Presentation on the topic Russian tsars of the Romanov dynasty. Presentation "Romanov Dynasty" (grade 10) in history - project, report. Domestic and economic policy

Goals and objectives of the project The four hundredth anniversary of the House of Romanov is the most important solemn event in the history of Russia in 2013, timed to coincide with the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne on June 11, 1613 (in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin by decision of the Zemsky Sobor). The objectives of this project are: instilling respect for one’s historical roots and the heroes of our history; developing a feeling of love for the Motherland, for its creators, its defenders, for its heroes; to prove that the House of Romanov is not the history of a private family, but that it is the history of Russia itself. The four-hundredth anniversary of the House of Romanov is the most important solemn event in the history of Russia in 2013, timed to coincide with the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne on June 11, 1613 (in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin by decision of the Zemsky Sobor). The objectives of this project are: instilling respect for one’s historical roots and the heroes of our history; developing a feeling of love for the Motherland, for its creators, its defenders, for its heroes; to prove that the House of Romanov is not the history of a private family, but that it is the history of Russia itself. Romanov family coat of arms Romanov family coat of arms

Relevance of addressing the topic 2013 marks the 400th anniversary of the dynasty of All-Russian Sovereigns and Autocrats of the Romanovs. This is the largest date in modern Russian history. The entire history of the Russian Empire, one of the greatest powers in the entire history of human civilization on planet Earth, has been connected with the Romanov dynasty for 300 years. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, Russia, under the sovereign scepter of the emperors of the Romanov dynasty, was the greatest Slavic state, possessing world political, military and economic hegemony. 2013 marks the 400th anniversary of the dynasty of All-Russian Sovereigns and Autocrats of the Romanovs. This is the largest date in modern Russian history. The entire history of the Russian Empire, one of the greatest powers in the entire history of human civilization on planet Earth, has been connected with the Romanov dynasty for 300 years. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, Russia, under the sovereign scepter of the emperors of the Romanov dynasty, was the greatest Slavic state, possessing world political, military and economic hegemony.

History of the Romanov dynasty The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family that has had this surname since the end of the 16th century; from 1613 the dynasty of Russian tsars and from 1721 the emperors of All Russia, and subsequently the tsars of Poland, the grand dukes of Lithuania and Finland, the dukes of Oldenburg and Holstein-Gottorp and the grand masters of the Order of Malta.

Romanov dynasty: era and personalities The Romanovs made our country the most powerful and powerful state. “Without our permission, not a single cannon in Europe dared to fire” (as Chancellor Prince Bezborodko said), we became European gendarmes, imposing our will on the rest of the world, we, the Russians, thanks to the sovereign mind and wisdom of the Romanovs, became the rulers of a country in which we had never The sun did not set. The Romanovs made our country the most powerful and powerful state. “Without our permission, not a single cannon in Europe dared to fire” (as Chancellor Prince Bezborodko said), we became European gendarmes, imposing our will on the rest of the world, we, the Russians, thanks to the sovereign mind and wisdom of the Romanovs, became the rulers of a country in which we had never The sun did not set.

Mikhail Fedorovich () Mikhail Fedorovich is the first Russian Tsar from the boyar family of the Romanovs. On July 11, 1613, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, Mikhail was crowned king and ascended the Moscow throne. Mikhail Fedorovich is the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov boyar family. On July 11, 1613, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, Mikhail was crowned king and ascended the Moscow throne. After the end of the Time of Troubles, it took a lot of effort to restore the devastated country. After the end of the Time of Troubles, it took a lot of effort to restore the devastated country. The accession of Mikhail Fedorovich marked the beginning of a new ruling dynasty of the Romanovs. Mikhail Fedorovich is the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov boyar family. On July 11, 1613, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, Mikhail was crowned king and ascended the Moscow throne. Mikhail Fedorovich is the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov boyar family. On July 11, 1613, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, Mikhail was crowned king and ascended the Moscow throne. After the end of the Time of Troubles, it took a lot of effort to restore the devastated country. After the end of the Time of Troubles, it took a lot of effort to restore the devastated country. The accession of Mikhail Fedorovich marked the beginning of a new ruling dynasty of the Romanovs.

Alexey Mikhailovich (Quiet) () On his personal instructions, a set of laws was drawn up - the Council Code. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich in Russia, attempts were made to create the first warships and the formation began standing army. On his personal instructions, a set of laws was drawn up - the Council Code. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich in Russia, attempts were made to create the first warships and the formation of a standing army began. At this time, popular uprisings in Moscow were brutally suppressed - the Salt Riot (1648) and the Copper Riot (1662), the peasant war led by S.T. Razin. At this time, popular uprisings in Moscow were brutally suppressed - the Salt Riot (1648) and the Copper Riot (1662), the peasant war led by S.T. Razin.

Fyodor Alekseevich () On January 30, 1676, Fyodor Alekseevich became the sovereign of all Rus'. Fyodor Alekseevich was a student of the famous theologian, scientist and poet Simeon of Polotsk. On January 30, 1676, Fyodor Alekseevich became the sovereign of all Rus'. Fyodor Alekseevich was a student of the famous theologian, scientist and poet Simeon of Polotsk. Power under him was concentrated in the hands of his maternal relatives, the Miloslavsky boyars. Power under him was concentrated in the hands of his maternal relatives, the Miloslavsky boyars.

John V Alekseevich () On June 25, 1682, the crowning of the kings John V and Peter I Alekseevich took place. John V did not participate in the affairs of government and remained “in unceasing prayer and fasting.” Thus began the reign of Princess Sofia Alekseevna (gg.). On June 25, 1682, the crowning of Tsars John V and Peter I Alekseevich took place. John V did not participate in the affairs of government and remained “in unceasing prayer and fasting.” Thus began the reign of Princess Sofia Alekseevna (gg.).

Peter I Alekseevich (the Great) () In 1689, Sophia, striving for autocracy, was removed from power and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. In 1689, Sophia, striving for autocracy, was removed from power and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. In 1696, after the death of John V, Peter became the sole tsar. In 1696, after the death of John V, Peter became the sole tsar.

The transformations of Peter I affected all areas public life. Peter I created a regular Russian army and navy. Russia became a great power, in 1721 it was proclaimed an empire, and Peter I was given the title of Emperor of All Russia, Father of the Fatherland and Great. The transformations of Peter I affected all spheres of public life. Peter I created a regular Russian army and navy. Russia became a great power, in 1721 it was proclaimed an empire, and Peter I was given the title of Emperor of All Russia, Father of the Fatherland and Great.

Catherine I Alekseevna () Empress Catherine of All Russia, was the second wife of Peter the Great. Empress Catherine of All Russia was the second wife of Peter the Great. During the reign of Catherine I, such events took place as the opening of the Academy of Sciences, the organization of V. Bering's naval expedition, and the establishment of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. During the reign of Catherine I, such events took place as the opening of the Academy of Sciences, the organization of V. Bering's naval expedition, and the establishment of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.

Peter II Alekseevich () Peter Alekseevich, the grandson of Peter I, ascended the throne according to the will of Empress Catherine I. Peter II declared himself an opponent of the reforms of Peter I and liquidated the institutions created by his grandfather. Foreign ambassadors wrote that “everything in Russia is in terrible disorder.” Peter Alekseevich, the grandson of Peter I, ascended the throne according to the will of Empress Catherine I. Peter II declared himself an opponent of the reforms of Peter I and liquidated the institutions created by his grandfather. Foreign ambassadors wrote that “everything in Russia is in terrible disorder.”

Anna Ioannovna () Anna Ioannovna was elected to the throne in January 1730. Having become empress, Anna began to elevate foreigners and brought the Russian nobility into disgrace. Anna Ioannovna was elected to the throne in January 1730. Having become empress, Anna began to elevate foreigners and brought the Russian nobility into disgrace. The tightening of serfdom and tax policy towards peasants led to popular unrest and a mass flight of ruined peasants to the outskirts of Russia. The tightening of serfdom and tax policy towards peasants led to popular unrest and a mass flight of ruined peasants to the outskirts of Russia.

John VI Antonovich (...) Was elevated to the throne after the death of his great-aunt Empress Anna Ioannovna. He was elevated to the throne after the death of his great-aunt, Empress Anna Ioannovna.

Elizaveta Petrovna () On the night of November 25, 1741, with the support of guards officers, the daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, carried out a palace coup and was proclaimed empress. On the night of November 25, 1741, with the support of guards officers, the daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, carried out a palace coup and was proclaimed empress. During her reign, Moscow University was founded (1755) and a public theater opened. The international positions of the Russian Empire have strengthened significantly. During her reign, Moscow University was founded (1755) and a public theater opened. The international positions of the Russian Empire have strengthened significantly.

Peter III Fedorovich () Was the nephew of Peter I. During the seven-month reign of Peter III, several important decrees were issued: on the abolition of the Secret Chancellery, on allowing schismatics who fled from Russia to return to their homeland. Peter I. During the seven-month reign of Peter III, several important decrees were issued: on the abolition of the Secret Chancellery, on allowing schismatics who fled from Russia to return to their homeland.

Catherine II Alekseevna (Great) () Catherine II ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup, overthrowing her husband Emperor Peter III Fedorovich. Catherine was naturally gifted with great intelligence and strong character. Catherine II ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup, overthrowing her husband, Emperor Peter III Fedorovich. Catherine was naturally gifted with great intelligence and strong character.

The strengthening of serfdom led to the fact that the growing peasant movement developed into a peasant war (years) under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev. The strengthening of serfdom led to the fact that the growing peasant movement developed into a peasant war (years) under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev. Catherine II

Pavel I Petrovich () Pavel Petrovich, the son of Emperor Peter III and Empress Catherine II, ascended the throne on November 6, 1796. Pavel Petrovich, the son of Emperor Peter III and Empress Catherine II, ascended the throne on November 6, 1796. Almost all of Paul's decrees, which envisaged the eradication of disorder in business, only violated the previous harmony of the system created under Catherine II. Almost all of Paul's decrees, which envisaged the eradication of disorder in business, only violated the previous harmony of the system created under Catherine II. Pavel Petrovich, the son of Emperor Peter III and Empress Catherine II, ascended the throne on November 6, 1796. Pavel Petrovich, the son of Emperor Peter III and Empress Catherine II, ascended the throne on November 6, 1796. Almost all of Paul's decrees, which envisaged the eradication of disorder in business, only violated the previous harmony of the system created under Catherine II. Almost all of Paul's decrees, which envisaged the eradication of disorder in business, only violated the previous harmony of the system created under Catherine II.

Alexander I Pavlovich () Alexander I is the eldest son of Emperor Paul I and his second wife Empress Maria Feodorovna. The Emperor granted freedom to those imprisoned and exiled by his father, issued a decree on the abolition of torture, and restored the validity of the Charters of 1785. The right of landowners to exile serfs without trial to Siberia is restored. Alexander I is the eldest son of Emperor Paul I and his second wife, Empress Maria Feodorovna. The Emperor granted freedom to those imprisoned and exiled by his father, issued a decree on the abolition of torture, and restored the validity of the Charters of 1785. The right of landowners to exile serfs without trial to Siberia is restored.

Nicholas I Pavlovich () The reign of Nicholas I is the period of the highest flowering of the absolute monarchy, the apogee of autocracy. The reign of Nicholas I was the period of the highest flowering of the absolute monarchy, the apogee of autocracy. Under Nicholas I, the Military and Naval Academies were established. The role of the secret political police has increased. The Crimean War (gg.) ended with the defeat of Russia. Under Nicholas I, the Military and Naval Academies were established. The role of the secret political police has increased. The Crimean War (gg.) ended with the defeat of Russia.

Alexander II Nikolaevich - Tsar-Liberator () Under Alexander II, serfdom was abolished in Russia. More than 22 million Russian peasants were freed and a new order of public peasant government was established. According to the Judicial Reform of 1864, the judicial power was separated from the executive, administrative and legislative powers. Under Alexander II, serfdom was abolished in Russia. More than 22 million Russian peasants were freed and a new order of public peasant government was established. According to the Judicial Reform of 1864, the judicial power was separated from the executive, administrative and legislative powers.

Alexander III Alexandrovich () After the assassination of Emperor Alexander II by terrorists, his son Alexander III ascended the throne. Alexander's firm policy in foreign and domestic affairs gave Russia 13 years of continuous peace and prosperity. After the assassination of Emperor Alexander II by terrorists, his son Alexander III ascended the throne. Alexander's firm policy in foreign and domestic affairs gave Russia 13 years of continuous peace and prosperity.

Nicholas II Alexandrovich () The entire reign of Nicholas II took place in an atmosphere of growing revolutionary movement. On October 17, 1905, a Manifesto was issued, which recognized the foundations of civil freedom: personal inviolability, freedom of speech, assembly and union. The State Duma was established. Agrarian reform was carried out according to the project of P.A. Stolypin. On March 2, 1917, Nicholas II abdicated the throne. The entire reign of Nicholas II took place in an atmosphere of growing revolutionary movement. On October 17, 1905, a Manifesto was issued, which recognized the foundations of civil freedom: personal inviolability, freedom of speech, assembly and union. The State Duma was established. Agrarian reform was carried out according to the project of P.A. Stolypin. On March 2, 1917, Nicholas II abdicated the throne.

From March 9 to August 14, 1917, the former emperor and members of his family were kept under arrest in Tsarskoye Selo, then they were transported to Tobolsk. From March 9 to August 14, 1917, the former emperor and members of his family were kept under arrest in Tsarskoye Selo, then they were transported to Tobolsk. On April 30, 1918, the prisoners were brought to Yekaterinburg, where on the night of July 17, 1918, the emperor, his wife and children, and the doctor and servants who remained with them were shot by security officers. On April 30, 1918, the prisoners were brought to Yekaterinburg, where on the night of July 17, 1918, the emperor, his wife and children, and the doctor and servants who remained with them were shot by security officers. The tragic fate of the last Romanovs The tragic fate of the last Romanovs

Canonization of the Royal Family Canonization of the Royal Family glorification as Orthodox saints of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II, his wife and five children, shot in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg on the night of July 16-17, 1918. In 1981, they were canonized as martyrs by the Russian Orthodox Church abroad, and in 2000, after lengthy disputes that caused significant resonance in Russia, they were canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, and are currently revered by it as “Royal Passion-Bearers.”

The Romanov Dynasty: era and personalities During the time of the Romanovs, Russia was defended on the battlefields by outstanding talented commanders: Generalissimo His Serene Highness Prince Alexander Suvorov, Field Marshal General Prince Mikhail Kutuzov, Prince Bagration, Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky, Prince Skopin-Shuisky, Prince Shcherbatov , Wittgenstein, Lefort, Apraksin, Minikh, Bruce, Barclay de Tolly, Raevsky, Tormasov, F. F. Ushakov, Kornilov, Skobelev, Platov, Miloradovich, Ermolov, Osterman-Tolstoy, Dokhturov, Prince Gorchakov, Ozhirovsky, Prince of Württenberg, Golovin , Kurakin, His Serene Highness Prince Paskevich, Dibich, Chichagov, Brusilov and many others.

The Romanov Dynasty: era and personalities During the time of the Sovereigns from the Romanov dynasty, Russia became a trendsetter in the field of culture, literature, painting, architecture, music, ballet. Russian emperors supported Russian art. The Russian Empire was glorified by such names as Mikhail Lomonosov, Vasily Zhukovsky, Nikolai Karamzin, Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Prince Vyazemsky, Count Leo Tolstoy, Afanasy Fet, Nikolai Tyutchev, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Ivan Turgenev, Alexander Blok, Sergei Yesenin, Ivan Bunin, Nikolai Gumilyov, Marina Tsvetaeva, Anna Akhmatova, Zinaida Gippius (writers, poets), Ivan Savin (Savolainen), Sergei Bekhteev, Nikolai Turoverov, Arseny Nesmelov; (painters): Aivazovsky, Palenov, Shishkin, Kramskoy, Petrov-Vodkin, Repin, Surikov, Vasnetsov, Vereshchagin; (composers): Tchaikovsky, Glinka, Rimsky-Korsakov, Alyabyev, Mussorgsky, Prokofiev, Rachmaninov, Borodin, Dargomyzhsky. During the time of the Sovereigns from the Romanov dynasty, Russia became a trendsetter in the field of culture, literature, painting, architecture, music, and ballet. Russian emperors supported Russian art. The Russian Empire was glorified by such names as Mikhail Lomonosov, Vasily Zhukovsky, Nikolai Karamzin, Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Prince Vyazemsky, Count Leo Tolstoy, Afanasy Fet, Nikolai Tyutchev, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Ivan Turgenev, Alexander Blok, Sergei Yesenin, Ivan Bunin, Nikolai Gumilyov, Marina Tsvetaeva, Anna Akhmatova, Zinaida Gippius (writers, poets), Ivan Savin (Savolainen), Sergei Bekhteev, Nikolai Turoverov, Arseny Nesmelov; (painters): Aivazovsky, Palenov, Shishkin, Kramskoy, Petrov-Vodkin, Repin, Surikov, Vasnetsov, Vereshchagin; (composers): Tchaikovsky, Glinka, Rimsky-Korsakov, Alyabyev, Mussorgsky, Prokofiev, Rachmaninov, Borodin, Dargomyzhsky.

Romanov Dynasty: era and personalities During the Romanovs, the Russians conquered or annexed Finland, Poland, Alaska, Turkestan, Georgia, Armenia, the North Caucasus, White and Little Rus'; strengthened Siberia; The Russians ruled the German principalities, defeated Napoleonic France, defeated Turkey more than a dozen times, conquered the North of China, and helped throw off foreign oppression from Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Switzerland, and Italy. The Russian Romanov emperors managed to raise a powerful bureaucratic stratum - the nobility. Many representatives of the noble aristocracy and intelligentsia were loyal assistants to the Romanovs in managing the vast and complex state mechanism of the empire. The Russian nobility became the strongest foundation on which the Russian autocracy rested.

General conclusions In the twentieth century, our Motherland twice experienced the complete collapse of statehood, territorial integrity, and the entire system of foundations and ideals. Understanding these events should lead us – the people of the Third Millennium – to the right conclusions. Celebrating the 400th anniversary of the feat of our great People, our Fatherland not only honors the Romanov dynasty, hierarchs, outstanding military leaders and diplomats, aristocrats who made a great contribution to the national struggle, but glorifies the courage, self-sacrifice and love for the Fatherland of ordinary people - peasants, townspeople, monks , serving nobles and Cossacks who liberated and revived our country. The celebration of the 400th anniversary of the overcoming of the Time of Troubles and the accession of the Romanov dynasty took place at the highest state level. Disregard for the glory of the Fatherland is unthinkable among great powers. Only awareness by all of us of the importance of historical heritage is able to put the anniversary of the events of four centuries ago at the service of the Motherland in the present and future. In the twentieth century, our Motherland twice experienced the complete collapse of statehood, territorial integrity, and the entire system of foundations and ideals. Understanding these events should lead us – the people of the Third Millennium – to the right conclusions. Celebrating the 400th anniversary of the feat of our great People, our Fatherland not only honors the Romanov dynasty, hierarchs, outstanding military leaders and diplomats, aristocrats who made a great contribution to the national struggle, but glorifies the courage, self-sacrifice and love for the Fatherland of ordinary people - peasants, townspeople, monks , serving nobles and Cossacks who liberated and revived our country. The celebration of the 400th anniversary of the overcoming of the Time of Troubles and the accession of the Romanov dynasty took place at the highest state level. Disregard for the glory of the Fatherland is unthinkable among great powers. Only awareness by all of us of the importance of historical heritage is able to put the anniversary of the events of four centuries ago at the service of the Motherland in the present and future.

Information sources Romanov Dynasty. Bibliographic index: T. A. Lobashkova St. Petersburg, Russian Cultural Foundation, TRITE, Russian Archive, Domination of the House of Romanov. Book 1: N.I. Kostomarov Moscow, The Dominion of the House of Romanov. Book 2: N.I. Kostomarov Moscow, STD Firm, 2007 Treasures and relics of the Romanov era: St. Petersburg, Veche, Romanov Dynasty. Bibliographic index: T. A. Lobashkova St. Petersburg, Russian Cultural Foundation, TRITE, Russian Archive, Domination of the House of Romanov. Book 1: N.I. Kostomarov Moscow, The Dominion of the House of Romanov. Book 2: N. I. Kostomarov Moscow, STD Firm, 2007 Treasures and relics of the Romanov era: St. Petersburg, Veche,

The project was worked on by Antipov Grigory, student of class 7 "B" of secondary school 1 Antipov Grigory, student of class 7 "B" of secondary school 1 Antipov Mikhail, students of class 7 "B" of secondary school 1 Antipov Mikhail, students of class 7 "B" of secondary school 1 Scientific supervisor: Scientific supervisor: Vasilyeva Marina Vasilievna, Vasilyeva Marina Vasilievna, history and social studies teacher, history and social studies teacher, secondary school 1 secondary school 1 city of Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region 2013 city of Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region 2013

Our coordinates Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region, st. Radishcheva, house 15 Phone: (4855)

The beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty.

vague

• results

Loss of territory

Human losses - a third of the population

The state treasury is empty

There is no king

Zemsky Sobor 1613

In destroyed Moscow, in the only building capable of accommodating many people, the Assumption Cathedral, in January 1613. elected people from all over the country gathered.

Several boyars from ancient noble families, Polish and Swedish princes, and the king of England laid claim to the throne. They also talked about the return of Marina Mnishek to the throne and the choice of Dmitry Pozharsky.

The debate continued for a whole month.

Ivan groznyj

Anastasia

Michael

from the Zakharyin-Yuryev family, later the Romanovs

from the Romanov family

The choice fell on Mikhail Romanov, a relative of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible. “Let's choose Misha Romanov! He’s young and will be popular with us!”

In 1613, a new tsar was elected - Mikhail Romanov. The reign of the Romanov dynasty began.

In 1614 Cossack troops were defeated, Ivan was hanged, Marina died

In the north

Swedish Prince Carl Philip

In the West

Polish prince Vladislav

On South

Ivan is the son of Marina Mnishek

In 1617 peace treaty concluded with Sweden

Pretenders to the Russian throne

In the north

Swedish Prince Carl Philip

In the West

Polish prince Vladislav

• Russia lost the fortresses of Ivangorod, Oreshek, Koporye and access to the Baltic Sea.
• Novgorod was returned to Russia.

Pretenders to the Russian throne

In 1618 a truce was concluded with Poland

In the West

Polish prince Vladislav

• The lands from Vyazma to Chernigov were returned to Russia
• Smolensk and other western lands go to Poland.

Mikhail's reign

The young tsar resolved all important issues with the participation of the Boyar Duma. The Zemsky Sobor functioned continuously during the first years of Michael's reign.

Family life

When Mikhail turned 20, a brideshow was held. Contrary to his mother's wishes, Mikhail chose a girl from an ordinary family - Maria Khlopova.

But the bride soon fell ill, was declared unfit and, together with her family, was sent into exile. After 7 years, Mikhail again wanted to marry Maria, but his mother did not allow it.

Family life

They looked for brides for Mikhail in Denmark and Sweden, but did not come to an agreement. At the age of 28, he married Princess Maria Dolgorukaya, but she died 5 months later. Only at the age of 30 did Mikhail finally find himself a wife, 18-year-old humble Evdokia Streshneva.

Evdokia gave birth to 10 children:

Pelageya (died in infancy)

Martha (died in infancy)

John (died at age 5)

Sophia (died in infancy)

Evdokia (died in infancy)

Vasily (died in infancy)

Of all the sons, only one survived - Alexey Mikhailovich.

Mikhail died at the age of 49, his wife a month later.

Results of Michael's reign

Wars stopped, Many territories lost during the Time of Troubles have been returned to Russia

Countrywide strong power restored, governors and local elders were appointed

Low taxes have been established economy and trade are restored, people are getting richer

Foreign specialists arrive foreign settlements appeared

Created new shelves with new weapons

Built first iron smelters and copper smelting factories

Started firearms production(arms factory near Tula)

Started glass production(plant near Moscow)

New cities: Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Yakutsk

In Russia tea was delivered

The Printing Yard and the Tsar's Library were restored

10th grade student: Popkova Daria

Research into the causes of the tragedy, the last days of the life of the royal family.

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Municipal educational institution "Secondary school of the village. Zavolzhsky"

Project theme:

"The tragic end of the Romanov dynasty."

Completed by: 10th grade student

Popkova Daria

Head: history teacher

Kotyakina N. P .

2012–2013 academic year

Research project:"The tragic end of the Romanov dynasty. »

Project implementers: Popkova Daria

Class: 10

Scientific supervisor: Natalya Petrovna Kotyakina, history teacher, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School in Zavolzhsky”

Objective of the project: Determine what the tragedy of the last representatives of the Romanov dynasty was, conducting your own research into the causes of death and the tragic end of the Romanov dynasty

Project objectives:

1.Study theoretical material on this topic.

2. Answer the main questions: the results of the reign of Nicholas II and the influence of the personal qualities of the last emperor on them; the tragedy of the death of Nicholas II, his family and other representatives of the House of Romanov; the problem of burial of the royal remains and canonization of Nicholas II and his family.

Subject of study.

The fate of the last Romanov dynasty.

Research methods.

Study and analysis of theoretical material, work with historical documents.

Relevance.

The assassination of Nicholas II and his family is a major milestone in the history of Russia, which to this day causes controversy and division in society.

Plan

Introduction page 3

Chapter I. The path to a tragic end.	page 5
1.1. Collapse of the Monarchy.	page 5
1.2.	page 6
Chapter II. The death of the imperial house.	page 8
2.1.	page 8
2.2. Massacre of representatives of the Romanov dynasty.	page 10
Chapter III. Life after death.	page 11
3.1. Identification of royal remains.	page 11
3.2. Canonization.	page 13
Conclusion.	page 14
List of used literature.	page 15

Introduction

In 2013 Celebrations will be held in our country in honor of the 400th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty. The dynasty left the scenes of Russian history more than ninety years ago, but interest in its rule and significance for the fate of Russia does not wane. Each period of her reign is associated with the personality of the monarch, who received plenty of criticism and recognition from contemporaries and descendants. The main thing is that for my thinking generation the truth is that all their actions were imbued with great love for Russia, which they served faithfully.

Of greatest interest is the life and tragic end of the last representatives of the Romanov dynasty, one of the mysterious pages of Russian history. It reflected the entire revolutionary era with its faith, delusions, mercilessness, and suffering. Understanding the tragic fate of the last Romanovs means taking a step towards understanding the tragic path of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

The question of assessing the personality of Nicholas II remains controversial.

The question still remains unclear for many people: who is he? A bloody despot or a victim, a weak-willed representative of an exhausted dynasty, or a person who deliberately abandoned the power that burdened him. Personally, it is very difficult for me to agree with the statement of some authors that this Russian autocrat was only a good family man, but a “bad” tsar. Under Nicholas II, a gold currency was introduced, thanks to which the Russian economy was efficient throughout the entire period of his reign. The gold reserves of the state bank increased from 468 million rubles at the beginning of the reign to 1604 million in 1914. The length of railways has more than doubled. The river fleet became the largest in the world. Culture, science and art developed rapidly. The Emperor contributed to the development of domestic science, industry and invention. In 1895, the sovereign ordered the allocation of significant sums to assist scientists, writers and publicists. At the insistence of Nicholas II, the first international conference was held in The Hague in 1899, marking the beginning of the League of Nations. During the twenty years of his reign, the population of Russia increased by 50 million people. The overall level of well-being has increased significantly... A number of successes in the development of Nikolaev Russia can be continued, but at the same time there is a lot of criticism regarding economic development, for example, the unresolved agrarian issue, etc.

An objective assessment of the personality and activities of the emperor is and will be the center of study for researchers for a long time.

The purpose of this work is to try to determine what the tragedy of the last representatives of the Romanov dynasty was. Conduct your own research into the causes of death and the tragic end of the Romanov dynasty. The search for truth in the history of Russia is always a significant and relevant event. To achieve this goal, it seems necessary to me to highlight the following issues: the results of the reign of Nicholas II and the influence of the personal qualities of the last emperor on them; the tragedy of the death of Nicholas II, his family and other representatives of the House of Romanov; the problem of burial of the royal remains and canonization of Nicholas II and his family.The assassination of Nicholas II and his family is a major milestone in the history of Russia, which to this day causes controversy and division in society, therefore, this topic is very relevant. There are a lot of historical mysteries in it, so it provides a huge amount of material for research. But on the other hand, due to discrepancies in different sources (for example, in Soviet and modern interpretations), it is very difficult to figure out where the lie is and where the truth is.)

The first publications studying this period appeared in the 20s. These are books by Wilton R., N.A. Sokolova, M.K. Diterichs, P. Gilliard and others, published outside Bolshevik Russia. They were based on primary sources obtained during the Kolchak investigation into the case of the execution of the Romanovs, and the personal observations of the authors.

During the Soviet period, there was practically no study of the Ural tragedy. A radical change in attitude towards the royal theme occurred in the late 80s - early 90s. during the era of perestroika. It began with journal publications by E. Radzinsky and G. Ryabov in Ogonyok and Rodina. They for the first time published fragments from previously carefully hidden documents about the Yekaterinburg execution (a note by Ya. Yurovsky and the memoirs of G. Nikulin).

In 1991, a whole series of books about the royal family was published. Of these, the books by O. Platonov “The Murder of the Royal Family”, Y. Buranov, V. Khrustalev “The Death of the Imperial House”, G. Ioffe “Revolution and the Fate of the Romanovs”, E. Radzinsky “The Last Tsar. The Life and Death of Nicholas II” stand out. These books contain new documents, cover events from a modern perspective, without the extremes previously characteristic of both Soviet and foreign literature.

Chapter I. The path to the tragic end.

1. Collapse of the monarchy.

IN Russian history Over the last two and a half centuries, a pattern can be traced: despite the extremely tough regime in the country, every second ruler was forcibly deprived not only of the throne, but also of life. Peter III was strangled, Catherine II, who followed him, died on the throne, her successor Paul I was killed, and so on through one, with the exception of Alexander I and Nicholas I. The last emperor Nicholas II shared the same fate, despite the fact that he abdicated the throne even on the eve of the October Revolution.

The reason for this pattern is the struggle between established national traditions and innovations, which begins in the second half of the 17th century.

At the beginning of the 20th century. Despite all the contradictory state policies implemented by Nicholas II, favorable conditions were created for the development of the country.

On the one hand, Russia remained an agrarian, predominantly peasant country. On the eve of the 1917 revolution, it produced 1/3 more grain than the United States, Argentina and Canada combined. 12-15 million tons of grain were exported abroad annually, along with large quantities of oil, flax, eggs, etc. 1 . Only for animal oil produced in Siberia and sold abroad, the country received more gold than was mined in the famous Siberian mines.

On the other hand, the beginning of the century was a period of major industrial expansion Russian state, which provided it with leading positions in the world economy in many respects the most important indicators. In terms of growth rates of industrial production, our country was ahead of the United States 2 . At the beginning of the century, Russia ranked first in the world in oil production.

Reforms S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin, if fully implemented, could become fertile ground for the flourishing of the Russian economy. Relatively successful development even then allowed Russia to have a positive balance of foreign trade and a stable convertible currency. However, these reforms were overthrown and were not completed.

Contradictions also emerged in political sphere. Upon ascending the throne, Nicholas II declared his categorical commitment to autocracy. But it was he who laid the foundation for representative power in the country in the form of the State Duma and allowed the existence of various political parties. According to the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, Russian citizens received the right to personal integrity, freedom of speech, press, and assembly. On the one hand, these freedoms were a concession of the shaky throne to democracy, on the other hand, they testified to a movement towards a right-wing state.

The foreign policy of Nicholas II was also contradictory. Trying to suppress the revolution of 1905 with the help of the war with Japan, the tsar only increased its scope.

Not wanting to fight with Germany, he meanwhile plunged the country into a terrible massacre, which was the prelude to the death of the monarchy and himself.

The inconsistency of domestic and foreign policies, sometimes reaching paradoxes, could not leave either the immediate circle of Nicholas II or the people indifferent. The court was mired in intrigue, the extreme expression of which was Rasputinism, and the people

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1 Brasol B. The reign of Emperor Nicholas II 1894-1917. in numbers and facts.

2 Platonov O. Murder of the Royal Family. M., 1991. P. 27.

went to the streets. The king had to abdicate the throne. The abdication took place without resistance. Thus, Nicholas II tried to prevent a civil war, and in fact provoked it, since the polar forces that inherited his power inevitably had to

collide. Ultimately, the tragedy of the emperor lay in the insoluble contradiction between the deep conviction of the need to preserve the traditional way of Russia and the inevitability of modernization that the time demanded. The country's leadership did not take the path of reform in time, “but stubbornly drove the disease inside,” which is why society followed the only path left to it - the path of revolution.

Unfortunately for both the dynasty and the country, a person appeared on the throne who was completely unsuitable for such an important place, and even at such a difficult time.

1. The tragedy of the last autocrat.

The fate of Nikolai Romanov, his family, and ultimately the entire country depended not only on the time in which he lived, but also on the character and worldview of the emperor.

Nicholas II was gentle and well-mannered. His patriotism is widely known, but his personal courage is less known. During World War I, the sovereign often visited the fronts in close proximity to the front line.

But Nicholas II was distinguished by a weak character, and in combination with gentleness he is always accompanied by stubbornness, in which a person with power sees the firmness necessary for control. Often, only out of stubbornness, Nicholas II stubbornly stood his ground, refusing to listen to the opinions of experienced dignitaries who led the state. And the same gentleness, combined with the desire for spiritual comfort, led to the fact that he did not like to listen, and most importantly, to speak the bitter truth to his face. This gave him the reputation of an insincere and deceitful person. Ardent and unchanging love for his wife - a mentally unbalanced woman who imagined that she was called upon to complement her husband’s weak character with her will, and therefore interfered in state affairs that the emperor had to decide - led over time to the complete discredit of the supreme power, especially in connection with the fact that the mystically minded queen chose various “saints” to communicate with God - from the French charlatan Papus to the Siberian horse thief and libertine Grigory Rasputin.

In addition, Nicholas II was a fatalist by nature, firmly convinced that “everything is in the hand of God.” Hundreds of people were trampled during the coronation - “... a great sin” (diary entry May 18, 1896); Port Arthur was surrendered - “That means it’s God’s will!” 1, etc.

Nicholas II was also characterized by one more trait, especially unacceptable for people in power: indifference to the fates and suffering of numerous nameless subjects, and even close relatives. He honors his father and even bows before him, but before Alexander III had time to pass into another world, the day after his death, Nicholas demands an immediate wedding. The coffin with the father’s body is on the first floor, and the son is ready to feast on the second! On the day of the coronation of Nicholas II, the famous tragedy on Khodynka occurred, when about 3 thousand people were trampled and mutilated. In the evening, the emperor danced at a reception with the French ambassador. Everyone knew about the planned demonstration on January 9, 1905 and about its impending execution in St. Petersburg - from the mayor and police chief to the tsar. Even in distant Paris on Saturday, January 8, one of the emigrants wrote in her diary about the upcoming demonstration of workers and possible consequences, worried and waited - will something happen? “How did this long-awaited and yet terrible revolutionary year come?” 1 – she wondered.

Executions of old people, women, and children, who made up crowds of hungry and dissatisfied loyal subjects, took place both before and after Bloody Sunday. (Events of 1903 in Zlatoust

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1 Shatsillo K. Nicholas II: the path to the tragic end // Free Thought. 1998. No. 7. P.73-74.

– 69 killed, 250 wounded, Lena execution – 202 killed, 170 wounded, in Kostroma in

1915 - 12 people were killed, 45 were wounded, in Ivanovo - 30 people were killed, 53 were wounded.)

These and other facts indicate that the popular nickname of the last Russian Tsar, Nicholas the Bloody, was not given without reason. Although there was no personal cruelty in Nicholas II, for him all those executed and shot were simply an obedient, faceless gray mass. His actions were driven by the desire to maintain unlimited autocracy in the country. And here we are faced with another paradox in the character of the autocrat: he did not like personal power, moreover, he was clearly burdened by it. State affairs were so interesting and tedious for him that he did not even read the reports of the chairman of the Council of Ministers; he willingly entrusted this to others. But he did not intend to limit his power either, because... the question of preserving autocracy in Russia became for Nicholas II an article of faith that was not subject to any doubt.

During World War I, the complete collapse of autocratic power began. The king finally let go of the reins of government of the country, and government actually ended up in the hands of the queen, who was greatly influenced by Grigory Rasputin. “Think, my little wife,” Nicholas II wrote to Alexandra Feodorovna on August 25, 1915, “shouldn’t you come to the aid of your hubby when he is absent? What a pity that you have not fulfilled this duty a long time ago, or at least during the war! I I don’t know a more pleasant feeling than to be proud of you, as I was proud of everything recent months, when you tirelessly pestered me, adjuring me to be firm in my opinion" 1 . The queen, who had never known barriers before, turned around with all her might. One of the emigrants, a prominent historian and monarchist by his convictions, studying the correspondence of the queen, wrote: “the letters of the queen fully confirm that Alexandra played a decisive role in establishing the course of domestic policy and in the matter of government appointments... From June 1915, Alexandra’s particularly persistent intervention began , i.e. Rasputin to ministerial appointments, and then it increases exponentially" 1 .

Nicholas II was pleased. Finally, he found someone who, without violating the principles of autocracy, relieved him of the difficult worries of government. “It is your duty,” he instructs the queen from Headquarters on September 23, 1916, “to maintain agreement and unity among the ministers - by doing this you will be of great benefit to me and our country! Oh, priceless sun, I am so happy that you have finally found "It's a good job for me. Now, of course, I'll be calm and won't suffer, at least in internal affairs." 1 .

The advice of the Grand Dukes and their requests for a constitution were rejected. The conversation between the sisters, the Tsarina and Elizabeth Feodorovna, who also suffered a terrible fate in July 1918, ended in a scandal. Slamming the door, Elizaveta Fedorovna uttered a prophetic phrase: “Remember the fate of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette 1 .

Neither the persuasion of the Tsar's mother, Maria Fedorovna, nor the advice of his brother and numerous Tsar's uncles helped.

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1 Shatsillo K. Nicholas II: the path to the tragic end // Free Thought. 1998. No. 7. P.79-80.

Nicholas II, who always consoled himself with the thought that “everything is in God’s hands,” literally pushed the country toward revolution. Of course, it had both objective prerequisites and the necessary revolutionary situation. But how many times in world history have those in power found a reformist way out of such a situation! Nicholas II, deprived of the instinct of self-preservation, hoped that bayonets and soldiers' volleys would successfully replace the socio-political and economic reforms necessary for the country, which, if given during the years of his reign, were only under the pressure of the revolutionary movement. As a result, he led the country into revolution, himself, his entire family and servants into the basement of the Ipatiev house, and many of his relatives were also shot. In the conditions of fierce “class battles,” the tragic end of many Romanovs who were captured by “their people” was a foregone conclusion. But the death of the royal family was not the beginning of the rivers of blood that flowed in Russia both before and after the night of July 16-17, 1918.

Chapter II. The death of the imperial house.

2.1. The assassination of the Russian Emperor and his family.

The night from July 16 to 17, 1918 became fatal for the last Romanovs. On this night, the former Tsar Nicholas II, his wife - the former Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, their children - 14-year-old Alexei, daughters - Olga (22 years old), Tatiana (20 years old), Maria (18 years old) and Anastasia (16 years old), as well as the doctor Botkin E.S., the maid A. Demidova, the cook Kharitonov and the footman who were with them were shot in the basement of the House of Special Purpose (the former house of engineer Ipatiev) in Yekaterinburg. At the same time, the bodies of those shot were taken out of town in a car and dumped into an old mine near the village of Koptyaki.

But the fear that the whites approaching Yekaterinburg would discover the corpses and turn them into “holy relics” forced reburial. The next day, those shot were taken out of the mine, again loaded onto a car, which moved along a remote road into the forest. In a swampy place, the car skidded, and then, after attempts to burn the corpses, they decided to bury them right on the road. The grave was filled up and leveled.

How did it happen that the murder of the last Russian emperor and his family was committed? When the truly fateful hour came for the monarchy in Russia - February 1917 - the rightists, who in their loyalty smashed everyone and everything, not only did not find the strength to stand up for it, but many of them actually betrayed it, almost immediately escaping from "ship".

This is truly an amazing historical phenomenon: practically no one in the country showed a willingness to support and then extend a hand to the tsar who had left power. Some monarchists explained this almost as a physical and moral revival of the nobility. A note from a certain Zimin was preserved in the Paris archive, who stated: “Orthodox Russia and the reigning dynasty owe their death only to the noble ruling stratum.” 1 . It must be admitted that selfish political calculations and real immoral policies played a decisive role.

The Provisional Government, when deciding to transfer the Romanovs to Tobolsk, was guided by the desire to save them from reprisals. This is confirmed by the memories of A.F. Kerensky, recorded in Paris on November 8, 1953. “Regarding the evacuation of the royal family, the British Ambassador received a clear answer from Lloyd George: the British government, unfortunately, cannot accept the royal family as guests during the war. We then decided to send the royal family to small Tobolsk, where there was not even a railway, from there we wanted to evacuate them to the U.S. The Emperor told me more than once that the Provisional Government was the last dam before a destructive storm

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1 Ioffe G. Revolution and the fate of the Romanovs. M., 1992.

a power that cannot even be imagined. The Emperor believed me and knew that I would save him. It turned out differently..." 1 . Thus, the Provisional Government also did not save the former tsar.

The Bolsheviks, contrary to their own assertions, did not believe in the indestructible strength of their power. They were afraid of the Germans, who, as it seemed to them, were ready every minute to tear apart the Brest Peace Treaty, they were afraid of the White Guards, believing that they were about to unfurl the monarchist banner and the “dark” peasant masses would follow it. The White Guard leaders, on the contrary, were convinced that to “uncover” the banner of restoring the monarchy would mean alienating the people. The suspicion and distrust of some, the fear and hatred of others, the indifference of others - all these companions of social upheavals, political upheavals - they paved the way to the basement of the Ipatiev house.

Who exactly made the decision to destroy the royal family? Moscow dealt with the fate of Nicholas II. This issue was periodically discussed in the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (April 1, 6) and in the Council People's Commissars(May 2), and approximately July 10, according to evidence

Yurovsky, the final decision was made 2 . How did Moscow react to the events in Yekaterinburg? The All-Russian Central Executive Committee, having listened to and discussed the telegram on July 18 about the execution of Nikolai Romanov, adopted a resolution approving the decision of the Ural Regional Council. On the same day, the Council of People's Commissars, in the presence of Lenin, Trotsky, Chicherin and other leaders of the Soviet government, at the request of Ya.M. Sverdlov on the execution of the former tsar decided: “Take note” 2 .

The official message indicated that “the wife and son of Nikolai Romanov are in a safe place.” In fact, already on July 17, a telegram left Yekaterinburg: “tell Sverdlov that the whole family suffered the same fate as the head. Officially, the family perishes during the evacuation.” 1 . There were no further reports of the death of the family. The execution itself and the hiding of the corpses remained a strictly guarded secret until recently (the 90s).

It is still unknown exactly who personally composed the team that shot the former tsar and his family. Yakov Yurovsky, pointing out that there were 12 people in the team, two of whom then “refused,” did not leave a single last name in his note; he even refers to himself in it as “commandant.” In other memoirs of participants in the events, 6-7 names are mentioned: Yurovsky, Nikulin, Mikhail Medvedev, Pavel Medvedev, Pyotr Ermakov, Ivan Kabanov and others. Kolchak investigator N. Sokolov considered 164 people “intellectually” and “physically” responsible for the death of the tsar (from chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to executive committee drivers) 3 .

For most of them, Nicholas II and all the Romanovs were “crowned executioners,” “enemies of the working people.” They saw their execution only as a manifestation of historical justice. And in a situation when the country was increasingly plunging into the abyss of civil war, when in their minds the fate of the revolution hung in the balance, when they believed that the question of whether or not there would be Soviet power was being decided, the death of the former tsar and his children could not seem to them something unbearably terrible. Perhaps, on the contrary, when pronouncing the death sentence on the Romanovs, they did not hesitate to believe that they were fulfilling a difficult but supreme revolutionary duty.

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1 Last days Romanovs: documents, investigation materials, diaries, versions./Compiled by. M. Shekulina, K. Belokurov. Sverdlovsk, 1991.

2 Alekseev V. The death of the royal family: Myths and reality. Sverdlovsk, 1993. P.12-13.

2.2. Massacre of representatives of the Romanov dynasty.

The fate of not only the last Russian emperor and his family, but also most members of the Romanov dynasty was tragic.

Immediately after the abdication of Nicholas II, the new government took measures to isolate the Romanovs. On March 26, 1917, a Decree was published on behalf of the Petrograd Labor Commune, which stated: “The Council of Commissioners of the Petrograd Labor Commune decides: members of the former Romanov dynasty - Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov, Dmitry Mikhailovich Romanov, Dmitry Konstantinovich Romanov and Pavel Alexandrovich Romanov are expelled from Petrograd and its environs until further notice with the right to freely choose their place of residence within the Vologda, Vyatka and Perm provinces. All of the above-mentioned persons are required to appear at the Cheka for Combating Counter-Revolution and Profiteering (Gorokhovaya, 2) within 3 days to receive entry certificates to their chosen points of permanent residence and leave for their destination within the time period appointed by the Cheka" 1 .

Later, a written undertaking not to leave the place was taken from the Romanovs. The new decree obligated all Romanovs to appear before the commission within 3 days to receive instructions regarding their expulsion from Petrograd. Grand Dukes Nikolai Mikhailovich, Dmitry Konstantinovich and Pavel Alexandrovich were supposed to go to Vologda, and John, Konstantin, Gabriel, Igor Konstantinovich, Sergei Mikhailovich and Prince Paley - to Vyatka or Perm. From Moscow, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna and from Finland, Grand Duke

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1 Kudrina Yu. It couldn’t have been more base and evil: the “Red Terror”, the execution of the Grand Dukes from the House of Romanov. // Knowledge is power. 2000. No. 1. P.94.

Georgy Mikhailovich had to join all those expelled.

In July 1918, the “Decree on the confiscation of the property of the deposed Russian Emperor and members of the Imperial House” appeared, signed by V.I. Lenin. The Grand Dukes were deprived of the contents given to them by the Ministry

Imperial Court and Estates, they were completely excluded from military service and from any participation in government.

In June 1918, Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov was killed in Perm, abdicating the throne temporarily, leaving the final decision to the Constituent Assembly.

At the beginning of July 1918, three Grand Dukes - Nikolai Mikhailovich, Georgy Mikhailovich and Dmitry Konstantinovich were arrested and imprisoned in Vologda prison. In August 1918, all three were transferred to Petrograd, to the House of Pre-trial Detention. Later, Pavel Aleksandrovich Gabriel Konstantinovich, a patient with tuberculosis, was taken there.

At this time, the “Red Terror” was raging in the country. In 1919 By order of the Cheka, 3,456 people were shot. According to other sources, in Kyiv alone, in 16 Kyiv “emergency zones”, at least 12 thousand people died. 15 thousand people were shot in Saratov. During the pacification of the labor strike in Astrakhan, at least 2 thousand people died; in Turkestan, more than 2 thousand were killed in one night.

In January 1919 it was the turn of the grand dukes. All four were killed. The bodies were dumped in a common grave, where other Russian people, innocently shot a few hours before, found refuge.

In 1918-1919 in Yekaterinburg, Alapaevsk, St. Petersburg and Tashkent, 19 representatives of the Romanov dynasty (7 of them children) were shot. In total, 26 people died along with their servants.

On July 18, 1918, following the royal family, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna, Grand Dukes Sergei Mikhailovich, Konstantin Konstantinovich (junior), Igor Konstantinovich, Ivan Konstantinovich, Prince Vladimir Paley (son of Princess Olga Paley and Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich), sister of the cross were executed Elizaveta Fedorovna - Varvara Yakovlevna.

Somewhat earlier, on the night of June 13, 1919, a group of Perm workers led by Myasnikov arrested Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, his secretary Johnson and driver Borunov at the hotel. all three were transferred to Motovilikha and executed.

In January 1918, following the execution of the Grand Dukes in Petrograd, Prince Nikolai Konstantinovich was shot in Tashkent.

Thus, in 1918-1919 Not only the last Russian emperor and his family were destroyed, but also most of the representatives of the House of Romanov.

Chapter III. Life after death.

3.1. Identification of royal remains and their burial.

In the summer of 1979, geologist Alexander Avdonin and film playwright Geliy Ryabov discovered the alleged burial of the Romanovs in the area of ​​​​the Old Koptyakovskaya Road, 15 km from Yekaterinburg. What led them on the trail? Avdonin, a native resident of these places, heard detailed stories from Pyotr Ermakov, one of the murderers of the royal family. In the late 70s, Ryabov served as an assistant to the then Minister of Internal Affairs Shchelokov, therefore, he could have access to the archives of special forces. storage facilities.

Avdonin and Ryabov discovered 3 skulls. They made professional casts, which for some reason were taken to Moscow while the skulls were kept at Ryabov’s dacha. A year later, they put the finds in a box of cartridges and... buried them in the same place. On the one hand, these actions can be regarded as pure barbarity, and on the other hand, perhaps the time has not come for such discoveries, especially since on September 5-6, 1977, Ipatiev’s house in Sverdlovsk was bulldozed by decision of the Politburo 1 .

In July 1991, times changed, and at the instigation of Avdonin, an official opening of the burial was carried out. To maintain secrecy, the nine discovered skeletons were taken to the basement of one of the police departments. And only a month later they found themselves in

regional bureau of forensic medical examination.

On August 19, 1993, a criminal case was opened: there were corpses with gunshot wounds and traces of bodily harm. In 1993 and 1995 conducted two genetic examinations - first in England, at the Aldermaston Center for Forensic Research, then in the USA, at the Military Medical Institute. At the same time, the genetic code of Nicholas II’s younger brother, Georgy Alexandrovich, was used, and the blood of the last tsar’s nephew, Tikhon Nikolaevich Kulikovsky, Romanov, was also examined.

As a result, in 1995, the royal remains were recognized as identified, and the case was closed by the Prosecutor General's Office. The reburial was scheduled for Forgiveness Sunday, December 25, 1996.

But doubts about the correctness of the examination were expressed by scientists (especially historians) and the church. They insisted on eliminating the following doubts:

1. A handwriting examination of three notes from one of the main murderers, Ya. Yurovsky, is required, in which he describes in detail the burial place and on the basis of which the conclusions of the investigation are drawn.
2. The analysis of investigator Sokolov’s conclusion on the burning of bodies is insufficient, without any trace.
3. Required comparative analysis soil preserved on the remains - after all, G. Ryabov, who was the first to find them, re-buried some of the bones.
4. Experts insist on conducting ballistic examinations.
5. There is no expert opinion on how 11 pounds of sulfuric acid could affect human bodies.
6. On the skull, presumably belonging to Nicholas II, no traces of the saber blow he received during his youthful trip to Japan were found.
7. The reliability of genetic testing is questionable. In particular, there is a reference to a study by American scientists who, out of 66 remains of soldiers killed in Vietnam, were able to identify only 13 - and this despite the fact that many relatives of the victims who provided genetic material were alive.

After 5 years of additional investigation, the Government Commission to study issues related to the research and reburial of the remains of Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his family at the end of January 1998 announced its conclusion: the remains of 9 people discovered in 1991 near Yekaterinburg belong to Emperor Nicholas Alexandrovich and his wife Alexandra Fedorovna, their daughters Olga, Tatyana, Anastasia, as well as doctor E.S. Botkin, maid A.S. Demidova, footman L.E. Troupe, cook N.M. Kharitonov. Identification complete 2 . The expert commission believes that the reliability of the results of identification studies performed independently of each other different methods, makes this conclusion undeniable.

The Holy Synod makes a different decision: “The decision of the State Commission to identify the remains found near Yekaterinburg as belonging to the family of Emperor Nicholas II raised serious doubts and even opposition in the Church and in society. At the same time, there is reason to believe that the discovered remains remain without Christian burial for unacceptable long time.

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1 Panushkin V. The Romanovs: life after death.// Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 1997, November 25. P.4-5.

2 Yachmennikova N. The death of the last emperor: conclusions of the state commission. // Russian newspaper. 1998, April 4. S.6.

In this regard, the Holy Synod speaks out in favor of the immediate burial of these remains in a symbolic grave-monument.

When all doubts regarding the “Ekaterinburg remains” are removed and the grounds for confusion and confrontation in society disappear, we should return to the final decision on the issue of their burial place.”

Despite the powerful pressure from B.N. Yeltsin and his entourage, the patriarch and all the hierarchs, without exception, refused to participate in the burial. I had to turn to the help of priests who are not under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church. But even this priest refused to remember the names of members of the royal family at the funeral service, and buried the remains as nameless, singing: “And their names, Lord, you yourself weigh.”

Identification and burial are the finale of the great tragedy of Russian life, in which all Russian people, regardless of their beliefs, nationality and class, became participants. That is why it is so important that there are no misunderstandings here, no random decisions. It is necessary to continue the search for truth, because... it is a search for ourselves, our past and how we should live further.

3.2. Canonization.

The idea of ​​canonizing the last Russian emperor and his family originated abroad. "The great spiritual feat of the Sovereign Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich and his August family, which shone with a bright light after their martyrdom, was deeply understood by wide circles of the Russian emigration" 1 . Since the mid-20s proposals began to come from Serbia to canonize the Russian emperor. In 1936, at the foundation of the Temple-Monument of the royal family in Brussels, the Serbian Metropolitan Dosifei, speaking on behalf of His Holiness the Patriarch, said: “Serbia honors the Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II as a saint...” 1 . In all countries of Russian settlement and churches visited by Russian people, memorial services are held for the royal family. Temple-monuments were erected in almost all countries of the world. The first among them is the Brussels Church of the Holy Righteous Job the Long-Suffering in memory of Nicholas II. Its foundation took place in 1936, and consecration in 1950. Majestic temple-monuments were built in Shanghai, San Francisco, Montmorency, near Paris. In 1971, at the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church abroad, the question of canonization of the royal martyrs was officially raised, and in 1980 they were canonized.

On our path to canonization, many obstacles arose. The first official refusal of the Russian Orthodox Church from the glorification of the last Russian emperor was heard at the Council in 1997. The arguments were numerous: from the shooting of a peaceful demonstration in 1905 to the abdication of the throne 2 . Supporters of canonization argued that the tsar was killed by atheists who fought against God, and that he truly suffered the martyrdom of a Christian, due to his religious beliefs, refusing to resist the murderers. The decisive argument was the statement of Metropolitan Juvenaly - there are no miracles.

Less than a year later, a miracle happened. Icons depicting Nicholas II began to cry, and the sick who prayed to the face of the emperor began to be healed 2 . There is no consensus on canonization. One part of society considered and still considers canonization to be an exclusively political decision.

1 Alekseev V. The death of the royal family: Myths and reality. Sverdlovsk, 1995. P. 35.

2 New saints: Nicholas II and his family are symbols of Russian Orthodoxy. // Tribune. 2000, August 15. S.1.

The other part is confident that the Romanovs are certainly worthy of being canonized, especially since the Soviet government, in their opinion, did not kill Colonel Romanov, but a living symbol of Russian Orthodoxy.

In August 2000, the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church recognized that in the state and church activities of the last Russian emperor there is in itself no basis for his canonization, but Christian patience with suffering after the arrest and the martyrdom of the tsar and his family members make it possible for them to be glorified holy passion-bearers like the holy princes Boris and Gleb, Andrei Bogolyubsky, Tsarevich Dmitry. So Russia received new saints in the person of the former Emperor Nicholas II and his family.

Conclusion.

So, more than 80 years ago, the end of the 300-year-old Russian Romanov dynasty came. The paradoxes of the reign of Nicholas II can be explained by the objectively existing contradictions in Russian reality at the beginning of the 20th century, when the world was entering a new phase of its development, and the tsar did not have the will and determination to master the situation. Trying to defend the “autocratic principle,” he maneuvered: he either made small concessions or refused them. Surprisingly, the nature of the last king corresponded to the essence of the regime: avoid changes, maintain the status quo. As a result, the regime rotted, pushing the country towards the abyss. By rejecting and slowing down reforms, the last tsar contributed to the beginning of a social revolution, which could not but carry within itself everything that had accumulated in Russian life for many decades of its trampling and oppression. This should be recognized with absolute sympathy for the terrible fate of the royal family and with categorical rejection of the crime that was committed against her and other representatives of the House of Romanov.

At the critical moment of the February coup, the generals betrayed their oath and forced the tsar to abdicate. Then, for political reasons, the Provisional Government trampled on the principles of humanism, leaving the abdicated tsar in revolutionary Russia, which overthrew tsarism. And finally, class interests, as they were understood in the outbreak of the civil war, took precedence over moral considerations. The result of all this was the murder of the emperor.

I consider the tragedy of the last Romanovs to be the fate of the royal remains, which turned out to be not only the subject of detailed research, but also a bargaining chip in the political struggle. The burial of the royal remains, unfortunately, did not become a symbol of repentance, much less reconciliation. For most, this procedure went unnoticed. But, nevertheless, their burial was a real step towards the disappearance of the lingering uncertainty of the relationship between today's Russia and its past.

Bibliography.

1. Alekseev V. The death of the royal family: myths and reality. (New documents about the tragedy in the Urals). Ekaterinburg, 1993.

1. Volkov A. Around the royal family. M., 1993.
2. Diterichs M.K. Murder of the royal family "members of the House of Romanov" in the Urals. M.: Scythians, 1991.
3. Ioffe G. Revolution and the fate of the Romanovs. M.: Republic, 1992.
4. The Crown and the Scaffold: Historical Essays./Ed. O.V. and L.S. Vadeevs. M.: Politizdat, 1991.
5. Platonov O.A. Murder of the royal family. M.: Soviet Russia, 1991.
6. The last days of the Romanovs: documents, investigation materials, diaries, versions./ Comp. M.P. Shekulina, K.K. Belokurov. Sverdlovsk, 1991.
7. Sokolov N.A. Murder of the royal family. M., 1991.
8. Alekseev G. Chronicle of a disaster: the abdication of Nicholas II // Literary Russia. 1997. No. 12.
9. Bahar P. “Everything is in the power of God”: Nikolai Romanov on the 130th anniversary of his birth. // Russian Federation. 1996. No. 7.
10. Borisova M. Family tragedy and the collapse of the system: heir Alexey Nikolaevich, son of Nicholas II. // Neva. 21998. No. 4.
11. Brasol B. The reign of Emperor Nicholas II: 1894-1917. in numbers and facts. // Literary Russia. 1990, September 7.
12. Guilbaut E. The case of the royal family - the scam of the century. // Miracles and adventures. 2000. No. 3.
13. Gubanov A. Red regicides: the murder of Nicholas II and his family. // Russian news. 1997, September 20.
14. The life and miracles of the Tsarevich - martyr Alexei Nikolaevich: The Romanovs. // Literary studies. 1997. No. 2-4.
15. Kochedaev A. Everything could have been different... Why did Nicholas II refuse to save himself and his family? // Ogonyok. 1997. No. 17.
16. Way of the cross of the royal family. // Fatherland. Local history almanac. M., 1991. No. 2.
17. Kudrina Y. “Everything is hopelessly bad”: from the diary and letters of the mother of Nicholas II in 1917-1919. // Independent newspaper. 1998, July 16.
18. Mikhailov B. Separation of the opinion of the church from the opinion of the state: the remains of the royal family. // Labor-7. 1998, March 27.
19. The monarchical idea and the last autocrat. // Free thought. 1992. No. 11.
20. New saints: Nicholas II and his family - a symbol of Russian Orthodoxy. // Tribune. 2000, August 15.
21. Panushkin V. The Romanovs: life after death. // Russian newspaper. 1997, November 25.
22. Radzinsky E. “Lord... save and pacify Russia”: Nicholas II: life and death. // Ogonyok. 1993. No. 21-22.
23. Soloukhin V. In the light of day: the royal family and Soviet power. // Meeting. 1993. No. 8.
24. Murder of the Century: a selection of articles about the murder of the family of Nicholas II. // New time. 1998. No. 27.
25. Khutorsky K. Nicholas II: the path to a tragic end. // Free thought. 1998. No. 7.
26. Shirokorad A. The tragedy of the last tsar is the tragedy of Russia. // Business world. 1997. No. 9.
27. Yachmennikova N. The death of the last emperor: conclusions of the state commission. // Russian newspaper. 1998, April 4.

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The presentation on the topic “The Mystery of the Death of the Romanov Family” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Subject of the project: History. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 15 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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In 1894, succeeding his father Alexandra III, Nicholas II ascended the Russian throne. He was destined to become the last emperor not only in the great Romanov dynasty, but also in the history of Russia. In 1917, at the proposal of the Provisional Government, Nicholas II abdicated the throne. He was exiled to Yekaterinburg, where in 1918 he and his family were shot.

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To this day, reports from time to time appear in the press about people who consider themselves descendants of members of the royal house. Thus, some researchers have suggested that in 1918, Tsarevich Alexei passed away from death. He has as many as eight dozen “descendants”. But only one of them asked for an identification examination and judicial trial. This man is Oleg Vasilyevich Filatov. He was born in the Tyumen region in 1953. Currently lives in St. Petersburg, works in a bank.

Oleg Vasilievich Filatov

Slide 4

Among those who became interested in O.V. Filatov was Tatyana Maksimova, a correspondent for the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper. She visited Filatov and met his family. She was struck by the amazing resemblance eldest daughter Oleg Vasilyevich Anastasia with Grand Duchess Olga, sister of Nicholas II. And the face of the youngest daughter Yaroslavna, says T. Maksimova, strikingly resembles Tsarevich Alexei. O. V. Filatov himself says that the facts and documents that he has suggest that Tsarevich Alexei lived under the name of his father Vasily Ksenofontovich Filatov. But, according to Oleg Vasilyevich, the final conclusion must be made by the court.

Tsarevich Alexei

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Eight-year-old Oleg first heard about Tsarevich Alexei from his father while fishing. Vasily Ksenofontovich told a story that began with Alexey waking up at night on a pile dead bodies in the truck. It was raining and the car skidded. People got out of the cabin and, swearing, began to drag the dead to the ground. Someone's hand put a revolver into Alexei's pocket. When it became clear that the car could not be pulled out without a tow, the soldiers went to the city for help. The boy crawled under the railway bridge. By railway he reached the station. There, among the carriages, the fugitive was detained by a patrol. Alexey tried to escape and fired back. All this was seen by a woman who worked as a switchman. The patrolmen caught Alexei and drove him towards the forest with bayonets. The woman ran after them screaming, then the patrolmen began shooting at her. Fortunately, the switchwoman managed to hide behind the carriages. In the forest, Alexey was pushed into the first hole he came across, and then a grenade was thrown. He was saved from death by a hole in the pit where the boy managed to sneak through. However, a fragment hit the left heel.

Tsarevich Alexey

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The boy was pulled out by the same woman. Two men helped her. They took Alexei on a handcar to the station and called a surgeon. The doctor wanted to amputate the boy’s foot, but he refused. From Yekaterinburg, Alexey was transported to Shadrinsk. There he was settled with the shoemaker Filatov, laid on the stove together with the owner's son, who was in a fever. Of the two, Alexey survived. He was given the first and last name of the deceased.

Tsarevich Alexei with his father Nicholas II.

Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and Tsarevich Alexei

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In a conversation with Filatov, T. Maksimova noted: “Oleg Vasilyevich, but the Tsarevich suffered from hemophilia - I can’t believe that wounds from bayonets and grenade fragments left him a chance of survival.” To this Filatov replied: “I only know that the boy Alexei, as his father said, after Shadrinsk, was treated for a long time in the north near the Khanty-Mansi with decoctions of pine needles and reindeer moss, forced to eat raw venison, seal, bear meat, fish and as if bull's eyes." In addition, Oleg Vasilyevich also noted that hematogen and Cahors were never transferred to them at home. All his life, my father drank an infusion of bovine blood, took vitamins E and C, calcium gluconate, and glycerophosphate. He was always afraid of bruises and cuts. He avoided contact with official medicine, and had his teeth treated only by private dentists.

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According to Oleg Vasilyevich, the children began to analyze the oddities of their father’s biography when they had already matured. So, he often transported his family from one place to another: from the Orenburg region to the Vologda region, and from there to the Stavropol region. At the same time, the family always settled in remote rural areas. The children wondered: where did the Soviet geography teacher get his deep religiosity and knowledge of prayers? A foreign languages? He knew German, French, Greek and Latin. When the children asked where their father knew languages, he answered that he learned them at the workers' school. My father also played the keyboard very well and sang. He also taught his children to read and write music. When Oleg entered Nikolai Okhotnikov’s vocal class, the teacher did not believe that the young man was taught at home - the basics were taught so skillfully. Oleg Vasilyevich said that his father taught musical notation using the digital method. After the death of his father, in 1988, Filatov Jr. learned that this method was the property of the imperial family and was inherited.

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In a conversation with a journalist, Oleg Vasilyevich spoke about another coincidence. From his father’s stories, the name of the Strekotin brothers, “Uncle Andrei” and “Uncle Sasha,” was etched into his memory. It was they, together with the switchwoman, who pulled the wounded boy out of the pit and then took him to Shadrinsk. In the State Archive, Oleg Vasilyevich found out that the Red Army brothers Andrei and Alexander Strekotin actually served as guards at Ipatiev’s house.

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At the Research Center for Law at St. Petersburg State University, they combined portraits of Tsarevich Alexei, aged from one and a half to 14 years, and Vasily Filatov. A total of 42 photographs were examined. The studies carried out with a high degree of reliability suggest that these photographs of a teenager and a man depict the same person at different age periods of his life.

Vasily Filatov