The semantic meaning of an adverb as a part of speech. Adverb. How to identify an adverb: grammatical and morphological features of an adverb

Lesson 2. Topic: “Digits of adverbs”

Lesson objectives:

Consolidating the ability to find adverbs and determine their meaning;

Systematization of students’ knowledge about the meaning of adverbs, familiarization with semantic groups of adverbs;

Formation of the ability to determine whether an adverb belongs to a particular semantic group:

Lesson type: lesson to consolidate knowledge, skills and abilities.

Equipment:

Interdisciplinary connections: connection with computer science, history, literature.

Lesson topic:“Love and know the Russian language.”

DURING THE CLASSES

Exercise. Write down the sentence, do a full syntactic analysis. Find an adverb in the sentence and talk about it as a part of speech.

Study hard, live together (M. Gorky).

2. Checking homework.

Exercise. Listen to the poem, write down the adverbs, and ask questions about them.

It's no merit to be white
Not dignity - fair-haired,
It's very difficult to be brave
It's very easy to be a coward.
Who did not betray Russia
For your own glory
He knows: it's hard to be brave.
Knows: just to be weak.
He knows: it’s hard to live big.
It’s easier to live carefully.
Kindness is difficult and difficult,
And it’s not difficult for the unkind.

(P. Panchenko)

Conclusion: While writing out adverbs and asking questions about them, you noticed that according to their meaning, adverbs can be divided into several categories. We'll talk about this in today's lesson.

II. Consolidation of new material.

1. Reading the material in the textbook “Meaning groups of adverbs.”

– But why does the adverb have so many different questions?

2. The teacher reads a fairy tale about the semantic groups of adverbs.

Exercise. While the teacher reads the fairy tale, students write down all the semantic groups of adverbs.

On the main square of the city, all dialects have already managed to divide into interest groups. Led each group questions.

Here is a group of adverbs-travelers led by questions Where? Where? where? - they named themselves Adverbs of place.

Here Adverbs of time led by questions When? since when? How long?

Questions Why? from what? came with the curious Adverbs of reason, and questions For what? For what? led Adverbs of purpose.

Last to appear Adverbs of manner with questions How? how?

Question How? came forward, looked around and asked:

– Are all the adverbs here? I see that adverbs of place, time, reason have arrived...

“We are here too,” responded the adverbs of purpose and mode of action.

- I do not see Adverbs of measure and degree.

- Why aren’t they there?

– When will they appear?

-Where did they stay? – questions rained down from the audience.

- Without them we cannot understand how much good we work and in what degree children have learned the laws of our country.

There were latecomers here Adverbs of measure and degree with questions How many? in what degree? to what extent? how much?

When fully assembled, the adverbs decided that each group would be called a category by meaning, or semantic group, there would be six groups, and adverbs would be distributed into groups questions.

1. Compile a table “Semantic groups of adverbs.”

Exercise. Fill out the table by writing the correct questions and category for the adverbs.

2. Precautionary dictation.

Exercise. Determine which semantic group the adverbs belong to.

1. Beautifully, timidly, in a good way, heroically, by heart, on foot - way of action.

2. Out of spite, on purpose, on purpose, finally - goals.

3. From above, from the side, to the right, to the side, to the left, close, not far - places.

4. Little, enough, twice, too, very, very, too – measures and degrees.

5. Tomorrow, a long time ago, always, long ago, from a young age, soon, immediately - time.

6. Spontaneously, rashly, involuntarily, out of spite, blindly - causes.

3. Selection of synonyms for adverbs.

Exercise. Find synonyms for these adverbs and write them down.

Diligently - diligently.

Close - nearby.

Inspired - emotionally.

Artfully - masterfully.

Affectionately – gently.

IV. Creative tasks.

V. Tasks of increased difficulty.

1. Speak correctly.

Exercise. How to say: borrowed or mutually?

Answer. The correct form is borrowed, derived from a noun loan.

Answer: below.

Answer: around.

VII. Summing up the lesson, homework.

Lesson 3. Topic: “Degrees of comparison of adverbs”

Lesson objectives:

Familiarization with the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs, with the syntactic role of adverbs in the comparative degree;

Formation of the ability to form, find and distinguish between degrees of comparison of adverbs;

Formation of the ability to distinguish the comparative degree of an adjective and an adverb, to form degrees of comparison of adverbs;

To instill in students an interest in learning the Russian language.

Lesson type:

Equipment:

1) cards with individual tasks;

2) presentation materials made in PowerPoint.

Interdisciplinary connections:

Lesson topic: “Love and know the Russian language.”

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Message of the topic, purpose of the lesson.

1. Individual task, proposal analysis.

Exercise. Write down the sentence, do a full syntactic analysis. Find an adverb in the sentence and talk about it as a part of speech.

Study hard, live together. (M. Gorky)

2. Linguistic warm-up.

Exercise. Continue the line, taking into account the rank of the adverb.

Below, ... (places).

Tomorrow, ... (time).

Hot, ... (mode of action).

I'll go blind, ... (reasons).

Out of spite, ... (goals).

Very, ... (measures and degrees).

1. Degrees of comparison of adverbs. Working with the textbook.

Although adverbs are unchangeable words, there is one exception. Adverbs of manner of action on O (as well as qualitative adjectives from which these adverbs were formed) have degrees of comparison: comparative And excellent.

For example:

Beautiful dance - initial form;

dance more beautiful(more Beautiful)- comparative;

more beautiful everyone– superlative degree.

Thus, adverbs of manner on O, formed from qualitative adjectives, vary according to degrees of comparison.

Comparative adverb degree denotes a more (less) high degree of manifestation of a trait: fly high – fly higher (fly higher).

Like an adjective, an adverb has two comparative forms: simple And composite.

The simple form is formed using suffixes:

-ee(s): run fast - faster (faster);

-e: shout loudly - louder;

-she: wake up early - earlier.

Compound form of comparative degree is formed from a combination of the initial form of an adverb with the words more (less):

run more (less) fast;

scream more (less) loud.

Superlative adverbs It has only composite form: comparative adverb + words everyone, everything:

run faster everyone;

love more Total.

Simple forms of adverbs with suffixes -eyshe, -ayshe are found extremely rarely, mainly in archaic phrases like submissively Yeshe please, below Aishe I bow etc.

The comparative forms of adverbs and qualitative adjectives are the same in pronunciation and spelling:

Now the friend's face has become more fun (adjective).

The sun is shining in spring more fun (adverb).

2. Consolidation of new material.

Exercise. Make verb phrases with these words. Write down these phrases, forming degrees of comparison of adverbs.

Sample:

look strictly - more strictly (more strictly) - more strictly than anyone else.

Smarter - smarter (more intelligent) - smarter than everyone else.

Colder – colder (colder) – coldest.

Hot – hotter (hotter) – hottest.

Sweet – sweeter (more sweet) – sweetest of all.

Interesting - more interesting (more interesting) - most interesting.

Joyfully - more joyfully (more joyfully) - most joyfully.

3. Take note! Theoretical material.

In order not to confuse similar forms of these parts of speech, it is necessary to take into account that:

4. Consolidation of new material.

Exercise. Read N. Yazykov’s poem expressively. Are the highlighted words an adverb or an adjective?

My friend! What could it be mile (adjective)

Priceless native land?

The sun seems to be there lighter (adjective),

There more joyful (adjective) golden spring,

Cooler (adjective) light wind,

More fragrant (adjective) flowers, hills there greener (adjective),

There sweeter (adverb) the stream gurgles,

There the nightingale sings more sonorous (adverb),

Everything there can delight us,

Everybody there Wonderful (adjective), everybody there cute (adjective).

III. Training exercises.

1. Comparative and superlative degrees.

Exercise. In accordance with the theoretical material of this lesson, fill out the table.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

	comparative		excellent
	simple	composite	simple	composite
sadly
Interesting
loudly
low
strictly

2. Adjective or adverb?

Exercise. Determine in which phrases the highlighted words are short adjectives, and in which they are adverbs.

Take off high– adverb.

Said loud– adverb.

Canvas Beautiful- adjective.

Draws Beautiful– adverb.

Building high- adjective.

Movement fast- adjective.

Sailed fast– adverb.

Sound loud- adjective.

Morning chilly- adjective.

Met chilly– adverb.

3. Comparative or superior?

Exercise. Determine in which phrases adverbs are used in the comparative degree and in which - in the superlative degree.

Running faster is comparative.

Running the fastest is excellent.

To love more is comparative.

To love more than anything is excellent.

Laugh louder – comparative.

4. Test on the topic “Degrees of comparison of adverbs.”

1. Adverbs do not have the following degree of comparison:

1) simple comparative;

2) simple excellent;

3) composite comparative;

4) excellent composition.

2. The simple comparative degree of adverbs is formed using:

1) endings;

2) word-forming suffixes;

3) formative suffixes;

4) consoles.

3. Indicate the suffixes that are not involved in the formation of the simple comparative degree of adverbs:

1) -enn-, -onn-;

2) -her(s);

4) -she.

4. The compound comparative degree of adverbs is formed using the words:

1) most, most;

2) most, least;

3) everyone, everything;

4)more, less.

5. In what variants do all phrases contain adverbs in the comparative degree?

1) He rose higher and drew more beautifully;

2) rose above everyone else, drew more beautifully, did it faster, threw it further;

3) screams louder, spoke longer, rises higher, colors less brightly;

4) sang loudly, drew more beautifully, rose higher.

6. Which sentence contains an adverb in the comparative degree?

1) Children laugh merrily on the street.

3) In the photo, Boris's face is more cheerful.

4) Today the ensemble sang more cheerfully and louder.

7. Indicate sentences that contain comparative adverbs.

1) The bell rang louder and more insistently.

2) Day by day her eyes became sadder.

3) And silently he saddles his horse, his gaze blazing more terrible.

4) Meaner than a man I haven't met.

8. Which word is not an adverb in the comparative degree?

1) Or rather;

2) easier;

9. Which sentences contain an adverb of comparative degree?

1) It's always harder to tell the truth about yourself.

2) This task is more difficult than the previous ones.

3) Deciding to take a serious action is more difficult than promising something.

4) Those who are mastering new routes have the hardest time.

10. Compound superlative adverbs indicate that the attribute:

1) manifests itself to a greater extent;

2) manifests itself to the greatest (smallest) extent;

3) does not always appear;

4) is present in significant quantities.

11. Compound superlative adverbs are formed using:

1) suffixes -aysh-, -eysh- from adverb;

2) words very, too from adverb;

3) words everyone, everything and comparative adverbs;

4) words everyone and adverbs.

IV. A task of increased difficulty.

Word form higher.

Question. What part of speech is the word form higher in examples:

1) The bell tower is higher than the church.

2) Is the bell tower located higher than the church?

Answer:

In both examples the element higher is an unchangeable word form with the meaning of comparative degree. But in order to decide which part of speech it belongs to, one should, firstly, determine which original form it corresponds to, and secondly, pay attention to its syntactic function in the utterance.

In the first example, the word form higher plays the role of the nominal part of a compound predicate; its starting point is the positive degree of the adjective high (cf.: The bell tower is high; The bell tower is taller than the church). In the second example higher – this is a circumstance, and this word form correlates with the adverb high (cf.: The bell tower is located high; The bell tower is located higher than the church). Thus, in the first example higher – adjective, in the second – adverb.

V. Creative tasks.

1. Write a story.

Exercise. Find and underline phrases containing adverbs in the comparative and superlative degrees. Come up with and write a story on the topic of school life, using as many of these phrases with adverbs as possible.

He greeted everyone loudest; I really didn’t want to; didn't know well; thought instantly; started it up cheerfully; trotting; already angry; you just knock it down; read by heart; shouted loudly; read now; perfectly understood; looked carefully; looked even more carefully; I remembered right away.

Exercise. Remember everything you have learned about degrees of comparison of adverbs, compose and write down a dialogue - an argument between two boys who went on a trip.

VI. Interesting material for the lesson.

1. Rebus.

Exercise. Solve the puzzles and determine the parts of speech of the riddle words.

Answer: inside.

Answer: behind.

Lesson 4. Topic: “Word formation. Formation of adverbs"

Lesson objectives:

Familiarization with different ways adverb formation;

Formation of the ability to form adverbs from other parts of speech;

Formation of the ability to distinguish between word formation methods;

To instill in students an interest in learning the Russian language.

Lesson type: lesson explaining new material.

Equipment:

1) cards with individual tasks;

2) presentation materials made in PowerPoint.

Interdisciplinary connections: connection with computer science, history, literature.

Lesson topic: “Love and know the Russian language.”

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Message of the topic, purpose of the lesson.

1. Individual task, proposal analysis.

Exercise. What are adverbs formed from? Write the words from which these adverbs are derived.

Sample: artistic - artistic.

Pevuche – (singing);

skillfully – (skillful);

aching – (aching);

artificially – (artificial);

defiantly – (defiant).

2. Linguistic warm-up.

Exercise. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form:

1) with twenty-five rubles;

2) no complaints;

3) worst of all;

4) don’t put notebooks here.

1) in both bags;

3) put it down;

4) more beautiful.

1) five hundred paces;

2) five kilograms;

3) more beautiful;

4) lie down on the mat.

II. Explanation of new material.

Working with a textbook or presentation materials made in PowerPoint.

The most common ways to form adverbs are as follows:

1) suffixal: fast - fast O, creative - creative And;

2) prefix-suffixal: dry - before dry A, wrong side - on inside out y;

3) prefix: Fine - Not ok, where - neither Where;

4) addition different types:

addition of words: barely, barely - barely;

addition with first element semi-: reclining;

addition with the addition of a suffix or prefix and suffix: walk by - passing by ohm; gender, strength - V half strength s.

Consolidating new material

Exercise. Determine the method of forming adverbs:

1) four times– (suffixal);

2) before dark– (prefix-suffixal);

3) for tomorrow– (prefix);

4) a long time ago– (word addition).

III. Training exercises.

Method of forming adverbs.

Exercise 1. Determine the method of forming these adverbs:

away – (prefix-suffixal);

slowly – (suffixal);

softly – (suffixal);

quickly-quickly – (word addition);

quieter – (suffixal);

once upon a time – (suffixal).

Task 2. Determine the method of forming adverbs. Match these adverbs (left column) with their method of formation (right column).

Word formation "chains".

Task 3. Restore word-formation chains:

indescribable – (indescribable – describe) – write;

madly – (mad – smart) – mind;

infinitely – (endless – finite) – end;

varied – (varied) – different + image.

Text analysis.

Task 4. Insert the missing letters, open the brackets, and add the missing punctuation marks. Find adverbs in the text and determine their category. Make a morphological analysis of the adverb smoothly.

He began to sing.

A (crystal) clear, sonorous and unusually strong tenor rang in the room. There was something magically passionate in the very timbre of this bright, metallic voice.

Smoothly and tenderly, chesty, hot, trembling sounds flowed one after another. They flowed freely with noble restraint, sounded simple and modest, as if he did not want to reveal the depths of feeling, but it, like a flame, itself broke through and beat from the singer’s chest overflowing with hot, passionate sounds.

He sang about the longing of love. These sounds breathed soft fire and tears.

(S.G. Skitalets)

Prefixal method of word formation.

Task 5. Prove that these adverbs are formed by prefixes.

Sample entry: not + little – a lot.

Out of nowhere, nowhere, ignorance, everywhere, frivolous, unfair, never, once, from now on, from everywhere, tomorrow, illegible, forever, nowhere, nowhere, forever, not far away, restless.

Adverb like Part of speech.

Task 6. Rewrite the text, add missing punctuation marks. Underline the adverbs as parts of the sentence. Perform morphological analysis of adverbs indescribable And higher.

And at night the forest took on an indescribably eerie, fairytale-like appearance: its wall grew higher and in its depths, red furry animals darted madly between the black trunks.

The figures of fire flowed in infinite variety between the black trunks and the dance of these figures was tireless.

(M. Gorky)

Test on the topic “Word formation of adverbs”.

1. Adverbs from adjectives are formed:

1) using attachments;

2) using suffixes;

3) using connecting vowels.

2. Adverbs from nouns can be formed:

1) using a suffix -O;

2) using a suffix -And;

3) using a suffix -ohm;

3. Adverbs can be formed:

1) from all independent parts of speech;

2) only from adjectives;

3) from adjectives, nouns and numerals.

4. Adverbs cannot be formed:

1) adding the basics;

2) transition from one part of speech to another;

3) prefix-suffix method;

4) can be formed in any of these ways.

5. Indicate the correct version of word-formation parsing:

1) left – left (from an adjective in a prefix-suffix way);

2) left - left(in a prefix-suffixal way from an adverb).

6. Determine how the adverb is formed almost:

2) from the verb honor;

3) from a noun reading matter.

IV. Creative tasks.

Restore the text.

Exercise 1. Instead of blanks, use appropriate adverbs.

It was noon, ______ the sun was burning. A black cloud appeared on the horizon, ______ moving from west to east. _______ wind started to blow. The young birch tree ______ trembled. The gusty wind intensified. Lightning flashed in the distance, ________ the first clap of thunder sounded. Hurrying to take cover, _______ birds rushed about.

Words to insert: unbearable, merciless, slow, leisurely, suddenly, intermittently, helplessly, frightened, dull, chaotic, anxious.

Let's remember phraseological units.

Task 2. Replace these phraseological units (stable phrases) with adverbs.

We select adverbs.

Task 3. Select appropriate adverbs and insert them into the text.

Words to insert: to the top, as before, around, cheerfully, furiously, completely, continuously, from above.

Timoshka with one jerk found himself next to her (Dasha) and, struggling with _______ falling _______ streams of water, ________ shook himself off several times, then sat down and looked at _______ the wet Dasha. The rain _________ rustled in the leaves of the apple tree, _________ everything ________ was boiling with rain, the trees stood heavy, filled with ________ water.

(P. Proskurin)

Using this text, write down the adverbs formed:

1) by prefix method – ...;

2) in a suffix way – ...;

3) in a prefix-suffix way – ... .

V. Entertaining material for the lesson.

1. Puzzles.

Exercise. Solve the puzzles and determine the parts of speech of the riddle words.

Answer: about.

Answer: nearby.

LITERATURE

1. Volina V.V. Fun grammar. M.: Knowledge, 1995.

2. Goryunova G.G., Lobanovskaya Z.D., Dolzhenko O.A. Adverb and eloquence. Workshop on the Russian language. St. Petersburg: Paritet, 2004.

3. Norman B.Y. Russian language in problems and answers. For competitions, quizzes and self-education. Minsk: New Knowledge LLC, 2004.

4. Russian proverbs and sayings / Ed. V. Anikina. M.: Fiction, 1998.

5. Solovyova N.N. Russian language in tasks and games. Notebook for creative works. 7th grade.
M.: Continent-Alpha, 2004.

A.I. GRISCHENKO,
Moscow

1. Adverb - independent part speech, which indicates signs of actions, signs of signs and answers questions How? Where? When? Where? Why? For what? in what degree?

Basic features of adverbs

A) General grammatical meaning	Examples
This is the value of the action attribute or attribute attribute.
If an adverb is attached to a verb, it denotes an action.	Laugh cheerfully, run fast, talk loudly, do things in the heat of the moment, do things out of spite.
If an adverb is attached to an adjective or other adverb, then it denotes a characteristic attribute.	Too fast, too fast.
B) Morphological characteristics
Adverbs have no gender, number, case, are not inflected or conjugated.
B) Syntactic features	Examples
In a sentence, adverbs are usually adverbs.	The moon brightly illuminated the entire valley.
Adverbs usually depend on verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, forming phrases with them.	Approach from the right, very cheerful, very cheerful.

Note. In a number of manuals, along with adverbs, state words are highlighted. They are similar in form to adverbs and answer similar questions. But, unlike adverbs, in a sentence they do not depend on other words and are always predicates in an impersonal sentence (cf.: In my heart funny; At night light ). In this manual, state words are included in the category of adverbs.

2. Classes of adverbs by meaning:

	Adverb meanings	Questions	Examples
1	course of action	How? how?	Fun, loud, friendly, friendly, whispering, together.
2	measures and degrees	in what degree? how much?	Very, slightly, too much, completely, completely, twice as much.
3	places	Where? Where? where?	Far, to the left, from above, into the distance, back.
4	time	When? since when? How long? how long?	For a long time, always, in the spring, at night, late, already, at first.
5	causes	Why? from what?	In the heat of the moment, blindly, involuntarily.
6	goals	For what? For what?	On purpose, out of spite, for laughter.

3. Degrees of comparison can have adverbs starting with -о (-е), formed from qualitative adjectives:

Wed: cheerful → fun; loud → loud ; fast → quickly .

A) comparative May be:

simple(formed using the suffixes -ee (-ee), -e, -she);

More fun, more fun, more fun, louder, louder, farther, farther.

complex(formed by particles more and less);

More fun, less loud.

b) superlative Usually it is complex and consists of two words - the comparative form of the adverb and the word all.

The most fun of all, the loudest of all.

Note!

1) Qualitative adverbs in -о (-е) coincide in form with the neuter forms of short adjectives.

Wed: The sea is calm(adjective) - He calmly left(adverb); The sea is calm(adverb).

In order to distinguish between these forms, it should be remembered that short adjectives are usually the predicate in a two-part sentence; adverbs - an adverb or predicate in an impersonal one-part sentence.

2) The simple comparative degree of adjectives is the same as the simple comparative degree of adverbs. In order to distinguish between these forms, you should replace the simple form of the comparative degree with a complex form (they are not the same for adjectives and adverbs) or replace the comparative degree with a positive one.

Wed: He's calmer than me(adjective - he is calmer than me; he's calm) - Speak more calmly(adverb - speak more calmly; speak calmly).

4. Morphological analysis adverb:

Adverb parsing plan

I	Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
II	Initial form (unchangeable word; positive degree form - for qualitative adverbs). Morphological characteristics:
	A	Constant morphological characteristics:
		1	immutability;
		2	rank by value;
		3	for qualitative adverbs - mark if used in comparative or superlative degree.
III	Role in sentence(which part of the sentence is the adverb in this sentence).

Examples of adverb parsing

Trofimov stepped forward and stood at attention(Ketlinskaya).

(stepped) forward

Adverb; denotes an action sign and a sign sign, answers a question (stepped) Where?
N. f. - forward. Morphological features: unchangeable word; rank is an adverb of place.
In a sentence there is a circumstance of place.

(Frozen) at attention

Adverb; denotes a sign of an action and a sign of a sign, answers a question (frozen) How?
N. f. - at attention
In a sentence - a circumstance of the course of action.

It got completely dark(Chakovsky).

(It became) dark

Adverb; denotes a sign of action and a sign of a sign, answers the question (became) How?
N. f. - dark. Morphological features: unchangeable word; category - adverb of manner of action.
In a sentence - the nominal part of the predicate in an impersonal one-part sentence.

At all (dark)

Adverb; denotes an action sign and a sign sign, answers a question (dark) in what degree? how much?
N. f. - at all. Morphological features: unchangeable word; rank is an adverb of measure and degree.

The sun warms the barns and courtyards more tenderly in the calm(Bunin).

More affectionately (warms)

Adverb; denotes a sign of action and a sign of a sign, answers a question (warms) How?
N. f. - kindly. Morphological features: unchangeable word; category - adverb of manner of action; used in the simple comparative degree.
In a sentence - a circumstance of measure and degree.

Exercise for the topic “3.5.1. The concept of an adverb. Morphological features of adverbs. Adverb categories. Morphological analysis of adverbs"

The book contains in a concise and accessible form the necessary reference material for all types of analysis in Russian language lessons for the course. primary school, many diagrams and examples of grammatical analysis are presented.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Today we will talk about such a concept in Russian as an adverb. It is studied in detail in 7th grade.

But school program is stretched over several lessons, and some nuances may be completely ignored. We will tell you everything you need to know about adverbs in this article.

What is an adverb, what questions does it answer and examples of words

Let's start, naturally, with a definition.

An adverb is an independent part of speech that serves to indicate a characteristic some object or action.

The adverb answers the questions - “Where?”, “How?”, “When?”, “Where?”, “How much?”, “Where from?” and so on.

A characteristic feature of adverbs is they are not allowed decline, conjugate, they do not change according to gender, number and cases.

We widely use words related to this part of speech in Everyday life, without even thinking about their origin. Examples of adverbs are given below and highlighted in capital letters:

He got up EARLY this morning
You must be QUIET during lessons.
He turned LEFT and saw her
Before the holiday I had to work DOUBLE MUCH
Thunder was heard in the distance

In these sentences, the highlighted words are adverbs, since they answer the listed questions and are a clarification of an action or subject. Got up (When?) EARLY, behaved (How?) QUIET, turned (Where?) LEFT, worked (How Much?) DOUBLE AS MUCH, was heard (Where?) IN THE DISTANCE.

What are adverbs?

All adverbs can first of all be divided into subgroups denoting various characteristics:

Also, all adverbs are divided into attributive and adverbial. To these categories include words that answer specific questions.

Adverbs of adverbs:

Circumstances time– answer the questions “When?”, “Since when?”, “How long?”
For example, ALWAYS / NEVER, MORNING / AFTERNOON / EVENING / NIGHT, LONG TIME / RECENTLY.
Circumstances places– questions “Where?”, “Where to?”, “From where?”.
For example, TOP/BOTTOM/LEFT/RIGHT.
Circumstances goals– questions “For what?”, “Why?”, “For what purpose?”.
For example, out of spite, on purpose, SPECIALLY/ACIDENTALLY.
Circumstances causes– questions “Why?”, “Why?”.
For example, IN THE HURT, BLINDLY, INVOLVED.

Determinative adverbs:

Definition quality– the question “How?”
For example, SLOW/FAST, FUN/SAD, QUIET/LOUD.
Definition mode of action– the question is still the same “How?”.
For example, TWO/THREE, WHISPERING, AT THE ENTIRE VOICE, Awefully.
Definition measures and degrees– questions “How much?”, “At what time?”, “To what extent?”, “To what extent.”
For example, TOO FEW/MUCH, DOUBLE/THREE.

So that you can It’s easier to remember the ranks of adverbs I’ll give you a cheat sheet (with questions and examples):

Such parts of speech are demonstrative (there, here, here), indefinite (somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere), interrogative (why, where, where, why, how, when) and negative (never , nowhere, nowhere).

Degrees of comparisons of adverbs

Adverbs that are formed from adjectives and ending in -E (-O), can form two degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative.

Comparative form:

The original form of the adverb is transformed using the suffixes -EE (-EE).
For example, HOT is HOT, FUN is FUN.
The endings of the original adverbs change to -ШЭ.
For example, THIN - THINner, QUIET - QUIET.
The words “more” or “less” are added to the original adverb.
For example, IMPORTANT is MORE IMPORTANT, CALM is LESS CALM.

Excellent shape:

The original adverb is changed using the suffixes -AYSHE (-EYSHE).
For example, STRICTLY - STRICTLY, HUMBLY - HUMBLY.
The words “all” and “total” are added to the adverb.
For example, BEAUTIFUL IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL OF ALL, IMPORTANT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL.
The words “most” and “least” are added to the adverb.
For example, CONVENIENT IS THE MOST CONVENIENT, SUCCESSFUL IS THE LEAST SUCCESSFUL.

Spelling adverbs

Spelling adverbs is an important section with which many schoolchildren (and adults) may have problems. Here are the basic rules of the Russian language.

As an example, I’ll also give a picture that shows how words that sound the same can be various parts speeches (adverbs are written with a hyphen):

Integrated and separate writing

Adverbs with prefixes are written together, If:

They are formed from other adverbs - CLEARLY, COMPLETELY, HURTLY, DIRECTLY.
They are based on obsolete words - UPSTAR, SMART, GROUND, SPOZORANKU.
They mean - FIVE, THREE.
Characterize space and time - FORWARD, UP, FIRST.
When dividing, it is impossible to select a question for a noun - OUT LOUD, IN THE MORNING, HALF.
Formed from three parts, the noun, “-B” and the particle “-FLOOR” - HALF WAY, HALF TURN.

And here write adverbs separately necessary in the following cases:

The main noun begins with a vowel - IN THE MORNING, WITHOUT MIND.
Formed from numerals with the addition of the preposition “-PO” - THREES, HUNDREDS.
Inside the adverb, that is, between the preposition and the main root, you can put a defining word - AT (everyone's) RACE, IN (life's) DEAD-END.
They end in “-AH” (“-YAH”) - IN THE HEARTS, JOYS.

Adverbs with a hyphen

A hyphen in writing adverbs is used in the following cases:

Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the addition of the prefix “-PO” - IN A DIFFERENT WAY, IN RUSSIAN.
They are based on numerals and the prefix “-B” (- “IN”) - FIRST, FOURTH.
The well-known particles “-or”, “something”, “-these”, “-that”, “some-” are used.
Complex adverbs in which words are repeated - EXACTLY, JUST A BIT, A LONG TIME AGO.

Adverbs with -NOT and –NI

Many people actually have problems when it comes to deciding on the prefixes -NOT and -NOR. But in the case of adverbs, you need to remember a simple rule. The prefix -NI is written only in cases where there is twice no.

Can not hear anything
Nothing to surprise
will NEVER do

In other cases, the prefix NOT is used. Moreover, in the vast majority of cases this prefix is written together.

That's all you need to know about participles.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

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FAQ and FAQ - what is it?

Adverb- this is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, a sign, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in -o 1st) and adjoin to a verb, adjective, other adverb (run fast, very fast, veryfast). In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb.

In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled eggweave, Warsaw-style coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.

The classification of adverbs is carried out on two grounds - by function and by meaning.

Classification of adverbs by function

According to function, there are two categories of pronouns - significant and pronominal.

Significant adverbs name signs of actions or other signs, pronominal- point to them, cf.: on right- where, onleft- somewhere, stupidly- why, out of spite- then, yesterday- Always.

As has already been said, in complex 2 pronominal adverbs are not a category of adverbs, but a category of pronouns (see p. 349).

Pronominal adverbs can be divided into classes according to the classification of pronouns, for example: there, there, thenwhere- index fingers, where, where, why- interrogative-relative, everywhere, everywhere- definitions, etc.

Classification of adverbs by meaning

There are two categories of adverbs based on meaning - attributive and adverbial.

Definitive adverbs characterize the action itself, the attribute itself - the method of performing the action or a quantitative characteristic of the attribute (beautiful, fun, in my opinion, on foot, very)- and are divided into the following categories:

qualitative, or course of action(how? how?): wouldstraight, like that, together,"

quantitative, or measures and degrees(to what extent? how much?):very, not at all, three times.

Circumstantial adverbs name circumstances external to an action and are divided into the following categories:

places(where? where? from where?): on the right, there, above;

time(when? how long?): yesterday, then, in the spring, when",

causes(why?): rashly, why, because,

goals(why? for what?): out of spite, why, then.

Grammatical features of adverbs

The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature.

However, qualitative adverbs -o/-e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.

Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjacency. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.

Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences (The sea is quiet) however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences (The conversation will be frank, She is married).

Adverbs that appear as part of predicate impersonal sentences are sometimes separated into an independent part of speech or into an independent category within an adverb and are called state category words (state words, predicative adverbs) (see pp. 357-358).

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs on-O I -e

Degrees of comparison of adverbs, like degrees of comparison of adjectives, indicate greater/lesser or greatest/smallest degrees of manifestation of a characteristic. The structure of degrees of comparison of an adverb and an adjective is similar.

Comparative adverbs denote a greater or lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic:

one action of a subject compared to another action of the same subject: Petya runs better than he jumps;

the action of one subject compared to the same action of another subject: Petya runs faster than Vasya;

the action of a subject compared to the same action of this subject at another time: Petya runs faster than before;

the action of one subject compared to another action of another subject: A child runs slower than an adult walks.

Like an adjective, the comparative degree of an adverb can be simple or compound.

Simple comparative degree an adverb is formed by adding a positive degree to the stem without -O(and without segments cook) formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe: warm-ee, louder-e,

earlier, deeper.

The simple comparative degree of an adverb differs from the simple comparative degree of an adjective in its syntactic function: an adverb is an adverb in a sentence (He jumped higher than his father) or part of a predicate impersonal sentence (It's getting warmer) and the adjective acts as part of a predicate two-part sentence (He is taller than his father) or as a definition (Give me a smaller plate).

Compound comparative degree adverbs have the following structure: elements more/less+ positive degree (He jumpednul higher than the father).

Superlative denotes the highest/lowest degree of manifestation of the trait.

Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not have a simple superlative comparison. The remainders of the simple comparative degree are presented only in phraseological units most humbly bless youI give, I bow deeply.

Compound superlative adverbs of comparison are formed in two ways:

1) most / least + positive degree (He jumpedhighest);

2) simple comparative + all / everyone (He jumped higher * highereveryone); The difference from the superlative degree of comparison of adjectives is that the compound superlative degree of comparison of an adverb appears in the syntactic function of the adverbial clause, and not in the nominal form of the predicate of a two-part sentence.

Some qualitative adverbs, like some qualitative adjectives, do not change according to degrees of comparison, for example the adverb especially.

Unchangeable words that act as predicates of non-verbal sentences are called in words of state category(predicative adverbs, impersonal predicative words).

State category words indicate the state of nature (BashoCold), person (U it's in my heartjoyfully. To mehot), evaluation of actions (You can go to the cinema).

State category words with suffix -O, formed from adjectives, can have degrees of comparison (C become every dayelk everythingcolder / colder).

In linguistics, indeed, sometimes these words are isolated into a separate part of speech, called the category of state. Words of this group are divided into words that can be used in other schn-tactic positions (cf.: The sea is quiet(adj.) - He sat quietly(adv.) - The class is quiet(cat. comp.)), and words that can only be used as the nominal part of a predicate impersonal sentence: maybeimpossible, afraid, ashamed, ashamed, time, sorry etc. A distinctive feature of these words is that they are not combined with the subject and lose the ability to denote a sign of action (funny) or subject (laziness). However, in linguistics there is also a widespread point of view according to which words of the state category are considered a subgroup of n-speeches. With this description, an adverb as a part of speech includes words that can be changed (or have only degrees of comparison), which can only act as a function of adverbial circumstances (on foot, to the right,Where), in function of circumstance and impersonal predicate proposed

(ok, cold) or only in the function of the predicate of an impersonal sentence (ashamed, sorry, impossible). "

Educational complexes have the following features in the study of adverbs as a part of speech.

In complexes 1 and 3, the adverb is studied in grade 7; this is the last independent part of speech, after studying which students move on to auxiliary parts of speech.

In complex 2, the adverb is studied in grade 6 before the pronoun. This is due to the fact that, as already mentioned when describing the pronoun as a part of speech, complex 3 includes pronominal adverbs as part of pronouns, and not adverbs.

Complexes 1 and 3, speaking about the classification of adverbs, do not pay special attention to the differentiation of adverbs into significant and pronominal. Complex 3 simply lists significant and pronominal adverbs in the same row. So, as examples of an adverb with the meaning of place, the words are given in the distance, somewhere, somewhere, nearby. Complex 1 basically illustrates all theoretical positions with significant adverbs, but it is separately stated that among the adverbs there are demonstrative (here, there, here, there), uncertain (somewhere, somewhere, somewhere), interrogative (where, where, why), negative (nowhere, nowhere, nowhere). As can be seen from the examples, the identification of these groups is possible only among pronominal adverbs.

The issue of the categorization of adverbs by meaning is resolved in complexes as follows.

Complex 1 proposes to distinguish between adverbial and attributive adverbs, while it is said that adverbial adverbs denote the manner of action, time, place, reason, purpose (walk / in the evening / there), and determinatives denote measure and degree, quality, mode of action (double/slightly, barely). This classification is puzzling. It is unclear how “mode of action” as a subcategory of adverbial and “mode of action” as a subcategory of attributive ones are differentiated. Adverb in example walk, certainly describes the method of performing an action and should be classified as determinative and not adverbial.

Complex 2 does not divide adverbs into attributive and adverbial adverbs and immediately distinguishes 6 groups of adverbs by meaning: manner of action, measure and degree, place, time, reason, purpose.

Complex 3 classifies adverbs in the same way as complex 2.

All three complexes describe degrees of comparison of adverbs in -o/-e.

Moreover, complex 1 when describing degrees of comparison of adverbs, as well as

when describing degrees of comparison of adjectives, it highlights only

means of expressing a greater degree of manifestation of a characteristic: vnsshtel-

her, more carefully, more attentively than everyone else. Complexes 2 and 3 also indicate a lesser degree of manifestation of the trait formed by the combination of the component less with a positive degree. Of the ways of expressing the superlative degree of comparison, all three complexes mention only the connection of the comparative with the elements of all (all): did the best.

The description of the composite degrees of comparison does not occur uniformly in the complexes. Complexes 1 and 3 speak of compound forms as a combination of two words, which is incorrect: two components of a compound form are one word in its analytical form; this is important to understand for the morphological analysis of the adverb. Complex 2, speaking of the compound comparative degree, names the elements more And less particles, and describes the compound superlative as a combination of two words, which is inconsistent.

All three complexes, when considering the degrees of comparison of an adverb, as in an adjective, speak of a comparative and superlative degree, and the positive degree of comparison is not distinguished by them and is considered “none”.

When studying degrees of comparison, special attention must be paid to the criteria for distinguishing between simple comparative and compound superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs. This distinction is made according to their syntactic connections and syntactic functions: the adjective explains a word with an objective meaning and is the predicate of a two-part sentence (He is taller than other students / taller than everyone inclass), and the adverb explains the verb and acts as a circumstance (He jumped higher than everyone else/highest in the class) or is used independently and acts as a predicate of an impersonal sentence (It became warmer outside). Students can also help in distinguishing between adjectives and adverbs by replacing degrees of comparison with positive ones: He is taller than others in his class can be replaced by He is tall, A He jumped higher than others on He jumped high.

Particular attention should be paid to the issue of words of the state category.

All word complexes of the state category are marked as a special category of words. In complex 1 in its latest editions, these words are separated into an independent part of speech - the category of state. In complex 2 these words are called "state words" and are described in the section on adverbs. Complex 3 mentions this linguistic phenomenon in the “Take Note” section, where it is noted that “among the adverbs there is a group of words that denote the state of a person or environment"and that these words have their own characteristics: they are predicates of impersonal sentences and are used with a connective, which is not typical for an adverb. However, words of the category co-

standings in complex 3 are no longer mentioned and should be considered among other adverbs.

Most of the time when studying the topic “Adverbs” is devoted to spelling, which is caused by the objective difficulty of spelling adverbs.

Adverb- an unchangeable independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, object or other sign and answers questions How? Where? where? Where? When? Why? from what? for what purpose? to what extent? and etc.

Syntax function : in a sentence is usually circumstance , less often - definition.
He came home dark (when? - time circumstance). Someone's voice came from afar (from where? - circumstance of place). Walk (Where am I?) on foot cheered me up (definition- an adverb depends on a noun and denotes a characteristic of an object)

Morphological characteristics adverbs: 1) immutability, 2) rank in value, 3) degree of comparison.

The adverb means:

sign of action, if refers to a verb, participle or gerund ( meet (when?) in the evening, going (where?) down, walking (how?) quickly).
attribute of an object, if refers to a noun ( roast (what?) in Russian, soft-boiled egg (what?)).
sign of another sign, if refers to an adjective, participle or other adverb ( important (to what extent?) extremely, jumped (how?) far, far (how?) very).

Adverb categories:

A special group consists of adverbs that do not name signs of action , but only point them out , namely:

index fingers (here, there, here, then, etc.);
uncertain (somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, etc.);
interrogative (where, where, how, why, when, why);
negative (nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, never).

In addition to their main purpose, they are used to connect sentences in the text: The traveler saw an abandoned lodge in the forest. There he spent the night .

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs on O (e), formed from qualitative adjectives , can form degrees of comparison - comparative And excellent.

Need to remember!

Formation of degrees of comparison in adjectives And adverbs largely coincides, therefore homonymous forms of two different parts of speech arise: This task is easier. -I was able to solve the problem easier ; The blue dress is more beautiful. - It fits you more beautifully.

To distinguish between the two parts of speech, you need to find out: what does the comparative degree depend on and what member of the sentence is it?. The comparative degree of the adjective refers to noun , answers the question what?(what? what? what are?), is predicate. The comparative degree of the adverb refers to the verb , answers the question How? and is circumstance . Let's compare: the task (what?) is simpler - adjective, I was able to solve (how?) easier - adverb.

It is necessary to distinguish in the composition of adverbs, in the composition of words of state categories (SCS) and in the composition of adjectives. For example: