Vegetative propagation in parts. Asexual reproduction. Reproduction by tubers, corms, root crops, layering

Most indoor plants reproduce successfully vegetatively. Vegetative propagation of plants can be carried out at any time of the year. It is based on the ability to form new stems and root systems from all parts of the plant.

The advantage of vegetative propagation over other methods is that the purity of the variety, bred by breeders over many years, is preserved. It is possible to transfer to the new plant the color and shape of the flower, doubleness, appearance and color of the leaves. Plants grown in this way take root well and bloom earlier.

Florists use for vegetative propagation of plants the above-ground part (cuttings, leaves, tendrils, layering), the root (bush and suckers) and the underground part in a modified form (bulbs and tubers). Depending on the part used, vegetative propagation is carried out using different methods.

Vegetative propagation is of the following types:

Cuttings from stems and leaves
Rooting cuttings
Reproduction using whiskers
Bulbous propagation
Reproduction using offspring

Stem cuttings

The stem cutting or the upper part of the stem is taken from a healthy bush to be propagated. If there is a thin bark, the woody part is used. Cuttings with succulent leaves are dried a little. Plant cuttings with milky juice are dipped in warm water until the juice stops flowing.

It is enough to use a stem with 2-3 leaves 10-15 cm long. It is cut with a sharp knife, positioning the blade at 45°, moving 1 cm up from the leaf axil. The lower leaves are removed. The cut is treated with charcoal. For rooting, use water or a light soil mixture. It is prepared from equal parts of sand and peat.

When rooted in water, roots form quickly. However, the roots are very tender and do not take root well in the soil. After planting in the ground, cuttings often die.

How to root in soil substrate:

A dark-colored container with a drainage hole should be filled with a layer of expanded clay. Sprinkle light soil mixture on top
Moisten the mixture and place the cutting, deepening it by 2 cm
When rooting several shoots, they are placed at a distance of 6 cm
Compact the soil to eliminate air pockets
Tie the top with a transparent bag with a small hole for ventilation
Install in a warm, bright place
The shoot needs regular ventilation, watering and spraying

It will take from several days to 2-4 weeks for roots to form. After rooting, the young plant with a lump of earth is planted in a separate pot.

Stem cuttings are effectively used for propagating ficus, impatiens, dwarf chrysanthemums, geraniums, tradescantia, philodendrons and other plant species.

Leaf cuttings

Leaf cuttings are suitable for plants that can take root in this way. For example, Kalanchoe, begonia, violet, ceperomia, crassula, streptocarpus.

You need to take a healthy leaf of the plant with a 3-5 cm cutting. The cut on the cutting is placed at an angle. It is placed in a glass of water at a shallow depth of up to 4 cm. The period of root formation will take about 2 weeks. After the roots appear, the shoot is transplanted into a prepared pot with soil mixture.

In addition to water, a light substrate or sphagnum moss is used for rooting. The technology in this case is similar to stem cuttings. The edge of the leaf should be above the ground and not in contact with it. It is not recommended to use vegetative stimulants for rooting leaves.

Plants with large leaves can be divided into sections and rooted. For example, begonia, aloe, sansivieria or streptocarpus. Select pieces with pronounced veins. The extreme part is not used. Pieces of leaf are laid vertically on a damp, loose substrate (sand can be used) and covered with film to create a greenhouse effect. During leaf propagation, the pot is in a warm, lighted place.

Dividing a plant bush

Certain species of stemless plants with a strong root system reproduce successfully by dividing the bush. They quickly grow in width and are transplanted in the spring.

How to do division:

The plant should be removed from the pot and cleared of soil.
Using a sharp knife, divide into several parts, preserving 1-2 growth points and an active root system in each

You can't tear it, only cut it!

Treat the sections with charcoal powder
Plant the parts in separate pots with suitable composition substrate
In the first month after planting, the plant requires regular watering.

Indoor ferns, arrowroot, chlorophytum, aspedistra, cyperus, and others are suitable for dividing the bush.

For vegetative propagation of gloxinia and tuberous begonia species, tuber division is used.

An adult tuber is cut into pieces, each containing a bud that will give rise to a young sprout. The open cut is treated with fungicide or fine charcoal. The cuttings are dried in a warm place for a couple of days. Planting is carried out in a damp peat-sand mixture.

On the adventitious roots of the main bush, lateral shoots are formed that appear next to the main plant. This is an independent small plant, ready for planting.

Suculents and cacti, aloe, echmea, vriesea, gusmania, and clivia reproduce in this way.

Young shoots are separated or cut with a thin blade without touching the mother bush. Planted in small pots with soil. Before rooting, they are covered with film or a jar and shaded in the first days.

Rooting cuttings

The method is ideal for propagating ampelous or climbing flowers with long shoots: hoya, tradescantia, ivy, cissus, philodendron.

The essence of the method is that the stem does not need to be separated from the uterus. It is better to use annual shoots and do rooting in the spring. To ensure a guaranteed result, several stems are rooted at once.

A flexible shoot of sufficient length is pressed into the ground and secured with a paper clip or wire. A small pot is placed at a convenient distance from the donor plant and the soil is regularly moistened.

Rooting will take a lot of time; to speed up the process, the stem is slightly cut in the right place.

The viability of the stem is maintained due to the connection with the mother plant. After the roots have formed, the stem is separated and new flower transplanted into a full pot.

Reproduction using whiskers

Certain types of indoor plants form tendrils, with the help of which they successfully reproduce. Saxifraga, nephrolepis, tolmia, and chlorophytum crested reproduce in this vegetative way. For rooting, you should do the same as when rooting cuttings. Place a small pot with light soil next to the main plant and dig in a branch of the mustache, securing it with a hairpin.

After rooting, separate and place in a separate pot.

Bulbous propagation

Small baby bulbs grow near the adult bulb. They are planted in a separate pot to form a new flower. The bulbs are separated when transplanting the mother bush.

The method is suitable for clivia, indoor lily, crinum, amaryllis, hippeastrum.

Reproduction using offspring On certain types

They are carefully separated and planted in the soil.

Watch also the video

Vegetative propagation of plants- this is reproduction using vegetative organs - roots, shoots, leaves or even a small part of it. With vegetative propagation, new plants are exactly the same as the mother plant.

No genetic changes are noted in the new plant and all the characteristics of the mother plant are completely repeated in the daughter plant.

Vegetative propagation of plants is used

1. If plants, when propagated by seed, do not repeat the maternal qualities, in other words, if a plant in the first generation is grown from the seeds of an F1 hybrid, then seeds cannot be taken from such a plant, because the new plants will not be similar to the maternal one. Such plants include numerous hybrids of vegetables, as well as roses, gladioli, tulips, dahlias, some varieties of petunias, phlox, edelweiss, lilac, nephrolepis, weigela.

2. If some plants do not produce viable seeds or are grown in conditions where the seeds do not ripen. Such plants, for example, include ficus, fuchsia, reed, dracaena, alocasia, calathea, arrowroot, indoor jasmine, pelargonium, mantle, pancratium, and some variegated forms of plants.

3. If vegetative propagation is economically profitable, for example, if you are preparing plants for sale: to obtain short plants, for faster and earlier flowering.

4. If vegetative propagation is much easier than seed propagation. In some plants, for example, privet, astilbe, lemongrass, zamioculcas, chokeberry, Elwoodi cypress. The seeds of these plants must undergo difficult conditions in preparation for sowing. Even after long-term stratification, the seeds are very difficult to germinate, but cuttings from these plants, on the contrary, are very easy to do. In Selaginella, seed propagation is almost impossible at home, since seed propagation requires male and female spores, and this is very difficult to do even in the laboratory. Therefore, vegetative propagation of Selaginella - by dividing the bush or cuttings - the only way reproduction at home.

5. Vegetative propagation is also used to prolong the juvenile phases of plant development. The juvenile phase is the “youthful” period of a plant; it lasts from seed germination to the formation of the first buds. During this period, the vegetative organs of plants are formed: roots, stems, leaves grow. It is better to renew plants such as cyperus all the time, otherwise cyperus quickly turns yellow.

Widely practiced in industrial floriculture vegetative propagation of plants, because its advantages are undeniable: plants grown from seeds bloom much later than with vegetative propagation. For example, amaryllis from seeds will bloom in the fifth year, and when propagated by a daughter bulb - after three years.

Also, vegetatively propagated plants are lower in height. For example, marigolds, verbena or ageratum, when propagated by seed, grow up to half a meter in height, and such tall plants can no longer be used when creating borders. And with vegetative propagation of these plants, cuttings produce new plants with a height of only 15-20 centimeters with very strong flowering. (So this is the secret of the lush flowering of urban flower beds!) But vegetative propagation also has its drawbacks: plants have low immunity, they are more susceptible to diseases, and are less durable.

Vegetative propagation of plants can be artificial and natural

Artificial vegetative propagation- propagation by cuttings, leaves, part of a leaf. The success of vegetative artificial propagation depends on the soil mixture in which new plants take root, moisture, lighting, air temperature, as well as on the varietal characteristics of the plant and its age. During spring pruning indoor plants, such as clerodendrum, blue passionflower, there are many shoots left that take root easily. And Saintpaulia and Gloxinia can be propagated by leaves.

At natural vegetative propagation vegetative organs are involved, which easily take root themselves.

Natural vegetative organs of plant reproduction

1. For example, nephrolepis, chlorophytum, garden strawberry, saxifrage reproduce mustache, or stolons. All plants that reproduce by tendrils, or stolons, are characterized by rosette growth.

2.Some plants let go aboveground shoots - lashes. Whiskers and whiskers are very similar. A rosette is also formed at the end of the lash. Scourges are formed by the creeping tenacious. In the internodes, in places of contact with the ground, roots form on the vines. In this way you can root grapes, clematis, and virgin grapes. In the spring, the whip is placed on the ground, covered with soil, and in the fall the whip can be cut into internodes and planted as independent plants.

3. In some plants, offspring. Many bulbous plants form offspring bulbs at the base. Pineapple, bromeliad, date palm. In sympodial orchids, the lateral shoots on the rhizomes can also be called suckers.

If there are few offspring, their growth can be stimulated. To do this, the rosette is cut off with a small part of the stem and rooted, and the remaining plant quickly produces offspring.

4. Some plants produce root growth. Anyone who grows plums in the garden is well acquainted with root shoots)).

5. There are plants with dropping shoots. These include some cacti and succulents, for example, mamilaria, bryophyllium (better known as Kalanchoe), sempervivum. Once on the ground, the shoots quickly take root and begin to grow.

6. Some plants form daughter bulbs, tubers, corms, pseudobulbs, rhizomes- modified organs involved in vegetative reproduction. Plants accumulate nutrients in these organs. Perennial plants reproduce in this way: hyacinth, iris, tulip, lily, tigridia, phlox, daylily, snowdrop, clivia, amaryllis, crinum, oxalis, peony and many other rhizomatous plants.

Vegetative propagation of plants is the most common method in indoor culture. It allows, in contrast to seed propagation, to obtain a young plant of sufficiently large size in a short time. In addition, this method is not labor intensive. And its main advantage is that the young specimen retains the varietal characteristics of the mother plant, which usually does not happen when indoor flowers are propagated by seeds. Let's look at which plants reproduce vegetatively.

Methods of vegetative propagation

Vegetative or asexual propagation is carried out using plant parts capable of rooting. Methods for vegetative propagation of indoor plants:

But, of course, not all of the methods listed are suitable for every species. Flowers different types have different structures, therefore the methods of their reproduction are also different. Thus, bulbous or tuberous plants are propagated only by daughter bulbs or tubers, and only sometimes by leaf cuttings. And only those species that form them can be propagated by suckers, tendrils and creeping shoots.

There are indoor flowers for which none of the listed vegetative methods are suitable, since they do not form rooted parts. They are propagated only by seeds. These are the following varieties:

Palm trees;
Cacti that do not produce children;
Ball-shaped varieties of milkweed.

It is very difficult to propagate cyclamen using vegetative methods. Its leaves do not take root under any circumstances. Particularly valuable specimens of this plant are not recommended to be propagated by dividing the tuber or its parts, but only by seeds.

Reproduction by dividing the bush and rhizome

Dividing a bush is very simple and effective method plant propagation. This is how shrubs or herbaceous varieties reproduce, forming a powerful and well-developed root with growing points. This method allows you to quickly obtain several young ones from one mother flower. A large bush can be divided into no more than 3-4 small plants, so other methods are used to obtain a large number of young specimens.

Reproduction by dividing the bush is usually combined with transplanting the plant into new soil. To do this, remove the flower from the pot, and shake off the soil from its roots so that the root system is clearly visible. If the roots are not freed from the ground, they can be washed in running water.

After this, the bush is carefully examined and divided into parts, untangling the roots. Delenki can be broken off from the mother root if they are difficult to separate. Each part must have a developed root system and several growth points. You should not divide the bush into many small parts, otherwise there is a high probability that the small sections will not take root.

If the bush has a developed rhizome, it can be cut into pieces with a sharp knife. All cut areas are treated with crushed activated carbon and dry slightly.

Each division is planted in a separate pot and watered abundantly. Then they are placed in a place with diffused light for 2 weeks. The separated parts of the bush are cared for like an adult plant.

By dividing the bush the following types of flowers are successfully propagated:

Marantaceae;
Ferns;

Propagation by dividing rhizomes

Another popular way to propagate indoor plants is by dividing the rhizomes. This way, not all species can be propagated, but only those whose rhizomes grow quickly, forming many new underground shoots.

Usually the procedure is carried out in early spring. To propagate an overgrown plant, it is removed from the pot and the soil is removed from the root system. Then numerous rhizomatous buds become visible, from which young flowers eventually form.

This article is often read with:

The rhizome is cut with a sharp knife into fragments with 1-2 buds. It is advisable to take the outer buds, but you can also cut out a part from the middle of the rhizome on which a shoot has already grown. The cuttings should have a length of no more than 5 cm. It is advisable if they have roots, then they will take root better and faster.

Sections must be treated with crushed charcoal or activated carbon. Then the divisions are planted in the ground in separate pots or several pieces in spacious containers. Some species, such as Sansevieria, do not require special conditions. More capricious ones (begonias) are covered with glass, creating increased humidity, and moderate watering is carried out.

The following types of indoor plants are propagated by dividing the rhizomes:

Reproduction by layering and tubers

Propagation by layering is suitable for climbing and climbing plants with flexible shoots. A layer is a rooted part of a shoot that has taken root at the site of damage to the bark. They take quite a long time to take root, but the result is a large growing branch that very quickly forms a new hanging plant.

In the spring, a long and flexible lower branch of the plant is selected and a transverse cut is made on it to half its thickness. A match is inserted into the cut to prevent it from becoming overgrown.

Then the shoot at the site of the cut is buried in a separate pot with soil, which is placed close to the adult flower. The shoot is fixed to the ground with pins. Typically, such cuttings take root by autumn. But it will be possible to separate it only next year in the spring.

The following species are propagated by layering:

Ampelnaya;

There is also a method of propagation by air layering. To do this, the shoot of the plant is cut in the same way as for rooting cuttings, and then at the site of the cut they are tied with moistened sphagnum moss. To keep the moss moist longer, it is covered with plastic film on top. The moss is moistened until the shoot takes root at the cut site. It can then be separated from the mother plant and planted in a separate pot.

The following species are propagated by air layering:

Tuberous species are very popular in indoor culture. Typically, adult plants are propagated by daughter tubers formed on the mother plant or by dividing the tuber. Daughter nodules are separated from the adult tuber and planted in separate containers. When dividing a tuber, it is cut into 2-3 parts. Each part should retain part of the root system and several growing points.

Plants that reproduce by tubers:

Corydalis;

There are a large number of bulbous plants that are most easily propagated from daughter bulbs. Often this is the only way to propagate such plants, since a bulb, unlike a tuber, cannot be divided into parts.

Plants that reproduce by bulbs:

Hyacinth;
Muscari;
Lily.

Reproduction by offspring

There are indoor flowers that can form offspring. These are shoots from the main stem, which eventually grow aerial roots.

Most succulents are propagated this way. They form numerous offspring or babies along the entire length of the stem. Sometimes you can stimulate their formation by cutting off the top of the plant. However, some few types of succulents cannot be propagated in this way, since they never produce offspring.

The offspring are separated from the mother plant in mid-spring. At this time, they take root better, although you can cut off the baby you like at any other time of the year. In winter, it is advisable not to do this, since the children, although they take root, grow poorly and stretch out due to insufficient lighting.

Too young offspring should not be separated, as they may not take root and die. The children should be large enough, preferably if they already have the beginnings of roots.

The babies are separated from the mother plant with a sharp knife and then laid to dry for 1-2 days. After this, they are planted in separate pots in slightly moist soil.

When rooting succulent offspring, intensive watering should not be carried out. The soil should be only slightly moist and dry out periodically. The children of some plants, such as aloe, agave and haworthia, can take root even in completely dry soil.

Bromeliad offspring are formed on the mother plant, which gradually dies. Therefore they should not be separated. They are grown in an old pot until the babies grow to ½ the size of an adult plant. Then you can simply plant them in separate pots.

The following types of plants can be propagated by offspring:

Most varieties;

Reproduction by mustache

Some indoor flowers are interesting because they form long creeping shoots - tendrils. Over time, small plants ready for rooting appear on them. In the wild, the tendrils quickly reach the ground, and young plants take root close to the mother plant. When grown indoors, such plants are kept in pots on hangers. Therefore, the mustache hangs down, and young plants do not take root, although they already form aerial roots. Often an old, overgrown plant has a lot of hanging tendrils with young children.

In addition to the babies, there are flowers on the whiskers. Babies are usually located at the ends of the whiskers. Some gardeners recommend removing the whiskers, as they weaken the plant. But, firstly, a flower with them looks more decorative, and, secondly, they can be used for propagation and very quickly get a large plant of a decorative appearance.

To root a baby, it is simply cut off with part of the aerial shoot and planted in the ground. You should not take very young flowers that have not yet formed aerial roots– they may not take root and die. Usually the largest children with roots are cut, which quickly take root and grow without problems.

Ampelous plants that reproduce with tendrils:

braided;
Tolmia.

Flower cuttings

Cuttings are a method of propagating indoor flowers by separating and rooting parts of the mother plant: shoots, stem fragments, leaves. It is the most popular and productive method of propagation. Many herbaceous species, subshrubs and shrubs, as well as succulents, are propagated by cuttings.

Cuttings are suitable for propagation of the following species:

Propagation by apical cuttings

Apical cuttings are cut from the shoots of the plant. They are usually harvested during scheduled spring pruning. The tops of the shoots are cut off, stimulating branching. Cuttings are cut from such removed parts. They must be strong and thick enough; it is not recommended to take cuttings from weak and elongated shoots.

The length of the cuttings depends on the type of plant. But each of them must have several pairs of leaves or nodes. The lower cut is made obliquely and close to the lower bud. It is recommended to treat cuttings of poorly rooted species with root growth stimulants.

Root cuttings in soil or water. For many species, when rooting in the soil, it is necessary to create increased humidity. To do this, the cuttings are covered with glass jars or film. When rooting in water, they are placed in boiled water at room temperature. It is recommended to change the water at least once every 2 days.

Propagation by stem cuttings

For cuttings, you can also use stem fragments that do not have an upper growing point. These are stem cuttings. Very often, cordilines and dracaenas, whose trunk is very exposed, are propagated in this way. Their top is cut off and rooted, and the remaining trunk is cut into cuttings.

Stem cuttings are prepared in the same way as apical ones. If they are of considerable thickness, then it is recommended to cover the upper cut with garden varnish so that the cutting does not lose moisture through it.

The methods for rooting them are the same as for apical cuttings. They take longer to take root, but you can quickly grow a lush plant from a stem cutting. In the absence of an upper growth point, the cutting immediately begins to form side shoots after rooting.

Propagation by leaf cuttings

Plants whose trunk is too short can be propagated by leaf cuttings. This method is suitable for begonias, saintpaulias and gloxinias. Crassula and some other plant species are also propagated by leaf cuttings.

The rooting sheet is cut at an angle so that the area for root formation is larger.

The cuttings are rooted in the soil under a film or glass jar. You can also root leaves in water. As soon as the leaf takes root, it is planted in the ground under glass or film.

Over time, small plants - babies - form at the base of the leaf. There can be several of them on one sheet. At this time, the leaf with the children is opened and watered as the soil dries. As the children grow, they can be carefully separated and transplanted into separate pots.

The leaves of fat plants, sedums and some other succulents are not cut off. They are broken off from the shoot without disturbing the base of the leaf. Only in this case can such a leaf take root. Now you know what methods exist for vegetative propagation of indoor plants.

Vegetative propagation is a method of plant propagation through the development of roots, stems and leaves. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, reproduce both sexually and vegetatively. Vegetative propagation of flowering plants is widespread in nature, but it is even more often used by humans in the propagation of agricultural and ornamental plants.

Vegetative propagation of plants by shoots

Propagation by cuttings

Most often, plants reproduce vegetatively cuttings. When the wind breaks a plant, the remaining roots in the soil produce adventitious roots and take root. So a poplar, willow, or other plant grows in a new place.

The ability of many plants to easily form adventitious roots on shoots is widely used in horticulture and floriculture. Stem cuttings(a piece of shoot with several buds) propagate currants, roses, poplars, willows and many other trees and shrubs. To do this, in the spring, before the buds open, annual lignified cuttings 25-30 cm long are planted in well-prepared soil. By autumn, adventitious roots will grow on the cuttings. Then the cuttings are dug up and planted in a permanent place. Perennials are also propagated by stem cuttings. ornamental plants, for example phlox, many indoor plants: balsam, coleus, pelargonium, etc.

In agriculture, they are used for plant propagation. root cuttings. A root cutting is a piece of root 15-25 cm long.

Only those plants that can form adventitious buds on their roots can be propagated by root cuttings.

On a root cutting planted in the soil, above-ground shoots develop from adventitious buds, from the bases of which adventitious roots grow. A new, independently existing plant develops. Garden raspberries, rose hips, and some varieties of apple trees and ornamental plants are propagated by root cuttings.

Reproduction by layering

Potato tuber ( Solanum tuberosum) with young lateral shoots developing from axillary buds.

Eat different ways propagate plants layering. The easiest way is to bend the young shoot so that its middle part touches the ground and the top is directed upward. Then cut the bark on the lower part of the shoot under the bud. At the place of the cut, attach the shoot to the soil, water and hill up. The top of the shoot should be vertical; to do this, you can stick a stick into the ground and tie the shoot to it. In autumn, adventitious roots grow at the site of the cut. Now the shoot should be cut off from the bush and planted in a separate place.

Propagation by tubers

Plants can be propagated tubers. To grow potatoes, it is enough to plant one tuber (preferably weighing about 80 grams) in the soil in the spring, and in the fall you can collect a dozen new tubers from each tuber. Bud eyes, sprouts and tips are also suitable for propagation, and this is also considered vegetative propagation shoots. To propagate potatoes with eyes, you need to cut out the buds with a small part of the tuber pulp and plant them in a box with fertile soil. Sprouts will develop from the buds, and adventitious roots will grow in their lower parts. These are seedlings that can be planted in the field. In a similar way, you can propagate tubers from the tops, that is, the upper parts of the tubers where the buds are located.

To obtain sprouts, tubers should be sprouted in the light. Break off the grown sprouts. Long ones must be cut into several parts - cuttings - so that each one has a bud. Then plant in boxes or greenhouses. After the cuttings take root, they should be transplanted to a permanent place.

Kidney grafting: 1 - the scion bud is removed along with the underlying tissues; 2-4 - the bud is inserted into a T-shaped cut on the stem of the rootstock and fixed there, 5 - the bud forms a shoot

Reproduction by vaccinations

Vaccinations Fruit trees are usually propagated. To do this, the cutting (or eye bud) of the cultivated plant must be fused with the stem of the wild plant. Dichok is a young plant grown from seed fruit tree. Root system wildflower has greater power, unpretentiousness to the soil, frost resistance and some other qualities that the grafted cultivated plant does not have. A grafted eye or cutting of a cultivated plant is called scion, and the wild one (to which they are grafted) - rootstock.

It's done like this. An annual shoot is cut from a cultivated fruit tree. The leaf blades should be removed from it, leaving only the petioles. This is a wild rootstock. At its base, a sharp knife should be used to make an incision in the shape of the letter T. In the incision, the bark of the tree must be separated from the wood. Now we need a scion. From a shoot of a cultivated variety, you need to cut off a well-developed bud with a thin layer of wood 2 - 2.5 cm long. The scion bud must be inserted under the bark of the scion into a cut. The grafting site should be tightly tied. The kidney itself should remain free from the bandage.