Sentences with adjacent conjunctions. Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian - theoretical questions. A comma at the beginning of a sentence after the conjunctions “but”, “however”, “and”, “a” before the subordinating conjunction
Handbook of the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich
§ 36. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions
1. With sequential subordination, one subordinate part of a complex sentence may appear inside another and a “meeting” of two subordinating conjunctions or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word will occur: I think,that when the prisoners see the stairs, many will want to escape(M.G.) - a comma separates subordinating conjunctions What And When; The maid was an orphan,who, in order to feed herself, had to enter service(L.T.) - a comma separates the conjunction word which and subordinating conjunction to. The basis for such punctuation is the fact that the second subordinate clause can be removed from the text or rearranged to another place - at the end of a complex sentence.
However, such a simple operation cannot always be performed. Let's compare two sentences with almost identical lexical composition, but with a small addition in the second of them: He said,that, if he is free, he will come to me in the evening.- He said,that if he is free, he will come to me in the evening(added second part of double union if...then). Punctuation is different: in the first sentence (there is a comma between adjacent subordinating conjunctions), the second subordinate clause can be removed or rearranged without violating the structure of the sentence; in the second sentence this cannot be done, since with the removal or rearrangement of the second subordinate clause the words will appear next to each other something... something, eh such a neighborhood violates stylistic norms literary language. Wed. Also: Mechik feltthat if he has to shoot back again, he will no longer be any different from Pika(F.). - I already thought that if at this decisive moment I do not argue with the old man, then later it will be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship (P.).
Thus, when two subordinating conjunctions (or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word) “meet” comma placed between them if the removal of the second subordinate part does not require the restructuring of the main part (practically - if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow then, so or But, the presence of which requires such a restructuring), and is not placed if the indicated second part of the double conjunction follows.
Wed: (comma is placed) It seemed that the road led to heaven,because as far as my eyes could see, she kept rising(L.); ...He always felt the injustice of his excess in comparison with the poverty of the people and now decided to himself, that, in order to feel completely right, he... will now work even more and allow himself even less luxury (L.T.); …It turned out,that, although the doctor spoke very smoothly and for a long time, it was impossible to convey what he said(L.T.); The bear loved Nikita so much,that when he went somewhere, the animal anxiously sniffed the air(M.G.); I've been reading so muchthat when I heard the bell ringing on the front porch, I didn’t immediately understand who was ringing and why(M.G.); Thus, the enemy creates for himself a situation in whichwhich, if we are decisive and courageous without hesitation, he himself will expose his main forces to us for defeat(A.T.); This silent conversation of glances excited Lisa so much,that when she sat down at a table in the large hall, her eyes, without answering anyone, also spoke of embarrassment(Fed.); Finally he felt that he can no longer, that no force will move him from his place and that if he now sits down, he will no longer rise (Pol.);
(no comma) Sobakevich... reached him in a little over a quarter of an hour[sturgeon] Total, so when the police chief remembered about him... he saw that only one tail remained from the work of nature (G.); Anton Prokofievich, by the way, had some trousers of such a strange quality,that when he put them on, the dogs always bit him on the calves(T.); The garden was followed by peasant huts, which, although they were lined up scattered and not enclosed in regular streets, showed the contentment of the inhabitants (T.); Hadji Murat sat down and said,that if only they send to the Lezgin line and give an army, then he guarantees that he will raise all of Dagestan(L.T.); The ferry moved so slowly that if it were not for the gradual outline of its contours, one would think that it was standing in one place or going to the other shore (Ch.); The blind man knewthat the sun is looking into the room and that if he stretches out his hand through the window, dew will fall from the bushes(Cor.); Who doesn't knowthat when a patient wanted to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live(Priv.); This is why local residents are convinced that if it were possible to blow up the gorges on the padun and lower the level of the lake, then the shores would dry out and good grass would grow (Prishv.); But, probably, something has already happened in the world or was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable -because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me like a Roman villa(Cat.).
2. There is no comma between comparative and subordinating conjunctions: Not so much because her mother told her, but because it was Konstantin's brother,for Kitty these faces suddenly seemed extremely unpleasant(L.T.); Please report your observations.not only when testing the machine begins, but also during the entire experiment;The article deserves attentionboth because the issues raised in it are relevant and because they have been studied seriously and deeply.
3. When a coordinating conjunction and a subordinating (or allied word) “meet” comma between them is placed or not placed depending on the conditions specified above (clause 1). Wed:
(a comma is placed) Gregory, burned by a sudden and joyful determination, barely restrained his horse and,when the last hundred, almost trampling Stepan, rushed past,jumped up to him(Sh.) - when removing a subordinate clause with a conjunction When prepositional-nominal combination to him becomes unclear, but structurally such an exception is possible, therefore a comma is usually placed between the coordinating and subordinating conjunctions in such cases; I didn’t go to Mumu’s manor house and,when Gerasim carried firewood into the rooms,always stayed back and waited impatiently for him at the porch(T.); Levin said goodbye to them, butso as not to be alone,clinging to his brother(L.T.);
(no comma) The woman's feet were burned and barefoot, andwhen she saidthen with her hand she scooped up warm dust to her sore feet, as if trying to soothe the pain(Sim.) - when removing or rearranging a subordinate clause with a conjunction When there will be words nearby and...that; On a cold night... the boy knocked on unfamiliar houses, asking where Oznobishin lived, andif dead silence did not answer him,then there was a scolding shout or a suspicious question(Fed.); Nikolai Nikolaevich tries to walk next to him,but since he gets confused between the trees and stumbles,then he often has to catch up with his companion by skipping(Cupr.); He looked around sadly, and he felt unbearably sorry for the sky, and the earth, and the forest, andwhen the highest note of the pipe swept through the air and trembled like the voice of a crying man,he felt extremely bitter and offended by the disorder that had replaced nature(Ch.) - after the adversative conjunction A a comma in these cases, as a rule, is not placed, even if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow That, since neither the removal nor the rearrangement of the subordinate part is possible without the restructuring of the main part; The sounds gradually died away, andThe farther we went from home, the more desolate and dead everything around us became.(M.G.) - union And attaches a whole complex sentence; He left a long time ago, andwhere is he now, no one knows- union And attaches a whole complex sentence.
4. When “meeting” a connecting conjunction And and a subordinating conjunction, the following cases are possible:
1) comma is placed only before the conjunction And(regardless of whether it connects homogeneous members of a sentence, independent clauses or subordinate subordinate clauses), if the subordinate clause is followed by the second part of a double conjunction how or But(in this case the union And attaches a whole complex sentence): He wore dark glasses, a sweatshirt, earspawnedcotton wool, and when he got into the cab, thenorderedraise the top(Ch.) - union And connects homogeneous members of a sentence; Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass,and if you look closely, thenone could see its finest crystalline structure(Paust.) - union And connects simple sentences; Doctor said,that the patient needs rest,and if we don't want to disturb him, thenmust leave the room- union And connects subordinate subordinate clauses; Please find outwhether the reviewer read the manuscript,and if you read it, thenwhat is his opinion of her- union And connects subordinate parts;
2) comma is placed only after the conjunction And, if it connects two homogeneous members sentences or two subordinate clauses and then the second part of the double conjunction does not follow: He thought to surprise her with his generosity, but she even raised an eyebrowdidn't lead andwhen he turned away from her, she scrunched her clenched lips contemptuously(T.); Apparently, in his own wordsgaveit is of no small importance and, to add to its price,triedpronounce them in a stretched manner(Ch.); It revealed,that the manuscript has not yet been completely edited and,until further work is done on it,You cannot put it in as a set;
3) comma is also placed before the union And, and after it, if it connects two simple sentences (and the subordinate part is not followed by the second part of the double conjunction): Gulyaev was a strong man, andwhen he returned to the Urals,the brilliant fame of a millionaire followed him(M.-S.); For some reason they said about him that he was a wonderful artist, and,when his mother died,his grandmother sent him to Moscow, to the Komissarovsky School(Ch.); This newborn master especially irritated Samghin, andif Klim Ivanovich were capable of hating,he would hate it(M.G.); ...My head became lighter, clearer, everything somehow thickened, and,while this condensation was happening in my head,the street has also become quieter(M.G.); She looked at the calmly beautiful Elizaveta Mikhailovna with large, tender eyes, and,when she caressed her with a soft and gentle hand,her heart sank sweetly(S.-Sch.); Lisa walked into the deserted square, andwhen her legs began to fall heavily from the round bald spots of the cobblestones,she remembered how she was returning to this square on a sunny day after her first meeting with Tsvetukhin(Fed.); A frisky wind from the sea inflated the sails, andwhen the sun rose and the city walls remained behind the stern of the last plow,a loud song spread over the expanse of the Volga(Zl.); And the woman kept talking and talking about her misfortunes, and,although her words were familiar,Saburov’s heart suddenly ached from them(Sim.); At turns, the sled was thrown towards the banks, and,so that it does not break on sharp stones sticking out from under the snow,Alitet pushed off with his feet(Sem.).
5. The placement of a comma between the connecting conjunction (at the beginning of the sentence, after the period) and the subordinating conjunction that follows depends on the meaning of the conjunction:
1) usually after the union And no comma is used: And whenLevinson, having completed all the everyday tasks, finally gave the order to march,- there was such jubilation in the detachment, as if with this order all sorts of ordeals actually ended(F.); And althoughthe weather has improved significantly, the danger of drought has not passed; ANDinstead ofturn right, go straight by mistake;
2) after the joining union A The comma is also omitted: And whenthe sun rose, a view of a snowy peak opened before us;And ifbelieve weather forecasters, warming should come tomorrow;
3) after the union Butcomma is not put when there is no pause between conjunctions and is put if there is a pause; compare: But whenHe, leaning on a stick, walked out of the headquarters bus onto the square... and, without waiting for someone to hug him, he began to hug and kiss everyone who fell into his arms, something pinched in the wound(Paul.); But ifeven the enemy managed to repel the attackers, the infantry again rushed to the attack(Sim.);
4) after the union howevercomma usually put: However, ifcircumstances will require it, I will not stand on the sidelines.
Note. For various cases of using the connecting conjunction at the very beginning of the sentence, the following rules are established:
1) comma is placed after conjunctions And And But and is not placed after the conjunction A, if what follows is a separate phrase (most often a construction with a gerund): And, lingering at the exit,he turned around;But, not wanting to go back to what was said,the speaker missed this part of his message; Ahearing these words,he exclaimed...(see § 20);
2) a comma, as a rule, is not placed after an connecting conjunction if an introductory word or introductory sentence follows: And probablyyou won't wait for him;But maybe,the issue has not yet been considered;However,and this optionacceptable; And imaginerandom answer turned out to be correct(see § 25, paragraph 6);
3) comma is placed before the subordinate clause depending on the meaning of the connecting conjunction and the presence or absence of a pause during reading (see § 36, paragraph 5).
From the book 100 Great Air Disasters author Muromov IgorThe crashes of two Boeing 767s and two Boeing 757s in the United States On September 11, 2001, suicide bombers hijacked four passenger planes operating domestic flights to the United States. American Airlines Boeing 767-223ER crashes into the North Tower of the World Trade Center
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(BEFORE) the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SB) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SV) by the author TSBFreedom of associations Freedom of associations, see Right of associations.
From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna5.11.3. Spelling of consonants at the junction of parts of a word In the roots of Russian words, double consonants are rare: quarrel, reins. Double consonants are written in compound words if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant (head doctor). In the first
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich6.86. Spelling of prepositions, conjunctions and particles; spelling complex prepositions and prepositional combinations; spelling of conjunctions but, also, too, so that, in contrast to combinations for that, the same, the same, that would; separate and hyphenated spelling of particles; separation of particles is not and neither
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich6.86.2. Spelling of conjunctions Differentiation of conjunctions from homonymous words and phrases occurs on the basis of distinguishing functions in a sentence. Particular difficulties in writing are caused by conjunctions and phrases but - for that, then - for that, also - the same, too - the same,
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich§ 9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root 1. Double w is written in the roots of the words reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and cognate words with them. Wed: kindle (cart + burn) - you will kindle (cart + burn), also kindled. Note 1: If there is audio interleaving
From the book Lawyer Encyclopedia by the authorXVI. Spelling of conjunctions § 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions 1. The conjunction so is written together, in contrast to the combination of the pronoun that with the particle would; in the latter case, the particle could be rearranged to another place in the sentence. For example: a) The editor met with the author in order (in order to
From the author's book§ 110. A comma at the junction of two conjunctions 1. When there are two adjacent subordinating conjunctions (or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word), as well as when a coordinating conjunction and a subordinating (or conjunctive word) meet, a comma is placed between them, if the exception subordinate clause
From the author's book§ 9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root 1. Double w is written in the roots of the words reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and cognate words with them. Wed: kindle (cart + burn) - kindle (cart + burn), also kindled. Note 1. In the presence of sound alternation
From the author's bookXVI. SPELLING OF CONJUNCTIONS § 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions 1. The conjunction so is written together in contrast to the combination that would (pronoun and particle), for example: The editor met with the author and (in order to) agree on the changes made to the manuscript; It is important that people
From the author's book§ 110. A comma at the junction of two conjunctions 1. When there are two adjacent subordinating conjunctions (or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word), as well as when a coordinating conjunction and a subordinating (or conjunctive word) meet, a comma is placed between them if the subordinate clause is removed
From the author's bookGroups of consonants at the junction of significant parts of a word § 84. Adjectives with the suffix?sk-, formed from words with a vowel base + sk, end in?sskiy, for example: Damascus (from Damascus), Etruscan (Etruscans), San Francisco ( San Francisco), Bauska (Bauska); but: Basque (from
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From the author's bookFreedom of association see Right of association.
A comma at the junction of conjunctions can be used in two cases:
When a subordinate clause is wedged between two stems connected by coordinating conjunctions,
depending on the second basis.
With sequential subordination of subordinate clauses, when the second subordinate clause depends on the first, but
at the same time requires a position in front of him.
A comma is placed at the junction between them when there is no second part of the double conjunction after the subordinate clause then, so or union but:
At night, timber was brought to the river (1) and (2) when a white fog shrouded the banks (3) all eight companies
laid planks (4) on the wreckage of the bridges. (Answer: 1234)
At night, timber was brought to the river (1) and (2) when a white fog covered the banks (3) THEN all eight companies
laid planks (4) on the wreckage of the bridges. (Answer: 134)
empty, and no matter how much the philosopher rummaged in all the corners and even felt all the holes and traps in
roof, but nowhere did I find a piece of lard or at least an old knish, which, according to
As usual, it was hidden by the students.- There is no comma, because after the subordinate clause
sentences are a conjunction but.
Compare: The large ramshackle hut in which the bursa was located was decidedly
empty, and no matter how much the philosopher rummaged in all the corners and even felt all the holes and traps in the roof, nowhere
I didn’t find a piece of lard or, at least, an old knish, which, as usual, is hidden
were students. This sentence contains a comma because there is no conjunction BUT.
Another technique that allows you to determine whether you need to put a comma at the junction of conjunctions.
Try removing part of the sentence at the junction of conjunctions:
Thick clouds (1) and (2 although it was only the third hour of the day (3) it was already dark
Thick clouds were layered across the sky (1) and (3) it was already dark. Deletion is possible, so there is a comma after
the coordinating conjunction is placed, the answer is 123.
Deletion is impossible, which means a comma is NOT placed after the coordinating conjunction: At night, the tops of old linden trees were lost in the sky (l) and (2) if a strong north wind began (Z), then the stars seemed to fly from branch to branch (4) as if small fireflies were sitting on the trees instead. - At night, the tops of old linden trees were lost in the sky (l) and (2) ... (3) then the stars seemed to fly from branch to branch (4) as if small fireflies were sitting on the trees instead of them. Answer: 134
Could be so:
A comma is placed at the junction of two conjunctions if the sentence can be rearranged without distorting the meaning by rearranging the subordinate clause:
Ø Thick clouds were layered across the sky, and although it was only the third hour of the day, it was already dark;
Ø Thick clouds were layered across the sky, and it was already dark, although it was only the third hour of the day.
Ø Thick clouds were layered across the sky, and although it was only the third hour of the day, it was already dark. IN
In this sentence, such a rearrangement is impossible, since there will be nearby and but.
Algorithm of actions
1. Highlight grammatical basics.
2. Identify conjunctions and determine whether they are coordinating or subordinating.
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses (the main ones are those from which the question is asked;
subordinate clauses – to which the question is asked).
4. Define boundaries simple sentences, included in the complex (unions are often
indicate the beginning of new grammatical foundations!).
5. Special attention pay attention to the place in the sentence where the coordinating and
subordinating conjunctions.
6. After the subordinate clause there is no second part of the double union then, so or conjunction but, put a comma,
There is. - not set
7. Add all punctuation marks.
Analysis of the task
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Lucy was gently persistent (1) and (2) although it was difficult to remember everything (3) gradually the old lady
told (4) how it was.
First, let's define the grammatical basics and highlight which of them are the main ones and which are the subordinate ones.
[Lyusya was soft persistent] and [(although recall All it was difficult) gradually old lady
told] (How it was a matter).
This sentence contains a junction of conjunctions AND ALTHOUGH. We read the proposal. It's not in the second part
continuation of the conjunction THAT, SO, BUT, it can be removed from the text (Lucy was gently persistent and gradually the old woman told how it was), therefore a comma is placed between the conjunctions: AND, ALTHOUGH.
[Lucy was gently insistent], (1) and, (2) [(although it was difficult to remember everything), (3) gradually
the old lady told], (4) (how it happened).
Punctuation marks in complex sentences with conjunction and non-conjunction connections. Complex sentence with different types communications.
Clue. Answers to the questions: what is a complex sentence and types of subordinate clauses can be found in tasks A24 and B6.
Rule.
The following algorithm will help you put punctuation marks in such sentences:
Trap!
If the subordinate clauses are homogeneous and there is a conjunction “I” between them, then before the second subordinate clause the repeated subordinating conjunction is skipped.
[This time I was already happy] , ( When the bell rang) And (Yurka burst into me).
It can be easily restored from context:
This time I was already happy when the bell rang and When Yurka barged into me).
This sentence follows the pattern: , () AND/OR ().
1. A comma at the junction of two conjunctions.
A comma at the junction of conjunctions can be used in two cases:
When between two stems connected by coordinating conjunctions, a subordinate clause is inserted, depending on the second stem.
With sequential subordination of subordinate clauses, when the second subordinate clause depends on the first, but at the same time requires a position in front of it.
Rule.
Algorithm of actions.
1. Highlight grammatical basics.
2. Identify conjunctions and determine whether they are coordinating or subordinating.
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses (main - those from which the question is asked; subordinate - to which the question is asked).
4. Determine the boundaries of simple sentences that are part of a complex one (conjunctions are often indicate to the beginning of new grammatical basics!).
5. Add punctuation marks.
Analysis of the task.
Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
Lucy was gently persistent (1) and (2) although it was difficult to remember everything (3) gradually the old woman told (4) how it was.
First, let's define the grammatical basics and highlight which of them are the main ones and which are the subordinate ones.
[Lucy was gently insistent] and [(although it was difficult to remember everything o) gradually the old woman told] (how it was).
Thus we get:
According to the rules, in a complex sentence with heterogeneous subordinate clauses, all grammatical bases must be separated from each other by commas.
BUT! In this sentence there is a junction of conjunctions AND ALTHOUGH. We read the proposal. In its second part there is no continuation of the conjunction THAT, SO, BUT, therefore a comma is placed between the conjunctions: AND, ALTHOUGH.
[Lucy was gently insistent], (1) and, (2) [(although it was difficult to remember everything o), (3) gradually the old woman told], (4) (how it happened).
The correct answer is option No. 2.
Practice.
1. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
It was getting dark (1) and (2) when we entered a sparse birch grove (3) the white trunks seemed to us like bright paper stripes stuck on the purple twilight.
1) 1, 2, 3 2) 2, 3 3) 3 4) 1, 2
2. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
At the fifteenth mile the rear tire burst (1) and (2) while he was repairing it on the edge of the ditch (3) the larks were ringing over the fields (4) as if they were worried about him.
1) 1, 3, 4 2) 1, 2, 3, 4 3) 2, 3 4) 1, 2, 4
3. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
Kurin suddenly remembered the desperate eyes and perky freckles of the girl instructor (1) and (2) despite the fact that in front of him now there was a boring gray road (3) and he had to walk a few more kilometers under the scorching sun (4) he suddenly felt cheerful.
At the beginning of the day, work is usually easy, easier than at the end, when thoughts are already confused. It’s the same at the beginning of a sentence: we skip through it easily, without stumbling over commas, let alone in the middle, when the devil himself can’t figure out the isolations and phrases. And we don’t stumble at the beginning of a sentence with commas because you rarely see them there.
About alliances with introductory words at the beginning of a sentence, a similar approach is to combining conjunctions. The rule is:
“At the beginning of a sentence, the coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, as well as the subordinating conjunction and the allied word, are not separated by a comma: Denis died. And when I was leaving, his old woman brought me a goose...(Priv.); Because where can they meet now?».
I would like to say “that’s all.” But no, not everything. This rule is from Lopatin’s reference book, and Rosenthal’s reference book is “more talkative”:
“The placement of a comma between the connecting conjunction (at the beginning of the sentence, after the period) and the subordinating conjunction that follows it depends on the meaning of the conjunction:
1) ...after the union And no comma is used: ; ;
2) after... union A no comma is used: ; ;
3) after the union But a comma is placed when there is a pause between conjunctions and is not placed if there is no pause (appreciate the deceit! - "According to the rules"): (Sim.); (Paul.);
4) after the union however A comma is usually used: ».
A comma at the beginning of a sentence after the conjunctions “but”, “however”, “and”, “a” before the subordinating conjunction
| A comma is placed | There is no comma | ||
| But(during a pause) | But, if the enemy then managed to repel the attackers, the infantry again rushed to the attack | But(no pause) | But when he, leaning on a stick, stepped out of the headquarters bus into the square... something pinched in the wound |
| However | However, if circumstances require it, I will not stand aside | AND | And although the weather has improved significantly, the danger of drought has not passed; And instead of turning right, we went straight by mistake |
| A | And when the sun rose, a view of the snowy peak opened before us; And if you believe weather forecasters, warming should come tomorrow |
||
1. A comma is placed between two adjacent subordinating conjunctions (or allied words) and between adjacent coordinating and subordinating conjunctions (conjunctive words) if the omission of the subordinate clause does not require restructuring of the main one, for example: To the meeting where it was to be decided fate, Savichev walked with with a heavy heart, knowing that if he is expelled from the party, he will not return home (First); She photographed the radio operator at work, and to thank her, and perhaps to distract her from her anxious thoughts, he said that a huge polar bear with two cubs was swimming onto the ice floe. (First.)
If, when omitting a subordinate clause, a restructuring of the main one is necessary, a comma is not placed between the conjunctions, for example: It was hard for Varvara to think about this - immediately her personal question was associated with the general big question, which, although it was the biggest for her, but, arising next to general, began to seem small and insignificant (First); Nikolai walked with nervous steps and did not see anything in front of him, and when the door opened and he was led into the hallway, his eyes flashed and flickered, as if someone had hit him hard on the bridge of his nose. (Alex.)
2. If the coordinating and subordinating conjunctions (or conjunction word) are at the beginning complex sentence, then a comma is usually not placed between them, except in those cases when the coordinating conjunction is the word however, for example: But even though Varvara tried to convince herself that she was thinking about Kostyuchenko, that she was repeating the thoughts and words read on his face, these were her thoughts and words, she thinks of herself and Kostyuchenko together, as one being (First.); However, when Khoryshev, instead of answering, handed him one of the rams, the old man, without arguing, took it and began to clean it. (Sim.)
Exercise 350. Rewrite, emphasizing the conjunctions (conjunctive words). Explain the presence or absence of a comma between adjacent conjunctions.
1. It seemed to Natasha that when she first saw Prince Andrey in Otradnoye, she fell in love with him. (L.T.) 2. Your father is rich, but, as he says, he had to be both a machinist and a simple oiler. (Ch.) 3. Lenochka became so addicted to reading that if it weren’t for the little hunchback, the farm would have collapsed. (Leon.) 4. The house stands on solid ground, the black belly of the ocean does not sway beneath it, there is reliable land, an infinitely generous land that will still give happiness, and if not to you, then to your Gala. (First.) 5. Volodya came to his superiors earlier than to him, and the authorities did everything as needed, taking responsibility for the fate and life of his boy, as if they consciously wanted to remove the burden from his father’s soul... But at least this burden and was removed from General Savichev, this did not make him any easier. (First.) 6. Volodya walked up the long street to the hut in which, as it seemed to him, his father should have stood. (First.) 7. Varvara, it seemed, did not hear either the explosion, or Kostyuchenko’s voice, or the heavy snoring in the corner of the trench, where Lieutenant Kukurechny was bent over three times. But even if she had heard, now she no longer cared whether the shell hit the dugout or flew over them and exploded somewhere in the forest or in a cornfield. (First.) 8. Luda well understood the nature of human relationships and, although she did not really trust her Mina, she still could not imagine that he would switch to another before her eyes. (First.)
Exercise 351. Indicate which words, if omitted, require a comma between conjunctions.
1. Laptev knew the names of all famous artists and did not miss a single exhibition. Sometimes in the summer at the dacha he painted landscapes himself, and it seemed to him that he had a lot of taste and that if he had studied, he would probably have turned out to be a good artist. (Ch.) 2. At home I found a guest, an old friend, who, having said hello, began to complain to me that while he was driving to me, he got lost in the forest. (T.) 3. Everyone also liked that when the Leningrad children from the colony came to the village to help the orphans, Nastya gave them her entire year’s supply of spring sweet cranberries. (Ex.) 4. For some reason I thought again that even though the battery was dead, the gas car would start. (Ant.)
Exercise 352. Write down the sentences in which commas are missing. Add the missing commas.
1. But although Vronsky did not suspect what his parents were saying, he, leaving the Shcherbatskys that evening, felt that the spiritual secret connection that existed between him and Kitty had become so strong that evening that something had to be done. (L. T.) 2. Markushev knew from experience that if the colonel fell silent, then it was useless to try to continue the conversation with him. (Sim.) 3. It seemed to Sintsov that the shell hit the embrasure and exploded inside, although if this had been so, there would have been nothing left of him and Bayukov. (Sim.) 4. My Rostov friends were surprised to learn that I was going to completely move to the Far East. But when I told them that I intended to live with my husband in the wild taiga, they were seriously concerned: had I gone crazy? (Fedos.) 5. He was a dark, curly-haired Neapolitan, a joker, a merry fellow, who had such white teeth that when he laughed, the car became brighter. (Field.) 6. The tank is very similar to a mammoth with its trunk raised, - that’s how it was drawn in the book she read as a child... It was about hunting a mammoth, people surrounded it with darts and stones, and it fell into a big one, a pre-dug hole and roared, raising his long pipe. But this one was stopped when he went over the hill, and if they hadn’t stopped him, he would have crushed the trenches and the people in the trenches. (First.) 7. The plane breaks through the thickness of the clouds, and although she can’t see anything, she knows that the ice floe is already very close, that on the ice field prepared for landing people are waiting for the plane. (First.) 8. Varvara saw the whole catastrophe in the form of a thunderstorm, but at first she did not think that lightning would strike her, feeling behind Sasha as if behind a stone wall. (First.) 9. We became friends in extraordinary circumstances, when the best or worst qualities of human character are manifested, and when these extraordinary circumstances ended, we each went our separate ways. (First.) 10. It only seems that he is an adult, he is still just a boy; Do you think it will be easy for him in the sky on a fragile plane against German pilots? They burn like matches, I myself saw in newsreels how German planes burned, and if they were German, then ours probably burned in the same way. (First.) 11. He didn’t even nod his head to her goodbye and, to show that the conversation was over, he began to sort out the colored pencils in the faceted tea glass standing on the table. (First.) 12. What if you have to give your life for peace and the opportunity to work? Not only so that the Nazis do not trample the fields of the Fatherland, do not rot people in concentration camps, do not strangle them in gas chambers, but also so that a woman does not go underground in a heavy robe, so that she does not lean with her thin hands on the handle of a compressor hammer, - for this, too, one must give one’s life... And if millions give it, then why is he better than anyone among these millions to save life for himself, for his own happiness? (First.)