Saving electricity at school. Start in science Correct adjustment of the hot water boiler
The development of human society is inextricably linked with the use of the natural resources of our planet, with the consumption of energy on an ever-increasing scale. But most resources are not renewable. This increases the responsibility of people to future generations for the careful and rational use of the planet’s resources, and possibly less pollution of it with all kinds of waste. In our work, we consider ways to save energy in our school. The development of human society is inextricably linked with the use of the natural resources of our planet, with the consumption of energy on an ever-increasing scale. But most resources are not renewable. This increases the responsibility of people to future generations for the careful and rational use of the planet’s resources, and possibly less pollution of it with all kinds of waste. In our work we are looking at ways to save energy in our school
Practical tasks 1. Determine how much money can be saved thanks to daily energy savings. 1. Determine how much money can be saved thanks to daily energy savings. 2. Create effective energy saving rules for school students and teachers, a “Save Energy” memo. 2. Create effective energy saving rules for school students and teachers, a “Save Energy” memo.
Saving energy at school begins with awareness of this need. And the readings of the electric meter, which votes in rubles in your direction with rising electricity tariffs, will clearly tell you that saving electricity at school is a necessity. First. The simplest solution that can be implemented right now is to purchase energy-saving lamps. In our class, incandescent lamps were replaced with fluorescent lamps. Here is a simple example of such savings.
Previously, 6 incandescent lamps were used in the classroom Energy consumption per hour 6 * 50 W = 800 W For three hours a day 800 W * 3 = 2400 W Energy consumption per week 2400 W * 6 = W Energy consumption per month 2400 W * 24 = W For the period from October to March W * 6 = W
Now the classroom uses 24 fluorescent lamps Energy consumption per hour 24 * 20 W = 480 W For three hours 480 W * 3 = W Energy consumption per week 1440 W * 6 = 8 640 W Energy consumption per month 1440 W * 24 = W For period from October to March W*6 = W Saving electrical energy consumption in the classroom throughout the year is W
Having analyzed the consumption and saving of electrical energy in the classroom, we became interested in how much electrical energy we consume and save at school, in all classrooms. In our school, 12 classrooms are used for teaching: -We consume energy during the year 12* W = W -Savings energy consumption when using fluorescent lamps 12* W = W Question: how much money do we save? W = 552.96 kWh Today the tariff rate for 1 kWh is 295 rubles 552.96 * 295 = ruble
We carried out calculations on energy savings using only one method of saving (replacing incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps). If we take into account all the ways to save electrical energy (lamp life, light radiation, natural lighting, rational use of lighting and electrical energy consumption during working hours), then the savings in electrical energy and money will be much greater. For this purpose, recommendations for saving electrical energy at school have been developed and are being used.
When leaving class for recess, turn off the lights in the classroom; when leaving class for recess, turn off the lights in the classroom; turn off the classroom lights when there is sufficient sunlight; turn off the classroom lights when there is sufficient sunlight; when decorating a classroom, do not place large flowers on the windowsills - they will block access to part of the world; when decorating a classroom, do not place large flowers on the windowsills - they will block access to part of the world; when decorating a classroom, do not cover the windows with long tulle - it also absorbs some of the light energy; when decorating a classroom, do not cover the windows with long tulle - it also absorbs some of the light energy; When you finish working on the computer, do not forget to turn it off; When you finish working on the computer, do not forget to turn it off; do not turn on laboratory equipment without the teacher’s permission and unnecessarily, turn it off immediately after finishing work. do not turn on laboratory equipment without the teacher’s permission and unnecessarily, turn it off immediately after finishing work. Dear school students, please do not forget:
You can save up to 20% energy by using lids on pots and pans; you can save up to 20% energy by using lids on pots and pans; turn on only those stove burners on which you will place dishes; turn on only those stove burners on which you will place dishes; open the oven door only when necessary; open the oven door only when necessary; during the cooking process, use a minimal amount of water; during the cooking process, use a minimal amount of water; heat only the amount of water you need; heat only the amount of water you need; the size of the dishes to be heated must correspond to the size of the “pancake” of the electric stove; the size of the dishes to be heated must correspond to the size of the “pancake” of the electric stove; You can save energy by bringing dishes to readiness on the switched off stove, which retains heat for a long time. You can save energy by bringing dishes to readiness on the switched off stove, which retains heat for a long time. Dear kitchen workers, please do not forget:
Our achievements: explanatory work with students and teachers has brought positive results. explanatory work with students and teachers brought positive results. Energy savings in the autumn period of 2012 compared to 2011 by 17%. Energy savings in the autumn period of 2012 compared to 2011 by 17%.
Table of contents
Introduction………………………………………………………..2
Energy saving……………………………………………3
Basic methods of energy saving………………..…………3
1.Lighting
2.
3.
4.
Energy savings due to ESL……………………..…...5
Comparison of quantitative characteristics of ESL and incandescent lamps.
Conclusion……………………………………………………..….6
Sources used……………………………………………………7
Applications……………………………………………………………..………….8
Introduction
Justification of the relevance of the problem.
Energy conservation plays a key role in preventing environmental disaster on Earth. The problem of reasonable use of energy is one of the most pressing problems of humanity. The modern economy is based on the use of energy resources, the reserves of which are depleted and cannot be renewed. But that's not even the main thing. Modern methods of energy production cause irreparable damage to nature and humans. Doctors believe that 20% of people's health depends on the state of the environment. Atmospheric pollution from the use of non-renewable energy sources leads to global warming, melting polar ice caps and rising sea levels over the next centuries. We don’t know exactly when these changes will occur, but the UN climate commission claims that global warming has already begun, and that means doing something to prevent a global environmental catastrophe is necessary today and now.
The second aspect of the problem is the constant rise in price of energy resources, and therefore electricity. Reducing energy consumption will help save both the family budget and the school budget.
In our country, the problem of energy saving is solved at the highest level - the state level.
Objective of the project: involving all students, teachers, and parents in actions to reduce energy consumption.
Project objectives:
Learn about various ways to save energy resources;
Get acquainted with modern energy saving technologies;
Conduct economic calculations of ways to reduce the cost of using electrical energy at school and at home;
Project implementation methods:
Theoretical (study, analysis and assessment of the success of energy saving work);
Comparative (referring to the experience of others, comparison, comparison, analysis);
Empirical (observation, questioning, study of documentation, etc.);
Mathematical (statistical calculations, monitoring energy consumption of schools and families).
Expected result:
Introduction of ideas and methods of energy saving in the family and at school; conviction of the need to save all types of energy among schoolchildren, parents, and teachers.
Object of study: the amount of energy consumption in everyday life and opportunities for saving it.
Energy saving
Energy conservation (energy saving) is the implementation of legal, organizational, scientific, production, technical and economic measures aimed at the efficient (rational) use (and economical expenditure) of fuel and energy resources and the involvement of renewable energy sources in economic circulation. Energy saving is an important task for the conservation of natural resources.
In Russia and other countries of the former USSR, the most pressing issue at present is household energy saving (energy saving in the home), as well as energy saving in the housing and communal services sector. An obstacle to effective methods of energy saving is the lack of a mass household culture of energy saving.
Main directions and methods of energy saving
1.Lighting
The most common way to save energy is to reduce electricity consumption for lighting. The main ways to save electricity on lighting are:
maximum use of daylight (increased transparency and increased window area, additional windows);
increased reflectivity (white walls and ceiling);
optimal placement of light sources (local lighting, directional lighting);
use lighting devices only when necessary;
increasing the light output of existing sources (replacing chandeliers, lampshades, removing dirt from lampshades, using more efficient reflectors);
replacing incandescent lamps with energy-saving ones (fluorescent, compact fluorescent, LED);
use of lighting control devices (motion sensors and acoustic sensors, light sensors, timers, remote control systems);
implementation of an automated dispatch control system for outdoor lighting (ASDU NO);
installation of intelligent distributed lighting control systems (minimizing lighting costs).
2. Electric heating and electric stoves.
Basic ways to use energy rationally:
selection of optimal power of electric heating devices;
optimal placement of electric heating devices to reduce the time and required power of their use;
increasing heat transfer, including cleaning the surfaces of electric heating devices and electric stove burners from dirt;
local (local) heating, directed heating by reflectors;
the use of oil heaters with a fan to accelerate heat exchange in the apartment;
use of temperature control devices, including automatic switching on and off, power reduction depending on temperature, time timers;
use of thermal accumulators;
replacing electric heating with heating using heat pumps;
replacing electric heating with gas heating or connecting to centralized heating, in cases where such a replacement is profitable taking into account the required investment;
using dishes with a wide flat bottom.
3. Refrigeration units and air conditioners.
For refrigeration units and household refrigerators, the main ways to reduce energy consumption are:
optimal selection of refrigeration unit power;
high-quality insulation of the body (walls), doors of the refrigeration unit, refrigerator, transparent lid in the refrigerator for food, with high-quality insulation;
purchase of modern energy-saving refrigerators;
prevent the formation of ice and frost in the refrigerator, defrost in time;
analyze the possibility of abandoning the refrigerator;
high-quality heat removal - it is not recommended to place a household refrigerator next to a radiator or next to a gas stove.
4. Consumption of household and other devices.
When choosing new audio, video, computer and other equipment, give preference, other things being equal, to a device with lower power consumption, both in operating mode and in standby mode (most modern household devices consume electricity even when turned off, because . do not turn off completely, but are transferred to the “sleep” mode “stand-by/off”);
use the energy-saving “sleep” mode, if the device or appliance has it;
do not fill the kettle full if you only need boiling water for one cup of drink;
do not leave chargers for mobile devices plugged in unnecessarily (very important due to the increasing volume of such devices);
try to avoid using extension cords, and if necessary, use high-quality extension cords with a large cross-section wire (with a small cross-section, the wire begins to heat up and the electricity is spent not on the useful operation of the electrical appliance, but on heating the extension cord wire).
Saving energy through energy-saving lamps.
An energy-saving lamp is an electric lamp that has a significantly higher light output (the ratio between luminous flux and power consumption), for example, in comparison with the most common incandescent lamps in use today. Thanks to this, replacing incandescent lamps with energy-saving ones helps save energy. The inside of the bulb of such a lamp is coated with a special phosphor substance, thanks to which invisible ultraviolet radiation from an electric discharge becomes visible. And the discharge appears from the passage of electric current through the mercury-argon medium, which is located in the flask. The discharge power is regulated by a starter built into the lamp.
Advantages of an energy-saving lamp:
They provide greater light output with less energy consumption.
Longer service life of the energy-saving lamp, which is up to 15 thousand hours of operation.
You can choose the type of glow: warm, cold, neutral.
Slight heating of the lamp.
There is no flickering of the lamp.
Disadvantages of an energy-saving lamp:
They are highly sensitive to power surges, so they can quickly burn out.
Part of the spectrum is missing from the lamp's radiation. When these lamps operate, a small amount of ultraviolet radiation escapes to the outside of the lamp through the glass bulb, which can potentially pose a hazard to people with skin that is overly sensitive to this radiation.
Over time, mercury vapor diffuses into the surrounding room.
It takes a few minutes (2-3) until the lamp warms up completely.
The lamp may flicker when its resource is depleted from frequent switching on.
Sensitivity to temperature.
Ambiguous behavior of the lamp at high humidity.
High price of energy-saving lamps.
Problems of recycling mercury-containing lamps. Fluorescent lamps contain small amounts of mercury vapor, which is why they cannot be thrown away as ordinary household waste, but must be taken to specialized organizations for disposal.
The mercury vapor they contain is extremely toxic - the first class of danger, on a par with cyanide or polonium. The maximum permissible concentration of mercury for residential premises is only 0.3 μg/m3, and one lamp contains 2-5 mg of mercury. By accidentally breaking a CFL, you risk locally “contaminating” the area of your room with the strongest poison, and increasing the mercury content in it to 100-160 MAC! Such concentrations of “Mercurian death” can cause severe harm to the human body.
Comparison of the quantitative characteristics of an energy-saving lamp and an incandescent lamp.
The luminous efficiency of energy-saving lamps is 5 times higher than that of conventional incandescent lamps, so you need to choose the power of an energy-saving lamp based on a ratio of approximately 1 to 5.
Correspondence table between energy-saving lamps and incandescent lamps.
The service life of a conventional incandescent lamp is 1000 hours of combustion, and an energy-saving lamp is 8000 hours.
Appendix 1 provides reasonable calculations for the use of a conventional lamp with a power of 100 W, and an energy-saving lamp corresponding to the same illumination, but with a power of 20 W. From the calculations it is clear that in just one year an energy-saving light bulb, replacing a regular 100-watt light bulb, saves 350 rubles. for the family budget.
Should consumers replace all light bulbs in and around the home with energy-efficient ones?
Most likely no. In any home there are lamps that turn on for a very short time, for example, 2-3 minutes a day (lights in closets, basements, attics). The annual energy savings when replacing incandescent lamps in such lamps with energy-saving lamps will be very negligible. You can replace those lamps that work 2-3 hours every day. In this case, the money invested in new light sources will pay off very quickly.
Energy savings by reducing lighting time.
Task.
The maximum permissible concentration of mercury for residential premises is only 0.3 μg/m3, and one mercury lamp contains an average of mg of mercury. Will the maximum permissible concentration in the class be exceeded if 1 lamp breaks?
Naumova Kristina, Mochalova Marina, Ruzanova Ekaterina - 11th grade
The project is a study on the use of electricity in a school and finding ways to conserve and conserve electricity.
Download:
Preview:
Education Department
Ardatovsky municipal district of Nizhny Novgorod region
Municipal budgetary educational institution “Lichadeevskaya secondary school”
District stage
Regional design competition
on energy saving “Little watts”
Project
"Effective use
electricity at school"
Ruzanova Ekaterina – 17 years old,
Naumova Kristina – 17 years old.
Head: Marina Vladimirovna Klochkova – physics teacher
S. Lichadeevo
2015
PAGE
- Introduction. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
- Statement of the problem……………………………………………………….. 4
- Project goal………………………………………………………………………………………4
- Project objectives………………………………………………………………………………. 4
- Main content of the project…………………………………………………….. 5
- Determination of daily electricity consumption……………………… 5
- Ways to reduce energy consumption……………………………… 7
-
electricity consumption…………………………………………………….. 10
- Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………... 11
- Used literature……………………………………………………….. 13
- Appendix………………………………………………………………………………… 14
- Introduction
The school hosts many events in various areas, including corruption, terrorism, introduction to housing and communal services, and Day of Light. At the end of the event “Light and Our Life,” the physics teacher asked us 2 questions: “How much electricity does our school consume? Is it possible to save on electricity?” To some, these questions may seem funny or even childish to some extent, but they seriously interested us. The answer to these questions could be found from the caretaker; he monitors the electric meter data on a monthly basis. But we are not looking for easy ways, because we will soon have to enter adulthood, and we will need this knowledge. We decided to find out for ourselves how much energy the school consumes and how much we have to pay for electricity monthly. And then, after analyzing the situation, find ways to save energy.In modern conditions, a school needs to be able to save all the funds allocated for its maintenance.
The physics teacher agreed to help us with this. And having secured such reliable support, we set off. We drew up a plan for the school and identified the objects of study. We needed to do the following:count the number of lamps, of various powers and modifications, used for lighting in the school, as well as electrical appliances and computer equipment (indicating the power); Using questionnaires and observations, calculate the average time during which each lamp is lit every day and the equipment operates.To make it more interesting, we split up so that we could compare who would use more energy. Ruzanova Ekaterina collected data on computer equipment, Mochalova Marina counted the amount of energy consumed by electrical appliances, and Naumova Kristina found out how much energy was spent on burning light bulbs. In our work, we decided not only to calculate the amount of electricity consumed by the school, but also to generalize our knowledge about electricity in general, about ways to obtain it, and of course to think about how it can be saved.To do this, we had to calculate the daily average electricity consumption in the school, calculate the monetary costs of electricity and compare them with real costs; choose ways to reduce power consumption at school without attracting additional funds.The work was carried out over one month. The first week is collecting information about all devices that consume electricity: power, total operating time from the network, time of use. Second week analysis of the results obtained. The third week is monitoring the operation of all devices that consume electricity. Week four – report preparation.
Formulation of the problem
In modern conditions, one of the key areas in the activities of local governments iseconomical and rational use of energy resources.
In the context of an economic crisis, it is necessary to save energy at school and look for effective ways to reduceelectricity consumption, for this it is necessary to find out which lamps, electrical appliances or equipment make up the largest share of electricity consumption in the school.
We pose the problem “To determine how much electricity our school consumes? Find ways to save energy."
Target:
Find out, by calculations, the amount of electricity consumed at school in one day. And also to generalize our knowledge about electricity in general, as well as about devices that work with it. Well, naturally, we thought about ways to reduce energy costs.
Tasks:
- Count the number of lamps, of various powers and modifications, used for lighting in schools, as well as electrical appliances and technical equipment (indicating the power).
- Using questionnaires and observations, calculate the average time during which each lamp is lit daily and the equipment operates.
- Calculate the school's daily average electricity consumption, calculate the monetary costs of electricity and compare them with actual costs.
- The main stages of work on the project.
- Formulation of the problem.
- Definition of goals and objectives.
- Drawing up a work plan for the project.
- Distribution of responsibilities for collecting information:
Kristina Naumova – lighting;
Mochalova Marina – electrical appliances;
Ruzanova Ekaterina – computer technology. - Collection of necessary information: list and quantity of electrical equipment, power of electrical appliances.
- Determination of operating hours of all lamps and electrical appliances.
- Check with the superintendent about the amount of electricity consumed by the school on average per month.
- Creating a table in Excel for data entry.
- Selecting, introducing and using formulas to calculate the amount of energy consumed.
- Entering data into Excel tables.
- Analysis of the results obtained.
- Comparison of the received data with meter readings.
- Study and analysis of ways to reduce electricity consumption.
- Selecting the most optimal option for reducing energy consumption.
- Estimation of costs for using selected reduction methods
electricity consumption - Analysis of the project work.
- Project design.
- Determination of daily electricity consumption
From November 10 to 17, we counted the total number of all lamps of each type used for lighting in the school, recording their power, as well as the number of monitors, system units, printers, projectors and other electrical appliances used. For convenience, we compiled tables for teachers and school cleaners, from which it was possible to estimate how long a particular device or lighting lamp was used daily. During the day, teachers recorded how many lessons were taught with light, whether they turned off the lights during breaks, whether they opened the blinds in the office to allow natural light to enter, and for how long they used technical means. Cleaners were interviewed on the same questions about corridors, staircases and utility rooms. We calculated the total amount of work in hours for each type of lamps and devices separately per day. During the week, we observed classrooms in the school, came to school early, and recorded the time when the lights were turned on in each classroom and when they were turned off. To determine energy consumption, it is necessary to multiply the power of the device by the duration of its operation. Separately for each type of lamps and electrical appliances, the total operating time was calculated. In total, the school has 367 long fluorescent lamps, 19 incandescent lamps, and 6 spotlights; we added up the operating time of each lamp and got their total operating time. Energy consumption is numerically equal to the work of the current: A=Pt, where A is work, P is power, t is time. To get work in kWh, we converted the power of all lamps and electrical appliances into kW, for which we divided the value in W by 1000, and calculated the time in hours. To determine the cost of consumed energy in kWh, we multiplied the amount of energy by the price per 1 kWh. All calculations made were inserted into tables.
Analysis of the obtained data.
Electricity consumption for lighting on average per day
Lighting |
||||
Equipment | Amount | Power, W | Operating time, hours | |
fluorescent lamps | 63390 |
|||
incandescent lamps | 13800 |
|||
spotlights | 9000 |
|||
Total | 86190 |
|||
The energy costs for the remaining electrical equipment were determined in the same way.
Computer technology
Equipment | Amount | Power, W | Operating time, hours | Number of el. energy per day, W |
computers | ||||
projectors | 3570 |
|||
Laptop | ||||
Netbook | ||||
Printers | ||||
Scanners | ||||
Total | 4357 |
Electrical equipment
Equipment | Amount | Power, W | Operating time, hours | Number of el. energy per day, W |
plate | 3400 | 17000 |
||
fridge | ||||
oven | 1000 | 3000 |
||
boiler | 1500 | 4500 |
||
machine w | ||||
iron | 1000 | 2000 |
||
kettle | ||||
fridge | ||||
Total | 28210 |
Overall result |
|||
Equipment name | Number of kilowatts | Cost 1 kW | Cost of energy expended |
Lighting | 86,19 | 5,31 | 457.67 RUR |
Computer technology | 4,357 | 5,31 | 23.14 RUR |
Electrical appliances | 28,21 | 5,31 | 149.80 RUR |
Total | 118,757 | 5,31 | 630.60 RUR |
According to our calculations, the daily electricity consumption in the school is118.76 kW. Can this result be considered reliable? Yes, because it almost coincides with the actual value of electricity consumption per day. According to the meter readings for the month of November, the average per day was 118.4 kW.
- Ways to reduce electricity
The energy consumption of a lighting installation over a certain period is determined by the power of the lighting equipment and its total operating time for this period. This means that it is possible to reduce electricity consumption in two main ways: reducing the nominal (or current) lighting power and reducing operating time. Moreover, this should not lead to a decrease in the quality of lighting.
Reducing the nominal (installed) lighting power first of all means a transition to more efficient light sources that provide the required luminous fluxes with significantly lower energy consumption. However, reducing the lighting power rating still has limited energy saving potential. For example, the best light sources currently used for indoor lighting have practically reached the limit of 96-104 lm/W in terms of luminous efficiency while simultaneously reducing the relative losses in ballasts to 10% or less. The stability of this value is also high and at the end of the lamp life is 80-95% of the initial value. This also applies to modern types of lamps, the real values of which are 70-80% efficient, and their decrease over time is insignificant.
For the long term, more significant opportunities can be found. These opportunities are associated with the implementation of modern control, regulation and monitoring systems for lighting installations. The use of adjustable fluorescent lamps allows them to be usedat reduced (compared to rated) power. This means that with a constant installed lighting power, the current (actually consumed) power and energy consumption are reduced.
You can use this advantage without reducing the quality of lighting in several ways.
Firstly, it is possible to slightly reduce the luminous flux (and, as a result, power) of lamps during the initial period of their operation, when the luminous flux emitted by new lamps exceeds the required value. As the lamps age, it can be gradually increased, which, in addition to saving energy, also ensures increased stability of lighting over time.
Secondly, often the number of lamps, for structural, architectural or other reasons, exceeds exactly what is required according to lighting calculations. The only way to avoid excessive energy consumption in this case is to further reduce the lighting power. According to estimates given in the article “Measures to reduce electricity consumption and rational use of electricity” by Rafik Bedretdinov http://www.technolux.info/ Lighting on the ExpertUnion portal, the potential for energy savings in these two cases alone can range from 15 to 25%.
Thirdly, if we take into account the presence of natural lighting in the premises during daylight hours, even the power of the lamps reduced by compensating for the indicated excess illumination will turn out to be overestimated compared to the required one. By rational use of daylighting (transition from artificial lighting to combined lighting) it is possible to achieve the most significant energy savings, since at many times of the day the lamps can be completely turned off or turned on at a minimum power (1-10% of the nominal). Energy savings will be 25-40%.
So, all of the above boils down to the fact that you can reduce electricity consumption by changing the power of the lamps, but how to regulate the power?
A dimmer (from the English dim - “to darken”) is a load electrical power regulator connected in series with it. A dimmer allows you to smoothly or stepwise change the voltage supplied to the lighting device, thereby adjusting the brightness of its glow, Wikipedia.
Dimmers for fluorescent lamps.To dim fluorescent lamps, special electronic ballasts (EPGs) with control capabilities are used. The process of controlling a fluorescent lamp is very complicated from a technical point of view, and I have not yet figured out its details. But I realized that when dimming, electronic ballasts reduce the voltage supplied to the lamp electrodes, increase its frequency (its value can reach 100 kHz) and current. At the same time, the lamp smoothly changes its brightness, but its service life is not reduced. Controlled electronic ballasts, in accordance with existing lighting engineering standards, are divided into two classes: analog and digital.
In analog devices, a potentiometer is either installed at the control input of the electronic ballast, with which you can change the value of the control voltage, or a constant control voltage (analog signal) is supplied in the range of 1-10 V. The brightness of the lamp varies from 1 to 100%. Manufacturers indicate the number of lamps connected to analog electronic ballasts in the device passport. The price of a set of devices used for regulation ranges from 800-1000 rubles. For example, there are 700, 800, 1000 and 1500 W, which means they are designed for 38, 44, 55 and 83 18 W fluorescent lamps, so 1 dimmer is enough for the corridor.
Energy savings reach up to 25% with standard switching on, i.e. Less electricity is spent to create a certain level of illumination. And as natural light increases, you can dim the brightness of fluorescent lamps and thereby consume much less electricity.
In the literature, we discovered another advantage of using electronic ballasts - it provides a stable luminous flux when the supply voltage pulsates, thereby eliminating the effect of “eye fatigue” when working at a computer. According to hygienic standards, the level of light flux pulsations should be
- in rooms equipped with computers no more than 5%
(SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03)
- in institutions of general education, primary, secondary and higher specialized education – 10%
(SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03). Thus, the use of dimmers in school leads to compliance with SanPiN requirements.
It is most advisable to replace incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps; three lamps of 60 - 80 W can be replaced with one energy-saving lamp of 36 W, the level of illumination will not change, the savings will be 80%.
The average operating time per day of the total number of these lamps will be reduced by three times. Energy consumption will be 0.036 370/3= 4.44 kWh in one day, this is 5 times less.
Here is a comparison table between CFLs and incandescent lamps.
The table data convincingly shows the advantage of energy-saving lamps.
CFL, W | Incandescent lamp, W |
But energy-saving lamps also have their drawbacks.
Disadvantages of energy-saving lamps
- Mercury and phosphorus, although in very small quantities, are present inside energy-saving lamps.
- The warm-up phase lasts approximately 2 minutes,
- Unsuitable for operation in low temperature ranges (-15-20ºC),
- Lamps do not like to be switched on and off frequently.
- High price. The price of an energy-saving light bulb is 10-20 times more expensive than a regular incandescent light bulb.
Main problem: disposal
We decided to figure out what an incandescent lamp is.. An incandescent lamp is a source of artificial light that converts electrical energy into light by heating a metal spiral, the so-called incandescent body. The filament body currently used is mainly a spiral made of tungsten and alloys based on it. The designs of incandescent lamps are very diverse and depend on the purpose. However, the common elements are the filament body, bulb and current leads. Depending on the characteristics of a particular type of lamp, filament holders of various designs can be used; lamps can be made baseless or with bases of various types, have an additional external bulb and other additional structural elements. The lifespan of an incandescent lamp is approximately 1000 hours. As the voltage increases, the service life decreases. The good old “pear bulb” with its warm, pleasant light continues to be a symbol of artificial light for many today. Its qualities such as simplicity, accessibility and versatility explain its great popularity.
First, let's talk about the advantages of incandescent lamps.
Advantages:
- low cost
- small sizes
- uselessness of ballasts
- quick access to working mode
- low sensitivity to power failures and voltage surges
- absence of toxic components and, as a result, no need for collection and disposal infrastructure
- ability to work on any type of current
- the ability to manufacture lamps for a wide variety of voltages (from fractions of a volt to hundreds of volts)
- no flickering or buzzing when running on AC
- continuous emission spectrum
- are not afraid of low ambient temperatures
But now let's look at its shortcomings.
Flaws:
- low luminous efficiency
- relatively short service life
- fragility and shock sensitivity
- color temperature lies only in the range of 2300-2900 K, which gives the light a yellowish tint
- Incandescent lamps pose a fire hazard. 30 minutes after turning on the incandescent lamps, the temperature of the outer surface reaches, depending on the power, the following values: 40 W - 145 °C, 75 W - 250 °C, 100 W - 290 °C, 200 W - 330 °C. When the lamps come into contact with textile materials, their bulb heats up even more.
"Myths" about the harm...
- Myth No. 1 . All energy-saving lamps are harmful because... contain mercury vapor and are not environmentally friendly.
Internet information: For example, CFLs from Uniel, Photon and a number of other manufacturers do not use mercury vapor that is harmful to humans and nature. Instead of liquid mercury, a metal alloy (the so-called “amalgam” - calcium amalgam) is introduced into the flask. This technology is expanding. - Myth No. 2 . Energy-saving lamps are harmful to the eyes.
Internet information: the built-in ballast itself provides a discharge frequency of 30-50 kHz - that’s 30-50 thousand times per second, which is completely invisible to the eye. - Myth No. 3. Ultraviolet radiation from CFLs can cause skin irritation.
Internet information: Human exposure to fluorescent lighting is much less than exposure to natural sunlight.
From the above we conclude:
Incandescent lamps are very convenient and practical to use and manufacture, and they actually do not harm the environment. Of the main disadvantages, only high energy consumption and low (average)using energy-saving lamps) operating life.
- Estimation of the costs of purchasing selected methods for reducing energy consumption
It is necessary to purchase 60 energy-saving lamps at an approximate cost of 120 rubles, which will amount to 7,200 rubles, and will reduce daily expenses for this item from 50 rubles to 10 rubles. Thus, the daily saving is 40 rubles, which means that all these lamps will pay for themselves in 180 days. Considering that there are 210 days in the school year, it can be argued that replacing incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps will not entail additional costs, but next year it will save 21040=8400 rubles, which can be used to purchase dimmers. It is necessary to purchase 14 dimmers at an approximate cost of 800 rubles, we will already have 8,400 rubles saved, and we will spend another 2,900 rubles on the purchase of dimmers (11,300 rubles in total). Electricity savings under fluorescent lamps will amount to 25-40%, i.e. 40-60 rubles per day, which is 8400-12600 rubles. Thus, without additional investments, in two years you can replace incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps, install dimmers, and in the third year save 16,800-21,000 rubles on electricity bills.
- Conclusion
In our opinion, it is necessary to think about saving energy at school. We consider the research topic very interesting and important, especially in modern conditions.We need electricity every minute, every second. All systems operate using electricity. A power outage for a day paralyzes the operation of all systems.The problem of energy saving has become one of the most pressing problems throughout the world today. Many states have begun to introduce measures to save energy. The Russian Federation has also decided to switch to energy-saving technologies.
Back in November 2009, the President of Russia signed the Federal Law “On Energy Saving and Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation.”
The Presidential Commission on Modernization intends to transition Russia from incandescent lamps to more promising technologies, which are LED lamps.
At the moment, LED lamps are the most expensive and efficient existing home lighting sources. The burning time of an LED lamp is 30 times higher than that of an incandescent lamp, and the electricity consumption is 10 times lower.
Today, the state, commercial organizations, and private individuals are engaged in saving energy. Gradually, this work becomes an integral part of human life, because energy sources are drying up, and new sources of electricity are not yet used to their full potential.
Having completed our project, we determined whether we and the school staff are engaged in energy conservation in our school, what and how can be changed, how to reduce energy costs. To determine energy saving methods, the source of information was mainly Internet sites. The analysis of the amount of electricity consumed was carried out independently using calculations.
The actual electricity consumption, as measured by the electric meter, coincided with our calculations. Not only the energy consumption was calculated, but several ways to reduce its consumption were identified, without any significant impact on the school budget.
From the above, we conclude that it is better to use energy-saving and LED lamps, since incandescent lamps, although very convenient and practical to use and manufacture, also do not actually harm the environment and the purchase price is pleasing, however, there is a high energy consumption and low (compared to energy-saving lamps) operating life. To save energy, you should also monitor the lamps that are lit almost the entire working day, and turn them off if there is enough natural light.
Computer technology also plays an important role in the amount of energy used. Since the computer is used regularly in computer science lessons, in administrative work, as well as by teachers during lessons, the computers are not turned off during breaks, so as not to waste additional time turning them on and off. To reduce the energy consumption of computer equipment, it is necessary to put the computer into sleep mode after finishing work during a break or change, while the amount of energy consumed is reduced. Turn off the projector after using it. Since the power of projectors is high, and long-term operation of the projector leads to damage to the lamp, and this is the main part of the projector, and additional costs will be necessary to repair it. On average, replacing a projector lamp can cost a school 8–10 thousand rubles.
Having become acquainted with educational literature and websites on the Internet, we learned a lot of new information that will be useful to us in life. Also, in the process of working on the project, we repeated knowledge about electricity and studied the history of lighting sources.
Electricity is a set of phenomena caused by the existence, interaction and movement of electric charges. The term was introduced by the English naturalist William Gilbert in his essay “On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies and the Great Magnet - the Earth” (1600), which explains the operation of a magnetic compass and describes some experiments with electrified bodies. He found that other substances also have the property of being electrified. Since the 19th century, electricity has become an integral part of the life of modern civilization. Electricity is used for lighting (electric lamp) and information transmission (telegraph, telephone, radio, television), as well as for driving mechanisms (electric motor), which is actively used in transport (tram, metro, trolleybus, electric train) and in household appliances (iron, food processor, washing machine, dishwasher). In order to generate electricity, power plants equipped with electric generators have been created, and batteries and electric batteries have been created to store it. Today, electricity is also used to produce materials (electrolysis), process them (welding, drilling, cutting), create music (electric guitar), etc.
Electric current is the ordered uncompensated movement of free electrically charged particles, for example, under the influence of an electric field. Such particles can be: in conductors - electrons, in electrolytes - ions (cations and anions), in gases - ions and electrons, in a vacuum under certain conditions - electrons, in semiconductors - electrons and holes (electron-hole conductivity).
The first incandescent light bulb appeared in 1878. It was invented by Thomas Edison.
Thomas Edison lived and worked in the United States all his life. He was the most prolific inventor of them all. During his life, he patented 1,093 various inventions, including the incandescent electric lamp. In 1876 he opened the world's first research laboratory and called it an "invention factory." However, some inventors accused him of stealing their discoveries. In 1877 Edison created the phonograph, one of his famous inventions. This device recorded and played back sound. At first the phonograph was sold as a fun toy. But then Edison and other inventors improved it so much that it became possible to even record music.
In 1878 English scientist Joseph Swan (1828-1914) invented the electric light bulb. It was a glass flask with a carbon filament inside. To prevent the thread from burning out, Swan removed the air from the flask. The following year, the famous American inventor Thomas Edison (1847-1931) also invented the light bulb. After experimenting with threads made from various substances, he chose charred bamboo fibers. In 1880 Edison began producing safe light bulbs, selling them for $2.50. Subsequently, Edison and Swan created a joint company, Edison and Swan United Electric Light Company.
In the 1880s there was “the war of currents between Thomas Edison, who invented direct current, and Nikola Tesla, who discovered alternating current. Both wanted their systems to be widely used, but alternating current won out due to its ease of production, greater efficiency and less danger.
In some areas of South America and Africa, where there was no electricity, you could see closed glass jars filled with fireflies inside the home! Such “lamps” gave an enviably bright light!
The fire brigade in Livermore, California has a 4-watt electric light bulb that has been running almost continuously since 1901. It went out only a few times during power outages and twice when moving.
- Used literature and Internet sites.
- Journal “Physics at School” - 2012 – 2014
- Reader on physics: Textbook. manual for secondary students school / Comp. A.S. Enochovich et al.: Ed. B.I. Spassky - 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Education, 1987.
- Bludov M.I. Conversations on physics part 2. Textbook manual for students / Ed. L.V. Tarasova – 3rd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Education, 1985.
- Scientific fun. Physics: experiments, tricks and entertainment: trans. from fr. / Tom Titus; artist A. Poye, G. Neksov. – M.: AST: Astrel, 2008. – 222, (2) p.
- http://www.technolux.info
- http://edu.rin.ru/
- http://ido.tsu.ru/schools/physmat/data/res/elmag/metod/
Annex 1.
Work on the project “Efficient use of electricity at school.”
Appendix 2
Lighting |
|||||||||
Classrooms and offices | Equipment | Amount | Power, W | Operating time, hours | Amount of electricity per day, W |
||||
1 class | fluorescent lamps | 1950 |
|||||||
2,3 class | fluorescent lamps | 1800 |
|||||||
4th grade | fluorescent lamps | 2700 |
|||||||
5th grade | fluorescent lamps | 2250 |
|||||||
6th grade | fluorescent lamps | 2160 |
|||||||
7th grade | fluorescent lamps | 3240 |
|||||||
8th grade | fluorescent lamps | 5250 |
|||||||
9th grade | fluorescent lamps | 2520 |
|||||||
Physics room | fluorescent lamps | 2520 |
|||||||
Chemistry room | fluorescent lamps | 2520 |
|||||||
Computer Science Room | fluorescent lamps | 2520 |
|||||||
Technology room | fluorescent lamps | 1800 |
|||||||
Laboratories | incandescent lamps | ||||||||
Teacher's room | fluorescent lamps | 2520 |
|||||||
Director's office | fluorescent lamps | 2520 |
|||||||
Library | fluorescent lamps | 1260 |
|||||||
Assembly Hall | fluorescent lamps | 2250 |
|||||||
Counselor's office | fluorescent lamps | ||||||||
Office of the Deputy Directors | fluorescent lamps | ||||||||
2nd floor corridors | fluorescent lamps | 6120 |
|||||||
Honey. Paragraph | fluorescent lamps | ||||||||
Toilets | incandescent lamps | 4200 |
|||||||
Gym | spotlights | 9000 |
|||||||
Office of O.V. | fluorescent lamps | ||||||||
Deputy's office directors | Incandescent lamps | 4000 |
|||||||
Locker rooms | Incandescent lamps | 3000 |
|||||||
Dining room | fluorescent lamps | 4200 |
|||||||
Workshop | fluorescent lamps | 2400 |
|||||||
caretaker's office | Incandescent lamps | 2400 |
|||||||
Kindergarten | fluorescent lamps | 4320 |
|||||||
1st floor corridors | fluorescent lamps | 3750 |
|||||||
Locker room | fluorescent lamps | ||||||||
Total per day | 181,5 | 86190 |
|||||||
Average per month | fridge | ||||||||
oven | 1000 | 3000 |
|||||||
boiler | 1500 | 4500 |
|||||||
Technology | machine w | ||||||||
iron | 1000 | 2000 |
|||||||
kettle | |||||||||
fridge | |||||||||
Teacher's room, office Director, laboratory, office. physical teacher, kindergarten | Amount | Power, W | Operating time, hours | Amount of electricity per day, W. |
|||||
physics | computers | ||||||||
projectors | |||||||||
Laptop | |||||||||
Netbook | |||||||||
Russian language | projector | ||||||||
Mathematics | Computer | ||||||||
Computer science | Computers | ||||||||
Laptop | |||||||||
Projector | 1360 |
||||||||
Printer | |||||||||
Scanner | |||||||||
5th grade | Projector | ||||||||
2,3 class | Laptop | ||||||||
Projector | |||||||||
4th grade | Computer | ||||||||
Projector | |||||||||
1 class | Printer | ||||||||
Computer | |||||||||
Projector | |||||||||
Medical office | Computer | ||||||||
Physical office | Computer | ||||||||
Head teacher | Computer | ||||||||
Printer | |||||||||
Director | Computer | ||||||||
Printer | |||||||||
Scanner | |||||||||
Pionerskaya | Computer | 1 | 3 | 6 | 18 |
||||
Printer | 1 | 25 | 1 | 25 |
|||||
Teacher's room | Computer | 1 | 3 | 7 | 21 |
||||
Printer | 1 | 25 | 3 | 75 |
|||||
Total | 48 | 4357 |
|||||||