Irregular verbs in German. Irregular verbs in German 3 forms of the verb cooperate in German

When studying the German (German) language, great attention has to be paid to verbs (verbs), since the verb. - this is the center of any mute. offers. He is often compared to a conductor in an orchestra, since the presence or absence of additional members and their place in the sentence depends on him.

Those who have recently begun to learn German may find it complex and confusing, and its verb system the invention of a rare misanthrope. For example, three forms (f-we) of German verbs. Many people wonder why there is one verb instead. (infinitive, which is given in the dictionary) you have to learn 3 forms at once. We hope our article will help you understand this.

So, everyone is mute. verb has three functions: infinitive, imperfect (Präteritum) and participle (Partizip II). Strictly speaking, every verb. has many more forms than these three, but these are the ones we will talk about. It will be a little easier for those who are familiar with English grammar, since these forms are similar in the two languages.

With the infinitive, everything is more or less clear, this f-ma is in the dictionary, from it all f-mas of the present and future tense are formed: machen, spielen, studieren, verkaufen, einkaufen.

Imperfect (Präteritum) is the past tense commonly used in written German. From the base of the imperfect (the second f-me), the personal f-me of verbs in this past tense are formed (using personal verb endings).

It is also formed from the infinitive using a special suffix -t- and endings. If a word has a separable prefix (adj.), then it is pronounced separately.

However, this is only true for weak verbs. As for strong verbs. and verb. mixed conjugation (irregular), then for them the imperfective form must be looked at in a special table (see below).

Mach-en – mach-t-e, spiel-en – spiel-t-e, studieren – studier-t-e, verkauf-en – verkauf-t-e, ein-kauf-en – kauf-t-e ein,

Accordingly, the 2nd form of these verbs: machte, spielte, studierte, verkaufte, kaufte ein.

Past participles (Partizip II) are used as independent parts of speech (passive participles), as well as to form the passive voice, past tenses Perfekt and Plusquamperfekt and future tense Futurum II.

These participles are also formed from the infinitive, using the adverb. ge- and the suffix –t.

Mach-en – ge-mach-t, spiel-en – ge-spiel-t.

NOTES!!!

• These phrases do not have verb endings.
• If in verb. there is a suffix -ier-, then adj. ge- is not added. Stud-ier -en – studier-t, buchstab-ier-en – buchstab-ier-t.
• If verb. begin with inseparable prefix (be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-,miss and some others), then adj. ge- is not added. Ver kauf-en – verkauf-t, be suchen – be such-t.
• If verb. begins with a separable prefix, then adj. ge- is placed between adj. and root. Ein -kauf-en – ein-ge -kauf-t, auf -räum-en – auf-ge -räum-t.

Accordingly, the third f-ma verb: gemacht, gespielt, studiert, verkauft, eingekauft.

That's all you need to know to form three f-we. verbs. Of course, a little more practice wouldn't hurt, but you already have the theory.

As for strong and irregular (irregular) verbs, it is easier to learn them in a table. You may find a table where there are only 3 forms, or a table where there are 4. Don't be alarmed, this is not some new confusing form. In fact, in such tables there is a separate column for the 3rd line. unit (i.e. f-ma for he/she/it). Just in the roots of some German verbs. alternation occurs, so it is easier for beginners to learn ready-made functions.

Because two verbs are used as auxiliaries in the past tense Perfect. haben and sein (for the verb movement, change of state and verb bleiben), then we recommend teaching the third form together with the auxiliary verb. All this is reflected in our table.

German verbs have three forms. These three forms are very important because they are used to form different tenses:

1st form: Infinitive, or indefinite form. Example: machen (to do)

2nd form: Präteritum, or simple past tense. Example: machte

3rd form: Partizip II, or past participle. Example: gemacht

(s) next to the verb, which can appear in the dictionary, indicates that this verb forms Perfect, Plusquamperfekt with the auxiliary verb sein .

With few exceptions, all verbs in German end in -en, so the 1st form of a verb (infinitive) is its stem + ending -en: mach en, sag en, lach en, lieb en...

Second form (Präteritum) for weak verbs usually formed by adding - te to the stem of the verb. That is, we remove the ending -en and add the ending -te: mach te, sag te, lach te, lieb te...

Third form (Partizip II) for weak verbsusually formed by adding a prefix ge- and endings - t to the stem of the verb. For example: ge mach t, ge sag t, ge lach t, ge lieb t...

Not so difficult at first glance. BUT these were the rules for weak verbs, and in German there is a lot strong (or irregular) verbs, whose forms are not formed according to the rules. They are needed memorize. For this you need a table and a lot of patience. Print it out and memorize a little every day.

Table of irregular verbs in German

Now let's take a quick look at what each verb form is used for.

First form of the German verb (infinitive):

• is in the dictionary
• used with modal verbs: Ich kann lesen. - I can read.
• used in infinitive phrases: Es ist zu kalt, so weit in den Wald zu gehen. - It's too cold to go that far into the forest.
• for education future tense Futurum: Ich werde viel arbeiten. - I will work hard.
• when adding the article das, the first form sometimes becomes a noun: das Lesen- reading

At conjugation the infinitive form is formed for the present tense: Ich mache die Hausaufgabe. - I'm doing my homework.

Second form of the German verb (Präteritum):

• for education simple past tense Präteritum(used in writing and books): Ich sagte das nicht. - I did not say that.

Third form of the German verb (Partizip II):

• for education complex past tense perfect(used in conversation): Ich habe so viel gelacht. - I laughed so much.
• for education prepast tense Plusquamperfekt(very rarely used): Ich hatte so viel gelacht. - I laughed so much. (the difference with the previous one is that here the action happened even earlier)
• for education Passiv (passive): Das Buch wird verkauft. - The book is on sale.

Based on the description of the functions of the three forms of the German verb, it becomes clear that the most important forms are the first and third. They need to be learned first. But it’s best to learn the three forms together, like a counting rhyme.

Valeria Zakharova,

German 3 verb forms are the most important topic when learning this language.

In German, verbs have 3 special forms. These three basic forms underlie the formation of all temporary forms. So, let's list these forms.

Infinitiv or indefinite form of the verb, then Imperfect - the form of the past tense, namely the indicative mood. And finally, Partizip II is also a form of the past, but already in the subjunctive mood.

For those who are interested in the topic of German language 3 verb forms, we also recommend reading the materials:

Let's start with the infinitive form. The indefinite form or infinitive is the form of the verb found in the dictionary. Most often in German, this form of most verbs ends in “en”.

This is the easiest form, because nothing in it requires changes. The verb is in the infinitive form when:

It is not the main verb and stands at the end of the sentence, while the main or semantic verb changes the ending, and the second verb remains unchanged.

- used in the present tense when politely addressing “Sie” or to many persons (meaning an expression like “wollen wir...”).

- and also when using some infinitive constructions.

The table presents six verbs with translation and example. In this case, all verbs in sentences are in the infinitive form.

The second main form is the form in the imperfect. “Imperfekt” is the name of the easiest past tense in German. Most often it finds its application in literature. It is also used with Plusquamperfekt for sentences reflecting actions in the pre-past tense.

Here, out of all the verbs, a separate group can be distinguished. These are so-called compound verbs. The rest are called simple. Simple ones form their form by adding a suffix, and strong ones by changing the root vowel.

The first two verbs, malen and tanzen, are simple verbs that form their imperfect form by adding the ending “-te”. The next four verbs are conjugated as strong verbs. A distinctive feature of a strong group of verbs is the change in the root vowel at the root of the word.

The last form, Partizip II, is most often used to form the complex past tense. All weak verbs add the prefix “ge” and the suffix “t” to form this form. Strong verbs, as in the formation of Imperfekt, change their root vowel, but, like weak ones, they add “ge” and most often the suffix “en”. Forms of verbs in the imperfect and Partizip II with strong verbs need to be known by heart.

It should be noted that some verbs omit the prefix “ge” when forming the third form.

This happens if they have either one of the inseparable prefixes (note the verb verstehen in the table) or a special suffix "-ieren" (for example, Haben Sie vorgestern meine Hausaufgabe korrigiert?)

The table below shows the given tense forms for the verbs in question and provides simple examples using the perfect.

So, as you can see, the topic of German 3 verb forms will always be in demand when using any tense.

When learning German, special attention is paid to verbs. This part of speech is mandatory when constructing a German sentence, and also has other, no less important, functions. A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object.

Unregelmäßige Verben

All German verbs morphologically can be divided into weak, strong and incorrect. It is irregular verbs that cause the greatest difficulty in learning.

Irregular verbs are those that differ in the way they form their basic forms from strong and weak verbs.

Interesting! Recently, the boundaries of the concepts of “strong” and “irregular” verbs in the German language have become quite blurred. Often, to simplify the learning process, all German verbs are divided into only two groups:

• Weak, the formation of the main forms of which can be clearly classified;
• Other, in the formation of Imperfekt (Präteritum) and Partizip II which usually have difficulties. This category includes both strong verbs and irregular verbs. The main forms of verbs in this group are recommended to be learned by heart. For greater convenience, there is a summary table of the conjugation of strong and irregular verbs in the German language.

But! Strong verbs are not irregular because... They can be classified according to the method of formation of their basic forms.

Irregular verbs of the German language can be divided into three subgroups:

First subgroup

Verbs of this subgroup form basic forms according to a weak principle, but they are characterized by a change in the root vowel e on A V Imperfect And Partizip II:

Be careful!
In the verb mögen, the root consonant is also replaced g on ch. In the verb wissen the root i in Imperfekt and Partizip II changes to u:

In the present tense (Präsens) these verbs change as follows:

Table of irregular verbs in German

As we can see from the table, the number of irregular verbs in the German language is quite small. These words are very often used in communication, and some of them serve to form temporary forms. For example, the verb werden is to form the future tense (Futurum). Ich werde lernen. I will learn.

For convenience, the table is divided into three blocks. By memorizing just seven words every day, in just three days, without much effort, your vocabulary will be replenished with new useful words, without which full communication is simply impossible.