After the end of World War II, massive construction of residential buildings began. In those years, construction had to be carried out quickly and cheaply, so the decision was made to build panel houses. The first panel house in Moscow was built in 1948, and since then mass construction of such high-rise buildings began throughout the USSR. Residential buildings were fully consistent with post-war policies. Quite cheap buildings provided housing for a large number of the population of a huge country. However, such buildings were erected quite a long time ago, and the service life of a panel house is not eternal, so every resident of such buildings needs to know this information.

Many of us have heard that there is such a thing as Khrushchev. When Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev came to power, a resolution was adopted “On the elimination of excesses in design and construction.” This meant that houses now had to be built very quickly and at minimal cost due to the deterioration of the layout and the reduction of living space.

This resolution was adopted in 1956. Since then, many different house designs have been created and built throughout the Soviet Union. Throughout Khrushchev's reign, just such structures were built, and even after his death, Khrushchev buildings continued to be erected.

The construction of such houses in the capital stopped only in 1972. In the Moscow region, budget houses were built before 1981, and in some regions of the country construction continued until the end of the 80s.

Such houses have a number of specific features: tiny kitchens and hallways, low ceilings - 2.5 meters (for comparison: in Stalinist buildings, ceilings could exceed a height of 4 meters). In many apartments the rooms were adjacent.

Today, most of the five-story buildings in Moscow are planned for demolition, but there are 9-story panel buildings, the prospects of which are not yet clear at the moment.

Series of panel buildings

Mass construction of such residential premises, as mentioned above, began from that time until today there is such a name for houses as Khrushchev. They are of rather low quality and small in size. Moreover, the first panel houses were very weak, and the service life of a panel house built in the 50s of the last century was very short.

Residential building series 1-480

The houses in this series are typical representatives of their time. Between 1960 and 1970 these buildings were erected throughout the USSR. It is worth noting that this is a panel-brick house. Thanks to this, it has an increased service life. Its service life is ideally 95 years - this is provided that the structure is properly maintained: major work will be carried out exactly on schedule. Otherwise, it is believed that the house will fall into disrepair in 37 to 72 years.

However, despite all these shortcomings, this house is considered a fairly successful model. Based on it, 9- and 10-story buildings began to be designed.

Residential building series 1-467

Another classic representative of Khrushchev panel buildings. Such buildings are inexpensive. If the previous model, in addition to panels, also implied the use of brick, then in this case the structure was completely erected using concrete panels. Such houses do not have elevators or garbage chutes. They were erected in most cities of the USSR.

Initially, it was believed that such houses should last 25 years, and then they should be demolished and new ones built in their place. However, over time, the service life of a panel house was increased to 50 years. Today, this series of houses is being demolished in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but in most Russian cities such “panels” are found quite often and are not even in line for demolition in the coming years.

Mass construction of the 1-467 series began in 1959 and continued until the early 70s. Such houses have 4 - 5 ceilings; their ceilings are 2.5 meters. consist of lightweight concrete, the thickness of which is 40 cm. The internal blocks are 39 cm thick, and the interior partitions are 8 cm thick. Due to the rather thin walls, many residents of such structures complain about very low sound insulation. The advantages of such houses include the fact that there are great opportunities for redevelopment of the premises.

Residential buildings series 1-439A, 1-439Ya

This series of houses belongs to the economy class. They were erected in almost all regions of Russia. These are standard panel houses with row and end sections. Such buildings had 1-, 2- and 3-room apartments. Everything is located in the basements

The construction of such houses ended in 1966. Separately, it is worth noting that the seams in a panel house of this type are not as pronounced as in similar series. The construction of the structure was entirely carried out using large concrete blocks 40 cm thick. All apartments had balconies or loggias, with the exception of those located on the ground floor.

The layout of the panel house was not entirely successful; all two-room apartments had adjacent rooms. Due to this, the corridor was reduced, in addition, there is a very small kitchen here (about 5 square meters), however, as in all Khrushchev buildings.

As for the service life of a panel house, we have a rather interesting situation here. Initially, a period of 25 years was specified, but then it was decided that these structures could withstand 50 years. Now the service life of this type of building has been extended to 120 years, but with the condition that the house must undergo major repairs every 25 years.

Residential building series 1-335

Another standard Khrushchev panel building, most of which were built in Leningrad, in the eastern part of the city. Also, a few such buildings were erected in Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd and the cities of Belarus. In Moscow, very few of this series of “panels” were built: in several districts of the capital there were 3-5 buildings each.

Today, houses of this kind are being demolished in Moscow, and it is planned that by the end of 2017 there will be no more of them left at all. The service life of such a house is 60 years. In St. Petersburg, these buildings are not on the list for priority demolition. For the most part, they try to carry out major repairs, and especially dilapidated structures are demolished as necessary.

Unfortunately, this building is considered the most unsuccessful among all the houses of the Khrushchev series. However, despite this unpleasant fact, series 1-335 is the cheapest building for the entire existence of the house-building industry in the Soviet Union. The cost of constructing 1 square meter of the structure cost only 95 rubles (prices before 1961).

Disadvantages of panel houses

Panel houses from 1956 to 1969 have a very bad reputation among the local population. The main task of that time was not the construction of quality housing, but speed and cheapness. Despite the fact that some panel houses of the Khrushchev period were extended to live up to 150 years, this is rather an invention of local managers. All panel Khrushchev buildings of the 50s and 60s were created for 25 years as temporary structures. There are practically no such houses left in Moscow at the moment, which cannot be said about other regions of the former USSR. Redevelopment of such residential premises is possible if the partitions inside the apartment are not load-bearing.

Modern panel houses

Modern series of panel houses that are being built at the present time are of significantly better quality. At the same time, such advantages as low cost and speed of construction of structures remained. Typically, the construction of modern “panels” does not take much time, on average about 10 months. Also, such houses have fairly smooth walls, compared to classic brick houses.

The speed of construction of a monolithic or brick house is much lower; houses made from these materials take about 3 years to build. The layouts of panel houses that are being built nowadays have become more thoughtful. The rooms in the apartments are separate, and the kitchens have increased significantly in size.

Moreover, modern technologies make it possible to solve the problem of thermal insulation. External insulation and air conditioning are doing their job, now panel houses are dry and warm. As for soundproofing, everything here remains as it was. Unfortunately, neighbors very clearly hear everything that happens behind their walls: a child crying, quarrels, or just a loud TV. But it is worth paying tribute to modern building materials. Houses that were built no earlier than 2015 still have fairly good sound insulation, and although it is inferior to the sound insulation of a brick house, audibility has become significantly lower.

In the USSR, panel houses were not distinguished by a variety of external decoration. Often these were just concrete slabs, sometimes they could be tiled. Now panels can be of a wide variety of colors and shapes, thanks to which modern designers create very unusual and beautiful building facades.

Advantages of panel houses

Despite the large number of disadvantages of panel Khrushchev buildings, several quite significant advantages can be identified. First of all, the speed of construction. During Khrushchev’s time, a lot of people received their living space from the state. All thanks to the fact that the houses were built very quickly and for relatively little money.

As for the price, in this case panel houses were and are leaders in saving money on construction. Thanks to the low cost of construction, citizens of the Soviet Union who could not obtain housing from the state could raise money to join a cooperative and obtain housing, the price of which was significantly less than brick buildings.

Construction price

To this day, the price of apartments in panel houses is much lower than the market price. For example, the average price of 1 square meter in a Moscow panel house is about 146 thousand rubles, and in a monolithic one - about 158 ​​thousand rubles. At the same time, modern series of panel houses have an increased service life. With proper maintenance, such buildings can last at least 150 years.

Conclusion

Panel houses during the reign of Khrushchev were special buildings that were not intended for long-term use. According to the architects' projects, the service life of a classic Khrushchev building was about 25 years. Then these buildings were to be demolished, and in their place it was planned to erect better structures.

In large cities such as Moscow and St. Petersburg, old panel houses are still being demolished. However, in many areas of the country they are extending their life and do not even plan to demolish them in the near future. Therefore, before buying your own home in a panel house, you need to ask how old this building is. Otherwise, the buyer may have significant problems with a house that has already served its allotted time.

The appearance in large-panel housing construction of buildings with a wide (two-room) pitch of transverse load-bearing walls is caused by the expediency of using variant apartment layouts in mass housing construction, as well as the need to unify factory-made construction products for residential buildings and public buildings for everyday services to the population of microdistricts.

Before the development of standard designs for large-panel residential buildings of the 1-467 and 1-468 series, starting in 1958, experimental construction of houses with a rare pitch of transverse load-bearing walls was carried out in Sverdlovsk and other cities of the Urals; were built with the same design scheme of a house in Domodedovo, Moscow region. Large-panel 4-5-story houses for construction in the Urals are developed on the basis of a structural scheme with two transverse spans of 5.3 m each and with transverse load-bearing walls every 5.88 mm, and in places of staircases every 2.62 m.

Houses series 1-467

Series 1-467 projects were completed by the reinforced concrete design bureau of Glavmosoblstroymaterialov based on the type of houses in Domodedovo. Houses in this series have transverse load-bearing walls of 6.4 and 3.2 m and self-supporting longitudinal walls; The end external walls are load-bearing.

Figure 3-11. Large-panel house series 1-467

a - typical floor plan; b—installation of the house; c - design of a three-layer outer panel; g - vertical to horizontal joints: 1 - reinforced concrete shells; 2—prefabricated reinforced concrete diaphragms with reinforcement launches; 3—layer of insulation; 4 - anchor for welding with floors during installation of a building; 5—lifting loops; 6—thermal key

External walls with a double-row cut are made of expanded clay concrete or three-layer reinforced concrete panels with mineral insulation, internal load-bearing walls are made of concrete panels also double-row cut, floors are made of hollow-core flooring, non-load-bearing partitions are made of gypsum concrete or concrete panels (Fig. 3-11) .

Houses series 1-468

Projects of houses of the 1-468 series with a wide spacing of transverse load-bearing walls and self-supporting external longitudinal walls (Fig. 3-12) were developed by Gorstroyproekt. The grid of alignment axes of houses in this series is determined by two transverse spans of 5.4 m each and a longitudinal step of 6 and 3 m. The spatial rigidity of the building is ensured by floors that transfer horizontal loads to the internal main walls and to the walls of the staircases.

Panels of ground external walls the size of a room and a thickness of 24-30 cm are made of cellular concrete grades 40-50, with a volumetric weight of 700-750 kg/m 3. Panels of internal load-bearing walls are reinforced concrete with embedded parts for fastening floors and external walls.

Under the transverse load-bearing walls, foundations are made of reinforced concrete slabs, on which the plinth panels of the transverse internal and longitudinal external walls are also installed. The ceiling above the technical underground is mounted from hollow-core flooring.

External wall panels made of cellular concrete are fastened without the use of steel embedded parts using two special mounting pins connected by a metal plate. The pins are installed in cement mortar into the provided drilled holes in the adjacent panels of the external walls (Fig. 3-12, b). Panels of internal load-bearing walls are mounted on grade 100 mortar, and panels of self-supporting external walls are mounted on grade 25 mortar.

Interfloor floors are made of hollow-core panels 6 and 3 m long. Long-span floorings are supported on transverse walls 15 cm thick using welded clamps made of strip steel (Fig. 3-12, b); The seams between the floor panels are filled with concrete or grade 100 cement mortar.

Designs for improved connections of external wall panels made of cellular concrete with each other and with internal load-bearing reinforced concrete wall panels (Fig. 6-4, e, f) were developed by Gorstroyproekt together with TsNIIEP housing with the participation of Sverdlovskgorstroy.

Rice. 3-12. Large-panel house series 1-468

a - plan of the end and row sections;
b - junction of panels of step n floors: 1 - panel of the internal wall; 2 - floor panel; 3— connecting strips for welding; 4 — clamps;
c - junction unit for panels of outer and inner walls; 1—External wall panel; 2 — panel of the internal wall; 3 — connecting strip for welding; 4—mounting part installed in drilled holes with a diameter of 30 mm

Inter-apartment gypsum concrete partitions 8 cm thick are made at rolling mills: in sanitary units - reinforced concrete partitions 6 cm thick. Panels with ventilation ducts are placed between kitchens and sanitary units or in the walls of staircases. Stairs are assembled from reinforced concrete platforms and folded flights. The roof is an attic type with a roof made of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets on wooden rafters made of enlarged elements.

Series and types of houses (related to secondary housing) built in Sergiev Posad and the Moscow region.

House series P-44

P-44

Houses of the P-44 series are one of the most common series built in Moscow. In terms of development, this is a fundamentally new project. These are the same type of residential sections, installed in the shape of the letter “P” or “G”. At the time of the mass production of these houses, 10-meter kitchens, halls, and the presence of freight-passenger elevators were a relative rarity. In the construction of houses of the P-44 series, three-layer panels with interlocking connections began to be used, which significantly improved the operational characteristics of a residential building. Based on this series, modifications of other series began to be developed - P-44T, P-44K, P-44M.

House series KS-8-50

KS-8-50

Series KS-8-50 is an all-Union series of two-story houses. The houses have gas heating. Houses of the KS-8-50 series are distributed throughout the Moscow, Vologda and Tver regions. 1947-1950

House series 1-202-1

1-202-1

Series 1-202-1 - a post-war series of Stalinist two-story houses, is a modification of series 1-202. The houses in this series are dotted brick houses with a standard design for 4 apartments, distributed throughout the former territory of the Soviet Union. Basically, the houses of the 1-202-1 series feature 3-room apartments, the living area of ​​which is 36-39 square meters, the kitchen area is 7.6 sq.m., the type of stove is gas. 1947-1950

House series 114-86

114-86

114-86 - an all-Union standard series of brick houses with a height of 2-5 or 9 floors. Such houses have been actively built in many cities of the former USSR since the 1980s. Modern, improved modifications of the 86 series continue to be built to this day. Houses in this series are characterized by the presence of a spacious loggia and isolated rooms. All apartments have separate bathrooms. The apartments have good noise and heat insulation due to a reliable, durable brick construction. The floors in the apartments were originally covered with parquet boards.

House series 1-466

1-466

The typical series of panel houses P-68 belongs to the “Khrushchev” buildings. The layouts of houses in this series are widespread in Russia. The arrangement of rooms in such houses is very convenient, so real estate of this type is in quite high demand. In the Moscow region, houses of the 1-466 series were built in the cities of Khimki, Klin, Solnechnogorsk, Dmitrov, Sergiev Posad, Shchelkovo, etc. The series is not particularly convenient due to insufficiently strong walls and poorly sealed interpanel seams. Currently, plans are underway to demolish the oldest representatives of the series. In some cases, major repairs are carried out. 1959-1970

House series 1-467

1-467

Houses of the 1-467 series are classic representatives of the Khrushchev-era buildings. In buildings with 4 to 5 floors, there are no garbage chutes or elevators; in some two-room apartments, with the exception of the end section, there are adjacent rooms. The advantage of such houses is the possibility of redevelopment. Houses were built in various regions of Russia. In the Tver region, the series of houses 1-467 are commonly called “carriages” due to the external similarity of the outer walls with the windows in the partitions with the outer walls of the carriages. 1959-1969

House series 504

504

Houses of series 504 are distinguished by the fact that they have the smallest area of ​​apartments among panel houses of other series. At the same time, houses of this series are valued slightly higher than the first Khrushchev buildings, but less than other panel houses. The main advantage of the 504 series houses over the “Ship” and Khrushchev series is parquet floors and a slightly larger kitchen. Compared to the “Ship”, in the houses of the 504 series the windows are not located near the ceiling, but a little lower, at a more normal level. Residents cannot always install washing machines in small bathrooms. Also, the advantage of the 504 series is that they were built in almost all areas, which provides the opportunity to purchase inexpensive housing almost everywhere. The 504 series has several modifications - 1LG504 and 1LG504D; the 1LG504D2 series stands out, characterized by a large kitchen area with 2 windows and a more spacious hallway. 1956 to 1990

House series I-515/9sh

I-5159ш

I-515/9ш is a series of nine-story multi-section panel houses with row sections. The series was initially developed along with the meridional series I-515/9 as a replacement for the five-story buildings of the 1-515 series. As a rule, houses in this series have from 2 to 6 entrances. The houses have one-, two- and three-room apartments, located 4 on each floor. The ceiling height is 255 cm. Houses of the I-515/9sh (latitudinal) series were developed in the 1960s. Subsequently, the series was adapted to the Unified Catalog of Construction Parts, which was adopted in the 1970s. Buildings of the standard series I-515/9ш can be found in Moscow and the Moscow region, in Alexandrov, Ryazan, Tolyatti, Kazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Rostov-on-Don and Volgodonsk. The main years of construction were from 1966 to 1984.

House series 1-439A, 1-439Ya

1-439A, 1-439Ya

House series 1-439A, 1-439Ya are economy-class housing, which is common in many regions of Russia. The series consists of block multi-section houses, with row and end sections, in which there are 1-3-room apartments. Water supply in houses of series 1-439A, 1-439Ya is supplied from the city network; there are basements for placing utilities. The stoves in such houses are gas. 1958 to 1966

House series 114-85

114-85

This series has several modifications, usually built from sand-lime brick. The houses in this series have different number of storeys: 6, 9 and 12. The ceiling height of the apartment is 248 centimeters. The number of rooms in the apartments of this series ranges from 1 to 4, however, in some modifications there are no one- and four-room apartments. The manufacturers of this series of houses are local construction companies. The construction of apartments in this series began in the 1970s and was completed in the 2000s. Construction of houses of this series was carried out throughout the USSR, including Moscow and the Moscow region.

House series 1Р-303-2

1Р-303-2

Series 1R-303-2 - panel houses of the Khrushchev period, which are easily recognized by their sloping balconies. The reason for the cessation of construction of this series is the transition to higher-rise construction in the 70s in large cities of the Moscow region. Houses of the 1R-303-2 series continued to be built in the far Moscow region and small settlements. 1959 to 1976

House series 1605/9

16059

The house series 1605/9 is one of the first production Brezhnevkas and has an external resemblance to the II-49 series. In addition, there is a modification with an increased number of floors - 1605/12. Panel multi-section nine-story houses of the 1605-09 series have row and end sections. The houses in this series include one-, two- and three-room apartments. The construction of houses of the 1605-09 series was actively carried out from 1965 to 1972.

House series II-18/9

II-189

House series II-18/9 is one of the most common series throughout Russia; such houses can be found both in Stalin buildings and among five-story buildings. The planning solutions and appearance of the houses of the II-18/9 series are similar to the II-18 series. Houses in this series are renovated using high-quality cladding panels, additional insulation and plastic windows. Water supply and heating in the houses are centralized. The main difference of this series is the presence of combined bathrooms with sit-down baths. 1961-1968, 8-story modification was built from 1958 to 1961.

House series 1-464

1-464

The 1-464 series of houses is all-Union and was built throughout almost the entire former USSR, including Moscow and the Moscow region. Houses in this series can be recognized by the windows on the interfloor landing, which are identical to the double-leaf windows in the apartments. Houses of series 1-464 consist of a set of row and end sections, all apartments face one side, with the exception of corner ones. The type of stove in such houses is gas. 1958 to 1963

Home series 25

25

Houses of the 25 series were developed on the basis of the 1-467A series for the purpose of their construction in villages and towns. Series 25 is an all-Union series, and today it is being built in many regions of Russia. since 1970 Until now.

House series 124

124

The all-Union series 124 is represented by several modifications of brick houses, which differ significantly in the appearance of the buildings, number of storeys, and planning solutions. Houses were built in 11 Russian cities, including Moscow, Shchelkovo and Pushkino, although only one such house was built in Moscow. The houses of series 124 feature 1-3-room apartments. There is also a multi-section version of this series. 1970 to 1990

House series 1605/12

160512

Series 1605/12 is a multi-section panel house, and is a continuation of series 1605/9. The main differences are the number of floors and the appearance of a second passenger elevator on the interfloor platform. 12-story buildings of the 1605/12 series are most widespread in the Moscow region. This series is one of the most competitive, 1605/12 lost its position only to the P44 and P3 series, remaining the most popular in the real estate market for more than two decades. 1969 to 1985

House series 1-440

1-440

Houses of the 1-440 series were built mainly from orange brick or large brick blocks. The project was developed for construction on the territory of the RSFSR, with the exception of the southern regions and some union republics, where the temperature reached -40 degrees. The houses of the 1-440 series contain 1-3-room apartments. Such houses are often found in the Moscow region - Reutov, Noginsk. 1958 to 1960

House series 80

80

Houses of the 80 series include such modifications as 164-80-1, 164-80-3 and 164-80-4. Most of the houses in this series were built as dormitories (room-by-room accommodation). Series 80 is all-Union. The number of floors of houses was determined depending on the modification, 164-80-1 - 5 floors, 164-80-3 and 164-80-4 - 9 floors. 1970 to 1980

House series P-47

P-47

House series P-47 are panel houses with row sections, which feature 1-2-room apartments. The P-47 series was developed on the basis of the P-46 series, and the main differences of this series are the absence of rotating block sections with 3-room apartments, and the first non-residential floors. In most cases, above the loggias on the upper floors of houses of the P-47 series there are canopies. Engineering communications are located in the technical underground and in the technical attic. 1975-1990

House series 1-204

1-204

Series 1-204 is an all-Union series, built throughout the territory of the former USSR, including in Moscow and the Moscow region. The houses in this series range from 2 to 4 floors, which feature 1-4-room apartments, while the number of 1-room sq.m. - limited. Intended for room-by-room settlement. There are such modifications of the 1-204 series as 1-204-133, 1-204-114, 1-204-113, 1-204-112, 1-204-5 and others. 1946-1950

House series 1MG-601E

1MG-601E

The 1MG-601E house series is one of the many modifications of the 1MG-601 series. All rooms in the houses of this series are isolated. The 1MG-601E series of houses is not widely used due to the high cost of construction. In such houses, corner one-room apartments are called one-and-a-half-room apartments, because taking into account the partition in the room, the area of ​​which is 21 square meters, the one-room apartment turns into a small two-room apartment - 15 and 6 square meters. 1968 to 1974

House series II-29

II-29

Series II-29 houses are significantly superior to their panel counterparts, in particular due to the brick walls, the thickness of which reaches 51 cm, which in turn provides increased thermal insulation. Such houses have a wide selection of the most affordable 2-room apartments. Most apartments in series II-29 houses have built-in wardrobes and storage rooms. Along with multi-section houses of series II-29, there are also single-section tower-type houses. Apartments in these houses are still popular today, due to the fact that it is possible to carry out redevelopment in almost every apartment. 1965-1971.

House series 1-335

1-335

Series 1-335 is one of the first all-Union series. They are easily recognizable by their large panels (full height), wide windows, and four-panel ends with two rows of windows. Houses of the 1-335 series of semi-frame type have now exhausted the reliability of their structural design and are in a pre-emergency condition. Houses with lightweight construction imply the presence of thin walls that do not have good heat and sound insulation properties. Low quality mineral wool was used to insulate the external walls. According to most experts, series 1-335 is the most unsuccessful of all all-Union series. 1958-1966

Selected (current) region - Moscow region

House series 1-447

House series 1-447

A series of residential brick houses developed by the Giprogor Institute in 1958. The series is based on a structural design with longitudinal load-bearing brick walls with spans of 6 meters, transverse partitions are installed in steps of 2.6 and 3.2 meters. The series includes standard designs of five- and nine-story residential buildings and dormitories. Houses of the I-447 series are available in every district of Novosibirsk.

• House type - brick
• Number of storeys - 4, 5, 9
• Height of living quarters - 248 cm
• Apartments - 1, 2, 3, 4 rooms
• Years of construction: 1960-1980s.

Wall material	brick
Number of sections (entrances)	from 2
Number of floors	5, less often - 4 (Moscow), 3, 4, 5 (other cities). The first floor in Moscow is usually residential; in regions there is both residential and non-residential
Ceiling height	2.50 m.
Elevator	No
Balconies	balconies in almost all apartments, except the 1st floor
Number of apartments per floor	4, less often - 3
Years of construction	Moscow: 1958-1964, other cities: 1958 - 2nd half of the 1970s
Number of houses built (according to RussianRealty.ru)	Moscow: about 100 (total total area of ​​apartments – 303 thousand sq. m.), other regions of Russia: more than 5000
Series 1-447 is present in absolutely all regions of Russia; in terms of prevalence among 5-story brick buildings of all periods, it ranks 1st
Officially, series 1-447 is not included in the list of demolished series; isolated cases of demolition are known in some areas during the comprehensive reconstruction of neighborhoods, as well as for the expansion of highways and/or the construction of interchanges. Several houses have undergone refurbishment (overhaul). The prospect of mass demolition of brick houses of the 1-447 series in the future is possible, depending on the reconstruction plan for a particular quarter. There is a completed standard reconstruction project without relocation of residents with an extension of up to 7 floors and an extension to the elevator unit (elevator unit)
Areas of 1-room apartments	total: 28-33 sq. m., residential: 15-20 sq. m., kitchen: 5-5.5 sq. m.
Areas of 2-room apartments	total: 40-43.7 sq. m., residential: 28-32.4 sq. m., kitchen: 4.7-5.6 sq. m.
Areas of 3-room apartments	total: sq. m., residential: sq. m., kitchen: sq. m.
4-room apartments	No
In the houses of the series, part of the 2- and 3-room apartments with adjacent rooms, in the corner 2- and 3-room apartments all rooms are isolated
There is also a modification with small-sized 1-room apartments (the so-called “small family”)
Bathrooms	In many houses there was no centralized hot water supply (gas water heaters were installed)
Stairs	without a common fire balcony. Garbage chute: no
Type of stove: gas. Ventilation: natural exhaust
Walls of houses of standard series 1-447	The outer walls are brick 38-40 cm thick (in some houses low-quality sand-lime brick was used). In some houses, the outer layer of the external walls is made of brick blocks. Inter-apartment walls and walls of staircases, thickness Interior partitions - large concrete 8 cm thick. Ceilings - reinforced concrete slabs cm thick.
Load-bearing walls	Longitudinal external, longitudinal central inter-apartment, transverse inter-apartment, as well as staircase walls
Type of sections (entrances)	End (with a set of apartments on floor 3-1-2-1, 1-2-2-2), row (with a set of apartments on floor 3-2-1-3, 2-3-2-2)
Number of steps in a section (entrance)	7 (in row sections), 6 (in end sections). Hull width: 12.m.
Cladding, plastering of external walls	only during refurbishment (overhaul)
External wall color options	gray (most common), red
Roof type	4-slope (in early houses), flat with a slight 2-slope slope (in later houses), covered with rolled waterproofing, in early houses there is corrugated asbestos plywood (slate) and roofing iron
Technical floor	is located in
Distinctive features	5-storey houses of the standard series 1-447 are recognizable by their unlined brick external walls, two rows of windows (most often without balconies) at the end sides, and a rectangular-shaped body without corner sections or projections
Advantages	possibility of demolishing interior walls
Disadvantages (in addition to all the traditional disadvantages of Khrushchev)
Manufacturers	local building materials factories
Designers	Giprogor
The most common modifications of the 1-447 series	1-447С
In the databases of some BTI, 5-story brick houses of series 1-447 are mistakenly listed as houses of series I-511 (1-511)
RussianRealty.ru rating of type series 1-447	5.0 (on a 10-point scale)

Standard project I-447С-25

Residential building according to project I-447С-25 (Ippodromskaya St., 45)

Standard project I-447С-25 - nine-story brick residential buildings. They were built either free-standing or interlocked in several sections. Some houses of this project had nine residential floors and 2-3 floors of public use, located below the level of the first residential floor in the terrain.

Single-spot, nine-story brick residential buildings, approximately square in plan, usually containing 54 apartments. Built in 1963-1976.

Layout:http://cs10499.vkontakte.ru/u1463652/28255776/z_156066bc.jpg

Standard project I-447С-42

The standard project I-447С-42 is a nine-story residential building with 54 apartments. The houses of this project have a rectangular shape and a row of four balconies on a longer wall.

Standard project I-447С-46

Standard project I-447С-46 - a nine-story brick residential building with apartments for small families

Standard designs I-447С-47, I-447С-48 and I-447С-49

Typical projects I-447С-47, I-447С-48 and I-447С-49 are nine-story brick residential buildings of great length.

Dorms

Standard project I-447С-54

Typical project I-447C-54 is a nine-story brick dormitory. The block section of the dormitory consists of two residential blocks connected by a staircase. In Novosibirsk, the most common dormitories consist of two block sections.

1-467 is the first mass series of panel houses with a wide spacing of load-bearing walls. Houses in this series were built from panels. They mainly consist of 2 and 5 floors. Although there are 6-storey buildings, the first floor is non-residential and is intended for rent. There are also two projects with nine floors: series 1-467a and 1-467d. As usual, these houses consist of 1-room to 3-room apartments. The developers were local reinforced concrete buildings. Construction took place in the 70s - 80s. The project extended to construction in all cities of Russia, or more precisely the USSR, including Moscow, namely Kryukovo.

Series: 1-467

House type: block

Manufacturer: local reinforced concrete structures

Years of construction: 1959-1980

Number of floors: 4–5

Number of rooms in apartments: 1.2.3

Height of living quarters: 2.5 m

Number of apartments per floor: 4

Number of sections (entrances): from 2 or more

Type of sections (entrances): end with a set of apartments on floor 1-2-2-2, row with a set of apartments on floor 2-3-2-2

Elevators: No

Ventilation: natural exhaust, units in the kitchen and bathroom

Garbage removal: absent

Balconies: available in most apartments, except the 1st floor

Cooker type: gas

Baths: There is

Bathrooms: combined

Exterior walls: large blocks of lightweight concrete 40 cm thick

Partitions: interior 8 cm thick, double interior 27 cm in total thickness

Floors: concrete slabs 22 cm thick

Houses of the 1-467 series are classic representatives of the Khrushchev-era buildings. In buildings with 4 to 5 floors, there are no garbage chutes or elevators; in some two-room apartments, with the exception of the end section, there are adjacent rooms. The advantage of such houses is the possibility of redevelopment. Houses were built in various regions of Russia. In the Tver region, the series of houses 1-467 are commonly called “carriages” due to the external similarity of the outer walls with the windows in the partitions with the outer walls of the carriages.