Project on the theme of the Pacific Ocean briefly. Presentation on the theme "Pacific Ocean". Human use of resources

The Pacific Ocean got its name thanks to Ferdinand Magellan, who in 1521 crossed the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of South America to the coast of South Asia, and never encountered a storm, which is why he called the ocean “Pacific”.

Later, the second after Magellan, the English navigator Francis Drake (1540-1596) crossed the Pacific Ocean, whose journey was accompanied by very unfavorable weather, and who declared that a more appropriate name for this ocean was “Mad Ocean.” Nowadays, the Pacific Ocean is often called the Great Ocean.

The Pacific Ocean is called the Great Ocean for its size (see Fig. 1). This is the largest body of water on Earth. This is the deepest and warmest ocean in the surface layer. The highest wind waves and the most destructive tropical hurricanes form here. It ranks first in the number of islands and is distinguished by its diversity natural conditions.

The ocean is located on both sides of the equator and the 180th meridian. It occupies almost half the area of the entire World Ocean and washes the shores of five continents of the Earth.

Rice. 1. Pacific Ocean

Geographical position of the ocean

The Pacific Ocean covers more than 30% of the Earth's surface and is larger in area than all continents. From north to south it stretches for 16,000 km, and from west to east – more than 19,000 km (see Fig. 2).

· From the north, the Pacific Ocean is limited by the entrance to the Bering Strait.

· In the west, its border runs along the shores of Asia to the Strait of Malacca, along the islands of Sumatra, Java, Timor, New Guinea, through the Torres Strait, along the eastern coast of Australia and the island of Tasmania, then along 1470 east longitude. to Antarctica.

· Southern border The shores of Antarctica serve as the Pacific Ocean.

· The eastern border of the Pacific Ocean is the shores of North and South America, the Drake Passage, and the Antarctic Peninsula of Antarctica.

Rice. 2. Physical map of the Pacific Ocean

Geology of the Pacific

The Pacific Ocean occupies a single ancient Pacific lithospheric plate, which interacts with other plates at its boundaries.

The edges of this lithospheric plate are subducted under the lithospheric plates surrounding the Pacific Ocean, and therefore many deep-sea trenches and narrow, deep basins have formed around the Pacific Ocean. These are the deepest places in the ocean and on the whole Earth. Deep-sea trenches and island arcs are areas of active earth's crust. Earthquakes and sometimes tsunamis occur here regularly.

Volcanoes are much more widespread at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. When underwater volcanoes erupt, islands are sometimes formed, many of which are short-lived and washed away by water.

If you look closely at the map, you will notice that along each deep-sea trench there is a chain of islands. These islands created active and dormant underwater volcanoes along the boundaries of lithospheric plates. They ring the Pacific Ocean and form the famous Pacific “Ring of Fire” (see Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Pacific "Ring of Fire"

Relief of the ocean floor

The underwater relief of the vast ocean is diverse (see Fig. 4). At the bottom of the Pacific Ocean there are vast basins, individual mountains, hills, and in the southern part two rises that form the mid-ocean ridge.

Mid-ocean ridges stretch for 11,700 km. Unlike other oceans, they do not occupy a middle position, but are strongly shifted to the southeast, where the boundaries of lithospheric plates pass.

The floor of the Pacific Ocean is characterized by isolated uplifts and entire chains of seamounts. The tops of many underwater ridges and rises form islands, of which there are more than 10 thousand in the ocean, with a total area of 36 million sq. km. The largest of the islands are Hawaiian.

Rice. 4. Relief of the Pacific Ocean floor

At the bottom there are many volcanic mountains called guyots (named after the discoverer, American geographer and geologist Arnold Guyot) (see Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Guyot

They have flat tops topped with coral structures. Due to the subsidence of the earth's crust, the guyots are submerged by 2 - 2.5 km, and around some of them small coral islands - atolls - are formed.

Numerous islands of the central part of the ocean are united under the general name Oceania.

Climate

The ocean climate is varied and varies from equatorial to subarctic in the north and Antarctic in the south.

The widest part is located in hot zones. Therefore, the average temperature in the surface layer is 2 degrees. higher than in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.

The average salinity of the ocean is 34.5 ppm - this is lower than in other oceans, since more fresh water enters it with precipitation and rivers than evaporates (see Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Climate map of the Pacific Ocean

The stretch of the ocean from the northern to the southern polar latitudes determines the climatic diversity in its spaces:

The western part of the ocean is characterized by monsoons

Moderate latitudes are characterized by winds that are relatively unstable in direction and quite frequent recurrence of storm winds with a speed of more than 16 m/sec, and their maximum speed at times reaches 45 m/sec

In tropical latitudes - trade winds

In the tropics, typhoons often form (from the Chinese “tai feng” - big wind) - a tropical cyclone, within which hurricane-force winds blow at speeds of up to 100 km/h.

Pacific Currents

Constant winds - trade winds and westerly winds of temperate latitudes, sweeping over the expanses of water in the Pacific Ocean, create powerful currents. Currents in the Pacific Ocean form two complete circles: in the northern and southern hemispheres.

Let's trace the formation of the main currents of the Pacific Ocean on the map (see Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Diagram of Pacific Ocean currents

Trade winds pick up the upper layer of water and drive it along the equator to the west, forming trade wind currents. So much water flows to the west that the ocean level would be skewed, so between these currents a countercurrent is formed, and the water returns to the eastern part of the ocean. When trade wind currents approach the coasts of continents, water is pushed away from the coast and moves away from the equator along the coasts, forming the Kuroshio and East Australian currents. Once in temperate latitudes, the water streams are picked up by westerly winds, which pull them east. In the northern hemisphere, the North Pacific Current is formed, and in the southern hemisphere, water flows into the Western Wind Current. At the eastern edges of the ocean, part of the water along the coasts of the continents returns back to the equator, forming the cold Peruvian and California currents. Near the equator, the water is picked up again by the trade wind.

This is how they are formed full circles main ocean currents.

Organic world

The organic world of the Pacific Ocean is rich and diverse. It is the richest in the number of species of living organisms. In general, about 100 thousand species of animals live in the ocean. Plant plankton alone has about 1,300 species. It accounts for half of the total mass of living organisms in the World Ocean.

Brown algae is abundant in the cold and temperate waters of the Pacific Ocean. In the Southern Hemisphere, at these latitudes, a giant of the world of algae grows, 200 m long.

Coral reefs are one of the wonders of the tropical seas. Coral structures of various colors and shapes are created underwater Magic world. Among the purple, green, orange, yellow branches of coral buildings, light silhouettes of fish flash; shellfish, starfish and algae live here.

Coral reefs are created by living organisms - coral polyps living in colonies (see Fig. 8). A branched coral colony has been growing for many years, the growth rate is 10-20 cm per year.

Rice. 8. Coral

For the development of corals, sea water with a salinity of 27-40‰ and a temperature of at least +20 ºС is required.

Corals live only in the upper 50-meter layer of clean, transparent water.

The Pacific Ocean is called the Great Ocean for its size. This is the largest body of water on Earth.

In size it is comparable to the Ural Range.

Ocean in people's lives

About half of the world's population lives along the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The lives of many of them are inextricably linked with the ocean and depend on it.

The longest sea routes run across this ocean, connecting port cities of different continents. However economic activity people has led to a serious problem of pollution of the Great Ocean. Entire islands of garbage have accumulated in its waters.

Bibliography

MainI

1. Geography. Land and people. 7th grade: Textbook for general education. uch. / A.P. Kuznetsov, L.E. Savelyeva, V.P. Dronov, series “Spheres”. – M.: Education, 2011.

2. Geography. Land and people. 7th grade: atlas, “Spheres” series.

Additional

1. N.A. Maksimov. Behind the pages of a geography textbook. – M.: Enlightenment.

1. Encyclopedia Around the World ().

2. Russian Geographical Society ().

4. Tutorial by geography ().

5. Gazetteer ().

6. Fascinating journey on water ().

Purpose of the lesson: Studying the nature of the Pacific Ocean.

Educational – introduce students to the natural features of the Pacific Ocean;

Educational – to cultivate attentiveness, concentration, accuracy, and the ability to work independently.

Developmental - develop the ability to identify the causes of natural features, select maps to characterize the relief and structure of the continent's crust, compare them, work with different sources of knowledge - textbooks, maps, media projector.

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Geography lesson in 7th grade "Pacific Ocean"".

Purpose of the lesson: Studying the nature of the Pacific Ocean.

Tasks:

Educational – introduce students to the natural features of the Pacific Ocean;

Educational – to cultivate attentiveness, concentration, accuracy, and the ability to work independently.

Manuals: physical map of the oceans, interactive map of the oceans, map of the structure of the earth’s crust, presentation “Pacific Ocean”, test “Pacific Ocean”, textbook “Geography 7.

During the classes

1. Enter the topic.

Presentation slide No. 1, 2, 3, 4. Frontal work.

The topic of the lesson is announced.

Students are asked to set a goal based on the topic of the lesson.

Students read the lesson objectives, comprehend them, and pronounce them as they understand them.

The objectives of the lesson are clarified.

2. Updating knowledge.

Presentation slide No. 5, Frontal work.

Students repeat concepts by asking them questions-concepts, such as “What is considered an ocean?”, “What is called a sea?”, “What is a strait?”.

Students answer questions posed by their friends.

After the answers, the correct definition of concepts appears on the screen by clicking.

3. Studying new material.

Frontal work.

1. The Pacific Ocean is the largest. Presentation slide number 6.

The Pacific Ocean, also called the Great Ocean, occupies 1/3 of the surface of the planet and almost ½ of the area of the World Ocean. It is located on both sides of the equator and the 180th meridian. This ocean separates and at the same time connects the shores of 5 continents.

In the east of the ocean, the coastline is poorly dissected; several peninsulas and bays stand out. In the west the shores are heavily indented. There are many seas here.

Compare the area of the Pacific Ocean with the size of other oceans.

2. The Pacific Ocean is the deepest. Presentation slide number 7.

The topography of the ocean floor is complex. The continental shelf (shelf) is well developed only off the coasts of Asia and Australia. Continental slopes are steep, often stepped. Large rises and ridges divide the ocean floor into basins. Near America is the East Pacific Rise, which is part of the system of mid-ocean ridges. On the ocean floor there are more than 10 thousand individual seamounts, mostly of volcanic origin. Here lies the deepest depression - Mariana (11022 m).

Compare the average and maximum depths of the oceans.

Complete the task on the presentation slide.

Look at the slide photograph of the slope of the Mariana Trench.

3. The Pacific Ocean is the warmest. Presentation slide number 8.

The Pacific Ocean is particularly wide near the equator, so it is warmest at the surface.

The ocean climate is varied. The Pacific Ocean is located in all climate zones except the North Polar. Above its vast expanses the air is saturated with moisture. In the equator region, up to 2000 mm of precipitation falls. The Pacific Ocean is protected from the cold Arctic Ocean by land and underwater mi" ridges, so the northern part is warmer than the southern part.

Students pose a question - a judgment to this feature of the nature of the ocean: As a result of which... Why is the Pacific Ocean the warmest?

They watch the animation on the slide and draw a conclusion about the reasons. In case of difficulty, refer to the textbook.

The Pacific Ocean is the most turbulent. Presentation slide No. 9,10,11.

The “I” ocean is the most restless and formidable among the oceans of the planet. Trade winds blow in its central parts. In the west, monsoons are developed. In winter, a cold and dry monsoon comes from the mainland, which has a significant impact on the ocean climate; Some of the seas are covered with ice. Destructive tropical hurricanes - typhoons (typhoon means "strong wind") often sweep over the western part of the ocean. In temperate latitudes, storms rage throughout the cold half of the year. Western air transport prevails here. The highest waves of about 30 m in height are recorded in the north and south of the Pacific Ocean. Hurricanes raise entire mountains of water in it.

Students look at slides, photographs of a storm, wind waves, typhoon, tsunami.

The causes of these phenomena are identified by analyzing a map of the structure of the earth's crust.

5. The Pacific Ocean holds the record for islands. Presentation slide 12, 13, 14, 15.

Students make short messages. Suggestions have been made about the reason for the large number of islands.

6. The most diverse organic world.

The organic world of the Pacific Ocean is distinguished by its extraordinary richness and diversity of plant and animal species. It is home to half of the total mass of living organisms in the World Ocean. This feature of the ocean is explained by its size, diversity of natural conditions and age. Life is especially rich in tropical and equatorial latitudes near coral reefs. There are many salmon fish in the northern part of the ocean. In the southeast of the ocean, near the coast of South America, huge accumulations of fish form. The water masses here are very fertile, they develop a lot of plant and animal plankton, which feed on anchovies (herring-like fish up to 16 cm), horse mackerel, butterfish, mackerel and other types of fish. Birds eat a lot of fish here: cormorants, pelicans, penguins.

The ocean is home to whales, fur seals, and sea beavers (these pinnipeds live only in the Pacific Ocean). There are also many invertebrate animals - corals, sea urchins, shellfish (octopus, squid). The largest mollusk, the tridacna, lives here, weighing up to 250 kg.

7. Human exploration of the Pacific Ocean. Presentation slide 16.

Important transport routes pass through the greatest ocean of our planet; the length of these routes is very large. Shipping is well developed, mainly along the coasts of the continents.

The use of the natural resources of the ocean began in ancient times. Several centers of navigation arose here - in China, in Oceania, in South America, on the Aleutian Islands.

The Pacific Ocean plays an important role in the lives of many peoples. Half of the world's fish catch comes from this ocean (see Figure 26 on page 54). In addition to fish, part of the catch consists of various shellfish, crabs, shrimp, and krill. In Japan, algae and shellfish are grown on the seabed.

In some countries, salt and other chemical substances, desalinate it.

Placer metals are being mined on the shelf.

Oil is being extracted off the coast of California and Australia.

Ferromanganese ores were discovered on the ocean floor.

8. Control.

Students who have completed the tasks in the notebook go to the test using the hyperlink on slide No. 19.

Do the test in pairs.

9. Lesson summary. Presentation slide number 19.

Frontal work.

10. Homework. Presentation slide 20.

Students choose their homework, based on what we did in class.

It is believed that the first person to visit the Pacific Ocean on a ship was Magellan. In 1520, he circumnavigated South America and saw new expanses of water. Since during the entire journey Magellan's team did not encounter a single storm, the new ocean was named " Quiet".

But even earlier, in 1513, the Spaniard Vasco Nunez de Balboa headed south from Colombia to a place where, as he was told, there was a rich country with a large sea. Having reached the ocean, the conquistador saw an endless expanse of water stretching to the west, and called it " South Sea".

Wildlife of the Pacific Ocean

The ocean is famous for its rich flora and fauna. It is home to about 100 thousand species of animals. Such diversity is not found in any other ocean. For example, the second largest ocean, the Atlantic, is inhabited by “only” 30 thousand species of animals.

There are several places in the Pacific Ocean where the depth exceeds 10 km. These are the famous Mariana Trench, the Philippine Trench and the Kermadec and Tonga trenches. Scientists were able to describe 20 species of animals living at such great depths.

Half of all seafood consumed by humans is caught in the Pacific Ocean. Among 3 thousand species of fish, fishing industrial scale open for herring, anchovies, mackerel, sardines, etc.

Climate

The large extent of the ocean from north to south quite logically explains the diversity of climatic zones - from equatorial to Antarctic. The most extensive zone is the equatorial one. Throughout the year, the temperature here does not drop below 20 degrees. Temperature fluctuations throughout the year are so small that we can safely say that it is always +25 there. There is a lot of precipitation, more than 3,000 mm. in year. Characterized by very frequent cyclones.

The amount of precipitation is greater than the amount of water evaporating. Rivers, which bring more than 30 thousand m³ of fresh water into the ocean annually, make surface water less saline than in other oceans.

Relief of the bottom and islands of the Pacific Ocean

The bottom topography is extremely varied. Located in the east East Pacific Rise, where the terrain is relatively flat. In the center there are basins and deep-sea trenches. The average depth is 4,000 m, and in some places exceeds 7 km. The bottom of the center of the ocean is covered with products of volcanic activity with high contents of copper, nickel and cobalt. The thickness of such deposits in some areas can be 3 km. The age of these rocks begins with the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

At the bottom there are several long chains of seamounts formed as a result of the action of volcanoes: Emperor's Mountains, Louisville and Hawaiian Islands. There are approximately 25,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean. This is more than in all other oceans combined. Most of them are located south of the equator.

Islands are classified into 4 types:

Continental Islands. Very closely related to the continents. Includes New Guinea, the islands of New Zealand and the Philippines;
High Islands. Appeared as a result of underwater volcanic eruptions. Many of the modern high islands have active volcanoes. For example Bougainville, Hawaii and Solomon Islands;
Coral raised atolls;

The last two types of islands are huge colonies of coral polyps that form coral reefs and islands.

This ocean is so huge that its maximum width is equal to half the earth's equator, i.e. more than 17 thousand km.
Animal world large and varied. Even now, new animals unknown to science are regularly discovered there. So, in 2005, a group of scientists discovered about 1000 species of decapod cancer, two and a half thousand mollusks and more than a hundred crustaceans.
The deepest point on the planet is in the Pacific Ocean in the Mariana Trench. Its depth exceeds 11 km.
The tallest mountain in the world is located in the Hawaiian Islands. It is called Muana Kea and is an extinct volcano. The height from base to top is about 10,000 m.
Located on the ocean floor Pacific Volcanic Ring of Fire, which is a chain of volcanoes located along the perimeter of the entire ocean.

Geographical position:

limited to eastern coast Eurasia and Australia , west coast Northern and South America, the Arctic Ocean in the north, Antarctica in the south

The Pacific Ocean is usually divided into northern and southern regions, the border of which runs along the equator.

Common data:

Square 178.68 million km²
Volume 710.36 million km³
Average depth : 4,282 m.
Greatest depth : 11022 m (Mariana Trench).
Salinity : 30-36.5 ‰.
The international date line runs along the 180th meridian of the Pacific Ocean.

The name “Quiet” is associated with the name F. Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan crossed it for the first time in 1519, the ocean was called “Pacific” because during the entire three months of the journey, Magellan’s ships did not encounter a single storm.

The Pacific Ocean at different times had several names:

Southern Ocean or Southern Sea (Mar del Sur) - that’s what it was called Indians, indigenous people of Central America, and this name was adopted by Spanish conquistador Balboa, the first European to see the ocean in 1513. Today Southern Ocean called water surroundings Antarctica .

Great Ocean- named by French geographer Buachem in 1753. The most correct, but not the most popular name.

Eastern Ocean- sometimes called in Russia .

Ocean relief

Map of the depths of the Pacific Ocean

The ocean floor is dotted with pits, crevices, and trenches, the depth of which is significantly greater than average. In northern latitudes there are trenches such as the North Aleutian and Kuril-Kamchatka. In the east: Peruvian and Central American. In the west there are two huge trenches - the Mariana and Philippine trenches.

Along the bottom of the Tihog O ocean passes the Mid-Ocean Ridge.

The famous "Ring of Fire" of the Pacific Ocean

Two huge rings of water movement are formed in the ocean: northern and southern. The Northern Ring includes the Northern Trade Wind Current, Kuroshio, North Pacific and California Currents,

the southern ring consists of the South Trade Wind, East Australian Current, West Wind Current and Peruvian Current.

Natural features of the ocean.

Question to the class: What are the effects of ocean currents? ?

Flora and fauna Pacific Ocean

Concentrated in the waters of the Pacific Ocean more than half of the living matter of the entire oceans Earth. This applies to both plants and animal populations.

For a fauna totaling up to 100 thousand species: sperm whales, striped whales. seals (sea lions), northern fur seals; rich fauna fish (from 2000 in warm areas to 800 in cold areas), corals, plankton - 380 species

At the bottom Quiet ocean worms with glowing "bombs" live

D/z: §17

Mark the major islands of the Pacific Ocean on a contour map;
Fill out the table in the “Pacific Ocean” column.

By the Pacific Ocean ecological problems exist, at least for now, only in its coastal zones. This is probably because it is the largest on Earth. Its area is about 179.7 million square meters. km. Water volume – 710.36 million cubic meters. m, the average depth is 3984 m, and the maximum is 11022 m. The ocean is located between Eurasia, Australia, Antarctica and the east of North and South America.

The Pacific Ocean occupies 49.5% of the surface and contains about 53% of the volume of water in the World Ocean. Mostly lies in southern latitudes. The main part of its seas is located along the coast of Eurasia, and there are none along North and South America. It has several thousand islands formed after volcanic eruptions.

It is impossible to name the exact dates when its development began. But, undoubtedly, this happened even before the advent of writing in humans. The first European to set foot on the shores of this ocean was the Spaniard Nunez deBalboa. In 1513, he gave the name to the South Sea he saw. Seven years later, Ferdinand Magellan crossed the ocean. Not once during this time did the traveler get caught in a storm; the ocean was calm and peaceful, and therefore he called it Quiet. In the 18th century, the French geographer Jean-Nicolas Buache proposed calling the ocean, due to the fact that it is the largest, the Great. But the name given by Magellan remains and is used.

The future Pacific Ocean emerged towards the end of the Mesozoic period, when the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia separated. The plates continue to move today, so the ocean continues to expand at a rate of about 3–6 cm per year.

Climate, flora and fauna, minerals

The Pacific Ocean is located in all climatic zones of the Earth. Its western part is warmer than the eastern, and the northern part is drier than the southern. Water salinity increases in tropical latitudes and decreases near the equator and to the east. The water column is divided into five layers: surface up to 100 m, subsurface up to 1700 m, below are intermediate, deep and bottom.

The richness of flora and fauna corresponds to the magnitude. It contains 50% of the world's biomass, and the species diversity is 3-4 times greater than all the others. Its waters are home to almost 95% of all salmon fish, as well as ancient and relict living organisms. Even at depths that are not found anywhere else on the planet, which is more than 8500 m, there are 45 species of inhabitants. Pacific animals and fish are characterized by gigantism.

And this is only what has been discovered and used by man, and how much is still unknown.

Human use of resources

Fish and other marine life were the first that man began to extract from the water to satisfy his vital needs. And by the end of the 18th century, sea cows were completely exterminated; in the middle of the 20th century, northern fur seals and whales were brought to the brink of extinction.

Pacific waters account for 60% of the world's fisheries. Highest value For fishing there are: salmon, herring, cod, perch and flounder species. In addition, whales, fur seals, sea otters and sea lions are still caught. Clams, crabs, shrimp, oysters and scallops are caught. Collect seaweed. The largest fishing countries are Japan, Russia, Peru, Thailand, the USA and Chile.

Quiet became a testing ground for weapons of mass destruction - atomic and hydrogen. The first nuclear explosions were carried out by the United States in 1946. Their result was the disappearance of Bikini Atoll and the largest contamination and irradiation of residents of the nearby coast in 1954. Great Britain joined these tests in 1957, and France in 1966.

Heavy maritime traffic contributes to ocean pollution. In addition to accidents, sinking of ships, spills of oil and its products, solid insoluble and non-sinking waste gets into the waters. This mainly applies to plastic products, which, thanks to currents, have already formed the Great Garbage Patch, located 500 miles from California, USA. The area of the spot is estimated at 1 million square meters. m. and a volume of 4 million tons.

The southern part of the ocean is actively being filled with “space debris” - decommissioned space objects.