Spring adonis plant description. Spring Adonis (Spring Adonis, Chernogorka, Starodubka). Distinctive features of different types of Adonis

Adonis spring herb - HerbaAdonidisvernalis

Adonisspring- Adonis vernalis L.

Ranunculaceae family - Ranunculaceae

Other names:

- spring adonis

- steamed herb

- black grass

- Montenegrin

- old man

- goldenflower

- hairy

- swimsuit

Botanical characteristics. A perennial wild herbaceous plant with 3-4 stems 5-20 cm long at the beginning of flowering, and then growing to 40 cm or more. The stems at the base are covered with brown scale-like leaves: the stem leaves are sessile, alternate, palmately cut into 5 lobes; The leaf lobes are entire, narrowly linear, glabrous. The flowers are solitary, yellow, large. The fruits are oval with a hook-shaped style bent downwards. Blooms in April-May, bears fruit in June-July. The entire plant is poisonous. Adonis develops to its maximum at 40-50 years of age.

Spreading. Steppe and forest-steppe zones of the European part of the country, Siberia. Grass harvesting is mainly carried out in Altai, Bashkortostan, Western Siberia, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions, Stavropol Territory, Middle Volga region. There are also other types of adonis. The Volga adonis is not harvested.

Habitat. Along the edges of forests, open slopes, in meadows, in steppes, especially on limestone.

Harvesting, primary processing, drying. It is advisable to harvest grass during the period of mass fruiting, when it contains the maximum amount of cardenolides. This also makes it possible to increase the collection of raw materials while causing the least damage to the thickets. Considering the lack of a potential supply of fruits (seeds sprout only after 10-12 years), the slow development of individuals (maximum development only by 50 years), it is necessary to carefully follow the rules for the procurement of raw materials.

The stems are cut above the brown scales at a height of 7-10 cm from the soil surface with a sickle, pruning shears, scissors, or mowed with a scythe along with other plants, and then adonis shoots are selected from the mowed mass. You cannot (!) break off or pull out shoots, as this leads to damage to the renewal buds. For approximately every 10 m2 of thickets, 1-2 well-developed specimens should be left uncut for seeding. Harvesting in the same place, subject to collection rules, can be carried out no more than once every 3-4 years. In order to protect the thickets, it is necessary to organize reserves and stop plowing the lands occupied by thickets of spring adonis.

The collected raw materials are placed in a loose layer in open containers (boxes, wicker baskets), since they quickly turn black in bags. When transporting over long distances, the car body must be equipped with racks or grates on which the grass is laid out. Before drying, remove foreign plants and mineral impurities, cut off stems with brown scaly leaves if they got into the raw material.

The grass is dried in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 ° C or, in good weather, in ventilated attics, under canopies, laid out in a thin layer on a stretched mesh, gauze or racks; During the drying process, the raw materials are periodically turned over. Before packaging, it is kept indoors for 2-3 days and only then packaged.

Standardization. The quality of raw materials is regulated by the State Fund XI.

Features various types Adonis

Plant name	Life form and distribution	Diagnostic signs
Adonis Turkestan - Adonis turkestanicus Adolf	Perennial herbaceous plant. Grows in the mountain meadows of Central Asia.	The leaves are pinnately dissected, sessile, the leaf lobes are lanceolate. Large yellow flowers fade when dried and acquire a bluish tint.
Golden Adonis - Adonis chrysocyathus Hock. f. et Thorn.	Perennial herbaceous plant. Grows in the high mountain meadows of the Tien Shan. The raw material base is limited.	The leaves are long-petiolate, three-pinnately cut, the leaf lobes are rhombic. The flowers are large, golden, the outer petals have a purple tint. The raw material can be used to obtain K-strophanthin-b.
Siberian Adonis - Adonis sibiricus Pair.	Perennial herbaceous plant 60-70 cm high. Grows in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Western Urals.	The leaves are pinnately divided, the leaf lobes are lanceolate and toothed. The flowers are smaller than those of spring adonis and bright yellow. Biological activity is low.
Adonis amurensis - Adonis amurensis Rgl. et Rodde	Perennial. Occurs scatteredly: Sakhalin, southern Kuril Islands, Primorsky Krai. Perennial up to 20-30 cm high. The growing areas are the same as for spring Adonis.	Biological activity is higher than that of spring Adonis.
Volga Adonis - Adonis wolgensis Stev.	Perennial up to 20-30 cm high. The growing areas are the same as for spring Adonis.	The bush has a spherical shape. The leaves are pinnately dissected, their lobes are wider and pubescent. The flowers are small, pale yellow. The fruits are oval, with a straight (not bent) nose pressed to the fruit. Biological activity is low.

Security measures. To regenerate the thickets, some of the plants are left untouched. The culture of spring Adonis has not yet been successful. Plants from seeds grow very slowly; It takes years to produce full-grown plants suitable for harvesting. In old, traditional harvesting areas, a periodicity of 4-5 years should be observed. Therefore, scientists continue to search for new thickets of adonis. Other types of adonis are also being studied - perennial and annual. Annual low plants with red flowers, although they have cardiotonic properties, but produce a small above-ground mass. Perennial herbaceous plants have a large aboveground mass and yellow flowers. It is necessary to organize reserves for spring Adonis.

External signs. According to GF XI, the stems are 10-35 cm long, up to 4 mm thick, slightly ribbed, leafy, with or without flowers, sometimes with buds or fruits. The leaves are alternate, sessile, semi-stem-embracing, palmately dissected into 5 lobes, of which the lower two are pinnately dissected, the upper three are twice pinnately dissected. The flowers are solitary, golden yellow, regular. The fruit is a composite, consisting of individual, almost spherical nuts with a hook-shaped column bent downwards. The smell is weak and characteristic. The taste is bitter, it is not recommended to try poisonous raw materials. The grass comes to pharmacies cut. The raw material consists of small pieces of green stems and leaf segments; parts of flowers and fruits up to 10 mm in size are included. The quality of raw materials is regulated by numerical indicators; weight loss after drying - no more than 13%; browned parts - no more than 3%, crushed parts - no more than 2%; fallen leaf segments - no more than 5%; plants with stems with brown scaly leaves - no more than 2%, organic impurities - no more than 2%, mineral impurities - no more than 0.5%. The authenticity of raw materials is determined by morphological characteristics and microscopy. Diagnostic signs are bubble-shaped and hose-shaped hairs, large, elongated leaf segments, sinuous, and sometimes there are clear thickenings. The stomata are oval-shaped, large, located along the length of the leaf, surrounded by 4-5 epidermal cells.

Microscopy. In a microscopic examination of a leaf surface specimen, highly convoluted walls of the epidermis with clearly defined longitudinal, wavy folding of the cuticle are of diagnostic value.

Numerical indicators. The biological activity of 1 g of herb should be 50-60 ICE or 6.3-8 KED; humidity no more than 13%; total ash no more than 12%; browned parts of the plant no more than 3%; plants with stems with brown scaly leaves, no more than 2%; the content of organic impurities is no more than 2%, mineral impurities - no more than 0.5%.

For crushed raw materials: particles that do not pass through a sieve with a hole diameter of 7 mm, no more than 10%, particles passing through a sieve with holes 0.25 mm in size, no more than 10%.

Chemical composition. The grass contains 0.13-0.83% cardiac glycosides; green fruits and leaves are the richest in them. A total of 25 individual cardiac glycosides were found in the plant. The above-ground organs of the plant contain K-strophanthin-b and cymarin, and the roots contain K-strophanthin-b. The specific cardenolide of adonis is adonitoxin, which is hydrolyzed to adonitoxigenin and l-rhamnose. In addition to glycosides, 2,6-dimethoxyquinone, phytosterol, flavonoids - 0.59-1.2% (flavone glycoside - adonivernite), steroid saponins (6.8-9.4%), were also isolated from the herb. organic acids (0,6-1,2%), ascorbic acid(33.4-49.2 mg%), carotene (1.3-2.6 mg%), as well as choline, coumarins, adonite alcohol (4%). The seeds contain cardiac glycosides of unknown nature. The following were isolated from the roots: cymarin, K-strophanthin-b, saponin-like substances, coumarin, vernadine. The content of cardiac glycosides varies depending on the phase of plant development; their highest content and pharmacological activity are observed in the flowering and fruiting phases. Glycosides accumulate in the underground organs of the plant at the end of the growing season.

Storage. In a dry place, protected from light, according to list B. Biological activity 55-60 LED. Shelf life: 1 year after the date of study.

Pharmacological properties. The priority of experimental research on Adonis belongs to N. O. Bubnov (1880), who, at the suggestion of S. P. Botkin, studied galenic dosage forms Adonis. Adonis drugs belong to the group of cardiac glycosides. They slow down the heart rhythm, increase systole, lengthen diastole, increase the stroke volume of the heart, and moderately inhibit intracardiac conduction.

Adonis glycosides change the bioelectrical activity of the heart and repolarization processes in the cardiac muscle, which is reflected on the ECG in the form of prolongation of the P-Q interval, flattening of the T wave and a decrease in the ST segment. When studying the phase structure of the cardiac cycle, signs of stimulation of cardiac activity were found: shortening the period of isometric contraction of the left ventricle, lengthening the ejection period, decreasing the myocardial contraction index.

Experimental data suggest that in heart failure accompanied by conduction disturbances, Adonis aggravates atrioventricular conduction disturbances to a lesser extent than digitalis.

Adonis preparations have more pronounced diuretic properties compared to other cardiac drugs, which are associated with cymarin. In experiments on cats, diuresis under the influence of cymarin increased in some cases by 100%.

In experimental myocarditis, cymarin helps eliminate acute heart failure, weakens inflammatory and subsequent sclerotic changes in the heart. Systematic administration of cymarin at a dose of 0.1-0.5 KED significantly reduces hypotension, usually observed in experimental myocarditis, slows the pulse, and increases the speed of blood flow.

With the combined use of Adonis with other cardiac glycosides, a potentiation of the action of the glycosides and an increase in the diuretic effect are observed.

The effect of Adonis drugs, like other cardiac glycosides, manifests itself more clearly in pathology.

A characteristic feature of Adonis drugs is a sedative effect, noted in the last century. Adonis is effective for convulsions caused in animals by cocaine. Pre-administration of Adonis tincture or infusion prevents the death of animals, as well as the development of convulsions caused by camphor and picrotoxin.

The cardiac glycoside adonitoxin was isolated from Adonis vernacular and other species of this plant, which, along with cymarin, determines the pharmacological characteristics of Adonis preparations: moderate systolic and diastolic effects, less influence on the tone of the vagus nerve than digitalis preparations and a small cumulative effect.

Cymarin has high biological activity. 1 g of the substance contains 38,000 - 44,000 ICE, or 6369 KED. In terms of the nature of its action, it is close to strophanthin, but its cumulative properties are more pronounced.

In the 60s, at the Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, N. K. Abubakirov, R. Sh. Yamatova et al. The possibility of the transition of cymarin monoside to K-strophanthin-b bioside under conditions of slow drying of Adonis was proven.

Medicines. Grass (cut). Dry spring adonis extract (used in the manufacture of tablets), Adonis-bromine tablets. A water infusion, which is also included in many mixtures (Bekhterev, Traskova, etc.).

Application. Adonis is used for relatively mild forms chronic failure blood circulation Indications for the use of Adonis include cardiac neurosis, vegetative dystonia, infectious diseases that occur with symptoms of weakened cardiac activity, kidney disease with signs of cardiovascular failure.

Adonisidum is a new-galenic preparation from the herb adonis. The liquid is yellowish in color. The biological activity of 1 ml is 23-27 ICE, or 2.7-3.5 KED. Higher doses for adults: single 40 drops, daily 120 drops. Highest single doses for children orally: up to 6 months - 1 drop, up to 1 year - 2 drops, 2 years - 3 drops, 3-4 years - 5 drops, 5-6 years - 6 drops, 7-9 years - 8 drops , 10-14 years - 10-15 drops. The drug is stored with caution in a cool place, protected from light. The biological activity of the drug is monitored annually. Adoniside is the main part of the drug cardiovalene.

Adoniside dry (Adonisidum siccum) - amorphous powder, brownish-yellow color, biological activity of the powder is 14000-20000 ICE, or 2083 KED. Tablets with an activity of 10-15 LEDs are prepared from the powder; take 1 tablet 2-4 times a day after meals.

Adonis-brom tablets (Tabulettae Adonis-brom). Contains dry extract of Adonis and potassium bromide, 0.25 g each. Tablets are used for heart neuroses and chronic heart failure. Prescribe 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.

Infusion of spring adonis (Infusum Adonidis vernalis). Prepared from 6 g of herb and 200 ml of water; Take 1 tablespoon 2-3 times a day. For children, the same infusion is prescribed 1 teaspoon or 1 dessert spoon 3-4 times a day. Higher doses of dry adonis herb: single 1 g, daily 5 g. Higher single doses of adonis herb for children: up to 6 months - 0.03 g, from 6 months to 1 year - 0.05 g, 2 years - 0.1 g , 3-4 years - 0.15 g, 5-6 years - 0.2 g, 7-9 years - 0.3 g, 10-14 years - 0.3-0.5 g.

Adonis is part of Traskow's anti-asthmatic medicine and Bekhterev's medicine (infusion of spring adonis herb 6:180 ml, sodium bromide 6 g, codeine phosphate 0.2 g. 1 tablespoon 2 times a day).

Spring Adonis, or as it is also called, starodubka, adonis, belongs to the ranunculaceae family. This plant contains potent substances and is considered poisonous. However, despite this, it is popularly called heart grass. How did the old woman deserve such fame? The fact is that this plant is successfully used to treat heart diseases and more. When used correctly, Adonis can have beneficial effects on human health. Let's discuss how the herb adonis is useful, what are the uses and contraindications of starodubka.

Features of the plant

Adonis is a perennial plant that grows in the steppes of Russia and Ukraine, in Siberia, and some parts of Europe. Since the starwort reproduces by seeds and grows very slowly, its reserves are last decades decreased significantly. What is so special about Adonis?

The plant reaches about 60 centimeters in height and blooms with bright yellow flowers from mid-April to June. In medicine, mainly the stems and leaves of adonis are used. Their composition is rich in cardiac glycosides; the plant contains approximately 25 species. That is why this plant is used to treat mainly heart diseases. Medications are made from its green part, and decoctions are also prepared.

How is the old flower used? medicinal properties what plants?

Adonis is valued by herbalists for its medicinal properties - it can have a calming effect on nervous system. That is why drugs containing it are prescribed for epilepsy and seizures. Starodubka is rightly called a heart plant, since this plant has a positive effect on patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Under the influence of Adonis, the heart increases the force of contractions, while the heart rhythm slows down somewhat and evens out. Due to the diuretic properties of adonis, it is successfully used for edema of both cardiac origin and kidney diseases.

Sometimes the spring adonis grass shows good results and for infectious diseases of the kidneys and genitourinary system, as well as any other infections that cause weakening of the heart.

So, Adonis vernalis is a herb that helps improve the condition of a patient with vegetative-vascular dystonia, eliminate or weaken the consequences and symptoms of heart neuroses, increases protective functions the body after suffering infectious diseases. It is used for pulmonary diseases - tuberculosis and emphysema, and also relieves inflammation of the bladder, eliminates swelling and has a sedative effect in nervous and mental disorders.

Attention! This medicinal plant poisonous. If it is overdosed or taken incorrectly, there is a risk of poisoning, which can lead to serious problems with health. If you are considering treatment with it, tell your doctor first.

Recipes for using Adonis in folk medicine

Adonis is used in folk medicine, preparing decoctions and infusions from the aerial parts of this plant. They treat dropsy, take it for jaundice, as well as for fever, and drink it as a sedative. Decoctions are effective for severe swelling of the limbs, rheumatism and various diseases caused by infection, and convulsions of various etiologies.

How to prepare a water infusion from starodubka? Recipe: add a tablespoon of dried crushed adonis (the green part of the plant) to two glasses of boiling water. Leave in a covered container and insulate. When the healing potion is infused, take it one teaspoon three times a day.

If necessary alcohol tincture from this plant, then pour one part of the herb with ten parts of good vodka or alcohol. It is recommended to infuse it for at least 15 days in a closed bottle, leaving it in a dark place. The alcohol infusion is taken drop by drop. As a sedative and hypnotic, drink 15 to 30 drops before bed (the dosage is checked with the doctor, it depends on the severity of the patient’s condition and the patient’s age).

Taking the infusion and decoction should only be done under the supervision of a doctor; he controls the dosage and treatment regimen, since self-treatment carries a risk of poisoning.

Adonis herb - contraindications for use

Adonis herb was often used to induce miscarriage in unwanted pregnancy. If you are pregnant, then any therapy with this plant is contraindicated.

Who else shouldn’t be treated with the old tree?

1. Nursing mothers.
2. Children under 12 years old.
3. Patients with ulcers and gastritis.
4. People with disabilities heart rate.
5. Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

What to do if you overdose on starodubka? At the first signs of intoxication and poisoning - drowsiness, lethargy, vomiting, changes in heart rate, immediately call an ambulance, without waiting for its arrival, do a gastric lavage.

Adonis spring is a medicine given to man by nature, but despite its healing properties, you cannot accept it thoughtlessly. To achieve a positive effect in treatment, you need to use it correctly, without exceeding the permissible concentration of toxic substances contained in the starodubka. To maximize the benefits of starodubka during treatment, carry out treatment under the supervision of your doctor.

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Rice. 6.8. Adonis (adonis) spring – Adonis vernalis L.

Adonis grass (adonis) spring-herba adonidis vernalis
- adonis vernalis l.
Sem. Ranunculaceae- ranunculaceae
Other names: steamed grass, black grass, Montenegrin, starodubka, goldenflower, hairy grass, swimming grass.

perennial herbaceous plant with 3-4 stems 5-20 cm high at the beginning of flowering, and then growing to 40 cm or more (Fig. 6.8).
Rhizome short, dark brown, almost black, with numerous black shiny roots.
Stems at the base they are covered with brown scales, in the axils of which renewal buds develop.
Leaves alternate, sessile, broadly ovate in outline, palmately dissected into 5 segments, which in turn are pinnately or twice pinnately dissected into linear, glabrous, subulate-pointed segments 0.5-2 cm long, 0.5-1 mm wide.
Flowers solitary on the tops of stems, yellow, large. There are 5-8 sepals, they are green, slightly pubescent, there are 15-20 petals, there are many stamens and pistils.
Fetus– multi-nut; characteristic feature is the presence at the top of each fruit-nutlet of a hook-shaped column bent downwards.
Blooms in April - May, fruits ripen in June - July. The entire plant is poisonous.

Chemical composition of adonis

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The grass contains 0.13-0.80% cardiac (cardiotonic) glycosides, the richest in them are unripe fruits and leaves.

Total found in the plant 25 individual cardiotonic glycosides, derivatives of strophanthidin and adonitoxigenin.

The aboveground organs of the plant contain

K-strophanthin- beta And
cymarin,

in the roots- K-strophanthin- beta.

The specific cardenolide of Adonis vernacular is adonitoxin, which upon hydrolysis breaks down into adonitoxygenin and L-rhamnose.

In addition to glycosides, also isolated from grass

2,6-dimethoxyquinone,
phytosterols,
flavonoids (adonivernit, orientin, vitexin, etc.),
steroid saponins (6.8-9.4%),
organic acids,
carotenoids (1.3-2.6 mg%),
as well as choline, coumarins, adonite alcohol.

Properties and uses of Adonis

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Pharmacotherapeuticgroup. Cardiotonic agent (cardiac glycosides).

Pharmacological properties of Adonis

Adonis drugs belong to the group of cardiac glycosides. They

slow down the heart rate,
increase systole,
lengthen diastole,
increase the stroke volume of the heart,
moderately inhibit intracardiac conduction.

Adonis spring preparations have more pronounced effects compared to other cardiac drugs diuretic properties, which bind to the glycoside cymarin.

For experimental myocarditis cymarin promotes

elimination of acute heart failure,
weakens inflammatory and subsequent sclerotic changes in the heart.

Systematic administration of cymarin

markedly reduces hypotension usually observed in experimental myocarditis,
slows down the pulse
increases blood flow speed.

A characteristic feature of Adonis preparations- a sedative effect noted in the last century.

Isolated from Adonis vernacular and other species of this genus cardiotonic glycoside adonitoxin, which, along with cymarin, determines the pharmacological characteristics of Adonis preparations: moderate systolic and diastolic effects, a smaller effect on the tone of the vagus nerve and a small cumulative effect compared to digitalis preparations.

In the 60s of the XX century. at the Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR N.K. Abubakirov, R.Sh. Yamatova and co-authors proved the possibility of the transition of cymarin monoside to K-strophanthin bioside beta under conditions of slow drying of Adonis grass.

Application of Adonis

Adonis spring is used with relatively mild forms of chronic circulatory failure.

Indications for the use of Adonis drugs serve

neurosis of the heart,
vegetative-vascular dystonia,
infectious diseases that occur with symptoms of weakened cardiac activity,
kidney disease with signs of cardiovascular failure.

Spreading

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Spreading. Steppe and forest-steppe zones of the European part of the country and Western Siberia. Grass harvesting is mainly carried out in Western Siberia (Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions, Altai Territory), in the Southern Urals, in the Middle Volga region, and in the central black earth regions of the European part of Russia. Thickets in traditional collection areas are severely depleted due to their intensive exploitation, non-compliance with harvesting rules and economic activity person. Due to the fact that spring adonis could not be introduced into cultivation, the need for raw materials is satisfied only by collecting raw materials from wild plants.

Habitat. In bright clearings of deciduous forests, along the edges, among bushes, on open slopes, in steppe meadows, steppe ravines. Prefers chernozem soils rich in lime.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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Preparation. The above-ground part of the plant is harvested from the beginning of flowering until the fruits fall; cut the grass above the brown scales at a height of 7-10 cm from the soil surface with a sickle, pruning shears, scissors, or mow it with a scythe, and then select adonis shoots from the mowed mass. It is forbidden to pick or pull out shoots, as this leads to damage to the renewal buds.

Security measures. To regenerate the thickets, some of the plants are left untouched. Plants from seeds develop very slowly; It takes years to produce full-grown plants suitable for harvesting. In old, traditional areas, a harvesting frequency of 4-5 years should be observed. It is necessary to organize nature reserves and stop plowing lands occupied by thickets of spring Adonis.

Drying. In the air, in the shade, without direct sunlight, laying out in a thin layer and periodically turning over, or in artificial dryers at a temperature of 50-60 ° C. You cannot dry grass tied in bunches, it turns black.

Standardization. GF XI, issue. 2, Art. 43.

Storage. In a dry place, protected from light, with precautions according to list B, at a temperature not exceeding 15 ºС and a relative air humidity of 30-50%. The biological activity of raw materials is monitored annually.

External signs of raw materials

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Whole raw materials

Whole or partially crushed leafy stems with or without flowers, less often with buds or fruits of varying degrees of development, sometimes partially crumbled.
Stems, cut above the brown lower scale-like leaves, are 10-35 cm long, up to 0.4 cm thick, simple or poorly branched.
Leaves alternate, sessile, semi-stem-encompassing, round or broadly elliptical in general outline, palmately dissected into 5 segments, of which the lower 2 are pinnately dissected, the upper three are twice pinnately dissected; Leaf segments are linear, awl-shaped, pointed at the apex, entire-edged, 0.5-2 cm long, 0.5-1 mm wide. The leaves are harsh after flowering.
Flowers solitary at the tops of stems, regular, about 3.5 cm in diameter, free-petalled, with 5-8 sepals, with 15-20 petals, with numerous stamens and pistils.
Sepals ovoid, blunt at the top, with sparse teeth, pubescent, easily falling off.
Petals oblong-elliptical, narrowed at the apex, jagged.
Fetus- an oval multi-nut, consists of numerous dry nuts sitting on a cylindrical brownish receptacle. The nuts are 3.5-5.5 mm long, about 3 mm wide, oval, with a short hook-shaped style, wrinkled-cellular, pubescent.
Color stems and leaves are green, flowers are golden yellow, fruits are grayish green.
Smell weak. The taste is not defined!

Crushed raw materials

Pieces of stems, leaves, parts of flowers and fruits passing through a sieve with holes 7 mm in diameter.
Color pieces of stems and leaves are green, flowers are golden yellow. Smell weak. The taste is not determined.

Other types of Adonis

Species name	Life form and distribution	Diagnostic signs
Adonis Turkestanica - Adonis turkestanica (Korsh.) Adolf	Perennial herbaceous plant. Grows in the mountain meadows of Central Asia. Endemic.	The leaves are twice and thrice pinnately dissected, sessile, the leaf segments are lanceolate. Large yellow flowers fade when dried and acquire a bluish tint. In terms of biological activity it is somewhat inferior to spring Adonis, and can be used in a similar way.
Golden Adonis - Adonis chrysocyathus Hook. fil. et Thoms.	Perennial herbaceous plant. Grows in the high mountain meadows of the Pamir-Alai and Tien Shan. The raw material base is limited. Included in the Red Book of the USSR (1978).	The leaves are long-petiolate, thrice pinnately dissected, the leaf segments are rhombic or lanceolate. The flowers are large, golden, the outer petals have a purple tint. Rhizomes with roots can be used to obtain K-strophanthin- beta.
Siberian Adonis - Adonis sibiricus Patrin ex Ledeb.	Perennial herbaceous plant 60-70 cm tall. Grows in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Western Urals.	The leaves are twice pinnately dissected, the leaf segments are lanceolate and toothed. The flowers are smaller than those of spring Adonis, bright yellow with an orange tint. The biological activity is low, contains the same cardenolides as Adonis vernalis, and can be used in a similar way.
Adonis of the Amur - Adonis amurensis Regel et Radde	Perennial. Occurs scatteredly: Sakhalin, southern Kuril Islands, Primorsky Krai.	The leaves are long-petiolate, pinnately dissected into lanceolate, toothed segments. Biological activity is higher than that of spring Adonis. Contains similar cardenolides.
Volga Adonis - Adonis wolgensis Stev.	Perennial up to 20-30 cm high. The growing areas are the same as for spring Adonis.	The bush has a spherical shape. The leaves are pinnately dissected, their segments are wider and pubescent. The flowers are small, pale yellow. Fruits are nuts with a straight, non-hooked style pressed to the fruit. Biological activity is low, contains the same cardiotonic glycosides.
Annual Adonis – Adonis aestivalis L.	Annual plant. Grows in the steppe regions of Ukraine. Official in Italy. Suitable for culture.	The flowers are small and red. Contains the same cardiotonic glycosides, previously used similarly to Adonis vernalis.
Flaming Adonis – Adonis flammea Jacq.	Annual plant. It grows in the southern regions of Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and the Caucasus.	It is characterized by high biological activity, the action is similar to that of Adonis vernalis.

Hairs. Single-celled hairs of two types are occasionally found along the edges of leaf segments and at the base: long, ribbon-like with a rounded top, narrowed at the base; short club-shaped hairs, sharply narrowed at the point of attachment. All hairs have a spirally folded cuticle, attached to a very small round cell of the epidermis (Fig. 6.9).

Rice. 6.9. Microscopy of a spring Adonis leaf:

A – epidermis of the upper side;
B – epidermis of the lower side;
A 1 and B 1 – the tip of the leaf segment from the upper and lower sides;
B – epidermis of the leaf base: 1 – ribbon-like hairs; 2 – club-shaped hairs; 3 – place of hair attachment.

Numerical indicators of raw materials

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Whole raw materials. The biological activity of 1 g of herb should be 50-66 ICE or 6.3-8 KED; humidity no more than 13%; total ash no more than 12%; browned parts of the plant no more than 3%; plants with stems with brown scaly leaves, no more than 2%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.

Crushed raw materials. The biological activity of 1 g of raw material should be 50-66 ICE or 6.3-8 KED; humidity no more than 13%; total ash no more than 12%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, no more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.25 mm, no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral - no more than 0.5%.

Medicines based on Adonis

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Infusion of Adonis spring herb (prepared in a pharmacy). Cardiotonic drug. Included in Bekhterev's mixture.
The herb is part of the collection for preparing the medicine according to M.N. Zdrenko.
Adonis spring extract dry.. Cardiotonic remedy. Used to make tablets and infusions.
Adonizide, drops (purified extract). Cardiotonic drug.
Adoniside dry, tablets 0.00075 g (purified extract). Cardiotonic drug.
Adonis-bromine, tablets p.o. (component - extract). Cardiotonic, sedative.
Adoniside is part of complex preparations (“Cardiovalen”; lily-of-the-valerian drops with adonizide; lily-of-the-valerian drops with adonizide and sodium bromide).

Content

Adonis is a medicinal herb that is of great interest for medicine. Based on Adonis extract, tablets and tinctures are produced that show high effectiveness in the treatment of vegetative-vascular dystonia, kidney diseases, and to maintain heart function.

Adonis flower

Adonis spring flower (adonis vernalis - Latin name) is a herbaceous representative of the genus of the Ranunculaceae family, includes 20-45 species of multi- and annuals. Grows in Asia and Europe. Annual medicinal plant: Adonis summer - blooms in summer, found in southern Russia, Central Asia and Western Europe; autumn hairy plant - common in the Mediterranean, blooms in summer. Adonis perennial: Volga; Amur; spring; Siberian. The plant is endangered, it is not listed in the Red Book, it is included in the Appendix of the CITES Convention.

Adonis spring - description

Adonis spring plant is a perennial medicinal flower:

Height reaches 60 cm.
It has a wide rhizome with a diameter of up to 4 cm.
The stem of the plant has no leaves; they are located at the very bottom and look like small scales.
The flowers are bright yellow, can be seen in the photo, located at the top of the branch. The size is large, diameter up to 6 cm.
The adonis flower grows in Russia, Crimea, Siberia, Young and Central Europe. Found in forests, mountain slopes, and flat areas. Adonis blooms in spring.
Fruits: seed-leaflets with a hook-shaped spout.
Popular names of the plant: Montenegrin, yellowflower, starodubka.

Adonis - medicinal properties and contraindications

Preparations based on the herb adonis have beneficial features for the body:

vasodilator;
diuretic – excess fluid is removed, effective for kidney diseases;
stabilize heart rate;
normalize sleep and act as a sedative, especially on the nervous system;
anticonvulsant;
cardiotonic;
painkiller.

The medicinal properties and contraindications of Adonis vernacular are associated with the medicinal components included in its composition. For a long time, the plant has been used as a remedy for the treatment of kidney and heart diseases (neurosis, chronic failure). For example, hare poppy, when used simultaneously with bromine, can treat epilepsy. Indications for use medicinal herb The swimsuit is as follows:

heart disease, especially at the stage of decompensation;
shortness of breath associated with heart rhythm disturbances;
kidney disease and inflammation (dropsy, kidney stones);
glaucoma;
jaundice;
myositis;
fever;
vegetative-vascular dystonia;
insomnia;
convulsions caused by taking camphor and pyrotoxin. Adonis helps with convulsions caused by an overdose of narcotic drugs;
enhances the body's resistance to infectious diseases, influenza, pneumonia, scarlet fever;
painkiller, prescribed for diseases of the muscles or joints.

The most important functioning substances of the plant are cardiac glycosides, they have a positive effect in the treatment of diseases of cardio-vascular system. They can increase the stroke volume of the heart and slow down the heart rate. Medications obtained from Adonis, due to their properties, are used for heart failure and cardiac neuroses. Adonis is very poisonous, it is necessary to follow the rules of administration.

In case of overdose, you should call a doctor, do a gastric lavage, take Activated carbon. Bed rest and a gentle diet are prescribed, but taking emetics is not recommended. Adonis-based medications should not be used if a person has:

pregnancy, lactation;
peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum;
colitis (acute and chronic forms of the disease);
hypertensive diseases;
increased blood clotting;
tachycardia, bradycardia;
tendency to form blood clots.

Herb Adonis - application

Spring adonis is approved for use in medicine, recognized medicine. The use of Adonis spring must be strictly according to the instructions, otherwise severe poisoning is likely. Consult your physician before using the herb. For children (only over 3 years old), 1-2 tsp is recommended. The dose depends on the age and condition of the child.

Infusion of adonis herb

Treatment with Adonis is popular in folk medicine. A tincture made from adonis is recommended for heart disease, dropsy, kidney inflammation, swelling, and infectious diseases (scarlet fever, typhus, influenza). Adonis infusion is prepared as follows: 1 tbsp. l. herbs should be poured 1 tbsp. boiling water, leave for 30 minutes, strain. Allow to cool, accept decoction 3 times a day, 1 tsp.

Spring Adonis (Adonis vernalis L) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Ranunculaceae family with a thick, shortened rhizome, with straight, furrowed, bare, leafless, leafy stems up to 40-50 cm high. The leaves are alternate, palmately dissected into numerous lobules, their segments are linear, narrow (1-2 cm long and about 1 mm wide), glabrous. Adonis flowers are single, large, light yellow, located on the tips of the shoots. The fruits are spherical-obovate, wrinkled, with hook-shaped bent columns, loosely pressed to the nut. Spring Adonis blooms in April - May and bears fruit in July.

The literature repeatedly mentions a beautiful legend about the adonis plant, whose Latin name is Adonis vernalis. This legend was very popular in Ancient Greece, but achieved its greatest fame during the Renaissance, when numerous paintings and sculptures were created based on the plot of the legend of Venus and Adonis. The legend of Adonis is most fully expounded in Ovid's Metamorphoses.

According to one version of the legend, Venus became angry with the wife of the Cypriot king Kimir for disrespect and instilled in his daughter a passion for her own father. The king, unaware of the truth and succumbing to temptation, entered into a relationship with Mirra, but, having discovered the truth, cursed her. The gods turned the unfortunate woman into a myrrh tree, with precious aromatic juice eternally oozing from the wounds. From the cracked trunk a child was born, who was named Adonis. The boy was unusually handsome. Venus gave him to be raised by Persephone, the wife of the god of the underworld Hades, with the condition that when the child grows up, he will return to her. But when the appointed time came, Persephone did not want to part with him. The judge in this dispute had to be Zeus himself, who decided that in the summer Adonis would live on earth with Venus, and in the winter he would return underground with Persephone. Happy Venus wandered through the forests with Adonis, begging him not to take risks and not to hunt fierce animals - bears and boars. But one day Adonis went hunting alone and died from the tusks of a wild boar. Venus bitterly mourned her lover, and then turned him into a flower, sprinkling the young man’s blood with nectar.

According to another legend, the flower was named Adonis in honor of the Phoenician and Assyrian sun god Adon, who died annually in the fall and was resurrected in the spring.

Folk names of spring Adonis

Popular names of spring Adonis - Spring adonis, God's tree, hairy grass, hair grass, spruce grass, centaury, western grass, hare poppy, paints, bathing grass, makhornik, mokhnatik, marigold, snowdrop, field dill, consumables, pine, pine, starodubka, black grass, black hellebore, Montenegrin.

The Russian names - Montenegrin, adonis - indicate that the plant lives on the slopes of hillocks, which are well warmed by the sun and therefore form the first black thawed patches, on which Adonis is one of the first to bloom.

Distribution of Adonis vernacular

It grows on open grassy slopes in forest-steppe and steppe in the European part of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Crimea, the Caucasus, and Western Siberia. The Adonis plant is poisonous. Requires protection. WITH therapeutic purpose Adonis grass is used, which is harvested during the period of fruit ripening.

Properties of Adonis spring

0.13-0.83% cardiac glycosides were found in Adonis grass. The largest amount of them is found in leaves and green fruits. In total, Adonis vernalis contains 25 individual cardiac glycosides. K-strophanthin-beta and cymarin were found in the aerial parts of the plant, and K-strophanthin-beta in the roots. The specific cardenolide of adonis is adonitoxin, which is hydrolyzed to adonitoxigenin and L-rhamnose. In addition to glycosides, the herb also contains 2,6-dimethoxyquinone, phytosterol, flavonoids (0.59-1.25%), steroids (6.-9.4%), flavone glycoside adonivernite, ascorbic acid (33.4-49. 2 mg%), carotene, choline, adonite (4%), coumarins and organic acids.

It is necessary to note the property of spring Adonis that the amount of cardiac glycosides and their greater pharmacological activity are observed in the flowering and fruiting phases. Glycosides accumulate in the rhizome of the plant at the end of the growing season.

Application of Adonis vernalis

The priority of experimental research on Adonis belongs to N. O. Bubnov (1880), who, at the suggestion of S. P. Botkin, studied the galenic medicinal forms of Adonis. Adonis drugs belong to the group of cardiac glycosides. They slow down the heart rhythm, increase systole, lengthen diastole, increase the stroke volume of the heart, and moderately inhibit intracardiac conduction. In terms of strength and duration of action, Adonis vernalis is inferior to foxglove, but when used in therapeutic doses, the danger of cumulation is practically eliminated, therefore it is widely used in outpatient settings. In addition. Adonis vernacular preparations have a calming effect on the central nervous system and reduce excitability motor centers, dilate the coronary vessels.

Experimental data suggest that in heart failure accompanied by conduction disturbances, Adonis aggravates atrioventricular conduction disturbances to a lesser extent than digitalis.

Adonis vernalis is prescribed for relatively mild forms of chronic circulatory failure, namely: for cardiac neurosis, vegetative dystonia, infectious diseases that occur with symptoms of weakened cardiac activity, and kidney disease with signs.

Preparations from Adonis vernacular:

Adonis is part of Traskow's anti-asthmatic medicine and Bekhterev's medicine (infusion of spring adonis herb 6:180 ml, sodium bromide 6 g, codeine phosphate 0.2 g. 1 tablespoon 2 times a day).

Growing Adonis spring

In the garden for spring Adonis, you should choose a place with fertile and light-textured soil containing a small amount of lime (the main thing is to use slaked lime, and no more than 100-200 grams per 1 square meter, when adding it in the fall; it is better to control the required amount of lime by pH meter or litmus papers; the more acidic the soil, the more lime is added and, accordingly, vice versa). It is important to ensure good drainage and moderate soil moisture (do not overwater, as this may cause root rot). Adonis is light-loving and in low light conditions it develops poorly and even dies. The main difficulty of the culture is that the plant does not take root well when propagated by dividing the rhizome, and the seeds have low germination and poor germination due to underdevelopment of the embryo.

When sowing, spring Adonis seeds are planted to a depth of no more than 1-1.5 cm so that daylight penetrates them, promoting germination. Shoots appear after 30-40 days, sometimes later, in some cases even the next year in the spring. Regular watering is necessary during the first two years of the seedlings' life. In the first year, plants develop only 1-2 leaves, in the second - up to 3 leaves. Adonis can be planted in a permanent place after 2-3 years, placing the plants no closer than 50-60 cm from each other. Adonis is transplanted from big lump land.

Flowering of spring Adonis in cultivation begins in the 4th-6th year at the end of April-beginning of May and lasts 2-3 weeks. Flowers open in sunny weather. They close at night and on cloudy days.

Preparation of spring Adonis

The cut grass of spring Adonis is laid out on a canvas or sieves and quickly dried in the air or in well-ventilated areas - in attics or at a temperature of 50-60 degrees, since with rapid drying the glycosides are better preserved. In this case, the grass must be stirred frequently.

It is necessary to store raw materials in dry rooms, in glass or porcelain jars with lids or in wooden boxes lined with paper. Without checking biological activity, store the grass for one year, with caution, in compliance with the rules for storing poisonous plants. At long-term storage The biological activity of Adonis grass is monitored annually.