTS, IDEAS

• constructivism;
• modulator;
• S. E. Le Corbusier;
• V. E. Tatlin;
• "world style";
• constructivism in the USSR;
• monument “Tower of the Third International”;
• "organic architecture";
• F. L. Wright;
• O. Niemeyer;
• "ideal city"

Universal learning activities

• characterize features  correlate  evaluate value and contribution   describe and analyze     explore the problem of novelty  shoot a video report
• characterize features development of world architecture of the 20th century. (using the example of architectural masterpieces);
•  correlate a work of architecture with a specific specific historical era, style, national school;
•  evaluate value and contribution individual architects in the history of the development of world art;
•  comment on scientific points of view and evaluation of the creativity of individual authors;
•  describe and analyze monuments of world and domestic architecture in unity of form and content;
•  develop an individual creative project an architectural structure in the style of one of the architects of the 20th century;
•  conduct comparative analysis the best examples of architectural constructivism in the works of S. E. Le Corbusier and V. E. Tatlin;
•  explore the influence of creative method A. Gaudi on the architecture of F. L. Wright (as part of an individual creative project);
•  explore the problem of novelty architectural solutions of O. Niemeyer and rejection of classical traditions;
•  shoot a video report about the modern architectural monuments of your city

LEARNING NEW MATERIAL

Lesson assignment. What significance does the work of representatives of twentieth-century architecture have for World civilization and culture?

sub-questions

• Constructivism by S. E. Le Corbusier and V. E. Tatlin. New ideas and principles of architecture of the 20th century. S. E. Le Corbusier as the creator of the “world style” in the architecture of the 20th century. Search for simple forms and systems of proportions. Artistic principles of S. E. Le Corbusier (based on the example of famous buildings). Development of constructivism in the USSR. V. E. Tatlin as the founder of Soviet constructivism and design. Artistic ideas of V. E. Tatlin and their real embodiment. The model of the monument “Tower of the Third International” is the main creation of the architect.
• "Organic Architecture" by F. L. Wright. Worldwide recognition of the creative method of F. L. Wright (using the example of the Kaufman Villa). Originality and novelty of architectural solutions of works.
• O. Niemeyer: an architect accustomed to surprising. Uniqueness of style and “poetry of form”. The dream of an “ideal city” and its real embodiment (using the example of the city of Brasilia). The search for national identity of modern architecture

The main directions in the architecture of the early twentieth century:

• Modern
• Constructivism
• Organic
• Postmodernism
• Deconstructivism

At first XX centuries were replaced by clear designs .

In the architecture of the 1920s -1930s. took a dominant position constructivism (simplicity, utilitarianism and economy) original version of the pan-European movement functionalism , called the International Style.

Functionalism (in Soviet Union - constructivism ) - a direction that requires strict compliance of buildings and structures.

CONSTRUCTIVISM (construo - build) - a direction that arose in the twenties of the 20th century.

Constructivism - Soviet avant-garde method (direction).

Constructivism – application of geometric principles in all areas of life (architecture, furniture, clothing).

Target - arrangement modern life, transformation of social life.

Ideas and principles:

- architecture should be light and give a feeling of floating;

Architecture must subjugate the huge flows of light inside the building and learn to play with light effects from the outside;

Thanks to new materials and technologies, architecture must learn to operate with integral spaces of enormous size.

In the architecture of the twentieth century. new technical

opportunities and artistic creativity.

Club named after Zuev, Moscow

Club named after Rusakova

Main objects – functional structures of a new type:

train stations, factories, factories, bridges, public buildings and residential buildings.

building Mosselprom, Moscow

The architects sought to create a comfortable atmosphere with simple and clear building forms.

For expressiveness we use: asymmetry, opposition of horizontal and vertical planes, combination of buildings with landscape.

In architecture, the shapes of honeycombs, ears of corn, shells, corn cobs, etc. are created.

Opera House in Sydney. Australia

Principles of the new architecture:

• lightness and feeling of floating;
• a lot of light inside the building;
• huge space.

Windows often began to replace walls, and interiors were freed from excesses and overload with details.

Steel frames with vertical structures, stuffed with high-speed elevators and other equipment, were clearly thrown challenge to the classics .

Character traits constructivism - rigor, geometrization, laconic forms and monolithic appearance.

– creator of the first skyscrapers , which have become a symbol of the modern American city. He formulated the principles of the construction of high-rise buildings, which architects still use today.

LOUIS

SULLIVAN

(1856-1924)

Chicago architect Louis Sullivan's first skyscraper in St. Louis created a real revolution in architecture.

skyscrapers in Chicago. USA

“...A person’s house should resemble a “home of bees”, so “hives for people” should be erected - uniform and standard structures where a person will feel part of a giant urban biosphere.”

Chicago. Skyscrapers.

Louis Sullivan formulated the principles of skyscraper construction: First - a skyscraper needs underground floor, which will house boiler rooms, power plants and other devices that provide the building with energy and heat. Second - the first floor should be given to banks and shops and other establishments that need large space, a lot of light, bright windows and easy access from the street. Third - the second floor should have no less light and space than the first.

Fourth - between the second floor and the top one there should be countless office spaces , not different from each other in layout. Fifth - top floor , as well as underground, must be technical . Ventilation systems are located here.

Outstanding French constructivist architect XX V., creator of the “world style”.

For the first time I began to use prefabricated reinforced concrete modules in my buildings

LE CORBUSIER

Le Corbusier. Villa Savoy. 1927-31 Poissy

He sought the basis for a “new architecture” in purely geometric shapes, lines at right angles, in perfect combinations of vertical and horizontal, in absolute white color .

The famous villa is distinguished by its exquisite perfection of forms and clarity of proportions. Terraces located at different levels, transition bridges, ramps and stairs penetrating the space, bright lighting create the impression of merging with nature and the possibility of complete privacy for a person.

Villa Savoy(1927-1931) Poissy, France

Invents a system of architectural proportions derived from the proportions of the human figure - modulator

HOUSE IN MARSEILLE (1945-1952)

A house – a dwelling for a person – is a “machine for living”.

– peculiar model of an ideal home for a person . Designed for 350 families (approximately 1,600 people), it clearly embodies the author’s idea that “a house is a machine for living.”

The house is raised on high pillars and includes 337 two-story apartments, shops, hotels, roof garden, gym, treadmill, pool, kindergarten , that is, everything that a person needs for a comfortable life.

Architectural structures

Le Corbusier

Chapel of Notre-Dame du Haut,

Ronchamps, France

House

Centrosoyuz

in Moscow.

IN USSR The development of constructivism was important not only for architecture, but also for all types of art. Artists of the 1920s put forward the task of designing the material environment, surrounding a person. They sought to use new technology to create simple, logical, functionally justified forms and expedient

designs. Original architectural projects

brothers A. A., V. A. and L. A. Vesnin, M. Ya. Ginzburg,

A. V. Shchuseva, I. I. Leonidova, K. S. Melnikova were carried out in largest cities Russia.

Vladimir Evgrafovich Tatlin

- founder of Soviet artistic constructivism and design, painter, stenographer.

Tower of the III International. 1919-1920

The height is 400m, 1.5 times more than the Eiffel Tower.

ORGANICS (organic architecture)- a direction in architecture first formulated by Louis Sullivan based on the principles of evolutionary biology in the 1890s .

• Parallel with constructivism a direction developed, conventionally called "organic architecture".
• The building consists of many different blocks, which are completed only as part of the building .

Organic architecture implies rejection of strict geometric shapes .

When designing each building the type of surrounding area and its purpose are taken into account , everything is subject to harmony.

Each room has its own purpose, which can be guessed at first glance.

• The reasons that gave impetus to the development of organic architecture:

• the presence of new construction materials that allow you to create the most bizarre architectural forms;
• the feeling of unity with nature that such a building gives.

FRANK LLOYD

WRIGHT

“...Architecture should first of all “serve” human life, and only then be a symbol of abstract concepts of “goodness and beauty.” The building should not overwhelm the landscape, but naturally grow out of it, merging with it and forming an organic unity.”

(1869-1959)

The idea of ​​organic architecture, put forward by the American architect and art theorist Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1959), has received worldwide recognition and practical

implementation in many countries. He assigned architecture the role of a unifying principle between man and the environment. In his opinion, it should first of all “serve” human life, and only then be a symbol of abstract concepts of “goodness and beauty.” The building should not overwhelm

landscape, but naturally grow out of it, merging with it and forming an organic unity.

Under the influence of Japanese architecture, he developed his so-called "Prairie Style"- light overhanging cornices, low open terraces located in secluded gardens near natural reservoirs. He believed that the prairies had “a beauty of their own,” and therefore the architect’s task was to “see and highlight this natural splendor.”

His interests included private country villas and massive urban developments.

Country Kunley house . Riverside

VILLA E. KAUFMAN "ABOVE THE WATERFALL" (1936-1939)

More than a hundred private houses were created by F.L. Wright took only ten years, but brought a unique architectural solution to each.

The villa has become a true masterpiece of the architect. The rough fold of crushed stone walls naturally continued the rocks, merging with a small waterfall, mighty trees and a forest stream. Reinforced concrete beams anchored in the rock supported a complex system of overhanging terraces. The staircase in the center of the house went straight down to the waterfall. The architecture of the building literally “dissolved” in nature.

MUSEUM MODERN ARTS Guggenheim (1943-1959) NY

• one of the first museums contemporary art in the world. Now this museum, located in Manhattan in New York, enjoys well-deserved fame and is popular with visitors.

“..Wright was the last romantic and the first rationalist in American architecture” (A. V. Ikonnikov).

Visitors to the Guggenheim Museum start at the top and spiral downward. This unique concept for the layout of the halls was proposed by the architect F. L. Wright.

Oscar Niemeyer and its palaces of glass and concrete.

Oscar Niemeyer is a classic of architecture who worked with Le Corbusier and built "city of the future"- the capital of his country, Brasilia, and co-author of the project for the UN headquarters in New York. He did not stop creating almost until his death.

Oscar Niemeyer died at the age of 105. His legacy is more than 400 buildings in 18 countries,

(1907-2012)

“I am not attracted to right angles and straight, unchanging and clear lines created by man. I am attracted to curves, free and sensual. Those curves that we can see in mountain silhouettes, in the form of sea waves, on the body of a beloved woman.”

Niemeyer's most famous project is the project of the city of Brasilia.

The master plan for the new capital of Brazil (Brasilia) was based on the intersection of two axes, shaped like the silhouette of a flying airliner.

He became famous for his experiments in the field of reinforced concrete architecture.

His signature style is distinguished by a broad the use of curvilinear forms, an abundance of light and space.

ministry

foreign affairs

Brazil

“I believe that architecture is successful if it is visible immediately after the main structures are completed. That’s what is important, and not what they will be covered with later,” he said in an interview.

Residential building "Kopan" in Sao Paulo (1951-1965), is an abbreviation for C ompanhia P an- A mericana de H otéis e Turismo

A huge, undulating building resembling a waving flag, it is the largest residential complex in Latin America.

The house consists of six blocks attached to each other. All blocks are connected to each other in three places: roof, shopping gallery and ground floors .

Height - 140 m, 38 floors, 1160 apartments and approximately 5000 inhabitants . The City Hall of Sao Paulo assigned its own index (ser.: 01046-925) to the building due to its dense population.

Square 6006 m² .

Government Palace in Brasilia, 1960

The originality of O. Niemeyer’s architectural style is

extraordinary plasticity of forms, expressed in smoothness

transitions from interior to exterior space, introduction to the composition of works of painting and sculpture, organic

combination of architecture with gardening art.

His style is often called the style of “elegant curved lines.”

Museum of Modern

art in Niteroi, 1996

“I am not attracted to either a right angle or a straight, hard,

a rigid line created by man. The freely curved and sensual line attracts me. That line that reminds me of the mountains of my country, the bizarre bends of rivers, high clouds..."

O. Nemeyer

Cathedral in Brasilia, 1960-1970

They rise above the ground like a giant crown, only 16 white arrow-shaped columns , each of which in the form of a parabolic curve departs from the small roof. 90 ton supports They taper towards the ground, which gives the whole structure an unusually light and graceful appearance. Most complex functional parts building hidden underground . Between the supports is located colored glass mesh which, when viewed from the outside at night or from the inside during the day, is a vibrant array of blues and greens.

Palace of the National Congress in Brasilia, 1960

The architect's life's work was the development of a general

development plan "the first capital of modern civilization" - the city of Brasilia.

Having designed the bulk of administrative

and residential buildings, for three years (1957-1960) he embodied the dream of an ideal city commensurate with the needs

of a person and corresponding to his ideas about beauty. Literally out of nowhere, one of the most unusual cities on the planet was created, which currently has UNESCO World Heritage Site status.

National Museum Brazil, 2006

The contrast of domes and pyramids, arrow-shaped columns and rounded bowls, strict geometric shapes and open

squares and parks, space and logic in the layout of streets - all this makes the city created by the genius of O. Niemeyer uniquely bright

and expressive.

National Museum and National Library of Brasilia, 2006,

according to projects of 1958

Control questions

1 . What principles of constructivist architecture were embodied by S. E. Le Corbusier?

What distinguishes his urban planning projects? Did he manage to accomplish

“social mission” of architecture, to create for people “a gracious and

a cheerful picture"?

2. Tower of V. E. Tatlin - a monument III International - still not lost

its relevance and amazes with the boldness of architectural and artistic

decisions. What are the author's main discoveries? How did it manifest itself?

the universality of his views? How utopian do you think

ideas of a great dreamer? What is the reason for their oblivion and subsequent

revival in the art of world architecture? Compare samples

Architectural constructivism in the works of S. E. Le Corbusier and V. E. Tatlin.

3. The unrealized ideas of V. E. Tatlin were later used in many

modern structures, for example: government buildings

Brasilia (architect O. Niemeyer), structures of the Center named after. J. Pompidou in Paris (architect.

R. Rogers, R. Piano), the building of the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art in New

York (architect F.L. Wright), Sydney Opera House (architect J. Utzon). How much

it is legitimate to assert that the tower of V. E. Tatlin became a model,

stimulating the creative thought of modern architects? What are you in

Do you see the real embodiment of V. E. Tatlin’s ideas? Explain your answer.

4. Architectural art historian P. Nuttgens wrote about the villa “Above the Waterfall”:

“Wright created the finest example of a man-made structure that complements

nature." In what ways and how did it “complement nature”? What an embodiment in his

architectural appearance found the “prairie style”? Like in the works of F. L. Wright

Has the eternal dream of human life among untouched nature come true?

Is it possible to talk about the influence of A. Gaudi on the work of F. L. Wright?

5. In one of his interviews, O. Niemeyer said: “The main thing in architecture is that it

was new, touched a person’s soul, was useful to him, so that a person could

enjoy it." What is new about O. Niemeyer’s architecture? Is she capable

excite a person’s soul and at the same time be useful to him?

Creative workshop

1. Give a comparative description of a building you know

modernity and constructivism. To what extent do they meet the main

criteria of architecture: usefulness, strength and beauty? In which

building would you personally prefer to live in? Why?

2. S. E. Le Corbusier formulated five basic principles

new architecture: a house on poles to strengthen the connection with

space environment; open plan, which

allows you to change and adjust functional processes;

free construction of the facade for wider compositional

decisions; taking into account visual perception it is proposed

horizontal strip shape of windows; flat roof for

increasing the usable area where gardens can be placed. Which

These principles were reflected in the buildings of Le Corbusier

architecture? What was his influence on

further development of architecture?

3. Consider the image of the chapel in Ranshan by S. E. Le Corbusier.

What new technologies were used in its construction? What

the monumentality of its architectural appearance? Compare this

a work with traditional religious symbols known to you

buildings. What makes them different?

Creative workshop

4. V. E. Tatlin’s idea to create a tower of the Third International can

be considered in the light of high-rise construction in various

historical eras (pyramids Ancient Egypt and pre-Columbian

America, Mesopotamian ziggurats, engineering and cult

buildings of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Ancient East). Which

what goals did their creators set for themselves? How they were embodied in them

the main ideas of your historical era?

5. At the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art in New York,

designed by F. L. Wright, architectural historian

D. S. Curl saw "A startling exercise in formal

geometry", but not a building intended for

viewing works of art. Others perceived him

like a massive sculpture. What do you think were the reasons

for such assessments?

6. The work of O. Niemeyer was strongly influenced by S. E. Le

Corbusier, however, he managed to develop his own style. How

can explain the fact that some critics call

Niemeyer's architectural structures with sculptures, and himself

“Sculptor-monumentalist”? Is this legal, with your

points of view?

Project research or presentation topics

1. Development of architectural ideas by S. E. Le Corbusier.

2. Basic principles of architecture and their implementation S. E. Le Corbusier.

3. Features of urban ensembles S. E. Le Corbusier.

4. Sh. E. Le Corbusier - the architect of the future.

5. “World Style” by S. E. Le Corbusier.

6. Architectural constructivism of one of the cities of Russia.

7. Creative searches of constructivist architects of the 1920-1930s.

8. Expressive capabilities of V. E. Tatlin’s works.

9. Artistic ideas of V. E. Tatlin and their real embodiment in works of modern architecture.

10. The significance of V. E. Tatlin’s works in the development of the art of design and architecture.

11. The Tower of Babel and the tower of the III International V. E. Tatlin: utopia or the reality of the plan.

12. Ideas of “organic architecture” and their figurative embodiment in

works of F. L. Wright.

13. Architectural fantasies of F. L. Wright.

14. “Prairie style” and its embodiment in the buildings of F. L. Wright.

15. What is the originality of the architectural design of the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art?

16. The problem of figurative expressiveness in the works of O. Niemeyer.

17. “Poetry of Form” by O. Niemeyer.

18. Features of religious architecture.

19. The dream of an “ideal city” and its embodiment in creativity (using the example of Brasilia).

20. Creations of S. E. Le Corbusier and O. Niemeyer: experience of comparative analysis.

21. Creativity of O. Niemeyer: novelty of architectural solutions or rejection of classical traditions.

• Today I found out...
• It was interesting…
• It was difficult…
• I learned…
• I was able...
• I was surprised...
• I wanted…

Literature:

• Programs for general education institutions. Danilova G.I. World artistic culture. – M.: Bustard, 2011
• Danilova, G.I. Art / MHC. 11th grade A basic level of: textbook / G.I. Danilova. M.: Bustard, 2014.
• Kalinina E.M., art and art teacher, Municipal educational institution "Ermishinskaya secondary school", r.p. Yermish, Ryazan Oblast http://urokimxkizo.ucoz.ru/

We can only learn about ancient examples of Chinese painting from archaeological excavations. Several examples of such drawings have survived to this day. Gu Kaizhi is also considered the founder of “guohua” (literally “national painting”). Later they began to depict drawings made on silk and paper. After the Cultural Revolution, there was a revival of Chinese painting. The years of the Cultural Revolution caused irreparable damage to Chinese painting. During the Qin and Han dynasties, fresco painting developed.

“White color as a symbol” - Topic: Is white color a symbol of light or sadness in Russian rituals? All colors are divided into “warm” and “cold”, “heavy” and “light”. We offered stylish black and white dresses. Purpose: Studying the symbolism of white during a mourning event. But why only white? Research. Municipal educational institution MOU "Popovkinskaya secondary school". Life was imagined by ancient people as a sequence of births and deaths.

“Classicism in art” - Historical conditions of classicism. Portrait of Lopukhina. 1797. Classicism -. Spread of Enlightenment ideas. Strengthening the state, the absolute monarchy. System of images: a clear division into absolutely positive and negative characters. Poetic canons were formulated by N. Boileau (“Poetic Art”, 1674). Classic writers. It is necessary to turn to the eternal, the unchanging (interest in antiquity as an exemplary standard). From the ancient “imitation of nature” to “imitation of beautiful nature.” Classicism. St. Petersburg: Kazan Cathedral. Rationalism (from the philosophy of the Enlightenment, R. Descartes).

“Abylkhan Kasteev” - In 1930, Abylkhan Kasteev’s first trip to Moscow took place. From the 1930s to the 1940s, he worked on creating a large series of watercolors, “Old and New Life,” which reflected the artist’s thoughts about the “passing” past. Abylkhan Kasteev was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR. N.K. Krupskaya. In 1937 he was accepted as a member of the Union of Artists of the USSR. The artist died on November 2, 1973 in Alma-Ata.

“Artists of the 16th century” - The work was completed by students of Lyceum No. 7 9 B class Khushvakhtova Guldasta Fedorova Kristina. Bruegel Peter. Content. Charles de Saullier, sire de Morrett 1535, Gallery, Dresden. German painter, draftsman, engraver, art theorist. Cranach Lucas. Pieter Bruegel Tower of Babel, 1563 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Lucca Madonna, 1430, Städel Institute of Arts, Frankfurt am Main. Durer Albrecht.

“Development of realism” - Party affiliation. 18th century realism. Specificity. Significant realistic novels were created in the 18th century: Principles of realism. Realism. Critical realism. Principles of critical realism. As a rule, the heroes of socialist realist works were workers and peasants. A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov. Socialist realism. Realism in art. Lillo in France - Diderot in Germany - G. E. Lessing, young F. Schiller. The heroes of the works must come from the people.

Slide 1

Culture and art in the 20th century. History teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Raduzhnenskaya Secondary School, Kolomensky District, Moscow Region Borodina E.A.

Slide 2

CRITICAL REALISM, symbol that branch of realistic art of the 19th and 20th centuries, in which a critical attitude towards the depicted reality prevailed. Emile Zola.

Slide 3

Intellectual realism - Intellectual realism strives to solve artistically and demonstrably actual problems, give an analysis of the state of the world. A work of intellectual realism includes a parabolic thought - a parable that seems to be out of touch with modernity. Intellectual realism of the twentieth century. its traditions go back to the literature of the Enlightenment. A. France, T. Mann, B. Shaw, G. Wells, K. Capek, B. Brecht.

Slide 4

Psychological realism - Psychological realism strives to convey the plasticity of the movement of thoughts, reveals the dialectic of the human soul, the interaction of the world and consciousness, while intellectual realism strives to solve current problems with artistic evidence and provide an analysis of the state of the world. Psychological realism: the individual is responsible; the spiritual world should be filled with a culture that promotes the brotherhood of people and overcoming their egocentrism. W. Faulkner, E. Hemingway, A. de Saint-Exupery, I. Bergman, M. Antonioni, F. Fellini, G. Bell, S. Kramer

Slide 5

Socialist realism - socialist realism - the main artistic method used in art Soviet Union since the 1930s, closely associated with ideology and propaganda. It stated the following principles: to describe reality “accurately, in accordance with specific historical revolutionary developments”; coordinate their artistic expression with the themes of ideological reforms and the education of working people in the socialist spirit. G. Lorca, P. Neruda.

Slide 6

(French avant-gardisme - ahead and guard) - the general name of artistic movements of the 20th century, which are characterized by the search for new, unknown, often piece-like forms and means of artistic display, underestimation or complete denial of traditions and the absolutization of innovation. Founder Maurice Maeterlinck. Following him, symbolist poetics and worldview are consolidated in the dramas of G. Hauptmann, the late G. Ibsen, Kafka, Proust, Joyce.

Slide 7

How literary direction existentialism was formed in France during the Second World War in the artistic and theoretical works of Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre and had a significant influence on the entire post-war culture, primarily on cinema (Antonioni, Fellini) and literature (W. Golding, A. Murdoch, Kobo Abe and Kzndzaburo Oe, Jose Cela and M. Frisch). The absurd was consolidated in art both as a technique and as a view of human activity, which is defined as a person’s “choice” of one of countless possibilities. A person comprehends his existence throughout his life and is responsible for every action he commits; he cannot explain his mistakes by “circumstances.” Thus, a person is thought of as a “project” building himself. Ultimately, ideal human freedom is freedom of the individual from society.

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(from the French moderne - modern), art nouveau (French art nouveau, lit. “new art”), Art Nouveau (German Jugendstil - “young style”) - an artistic movement in art, most popular in the second half of the 19th century - beginning of the 20th century. Its distinctive features are: the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, “natural” lines, interest in new technologies (especially in architecture), and the flourishing of applied art.

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Varieties of Art Nouveau: Dadai zm, or Dada - the modernist movement originated during the First World War in neutral Switzerland, in Zurich. It existed from 1916 to 1922. Dadaism was most clearly expressed in individual scandalous antics - fence scribbles, drawings that have no meaning, combinations of random objects. Marcel Duchamp "Fountain"

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(from Latin expressio, “expression”) is a movement that developed in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, characterized by a tendency to express the emotional characteristics of an image (usually a person or group of people) or the emotional state of the artist himself. Franz Marc "Deer in the Forest".

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Edvard Munch's "The Scream" (1893) is one of the most famous works of expressionism.

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Primitivism - (from Primitiv) in the fine arts of the late 19th - 20th centuries, the deliberate simplification of visual means and the appeal of artists to the forms of the so-called. primitive art - primitive, medieval, folk, art of ancient extra-European civilizations, children's creativity. Theodore Rousseau "The Tiger and the Buffalo"

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(French Cubisme) - an avant-garde movement in the fine arts, primarily in painting, that originated at the beginning of the 20th century and is characterized by the use of emphatically geometrized conventional forms, the desire to “split” real objects into stereometric primitives. André Lhote "Paris"

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(French surréalisme - super-realism) - a movement in art that was formed by the early 1920s in France. Characterized by the use of allusions and paradoxical combinations of forms. Some of the greatest representatives of surrealism in painting were Salvador Dali, Max Ernst and Rene Magritte. Salvador Dali "Geopolitical Baby Observing the Birth of a New Man" 1943

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Salvador Dali "Dream inspired by the flight of a bee around a pomegranate, a moment before awakening" 1943.

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(lat. futurum - future) - the general name of the artistic avant-garde movements of the 1910s - early 1920s, primarily in Italy and Russia Umberto Boccioni “The Street Enters the House” 1911.

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(Latin abstractio - removal, distraction) - a direction of non-figurative art that abandoned the depiction of forms close to reality in painting and sculpture. One of the goals of abstract art is to achieve “harmonization,” the creation of certain color combinations and geometric shapes in order to evoke various associations in the beholder. Founders: Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian. Piet Mondrian

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(from Latin supremus - highest) - a movement in avant-garde art founded in the 1st half of the 1910s. K. S. Malevich. Expressed in a combination of multi-colored and different-sized geometric shapes forms balanced asymmetrical compositions permeated with internal movement. Kazimir Malevich "Athletes" 1933

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Abstract expressionism is a movement of artists who paint quickly and on large canvases, using non-geometric strokes, large brushes, sometimes dripping paint onto the canvas, to fully reveal emotions. Appeared in the 1940s, under the influence of the ideas of Andre Breton, its adherents included Hans Hoffman, Arshile Gorky, Adolph Gottlieb and others. The movement gained particular momentum in the 1950s, when it was led by Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko and Willem de Kuning. Willem de Kooning Untitled 14

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avant-garde method (style, direction) in fine arts, architecture, photography and decorative arts, which developed in the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s. It is characterized by rigor, laconic forms and monolithic appearance.

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(English Pop-art) or popular, publicly available art, the second meaning is associated with the English onomatopoeic row of the word in the meaning abruptly hit, producing a shocking effect - a direction in art. Representatives of the movement use images of consumer products as an element of a work of art. The source of their inspiration was glossy magazines, advertising, packaging, television, and photography. Andy Warhol "Marilyn Monroe" 1967