Proper names that have become common nouns. Names that have become common nouns Literary character whose surname has become a common noun
Very Very interesting stories origin have words associated with real historical figures, for example, scientists, writers, or entrepreneurs who did not leave the public of their time indifferent. It is for this reason that their names have become household names. Words-eponyms, and that’s what they are called in etymology, are found often, we just don’t know or don’t think about their existence.
Boycott- British manager in Ireland Charles Boycott (1832–1897). The Irish refused to cultivate his land and began a campaign to isolate Boycott from local society.
Cardigan- this piece of clothing was named in honor of General James Thomas Brudnell, the seventh head of the county of Cardigan. It is he who is credited with the invention of this item of clothing, intended to insulate a uniform.
Chauvinism- Nicolas Chauvin, a French soldier who expressed his love for France and Napoleon Bonaparte in particular in his speeches. Extremely pretentious.
Whatman- This is high quality white thick paper. It got its name from the English paper manufacturer James Whatman, who in the mid-1750s introduced a new paper form that made it possible to produce sheets of paper without traces of the grid.
Breeches- the name of this cut of trousers is given by the name of the French general Gaston Galifet (1830–1909), who introduced them for cavalrymen. Then breeches were borrowed by other armies, and even later they entered the daily wardrobe of men and women.
Guppy- Robert John Lemcher Guppy, an English priest and scientist, gave a report to members of the Royal Society in 1886, in which he spoke about fish that do not spawn, but give birth to live young. And, by the way, he was laughed at.
Sweatshirt- this popular type of clothing is named after the great Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy, although the writer himself wore a shirt of a different cut.
Guillotine- French doctor Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, although he did not invent this means of execution, in 1789 he first proposed cutting off heads using this mechanism. This was considered “more humane.”
Tapestry- the word originated in France in the 17th century, after the royal Gobelin manufactory opened. Their products were very popular, and in some countries everything made using the tapestry weaving technique was called a tapestry.
Olivie- everyone’s favorite salad got its name in honor of its creator, chef Lucien Olivier, who ran the Hermitage restaurant of Parisian cuisine in Moscow in the early 60s of the 19th century. True, the original recipe is completely different from the modern, familiar version.
Olivier took:
meat of two boiled hazel grouse,
one boiled veal tongue,
added about 100 grams of black pressed caviar,
200 grams of fresh salad,
25 boiled crayfish or 1 can of lobster,
half a jar of very small pickled cucumbers (pickles),
half a jar of Kabul soybeans is a kind of soybean paste sauce produced at that time (similar to the “Yuzhny” and “Moskovsky” sauces later produced in the USSR, which also contained soy hydrolysate),
two chopped fresh cucumbers,
100 grams of capers (a prickly vegetable whose flower buds are pickled),
finely chopped five hard-boiled eggs.
This delicacy was seasoned with Provencal sauce, which was supposed to be prepared with “French vinegar, two fresh egg yolks and a pound (400 grams) of Provençal olive oil."
Begonia- named after the French nobleman Michel Begon (1638-1710). He was the intendant of the French colonies in the Caribbean and organized a scientific expedition to the Antilles to collect plants.
Masochism- Austrian writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836–1895) described in his novels “The Divorced Woman” and “Venus in Fur” how despotic women mocked weak men. That’s where the term came from.
Maecenas- the name comes from the name of the Roman Gaius Cilnius Maecenas, who patronized the arts under Emperor Augustus.
Lovelace- Sir Robert Lovelace is a character in Samuel Richardson's novel Clarissa, written in 1748. According to the plot of this work, a handsome aristocrat insidiously seduces the 16-year-old main character.
Saxophone- the instrument is named after the Belgian inventor of musical instruments, Adolphe Sax (1814–1894).
Sandwich- John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718–1792), an English minister and avid gambler, is said to have invented this sandwich while playing cribbage. The game had already lasted for several hours, and the minister could not be distracted to eat. John Montague asked to be served meat sandwiched between two slices of bread. His fellow players really liked this way of eating, because he didn’t have to take time off from the game, and they also ordered sandwich bread.
Silhouette- Etienne de Silhouette (1709–1767) was Comptroller General of Finance in France under Louis XV and imposed taxes external signs wealth (doors and windows, farms, luxury goods, servants, profit). In retaliation, his name was associated with the so-called “cheap painting”, when instead of an expensive portrait you can simply outline a person’s shadow - cheaper and faster.
Mausoleum- this type of burial structure is named after the magnificent tomb of the Carian king Mausolus in the city of Halicarnassus in the territory of modern Turkey.
The Russian term "common noun" is derived from the Old Church Slavonic word name- "to call". In the first grammar of the 17th century, Meletius Smotritsky used it to designate “nominal, ordinary, ordinary” nouns. The word “naritsati”, in turn, comes from “ritsati” - to speak, and this word was formed from the ancient Slavic word “speech”. Very often in old scrolls the phrase “I am a river” appears, i.e. "I speak". Common nouns are generalized names of homogeneous objects. For example: student, teacher, ghost, entity, flower, tree and so on.
The word "own" comes from Old Church Slavonic property, which means “one’s own”, “personal”, “belonging to oneself”, as well as “peculiarity, person”. A proper name is the second name that is used to name an object in order to distinguish it from another similar object.
1. August- the eighth month of the Gregorian calendar. It received its real name in honor of the Roman emperor Octavian Augustus (63 BC - 14 AD), after whom the Roman Senate named a month that was especially happy in the life of the emperor (Cleopatra died in this month).
2. Accordion- music The instrument received its name from the Slavic storyteller Bayan (Boyan).
3. Boycott- on behalf of the governor of an Irish principality, Charles Boycott, who was particularly harsh; for this everyone turned away from him.
4. Bolivar- wide-brimmed hat from the 19th century. Named in honor of Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), leader of the struggle for independence of the Spanish colonies in the South. America. Liberated Venezuela from Spanish rule, New. Granada. “Wearing a wide bolivar, Onegin goes to the boulevard...”(A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”).
5. Whatman- the type of paper is named after the English industrialist of the 18th century. J. Whatman.
6. Watt- a unit of measurement of power, named after the Scottish-Irish mechanical inventor James Watt (Watt), creator of the universal steam engine.
7. Breeches- trousers of a special cut were named after the French cavalry general Breeches.
8. Guillotine- On January 21, 1790, the French doctor J. Guillotin presented his main invention - the guillotine - a weapon for carrying out executions (beheading convicts), introduced during the French Revolution.
25. Pullman - (Pullman), George, inventor of sleeping cars, 1831-1897, founder of the Chicago Carriage Society. Pullman built carriages that were featured in Westerns and were considered palaces on wheels. Thanks to this, the word “Pullman” itself acquired its meaning - the car is extremely comfortable.
26.X-ray - a common spelling variant in Russian for the name of the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who discovered X-ray radiation.
27. Saxophone- the Belgian master Sax gave the name to the popular wind instrument.
28. French- military jacket at the waist, with four large pockets on the chest and sides and a tab at the back. John Denton French, who commanded the British expeditionary forces in France during the First World War, wore such a jacket.
29. Celsius- degree Celsius is named after the Swedish scientist Anders Celsius, who proposed a new scale for measuring temperature in 1742.
There are words that we use in our speech automatically, without thinking that some of them owe their origin to specific people. Of course, everyone knows that months July And August named after emperors, salad Olivie bears the name of its creator. Some units of measurement can also be included in this category of words, for example: volt, ampere etc.
There are many such words. For example, a shirt sweatshirt has the most direct relation to the great writer - in many photographs Lev Nikolaevich is depicted in a thick shirt untucked. Many followers, who called themselves students of the writer and were called Tolstoyans, wanting to emphasize their closeness to him, often appeared in shirts similar to those worn by Leo Tolstoy. This is how the untucked shirt came to be called sweatshirt.
Word hooligan- English origin. It is believed that the surname Houlihan once worn by a famous London brawler who caused a lot of trouble for city residents and the police. The Oxford Dictionary dates the frequent appearance of this Mr.'s name in police reports to 1898. The surname has become a common noun, and the word is international, characterizing a person who grossly violates public order.
But what, according to some sources, is the history of the origin of the word academy. The philosopher Plato often expounded his teachings in a shady grove near Athens. According to legend, the Attic hero Academus was buried in this grove. That's why the grove was called Academy. First the word academy became the name of Plato's school, and later - of a certain type educational institution and communities of scientists.
Interesting origin of the word boycott. In the 19th century, an English earl hired a manager named Charles Cunningham Boycott for his estate in Ireland. Boycott was a harsh man, often punishing peasants and farmers, which aroused hatred on their part. People, having heard about his cruelty, refused to have anything to do with him and avoided communicating with him. Since then the punishment of man complete isolation began to be called boycott.
Word mausoleum also has its own history. In 352 BC. King Mausolus died in the city of Halicarnassus (Asia Minor). According to the custom of those times, the king's corpse was burned and the ashes were placed in a funeral urn. According to one of the legends that has reached us, his widow Artemisia decided to build a huge tomb and thereby perpetuate the memory of her husband, whom she loved very much. They were involved in the construction and decoration of the structure famous masters, including the court sculptor of Alexander the Great Leocharus. The tomb was the height of a ten-story building. At the top stood a giant statue of the Mausoleum. The Halicarnassus tomb was named mausoleum and is ranked among the seven ancient wonders of the world. ( From various etymological dictionaries and reference books).
Sometimes objects get their names from the place from which they were taken: coffee(from the name of the country Kaffa, located in Africa), peach(from the name Persia - modern Iran), orange(The Dutch word appelsien literally translates to "Chinese apple"). Word trousers comes from the name of the Dutch city of Bruges.
One of the ancient legends tells about a handsome young man Narcissus, who was so in love with himself that he did not notice anyone or anything around him, but all the time looked at his reflection in the water. The gods, angry, turned him into a plant. White flower narcissus leans to one side and seems to look down at his reflection with his yellow eye. Plant names such as cypress And hyacinth.
One day, the son of King Keos and friend of Apollo, Cypress, accidentally killed a deer while hunting - his favorite and the favorite of all the inhabitants. The inconsolable young man asked Apollo to give him eternal sadness, and God turned him into a slender tree cypress(since then, the Greeks began to hang a cypress branch at the door of the house where there was a deceased person). A beautiful (usually bright red) flower hyacinth named after the son of the king of Sparta, Hyacinth, who died during a discus throwing competition. Flower of Sorrow hyacinth grew from the blood of Hyacinth.
One of the Slavic alphabets is called Cyrillic(named after one of its creators, Kirill); many names literary trends go back to proper names: Byron - Byronism, Karamzin - Karamzinism, Petrarch - Petrarchism... We call adventure-rich journeys or sorrowful wanderings odyssey(Odysseus - the mythical king of Ithaca, hero of the Trojan War), adventures of the hero-traveler, deprived human society — Robinsonade(Robinson is the hero of Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe).
Quite often, common nouns go back to the names of famous scientists and inventors. Here are some: ampere(named after the French physicist Ampere), watt(named after the English physicist Watt), volt(named after the Italian physicist Volta) ... The French cavalry general Galliffet invented trousers of a special cut - riding breeches, Scottish chemist Mackintosh - waterproof raincoat mac. Colt, Maxim, Mauser, Nagant- famous inventors of weapons. The Belgian master Sax gave the name to the popular wind instrument - saxophone.
The patron was essentially the minister of culture, although such a position did not exist in those days
A trusting relationship with Octavian Augustus allowed him to express his special opinion on many issues, which might not coincide with the position of the emperor. The patron was essentially the minister of culture, although such a position did not exist in those days.
In the reception room of the Maecenas. Painting by Stepan Bakalovich
He paid a lot of attention to supporting talents, scientists, artists, primarily poets. He helped Virgil return the taken away estate, and gave Horace his own. The death of Maecenas became a real tragedy for the Romans.
Maecenas presents to Emperor Augustus liberal arts. Painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Lovelace
Sir Robert Lovelace (Lovelace) is a treacherous seducer from the Enlightenment novel Clarissa by Samuel Richardson. main character- a 16-year-old aristocrat who wants to marry off to a hated but rich groom.
Sir Robert Lovelace - the treacherous seducer from the novel "Clarissa" by Samuel Richardson
Lovelace kidnaps Clarissa, settles with her in a brothel, where women of easy virtue, hired by him, portray his noble relatives. The girl does not reciprocate his advances, then Lovelace takes possession of her by giving her sleeping pills. Clarissa refuses to marry him and dies. Lovelace will die in a duel.
Boycott
The name for this form of protest was given by a retired British Army officer.
Charles Cunningham Boycott
Charles Cunningham Boycott was a steward of lands in Ireland that belonged to an English lord. A series of crop failures led to widespread famine and even displacement from the region. The trade union organization demanded a reform that would allow free acquisition of plots and the establishment of fair rents. Boycott began to reduce the number of workers. Then the Land League of Ireland made it so that the manager could no longer hire new workers.
Captain Boycott harvests with his family
In addition, Boycott and his family began to be subjected to bullying and persecution. The neighbors ignored them, the postmen did not return letters and parcels, and the shops refused to serve him. At the end of 1880, Boycott had to leave Ireland, and then he left the country altogether.
Shrew
In Greek myths, Megaera is one of the goddesses of vengeance. Translated, her name means “hostile.” Together with two sisters - the Erinyes (for the Romans - the Furies) she was born from the blood of castrated Uranus.
Erinyes tormenting Orestes. Painting by William Bouguereau
Lives in the underground kingdom, where he punishes people for crimes, especially murder and adultery.
Hooligan
A man named Hooligan lived in the outskirts of London at the end of the 19th century. Police reports describe him as a rowdy and thief.
There is a version that not only Patrick Hooligan had a bad character, but his entire family. They supposedly owned an inn. The Hooligans robbed and killed their guests. According to other sources, the same family owned a private school, whose students were brutally dealt with.
There are people who leave their mark on history with the help of great deeds and achievements, there are those who write great books or create brilliant suites. And there are people whose own names become household names. It seems to me that this is the highest degree of recognition and influence for future generations.
Charles Boycott worked as a manager for Lord Erne, an Irish landowner. In 1880, as part of the fight for fair rents, the right to remain on the land and the right to buy land freely, the Land League of Ireland withdrew the local labor needed to harvest crops on Lord Erne's estate. When Boycott began to fight against this strike, the League began a campaign to isolate Boycott from local society. Neighbors stopped talking to him, stores refused to serve him, and at church people wouldn't sit next to him or talk to him. Boycott left Ireland on 1 December that year. And his name entered most languages of the world, becoming synonymous with peaceful resistance and political protest.
Source: img.joinfo.ua
Famous German Formula 1 racer. Seven-time world champion, two-time world vice-champion and three-time bronze medalist. Thanks to his numerous victories, the surname Schumacher has become a household name, as they say about people who love speed and driving fast.
Source: nashaplaneta.su
King of the Jews who reigned for about 35 years. He was described as "a madman who killed his family and many rabbis", "the evil genius of the Jewish nation", "willing to commit any crime to please his unlimited ambitions", and "the greatest builder in Jewish history." Today Herod is a name given to a cruel man, a torturer.
Source: 2queens.ru
German-Austrian writer, Rusyn by origin, son of the Galician police president. From childhood, Leopold grew up as a weak and fragile child; at an early age he witnessed the atrocities that accompanied the revolutions in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (first 1846, then 1848). Another test that traumatized the young man’s psyche was his first love for Anna Kotwitz, who was much older than him. Their sexual relationship was sadomasochistic in nature. Being a historian by training, he left university work early and quickly became one of the most popular writers in Austria, and also edited a number of magazines. In 1886, psychiatrist and neurologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing unveiled a new concept in psychiatry and sexopathology associated with the work of Leopold Sacher-Masoch - masochism.
Source: upload.wikimedia.org
Prominent statesman Ancient Rome. During civil war The patron took the side of Augustus and often carried out his important assignments. At the end of the war he lived in Rome and, in the absence of Octavian Augustus, was in charge of state affairs without holding any official position. Being the most influential and trusted friend and assistant of Augustus, he took part in all the actions of the emperor to organize the state and consolidate power. Ambition, envy, ill will were completely alien to him. He used his closeness to Augustus only to restrain passionate impulses, which often drove the emperor to cruelty. The best poets of that time found in Maecenas an attentive and caring patron and protector; his services to them are at the same time his services to Roman (Latin) poetry. An admirer of the foundations of Epicurean philosophy, Maecenas indulged in pleasures to an extent that even the Romans of that time seemed excessive. He died, warmly mourned by friends and all the people. He bequeathed all his property to Augustus.
Source: inspired.daikynguyenvn.com
Theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, laureate Nobel Prize in physics in 1921, public figure and humanist. Einstein is the author of more than 300 scientific papers in physics, as well as about 150 books and articles in the field of history and philosophy of science, journalism, etc. He developed several significant physical theories, predicted gravitational waves and “quantum teleportation,” predicted and measured the Einstein gyromagnetic effect - de Haas. For many, the name Einstein has become synonymous with high mind and intelligence.
Source: www.taziosecchiaroli.it
Famous Italian photographer and reporter. Born in 1925 on one of the Roman outskirts. In 1944 he became a photographer, photographing American soldiers and tourists on the streets of Rome. In 1951, he was accepted into the Vedo agency, which belonged to Adolfo Pastorel, one of the fathers of Italian photojournalism, from whom he learned all the secrets of the photographer's craft. In 1955, together with Sergio Spinelli, he founded the Roma Press Photo agency. Soon, the famous Italian director Federico Fellini shot the film “La Dolce Vita”, one of the heroes of which was the photographer Paparazzo. The prototype of this hero was Tazio Secchiaroli. Since then, the word paparazzi has been used to describe all annoying photographers.
Source: a.d-cd.net
French writer (marquis is part of his literary pseudonym). His characteristic combination of cruelty and debauchery was called sadism. In 1768 he was tried and imprisoned for violence against a woman, but by order of King Louis XV the prosecution was stopped. In 1772 he was sentenced by parliament to death penalty"for sodomy and poisoning." He escaped, was arrested, escaped again and was captured again; the death sentence was commuted to imprisonment. In 1784 he was transferred to the Bastille, where he began writing his pornographic novels and dramas. Having discovered signs of insanity, he was transferred to Charenton, but in 1790 he received his freedom. In 1791, the most famous of his novels appeared, Justine ou Les malheurs de la vertu (“Justine, or the Misadventures of Virtue”), which was published in a second edition in 1797, with even more disgusting episodes; its continuation was the novel Juliette (“Juliette”) (1798). In 1801, the publication of these novels was confiscated, and de Sade was imprisoned. He died mentally ill.
Source: pbs.twimg.com
Comptroller General of Finance in France under Louis XV. Born in Limoges. Traveling around Europe, he lived in London, where he studied practical economics and the financial system of Great Britain. Upon returning to Paris, he translated several English scientific works on economics, which made him famous. In March 1759 he was appointed Comptroller General of France. He tried to reform the tax system and reduce the exorbitant expenses of the royal court. The harsh austerity measures introduced by de Silhouette aroused sharp criticism from court circles. In November 1759, Silhouette was forced to leave his post. The word “silhouette” in the meaning of the outline of an object came into use after a caricature was drawn of E. de Silhouette in the form of a shadow profile.
There are words that we use in our speech automatically, without thinking that some of them owe their origin to specific people. Of course, everyone knows that the months of July and August are named after emperors, the Olivier salad bears the name of its creator, and some units of measurement can also be included here, for example: volts, amperes, etc.
There are many such words. For example, a shirt sweatshirt has the most direct relation to the great writer - in many photographs Lev Nikolaevich is depicted in a thick shirt untucked. Many who called themselves students of the writer and were called Tolstoyans, wanting to emphasize their closeness to him, often appeared in shirts similar to those worn by Leo Tolstoy. This is how the untucked shirt began to be called a sweatshirt.
Word hooligan- English origin. It is believed that the surname Houlihan was once borne by a famous London brawler who caused a lot of trouble for city residents and the police. The Oxford Dictionary dates the frequent appearance of this Mr.'s name in police reports to 1898. The surname has become a common noun, and the word is international, characterizing a person who grossly violates public order.
But what, according to some sources, is the history of the origin of the word academy. The philosopher Plato often expounded his teachings in a shady grove near Athens. According to legend, the Attic hero Academus was buried in this grove. That's why it was called the Academy. At first the word became the name of Plato's school, and later - a certain type of educational institution and community of scientists.
Interesting origin of the word boycott. In the 19th century, an English earl hired a manager named Charles Cunningham Boycott for his estate in Ireland. Boycott was a harsh man, often punishing peasants and farmers, which aroused hatred on their part. People, having heard about his cruelty, refused to have anything to do with him and avoided communicating with him. Since then, punishing a person with complete isolation has come to be called a boycott.
Word mausoleum also has its own history. In 352 BC. King Mausolus died in the city of Halicarnassus (Asia Minor). According to the custom of those times, the king's corpse was burned and the ashes were placed in a funeral urn. According to one of the legends that has reached us, his widow Artemisia decided to build a huge tomb and thereby perpetuate the memory of her husband, whom she loved very much. Famous craftsmen were involved in the construction and decoration of the structure, including the court sculptor of Alexander the Great, Leocharus. The tomb was the height of a ten-story building. At the top stood a giant statue of the Mausoleum. The Halicarnassus tomb was called a mausoleum and ranked among the seven wonders of the world.