Pronouns in French. Personal pronouns (pronoms personnels) (I, you, me, me...). Demonstrative pronouns - what are they?

Personal pronouns

	Verb pronouns (dependent)		Pronouns independent
	subject	indirect	Pronouns independent
Singular 1- e face 2- e face
Singular 1- e face 2- e face
Plural 1- e face 2- e face
Plural 1- e face 2- e face
Singular 3rd person husband. R.
Singular 3rd person husband. R.
Plural 3rd person husband. R.
Plural 3rd person husband. R.
A special case

Independent pronouns moi, toi, vous, lui, elle, eux, elles are used:

In the function of subject or object in combination with nouns in the same function: Mon père et moi nous étions absents. My father and I were away. Je vous vois souvent, ton frère et toi. I see your brother and you often.
In application to the verb pronoun in the same person: Moi, je suis d’accord. I agree.
In an elliptical sentence - the answer to the question: Qui a-t-on appelé? Toi. Who was invited? You.
In an exclamatory sentence whose verb is in the infinitive: Moi! le faire souffrir! I'll make him suffer!
In combination with prepositions: Il courut derrière eux. He ran after them.

The pronoun soi is used instead of lui, elle:

With the subject - an indefinite pronoun: On n’est bien que chez soi. It's only good at home.
After the impersonal construction of the verb: Il faut aussi penser à soi. We need to think about ourselves too.

Verb pronouns je, tu, il (elle), nous, vous, ils (elles) are used as the subject directly with the verb. The French verb, unlike Spanish and Italian, cannot be used without these pronouns, which, with weak inflection of the verb, for some people are the only indicators of the person and number of the verb: je veux, il veut I want, he wants; Je parle, il parle I say, he says. Wed. with Spanish: hablo, habla I say, he speaks and with Italian: parlo, parla I say, he speaks.

The verb pronouns me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les are used as the direct object of the verb: Je le vois. I see him. Il les invite à déjeuner. He invites them to dinner.
The verb pronouns me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur are used as an indirect object of the verb: Je lui donne ce livre. I give him this book.

The pronouns me, te in the function of direct and indirect objects in the imperative mood in the affirmative form become stressed moi, toi: Laisse-moi! Leave me alone!
In the negative form, me, te are used again: Ne te laisse pas! Do not leave me!

Place of verb pronouns

Verb pronouns in the function of subject usually stand before the verb and are separated from it only by complement pronouns and the first particle of negation ne: Je chante. I sing. Il me parle. He's talking to me. Il ne faut pas venir. No need to come.

In interrogative sentences, the pronoun comes after the verb: Iras-tu avec nous? Will you come with us?
Verbal pronouns in the complement function usually appear before the verb, and in the imperative mood in the affirmative form after it: Je Ies cherche. I'm looking for them. Cherche-les! Look for them!
In the negative form of the imperative mood, pronouns are also found before the verb: Ne Ies cherche pas! Don't look for them!

If a verb has two objects, the indirect object pronoun is placed before the direct object pronoun: Il vous le donne. He gives it to you.
If both objects are in the third person, then the direct object pronoun comes before the indirect object pronoun: Je le leur donne. I give it to them.
With a verb in the imperative mood, when the pronouns are postpositive, the indirect object is placed after the direct one: Dis-le-lui! Tell him that!
With a complex predicate, the pronouns come before the infinitive: Il faut le lui dire. We need to tell him this.

Independent personal pronouns
Forms of independent personal pronouns

units part 1. face moi i
2. face toi you
3. face lui elle he she
pl. part 1. face nous we
2. face vous you
3. face eux elles they they
Use of independent personal pronouns
Personal independent pronouns can be used independently (without a verb) in the following cases:

Personal pronouns as direct objects

Forms of personal pronoun - direct object
units part 1. face me me
m" me before vowels and silent h
2. face you
t" you before vowels and silent h
3. face le it
l" it before vowels and silent h
la her
l" her before vowels and silent h
plural 1.face nous us
2. face vous you, you
3. face les them
Do not forget that for a personal pronoun that acts as a direct object, the fluent -e drops out before vowels and silent h. This applies especially to sentences in the past complex formed with the verb avoir. For example: je l"ai vu(e), tu l"as vu(e), etc.
Using a personal pronoun as a direct object
It replaces the direct object and agrees with it in gender and number. For example:
masculine
Persons
Est-ce que vous avez vu Jean? Oui, nous l'avons vu.
Est-ce que vous avez vu les garçons? Oui, je les ai vus.
feminine
Est-ce que vous avez vu Brigitte?
Oui, je l"avons vue.
Est-ce que vous avez vu les filles?
Oui, je les ai vues.
Items
masculine
Est-ce que Eric lit ce livre? Oui, il le lit.
Est-ce que vous lisez ces livres? Oui, nous les lisons.
feminine
Est-ce que vous lisez cette revue? Non, nous ne la lisons pas.
Est-ce que vous lisez ces revues? Non, nous ne les lisons pas.
Place of personal pronoun-direct object in a sentence
1. The personal pronoun-direct object comes before the conjugated verb.
In a negative sentence, the negation element ne comes before the personal pronoun and conjugated verb, followed by the element pas. If in a sentence the predicate is in the complex past or in the long-past burden, then the personal pronoun is placed before the conjugated form of the auxiliary verb.
La télé t"intéresse? - Oui, elle m"intéresse.
- Non, elle ne m"intéresse pas.
Est-ce que vous avez acheté les journaux? - Oui, nous les avons achetés.
- Non, nous ne les avons pas achetés.
2. If verbs are used in an infinitive construction, then the personal pronoun comes before the infinitive.
Est-ce que tu vas écouter la radio?
- Oui, je vais l'écouter.
- Non, je ne vais pas l'écouter.
Est-ce que tu peux ranger ta chambre?
- Oui, je peux la ranger,
- Non, je ne peux pas la ranger.
3. In affirmative winning sentences, the personal pronoun is attached to the verb using a hyphen.
Maman, est-ce que je peux inviter mes amis? Oui, invite-les.
Personal pronouns as indirect objects
Forms of personal pronoun - indirect object
units h.
1. face me me
m" me before vowels and silent h
2. face te you
t" to you before vowels and silent h
3. face lui to him, to her
pl. h.
1. face nous to us
2. face vous to you by you
3. face leur im
The table shows that the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural forms me, te, nous, vous coincide with the forms of direct object pronouns.
Using a personal pronoun as an indirect object
In most cases, the indirect object names persons and animals.
The form of the indirect object is the same for masculine and feminine.
Masculine
Tu donnes ton adresse à Jean? units number
Oui, je lui donne mon adresse.
plural Vous écrivez à vos amis?
Oui, nous leur écrivons.
feminine
units Tu vas répondre à Sandra? Non, je ne vais pas lui répondre.
pl. number Vous pouvez téléphoner à mes amies ? Oui, nous pouvons leur
telephoner.
In Russian in 3 sheets. units h. The personal pronoun as an indirect object has both feminine and masculine forms. In French, the form is the same for both genders. For example:
I give him the book. I give her the book.
Je donne un livre à Michel. Je donne un livre à Marie.
Je lui donne un livre.
Place of the personal pronoun-indirect object in a sentence
1. The personal pronoun-indirect object comes before the conjugated verb. In a negative sentence, the negative particles ne and pas appear before and after the personal pronoun and the conjugated verb, respectively. If in a negative sentence the predicate is used in the complex past or in the long-past tense, then the personal pronoun is placed before the conjugated form of the auxiliary verb.
Brigitte, tu telephones à tes amies? - Oui, je leur telephone.
- Non, je ne leur telephone pas.
Est-ce que tu as montré les photos à ton copain? - Oui, je lui ai montré les photos.
Non, je ne lui ai pas montré les
photos.
2. If verbs are used with an infinitive, then the personal pronoun comes before it.
Est-ce que tu vas écrire à ta grand-mère? - Oui je vais lui écrire.
- Non, je ne vais pas lui écrire.
In Russian, an indirect object usually comes before a direct object.
Il me le donne. She gives it to me.
Il le lui donne. He gives it to him.
Il nous le donne. He gives it to us.
Il le leur donne. He gives it to them.

In linguistics, a pronoun is a part of speech that indicates an object or feature, but does not name it. A pronoun can replace a noun, adjective, adverb or numeral. In Indo-European languages, approximately the same categories or types of pronouns are distinguished. In the article, this part of speech will be considered in relation to the French language.

Pronoun grades

Typically, the following types of pronouns are distinguished in French:

interrogative;
personal;
relative;
index;
possessive;
undefined.

Each of these groups must be considered separately.

Personal pronouns

This category of pronouns belongs to the grammatical category of person. In French, as in Russian, there are 3 persons:

First person: I, we;
Second person: you, you;
Third person: he, she, they.

Numbers in French can be singular or plural. As for the category of gender, the French distinguish only masculine and feminine genders. There is no neuter category.

Personal pronouns in French are divided into independent (stressed) and verbal (unstressed).

In the second case, pronouns replace the subject. They are unstressed and form a common rhythm group with the verb, which is why they are called “unstressed.”

Table of personal unstressed French pronouns:

The translation corresponds to the Russian paradigm.

Examples of use:

Je veux une pomme. - I want an apple.
Tu es très belle. - You are very beautiful.
Il veut visiter Marseille. - He wants to visit Marseille.
Elle va au stade. - She's going to the stadium.
Nous sommes étudiante à l "université. - We are university students.
Ils reviennent tard. - They come back late.

Independent pronouns in French have stress and are not attached to the verb.

Examples of use:

Qui veut une pomme? - Moi. - Who wants an apple? - I.
Je suis heureux, et toi? - I'm happy, and you?
Moi, la acheter? - Should I buy it?

Among the pronouns in French, one can separately distinguish the indefinite personal pronoun on. It is not translated into Russian and agrees with the verb in the third person and singular. The Russian version of the translation uses an indefinite personal sentence:

On dit elle est malade. - They say she is sick.

A separate case is the use of the pronoun soi. It is used instead of lui and elle in sentences with the pronoun on and in the verb construction il faut.

Reflexive pronouns

In fact, reflexive pronouns are personal. It is important to mention this category of pronouns, as their incorrect use can completely distort the meaning of a sentence.

Reflexive pronouns are used with so-called reflexive verbs: wash, comb your hair, get hurt, get scared, get dressed, and so on.

The reflexive pronouns are as follows: me, te, se (for the singular), nous, vous, se (for the plural).

Examples of using reflexive verbs and pronouns:

Je me love. - I wash my face.
Il s"habille. - He is getting dressed.

Demonstrative pronouns

This type is used when replacing repeated nouns.

Simple demonstrative pronouns in French:

celui - that;
celle - that;
ce - that;
ceux - those (masculine);
celles - those (feminine).

Examples of use:

Les livres de Michel sont trop difficiles, ceux de Julliette sont interessantes. - Michelle's books are too difficult, Juliette's books are interesting.
Regardez ces fleurs et achetez celles qui vous voulez. - Look at these flowers and buy the ones you want.

There are also complex forms of pronouns in this language.

Quelle fleur voulez-vous: celle-ci ou celle-là? - Which flower do you want - this one or that one?

Relative pronouns

This type of pronouns in the French language determines the relationship of the object to the owner.

Relative pronouns are also divided into two groups:

simple: qui (who), que (what, which), quoi (what), dont (which), où (which).

Le livre que je lis est interessante. - The book I am reading is interesting.

L"homme qui est assis près de la fenêtre s"appele Marcel. - The man who sits by the window is called Marcel.

complex: lequel (which), laquelle (which), lesquels (which, m.r.), lesquelles (which, f.r.).

La fille avec laquel je parle est ma soeur. - The girl I'm talking to is my sister.

Possessive pronouns

Replace a noun with a related possessive adjective. In French, possessive pronouns must be preceded by the definite article. They also agree in gender and number with the noun they refer to.

Examples of use:

Voilà ma veste, où est la tienne? - Here's my jacket, where's yours?
C"est ton livre, et c"est le mien. - This is your book, and this is mine.
C"est votre stylo, où est le mien? - This is your pen, where is mine?

Indefinite pronouns

This type of French pronouns includes pronouns that give a general idea of the subject. Most of them are combined with a verb in the 3rd person, singular. There are quite a lot of indefinite pronouns in French; only a few are given in the article.

units number	pl. number
Outre	Autres	Another, another
Chaqun, chaqun	—	Everyone, everyone
Le même, la même	Les memes	Same, same
Nul, null	—	Nobody
Quelque	Quelques	Some, some
Rien	—	Nothing, nothing
Tel, tell	Tels, telles	So, so
Tout, tote	touts, totes	All, all

Examples of use:

Elle aime lire Dumas, Hugo, de Maupassant et autres. - She loves to read Dumas, Hugo, Maupassant and others.
Chacun veut visiter Musée du Louvre. - Everyone wants to visit the Louvre Museum.
Je n'ai vu rien. - I didn't see anything.

Interrogative pronouns

This type of pronouns is no different formally from relative pronouns and is also divided into simple and complex.

Examples of use:

Que veut-il? - What does he want?
Qui parle? - Who's talking?
Lequel choisis-tu? -Which one will you choose?

Direct and indirect pronouns

In French there is a concept of direct and indirect object. An object is a member of a sentence that appears in any case other than the nominative after a verb.

The direct object in French does not require a preposition in front of it. For example:

Elle lit un journal. - She is reading a newspaper.

The object "newspaper" is attached directly to the verb and does not have a preposition. Therefore it is direct.

An indirect object usually comes after the verb and requires a preposition before it. Usually it answers the question “à qui?”, “à quoi?”.

Je parle à ma soeur. - I am talking with Sister.

In this example, "sister" is an indirect object of the verb.

Direct and indirect objects are replaced respectively by direct and indirect pronouns in French. They must always agree in gender and number with the noun they replace.

Pronouns to replace the direct object:

Examples of use:

Je mange la pomme. - Je la mange. - I am eating an apple. - I eat it.
Il met sa veste. - Il la met. - He puts on his jacket. - He puts it on.
Marcel lit-il ce journal? - Il le lit. - Does Marcel read this newspaper? - He's reading it.
Aimes-tu les fleurs? - Je les aimes. - Do you like these flowers? - I love them.

Pronouns that replace indirect objects are similar to those that replace direct objects, differing only in the third person singular and plural form:

Examples of use:

Je donne le cadeau à ma soeur. - Je lui donne. - I'm giving a gift to my sister. - I give it to her.

Je parle à mes amis. - Je leur parle. - I'm talking to my friends. - I'm talking to them.

Important! The order of pronouns following each other is fixed in French.

Main conclusions from the article:

in a French sentence, the pronoun performs the same syntactic role as in most Indo-European languages (including Russian);
French pronouns are divided into personal, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, indefinite and possessive;
direct and indirect objects (and pronouns) differ by the presence or absence of a preposition before them;
Careful and competent use of pronouns is one of the indicators of the level of language proficiency.

Personal pronouns in French they are divided into independent and verbs.

Independent personal pronouns always have their own stress and are called stressed. They can be used independently (without a verb), performing in a sentence the function of the subject, the nominal part of a compound predicate, direct and indirect object:

Qui veut repondre? —Moi.

Independent forms:

Independent personal pronouns are used as subjects:

In incomplete sentences without a verb:
Qui saura le faire? —Moi. Who can do this? - I.
To logically highlight the subject, which is expressed by a verb personal pronoun:
Moi, je saurai le faire. - I can do that.
When a sentence has two subjects, at least one of which is expressed by a pronoun:
Lui et moi, nous sommes des amis. - He and I are friends.
In exclamatory or interrogative sentences with a subject expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, as well as when the pronoun acts as the subject of a participle:
Moi, la punir? Should I punish her?
As the antecedent of a relative pronoun:
Moi qui faisais de mon mieux! Me who tried my best!

Independent personal pronouns are used as complements:

To logically highlight an object expressed by a verb personal pronoun:
Je le connais bien, lui. - I know him well.
In the function of a prepositional object:
Il est content de moi. - He is pleased with me.
When a verb has two objects attached to it, at least one of which is expressed by a pronoun:
On invite toi et lui. - I invite both you and him.
After que in a negative construction ne…que:
Ils n'aiment que lui. They love only him.
When comparing:
Elle est plus intelligente que lui. - She's smarter than him.

Pronoun le represents any phenomenon, action, quality, expressed using an adjective, an indefinite form of a verb, a sentence and can replace:

whole sentence: Il fait mauvais, je le vois. — Bad weather, I can see it.
nominal part of the predicate: Etes-vous contents? - Nous le sommes. You are happy? - Yes, we are satisfied.

Indefinite personal pronoun on used to refer to one or more people. It is used only as a subject, while the verb is placed in the third person singular. Design with on corresponds in Russian to the indefinite personal form: they say, believe, decided, said, etc.:
On dit que son fils est malade. — They say that his son is sick.

In colloquial speech on can replace any person's pronoun:

Nous le savons or on le sait. - We know that.

Reflexive pronoun soi replaces the forms lui, elle, eux, elles if the statement is general:
Il faut tout faire soi-même ici. Here you need to do everything yourself.

Pronoun soi in a sentence serves as a direct or indirect object. It is used if the subject is expressed:

indefinite pronouns on, chacun(every), personne(nobody), tout le monde(all): On n’est bien que chez soi. “It’s only good at home.”
a word of generalized meaning: L’égoïste ne pense qu’à soi. - An egoist thinks only about himself.

Personal pronoun y replaces an indirect object denoting an inanimate object and expressed by a noun with a preposition à or sur:
Nous pensons à cette rencontre. Nous y pensons. — We are thinking about this meeting. We think about her.

Also pronoun y can replace an entire sentence introduced by a preposition à :
Nous pensons à ce que nous avons fait. Nous y pensons. “We think about what we did.” We are thinking about it.

If we are talking about living objects, then the pronoun y practically not used.

Personal pronoun en can replace:

animate and inanimate noun as a direct object:
J'ai une soeur. J'en ai une. - I have a sister. I have it.
J'ai fait de la confiture de fraises. J'en ai fait. — I made strawberry jam. I cooked it.
J'ai trois soeurs. J'en ai trois. — I have three sisters. I have three of them.
inanimate noun as an indirect object with a preposition de:
Etes-vous content de ce travail. Oui, j'en suis content. —Are you satisfied with this job? Yes, I'm happy with it.
object of a noun introduced by a preposition de. In this case en has a possessive meaning:
La maison était fermée. Joseph m'en a ouvert la porte. — The house was closed. Joseph opened his door for me.
complement clause introduced by a preposition de:
Je suis certain de ce que vous ferez bien ce travail. J'en suis certain. - I am confident that you will do this job well. I am sure about that.

Verbs pronouns are service forms, since they always stand with the verb, indicating the subject or object of the action. They form the same rhythmic group with the verb and are usually not stressed. Therefore they are called unstressed personal pronouns.

Personal verbal pronouns have forms corresponding to the nominative, accusative and dative cases in the Russian language, and perform the functions of the subject and direct or indirect object in a sentence:

He sees/ subject

I his I see/ direct object (action object)

I to him I give you the book/ indirect object (direct is "book")

Subject		Direct object (accusative)	Indirect addition (dative)
Singular
1st person 2nd person 3rd person	je- I tu- You il- He elle- she	me- me te- you le- his la- her	me- to me te- you lui- to him lui- to her
Plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person	Nous- We vous- You ils, elles- They	nous- us vous- you les- their	nous- us vous- to you leur- them

Place of personal verb pronouns

In the affirmative and negative forms, personal unstressed pronouns used in the role subject, are placed before the verb and can be separated from it only by service words (verb pronouns, service adverbs, negative particles ne):

Je lis. Il écoute. I am reading. He is listening.

Je ne pense pas à ses mots. I don't think about his words.

In the interrogative form, the subject pronoun comes after the verb:

Va-t-il à l’école? - He is going to school?

Pronoun il can replace a person or an object, but in some cases it acts only as a formal subject that introduces an impersonal verb:

Il neige. - Snowing.

Il fait froid. - Cold.

Verb pronouns, used as direct and indirect objects, are placed before the verb:

Je vous cherche. - I've been looking for you.

Only in the affirmative form of the imperative mood do pronouns as objects appear after the verb, and the form is unstressed me replaced by the stressed form moi:

Montrez-moi votre devoir! - Show me your written work!

When an unstressed pronoun comes after a verb, a dash is placed between them.

If you liked it, share it with your friends:

Personal pronouns in French they are divided into verbs and independent ones. Verb pronouns are service forms, since they always stand with the verb, forming one rhythmic group with it, and are usually not stressed. As a result, they are called personal unstressed pronouns. Independent personal pronouns always have their own stress and are called stressed.

Unstressed personal pronouns

They have various forms that perform the functions of the subject in a sentence,

Pronouns direct objects replace nouns direct objects (without prepositions) with a definite article or with a demonstrative/possessive adjective .

Pronouns are indirect objects replace Animate nouns are indirect objects with the preposition à.

!!! Some verbs with the preposition à require the use of stressed forms of pronouns (penser à, s’adresser à, s’habituerà, s’intéresserà, fair attentionà, ... - For the full list, see the link in paragraph 3)

Subject	Direct object	Indirect addition
je (j’) - I	me (m’) - me	me (m’) - to me
tu - you	te (t’) - you	te (t’) - to you
il - he; elle - she	le (l’) - his, la (l’) - hers	lui - to him, to her
nous - we	nous - us	nous - to us
vous - you	vous - you	vous - to you
ils, elles - they	les - them	leur - to them

Truncated forms (j’, m’, t’, l’) are placed before words beginning with a vowel or silent h.

All unstressed personal pronouns are placed before the verb (with the exception of the affirmative form of the imperative):

Nous envoyons un colis.- We are sending the parcel.

Il nous envoie un colis. - He sends us a parcel.

But: Envoie-nous un colis. — Send us a parcel.

If two object pronouns (direct and indirect) are used in a sentence, then the following word order is observed:

1) if pronouns refer to different persons, then the indirect object pronoun is placed first, then the direct one:

Il me le donne. — He gives it to me.

2) if the pronouns are of one person (3rd), then the direct object pronoun is placed first, then the indirect one:

Il le lui donne. — He gives it to him.

3) in the affirmative form of the imperative mood, both pronouns are placed after the verb, with the indirect object in the last place:

Donnez-le-leur! — Give it to them!

Donnez-le-moi! — Give it to me!

Personal stressed pronounsmoi, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, elles

These are pronouns used either independently (without verb) , or with prepositions to express relations of indirect cases :

Qui est là? -Moi.- Who's there? - I.

Je pense à lui. — I think about him.

In a sentence, personal stressed pronouns can serve as the subject, direct and indirect object, and the nominal part of the predicate.

1. IN functions of the subject the stressed pronoun occurs in the following cases:

To logically highlight the subject if it is expressed by an animate person:

Moi, je ne comprends rien.- But I don’t understand anything.

Tu es heureux, toi. — And you are lucky.

When a verb has a noun and a pronoun or two pronouns as its subject, then instead of an unstressed pronoun, a stressed one is used:

Mon frère et moi, nous viendrons vous voir. — Me and my brother, we will come to you.

In incomplete sentences (without a predicate), which are the answer to the question:

Qui a fait cela? - Moi. — Who did it? - I.

When comparing:

Comme toi. — How are you.

In exclamatory-interrogative sentences, where the predicate is expressed by an infinitive:

Moi, mentir? — For me to lie?

In participial phrases:

Lui parti, nous nous sommes mis à travailler. — He left and we got to work.

2. IN add-on functions The personal stressed pronoun occurs in the following cases:

If you want to highlight an object expressed by an unstressed pronoun:

Tu l'aimes, lui. — And you love him.

In incomplete sentences:

Qui avez-vous vu hier? -Lui. — Who did you see yesterday? - His.

In the function of indirect object after various prepositions:

Je suis parti sans lui. — I left without him.

After some verbs (list in paragraph 3) that require the use of the preposition à:

Je pense à lui. — I think about him.

3. IN functions of the nominal part of the predicate The personal stressed pronoun is found in combination with the verb être (c’est, ce sont):

C'est moi, ce sont eux. — It's me, it's them.

Personal pronoun y

Pronoun y replaces an inanimate noun object preceded by the preposition à or sur:

Je pense à ce film. - J'y pense. - I'm thinking about this film. - I think about him.

This pronoun can also replace a whole sentence introduced using the preposition à . In this case, the pronoun y = à cela (in this, about this, ...):

Je pense à ce que j'ai vu. - J'y pense. — I think about what I saw. - I'm thinking about it.)