Sciences that study the human body. Classification of human sciences according to M.A. Manuilsky What sciences deal with the problem of man
REMEMBER
Question 1. What biological sciences do you know? What are they studying?
Biological sciences include:
1. Anatomy studies the internal structure of organisms.
2. Genetics studies the patterns of heredity and variability.
3. Morphology studies the external structure of organisms.
4. Selection deals with the development of new plant varieties, animal breeds and strains of microorganisms.
5. Systematics (classification, taxonomy) studies the diversity of living organisms and distributes them into groups based on evolutionary relatedness.
Question 2. What is the significance of biological sciences for humans?
The importance of biology as a fundamental science that studies one of the highest forms of organization of matter - life - is very great. General biological laws are used to solve a wide variety of issues in many sectors of the national economy.
Biological data contribute to the knowledge of the general laws of the development of nature, make it possible to predict the paths of development of life on our planet and determine the role of man in its conservation.
The importance of biology in human life is constantly increasing. According to scientists' forecasts, the coming century will be the century of biological sciences, primarily molecular biology and genetics.
Question 3. Can the sciences you named study humans and why?
All of the above sciences can study man, because man is part of living nature.
QUESTIONS FOR THE PARAGRAPH
Question 1. Why does a person need to study himself?
It is very important for a person to study himself. Studying the diseases that a person suffers from helps in their treatment. It is important to know and understand the external and internal structure of the human body. This knowledge is needed to explain many of the laws that govern the existence of the species Homo sapiens as part of living nature. All the knowledge that a person receives about himself helps him understand his essence and provides answers to many questions.
In order to live a long and happy life, a person needs to know very well the structure of his body and how it works. Otherwise, with their ill-considered actions, people will, voluntarily or unwittingly, cause harm to their health, and even life.
Question 2. What human sciences do you know? What are they studying?
The sciences that study humans include:
Anatomy is a branch of biology that studies the structure of the body of organisms and their parts at a level above the cellular level.
Physiology is a science that studies the life processes of an organism and its constituent physiological systems
Psychology is a science that studies the patterns of emergence, development and functioning of the psyche and mental activity of humans and groups of people.
Hygiene is the science of optimal conditions for existence; maintaining health and prolonging life.
Question 3. What, in your opinion, is the application of hygienic knowledge in practice called?
The application of hygienic knowledge in practice is called occupational and rest hygiene.
Name and describe the methods known to you for studying the human body.
Along with traditional methods of studying the anatomical structure of the human body, associated with the use of surgical instruments and microscopic equipment, radiography and computed tomography are also used today.
The main methods of physiology are observation and experiment. Recently, no less important has been the method of modeling - artificial reproduction of processes using various technical means or computer technology. Modern telemetric (from the Greek tele - far) methods make it possible to study the functions of the body or its individual organs at a distance, for example, the work of the heart or breathing. Some studies are based on advances in modern electronics (ultrasound, or ultrasound), while others are based on recording electrical phenomena in the heart (electrocardiography, or ECG) or in the brain (electroencephalography, or EEG).
THINK!
Why is human health (as defined by the World Health Organization) not only an objective (real) state, but also a subjective (personal) feeling of complete physical, mental and social comfort?
Since all people are different, with their own individual manifestations, a subjective component is added to the definition of health. After all, what is good for one person may be completely uncomfortable for another, which means he will feel some discomfort, which means we can no longer talk about complete health. For example, people react differently to stressful situations. From this we can conclude that health is a multifaceted concept and it is different for each person.
Oh, solve the riddle of life for me,
A painfully old riddle...
Tell me, what is a person?
G. Heine
Who are you, man?
The pinnacle of evolution? King of nature? Space conqueror? The Most Atom in the Universe? Creator or destroyer? Where did it come from on planet Earth?
The sciences that study man have been looking for answers to these and other questions for many years; researchers and thinkers have been puzzling over them since ancient times.
In different cultures, religions, and philosophies, there is a huge variety of views on and its interaction with the physical and mental world. This totality can be considered as the primary formation of the human sciences.
Why not just science?
There is a science about man, anthropology, but it cannot represent the entire spectrum of knowledge, covering only the biological, evolutionary and, separately, philosophical aspects.
What is human science?
According to V. G. Borzenkov’s classification, up to 200 disciplines can be counted, which are sciences that study man.
They can be grouped into several blocks:
- sciences about man as a biological substance (anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, primatology, genetics, paleontology, etc.);
- sciences about humanity (demography, sociology, ethnography, political science, economics, etc.);
- the science of man and his interaction with nature and space (ecology, biogeochemistry, space medicine, etc.);
- sciences about man as an individual (pedagogy, ethics, psychology, aesthetics, etc.);
- sciences that consider a person as a subject of activity (ergonomics, heuristics, etc.).
These disciplines do not exist on their own: they intersect many times, the methods of some are widely used in others. For example, the study of physiology with the help of certain devices has become widely used in practical psychology and even criminology (lie detector). There are also other approaches to classifying which sciences study humans.
Man as an object of study
Every science about man looks for patterns in the diversity of his nature and the uniqueness of individual manifestations.
A person’s knowledge of himself as a species of Homo sapiens, as a subject of social relations, as a bearer of intellectual and emotional abilities, as a unique individuality is a difficult task.
It will never have a single solution, despite the wealth of knowledge gained since the emergence of the human sciences. The more interesting the learning process is.
European approach
Social thought in the 20th century made philosophical anthropology its most influential direction.
In this teaching, man is the central axis around which all processes of existence in the world take place. “Man is the measure of all things” - this ancient principle of Protagoras’ philosophy gives rise to the theory of anthopocentrism.
Christian ideology, one of the foundations of European culture, also affirms the human-centric idea of earthly life. According to it, it is believed that the Almighty, before creating man, prepared the conditions on Earth for his existence.
What about in the East?
Eastern schools of philosophy, on the contrary, never place man at the center of the universe, considering him a part, an element of nature, one of its levels.
Man, according to these teachings, should not resist the perfection of nature, but only follow it, listening, integrating into its rhythms. This allows you to maintain mental and physical harmony.
Is everything known?
The science of the human body, with the help of modern technologies, is developing at cosmic speed. The research is striking in its boldness and breadth, and sometimes frightening in its lack of ethical framework.
Methods for prolonging life, the most delicate operations, transplantology, cloning, stem cells, vaccines, microchipping, devices for diagnostics and treatment - this could not even be dreamed of by medieval doctors and anatomists who died at the stake of the Inquisition for their thirst for knowledge and desire to help the sick!
It seems that now everything in a person has been thoroughly studied. But for some reason people continue to get sick and die. What has not science done yet in human life?
Human genome
Genetic scientists from many countries worked together for several years and almost completely deciphered this painstaking work, new problems arise that current and future researchers have to solve.
Colossal work is needed not just as “pure” knowledge; on its basis, new steps are being and will be made in medicine, immunology, and gerontology.
The power of thought
What sciences study man and his abilities?
Studies of brain activity show that people use very little of its capabilities. The achievements of modern neurophysiology, psychology, and pedagogy help to develop many hidden abilities.
Methods for developing mental activity are increasingly being introduced into everyday life. What seemed like a miracle, a hoax (for example, the ability to perform quickly is now easily mastered by preschoolers in special classes.
Other techniques developed in scientific laboratories can give a person superpowers to survive in extreme conditions, such as space flight or combat.
Stop being a conqueror of nature!
The end of the last millennium was marked by an unprecedented increase in technological progress. It seemed that man could do everything: move mountains, turn back rivers, mercilessly devastate mineral resources and destroy forests, pollute seas and oceans.
Global cataclysms of recent decades show that nature does not forgive such an attitude. In order to survive as a species, humanity needs to take care not only of individual dwellings, but also of our common home - planet Earth.
Ecology is becoming one of the most important sciences, showing how, by destroying nature, a person harms himself. But following the recommendations developed by scientists allows us to preserve and restore the environment.
Human and society
Wars, urban overpopulation, famine, epidemics, and natural disasters expose huge masses of people to suffering.
Social sciences and institutions dealing with issues of demography, political science, religious studies, philosophy, and economics clearly cannot cope with information and cannot make their recommendations convincing to politicians, state leaders, and authorities at various levels.
Peace, tranquility and prosperity remain a pipe dream for most people.
But in the age of the development of the Internet, much knowledge is becoming much closer and allows those who have access to the resource to apply it in their lives, find like-minded people, help themselves and their loved ones survive in difficult times and preserve the Human within themselves.
Turning to your history, to your roots, to the knowledge accumulated by previous generations, returning to the roots of morality and ethics, to nature gives a chance for the life of future generations.
Open question
The versatility of the manifestations and activities of each individual person, the entire human community as a whole, makes the task of studying them extremely difficult.
And hundreds of disciplines are not enough to study these processes. Human science is an almost inexhaustible source of mysteries.
It turns out that, despite the development of technology, humanity has failed using the methods of biochemistry, physiology, and mathematical data processing.
Philosophical questions remain eternal. We still don’t know exactly why man appeared, who his ancestor was, what the meaning of his life is, or whether immortality is possible. Who can answer?
Human anatomy and physiology are among the biological disciplines that form the basis of the theoretical and practical training of nurses.
Anatomy - is a science that studies the form and structure of an organism in relation to its functions, development and environmental influences.
Physiology - the science of the laws of the life processes of a living organism, its organs, tissues and cells, their relationships when various conditions and the state of the body change.
Human anatomy and physiology are closely related to all medical specialties. Their achievements constantly influence practical medicine. It is impossible to carry out qualified treatment without a good knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Therefore, before studying clinical disciplines, they study anatomy and physiology. These subjects form the foundation of medical education and medical science in general.
Study the structure of the human body according to systems systematic (normal) anatomy.
The structure of the human body by region, taking into account the position of organs and their relationships with each other, with the skeleton studies topographic anatomy.
Plastic anatomy examines the external forms and proportions of the human body, as well as the topography of organs in connection with the need to explain the characteristics of the physique; age anatomy - the structure of the human body depending on age.
Pathological anatomy studies organs and tissues damaged by a particular disease.
The body of physiological knowledge is divided into a number of separate but interrelated areas - general, special (or particular) and applied physiology.
General physiology includes information that concerns the nature of basic life processes, general manifestations of life activity, such as the metabolism of organs and tissues, general patterns of the body’s response (irritation, excitation, inhibition) and its structures to environmental influences.
Special (private) physiology explores the characteristics of individual tissues (muscle, nervous, etc.), organs (liver, kidneys, heart, etc.), patterns of combining them into systems (respiratory, digestive, circulatory systems).
Applied Physiology studies the patterns of manifestations of human activity in connection with special tasks and conditions (physiology of work, nutrition, sports).
Physiology is conventionally divided into normal And pathological. The first studies the patterns of vital activity of a healthy organism, the mechanisms of adaptation of functions to the influence of various factors and the stability of the organism. Pathological physiology examines changes in the functions of a sick organism, clarifies the general patterns of the appearance and development of pathological processes in the body, as well as the mechanisms of recovery and rehabilitation.
RICE. A
This illustration shows the structures directly beneath the skin as seen from the front. The lymphatic network is depicted on the left side of the body. On the right - the arterial network (red) and the venous network (blue), as well as some of the largest nerves close to the surface (white). The saphenous arteries and veins are cut off at the places where they go deep into the body. The lymphatic, arterial and venous networks are also shown for the head.
RICE. B Front view 1. Abdominal muscles
22. Lateral saphenous vein 26. Clavicle 35. Deltoid muscle 36. Diaphragm 53. Frontalis muscle 62. Inguinal canal 64. Intercostal muscles 73. Mandible 74. Masseter muscle 82. Nasal bone 85. Occipital muscle 89. Orbicularis oculi muscle 90. Orbicularis oris muscle 95. Pectoralis major muscle 96. Pectoralis minor muscle 107. Quadrangular muscles of the upper lip 111. Rib 112. Cartilaginous part of the rib 115. Parotid salivary gland 117. Submandibular salivary gland 119. Serratus anterior muscle 126. Sternocleidomastoid muscle 127. Sternum 133. Temporalis muscle 144. Navel 150. Zygomatic major muscle
RICE. IN
Rear view 1. Abdominal muscles
A. external oblique b. internal oblique c. rectus abdominis d. transverse abdominis
22. Lateral saphenous vein 26. Clavicle 34. Cerebral capsule 35. Deltoid muscle 36. Diaphragm 38. Inferior epigastric artery and vein 53. Frontalis muscle 62. Inguinal canal 64. Intercostal muscles 65. Intercostal vessels and nerves 73. Lower jaw 76. Upper jaw 89. Orbicularis oculi muscle 91. Orbit 95. Pectoralis major muscle 96. Pectoralis minor muscle 111. Rib 112. Cartilaginous part of the rib 113. Coronary ligament of the liver 115. Parotid salivary gland 116. Sublingual salivary gland 117. Submandibular salivary gland 120. Frontal sinus 121. Maxillary (maxillary) sinus 126. Sternocleidomastoid muscle 127. Sternum 135. Transverse thoracic muscle 144. Navel
RICE. G
Front view 4. Cutaneous nerves of the forearm 5. Fascia of the forearm 13. Cutaneous nerves of the shoulder 14. Fascia of the shoulder 18. Brachiocephalic veins
a. left b. right
20. Brain 22. Lateral saphenous vein 23. Cerebellum 24. Cerebral arteries 25. Cerebral hemispheres 32. Coronary arteries and veins 35. Deltoid muscle 36. Diaphragm 43. Eyeball 45. Fascia of the femoral muscles 47. Femoral cutaneous nerves 51. Oval fossa 52. Frontal bone 54. Gall bladder 55. Heart
67. Internal jugular vein 69c. Transverse colon 71. Liver 72. Lung 73. Lower jaw 75. Mastoid process of the temporal bone 76. Upper jaw 83. Nasal cartilages 86. Greater omentum 87. Lesser omentum 88. Optic nerve 97. Pericardial sac 113. Coronary ligament of the liver 116. Sublingual salivary gland 120. Frontal sinus 121. Maxillary (maxillary) sinus 123. Small intestine 128. Stomach 130. Subclavian vein 136. Thymus 137. Thyroid cartilage 138. Thyroid gland 139. Tongue 148. Superior vena cava
RICE. D
Posterior view 5. Fascia of the forearm 7. Aorta 14. Fascia of the shoulder 18. Brachiocephalic veins
a. left b. right
22. Lateral saphenous vein 23. Cerebellum 25. Cerebral hemisphere 28. Common bile duct 33. Corpus callosum 35. Deltoid muscle 36. Diaphragm 39. Epiglottis 41. Auditory (Eustachian) tube 44. Falx cerebri 45. Fascia of the femoral muscles 51. Fossa ovale 52. Frontal bone 54. Gall bladder 55. Heart
a. right atrium b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. left ventricle
56. Hepatic artery 57. Hepatic vein 66. Interventricular septum 67. Internal jugular vein 69c. Transverse colon 70. Larynx 71. Liver 72. Lung 73. Lower jaw 76. Upper jaw 78. Medulla oblongata 81. Mesentery 87. Lesser omentum 92. Hard palate 93. Soft palate 99. Pharynx 100. Pituitary gland 101. Pons 102 Portal vein 106. Pylorus of the stomach 118. Sartorius muscle 120. Frontal sinus 123. Small intestine 128. Stomach 130. Subclavian vein 137. Thyroid cartilage 138. Thyroid gland 139. Tongue 143. Turbinates 146. Palatine tongue approx 147. Inferior vena cava 148. Superior vena cava
RICE. E
Front view 6. Appendix 7. Aorta 8. Axillary artery 10. Biceps brachii 12. Brachial artery 16. Brachial plexus of nerves 17. Brachiocephalic trunk 19. Brachioradialis muscle 21. Bronchi 24. Cerebral arteries 27. Celiac artery 28. Common bile duct 29. Common carotid artery 36. Diaphragm 37. Duodenum 39. Epiglottis 40. Esophagus 50. Flexor muscles of the forearm 55. Heart (arrows indicate the direction of blood flow)
a. right atrium b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. left ventricle
56. Hepatic artery 57. Hepatic vein 66. Interventricular septum 69. Large intestine
72. Light 77. Middle nerve 79. The lower mesenteric artery 80. The upper mesenteric artery 81. The mesenter 84. The nasal septum 94. Pancreatic iron 98. The parietal (parietal) belly is 102. Bide vein 103. Lighting arteries 104. February veins 106. Gate award 106. Gate award. stomach 109. Quadriceps femoris 124. Spleen 125. Splenic artery and vein 129. Subclavian vein 140. Trachea 147. Inferior vena cava 148. Superior vena cava
RICE. AND
Rear view 6. Appendix 7. Aorta 8. Axillary artery 10. Biceps brachii 12. Brachial artery 16. Brachial plexus of nerves 17. Brachiocephalic trunk 19. Brachioradialis muscle 24. Cerebral arteries 28. Common bile duct 29. Common carotid artery 36. Diaphragm 37. Duodenum 40. Esophagus 50. Flexor muscles of the forearm 69. Large intestine
a. cecum b. ascending colon c. transverse colon d. descending colon e. sigmoid colon
72. Lung 79. Inferior mesenteric artery 80. Superior mesenteric artery 81. Mesentery 84. Nasal septum 94. Pancreas 98. Parietal peritoneum 102. Portal vein 109. Quadriceps femoris 124. Spleen 125. Splenic artery Ia and Vienna 129 . Subclavian vein 140. Trachea 147. Inferior vena cava
RICE. Z
Front view 2. Adductor muscles 3. Adrenal gland 7. Aorta 9. Azygos veins 10. Biceps brachii 11. Bladder 15. Brachial muscle 16. Brachial plexus of nerves 19. Brachioradialis muscle 20. Brain 23. Cerebellum 25. Cerebral hemispheres 26. Clavicle 27. Celiac artery 30. Coracobrachial muscle 31. Coracoid process of the scapula 33. Corpus callosum 35. Deltoid muscle 36. Diaphragm 39. Epiglottis 41. Auditory (Eustachian) tube 42. Extensor muscles of the forearm and hand 46. Femoral artery and Vienna 48. Femoral nerve 49. Femur 50. Flexor muscles of the forearm and hand 58. Humerus 59. Common iliac artery and vein 60. Iliacus muscle 61. Ilium 63. Inguinal (pupartian) ligament 64. Intercostal muscles 65. Intercostal vessels and nerves 68. Kidney 69e. Rectum 70. Lortion 73. Lower jaw 76. The upper jaw 77. Middle nerve 78. The oblong brain 79. The lower mesenteric artery 80. The upper mesenteric artery 92. The hard sky 93. Soft sky 99. Gip 100. Playing 1001. Varoliev Most 105. . Psoas muscle 108. Quadratus lumbar muscle 109. Quadratus femoris muscle 110. Renal artery and vein 111. Rib 114. Sacral artery and vein 118. Sartorius muscle 120. Frontal sinus 122. Sphenoid sinus 131. Subscapularis muscle 132. Sympathetic trunk 134 . Thoracic lymphatic duct 139. Tongue 141. Trapezius muscle 142. Triceps brachii muscle 143. Nasal turbinates 145. Ureter 146. Uvula 147. Inferior vena cava 149. Spine
Anatomy- the science of the structure of the body and its organs
Physiology- the science of the vital functions of the body and its organs
Hygiene- a branch of medicine that studies the conditions for maintaining and promoting health
Valeology- the science of healthy living
Anthropology- the science of human origins
Anatomy studies the shape and structure of organs and the systems they compose in the human body in connection with the functions they perform; physiology studies the vital functions of the body and its individual parts. Both the structure and functions of organs are interconnected, so their understanding is impossible in isolation from each other. Knowledge of the anatomical structure, coordinated function of organs and systems allows us to justify hygienic working and rest conditions, disease prevention measures to preserve human health, ability to work and longevity. Therefore, hygiene is studied in close connection with anatomy and physiology. Human anatomy includes the following private disciplines:
normal anatomy, which studies the structure of a healthy person and his organs;
pathological anatomy - morphology of a sick person;
topographic anatomy - the science of the location of any organ in the human body;
dynamic anatomy, which studies the motor system from a functional perspective, which is important for the proper physical development of a person.
Anatomy studies the formation of man in his historical development in the process of animal evolution, using the comparative anatomical method. Anatomy is adjacent to histology - the science of tissues, and embryology, which studies the processes of formation of germ cells, fertilization, and embryonic development of organisms.
Modern anatomy widely uses experiment and has the latest research methods, including modern optics, x-rays, uses radio telemetry methods, plastic materials, alloys, preservatives and is based on the laws of physics, chemistry, cybernetics, cytology, etc.
Physiology- a science that studies the functions of a whole organism, i.e. vital processes of the body and its constituent organs and individual parts.
Physiology can be divided into three departments: General physiology studies the basic patterns of response of living organisms to environmental influences. Comparative physiology studies the specific features of the functioning of the whole organism, as well as tissues and cells of organisms belonging to different species. Comparative physiology is closely related to evolutionary physiology. In addition, there are special sections of physiology that study the physiology of various types of animals (for example, agricultural, carnivorous, etc.) or the physiology of individual organs (heart, kidneys, liver, etc.), tissues, cells.
“According to the degree of “address” to a person, the set of corresponding ideas can be represented as a kind of continuum. At one pole there are schemes in which man as a special subject for study is completely absent, at least in a number of disciplines where he was traditionally present. At the other pole are concepts where a person is, to one degree or another, an object of study, if not all, then very many disciplines. Between these poles you can place almost all any significant circuits.
I will give as an example just two concepts that seem to form the boundaries of a continuum.
The first classification belongs to E.V. Sokolov, his article on this topic was published in the magazine “Chelovek” (Sokolov E.V., Four sciences of the 21st century // Man, 2002, N 1).
The author identifies four “worlds” in which science lives and works: the world of ideas, the world of nature, the world of culture and the human, vital, practical world. Corresponding to these worlds are the basic sciences (I would call them “metasciences”, since each of them must consist of several disciplines): intellectualism (the art of operating with ideas), natural science (natural history), cultural studies (understanding of culture) and praxeology (the theory of action). This classification implements the idea of complexity in its own way. Culturology is called upon to create a multidimensional image of the human world, praxeology is a systematic methodology of activity. However, man as a subject of “total” interdisciplinary analysis is not clearly explicated here.
The second classification was proposed by V.G. Borzenkov. I voice it with the kind permission of the author. According to him, there are about 200 scientific disciplines that are in one way or another involved in the study of man. All of them can be combined into several blocks:
Sciences about humans as a biological species (primatology, archeology, paleosociology, paleolinguistics, population genetics, human biochemistry, etc.);
Sciences about humanity (sociology, economics, demography, ethnography, political science, cultural studies, etc.);
Sciences about human interaction with nature, the noosphere and space exploration (general and social ecology, biogeochemistry, natural sociology, space medicine, space psychology, etc.);
Personality sciences or personalistics (social psychology, pedagogy, ethics, aesthetics, linguistics, relationship psychology, etc.);
Sciences about human ontogenetics (ontopsychophysiology, human embryology, developmental psychology, pedagogy, axiology, gerontology, etc.);
Sciences about man as a subject of theoretical and practical activity (genetic psychology, epistemology, ergonomics, engineering psychology, semiotics, heuristics, etc.).
I would call this classification the concept of “extensive expansion” of human studies issues into various branches of knowledge.
What place should human knowledge (human studies) occupy in this continuum? The answer to this question requires solving a number of fundamental problems in the methodology and philosophy of science, which I do not have the opportunity to dwell on. But, of course, an important role in their decision is played by the idea of what a person represents as a subject of research. At least in general terms. It is impossible to discuss the possibility of creating a science whose subject is not defined.
I am aware that putting forward definitions smacks of scholastic theorizing. Moreover, I am a supporter of the ban M. Scheler to define the nature and essence of man, since such a definition limits human freedom and contradicts his incompleteness. And yet.
In my opinion, there are four main concepts that describe the problematic field of human studies. The first is man as a generic being, as the species Homo sapiens. The second is a person as an individual, a subject of social relations, social processes, etc. The third is a person as a personality, an individual possessing a certain set of intellectual and emotional abilities. Finally, man as a unique individual.
From here we can formulate the following definition of a person: a person is a biological species of Homo sapiens, existing in diverse forms of social organization, possessing a complex system of intellectual and emotional abilities (qualities) and endowed with a unique individuality.
The heuristic value of a definition is determined by many circumstances. I would like to draw your attention to the following. The formulated approach opens, in my opinion, the opportunity to take into account in the study a very important dilemma for human knowledge - the dilemma between the plurality, variety of manifestations of human nature in various forms of social life and the uniqueness of each such manifestation in the personal, individual.”
Manuilsky M.A., Speech at the round table “How is a unified science of man possible?”, The problem of modeling cognitive evolution, in Sat.: Multidimensional image of man: on the way to creating a unified science of man / Ed. ed. B.G. Yudina, M., “Progress-Tradition”, 2007, p. 303-305.