What diseases can be determined by a blood test? What does a clinical blood test show? General urine analysis: collection rules, indicators and interpretation of results. Is it possible to find out from the tests?

From the article, the reader will learn what a general blood test shows, in what cases it is prescribed, and what indicators the general blood test includes. How to prepare for the test procedure, and what factors may influence the results. You will learn normal values ​​and how they change under various conditions and diseases of the body.

Blood testing is an important step in examination and diagnosis. The hematopoietic organs are susceptible to physiological and pathological influences. They change the blood picture.

As a result, the general analysis (GCA) is the most popular analysis method, which helps the doctor judge the general condition of the body. For a detailed examination, in addition to OAC, they prescribe biochemical analysis and general urinalysis (UU). About what it shows general Analysis of urine, a separate article has already been written. If anyone is interested, you can read it.

What does a general blood test show, detailed, main indicators

Let's find out what a general blood test shows and why it is taken. A general hematological blood test is an important diagnostic criterion that reflects the response of the hematopoietic system to the action of physiological and pathological factors.

CBC is of great importance in establishing a diagnosis, especially in diseases of the hematopoietic organs. The UAC covers the study of the following indicators:

• hemoglobin (Hb) level
• red blood cells
• leukocytes
• platelets
• color index
• leukoformula calculation
• erythrocyte sedimentation rate

If necessary, clotting time and bleeding duration are examined. In many laboratories, analysis is carried out on hematology automatic analyzers. They immediately determine up to 36 parameters.

Hemoglobin, functions and clinical significance

Hb - blood pigment, is the core component of the erythrocyte. Its role is to transport O2 from the lungs to organs, tissues and remove carbon dioxide.

The hemoglobin level performs the main function in the diagnosis of anemia of various etiologies. At the same time, his performance decreases.

An increase in Hb concentration occurs with erythremia, symptomatic erythrocytosis, congenital heart disease, and cardiopulmonary failure. An increase in Hb is combined with an increase in the number of red blood cells.
With acute blood loss, there is a significant decrease in Hb to 50 g/l. The minimum pigment content in the blood compatible with life is 10 g/l.

If you have problems with back pain, I suggest you find out what it is, it is also very useful, which is also covered in the article - follow the link.

Red blood cells, physiological role in the body

Red blood cells occupy the main share in the mass of blood cells and contain hemoglobin. The main function is the transfer of O 2 with the assistance of Hb. In addition, red blood cells participate in:

• in the absorption of lipids, amino acids, toxins
• in enzymatic processes
• when regulating the acid-base balance of the body
• in regulating plasma ion equilibrium

A decrease in the number of red blood cells is one of the signs of anemia. In addition to anemia, red blood cells decrease when the volume of blood in the bloodstream increases, for example during pregnancy.

An increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytosis) is characteristic of erythremia. CBC in newborns will show erythrocytosis during the first 3 days of life. In adults, erythrocytosis is observed during fasting, profuse sweating, and climbing to altitude.

Leukocytes: their physiological role in the body

The number of leukocytes (L) in the bloodstream is an important diagnostic criterion. They perform important functions - protective, trophic and others. An increase in the number of leukocytes more than 10 × 10 9 /l (G/l) is called leukocytosis.

Most often, leukocytosis occurs as a consequence of acute infections caused by cocci. Therefore, the CBC will definitely show inflammation, pneumonia, and blood cancer. Leukocytosis is typical for:

1. leukemia of various courses, malignant tumors
2. inflammatory, purulent, acute infectious processes
3. uremia
4. myocardial infarction
5. toxic poisoning, severe blood loss, shock, extensive burns

CBC in acute appendicitis will show an increase in the amount of L. Leukocytosis is characteristic of tubal pregnancy, splenic rupture, and acute gout.

A decrease in the number of leukocytes below 3.5 g/l is called leukopenia. The tendency to leukopenia occurs among the healthy population and is often hereditary, but may depend on exposure to external environmental factors (solar radiation).

Sometimes it occurs during fasting, when tone decreases, or during sleep. Leukopenia is typical for:

1. infections caused by viruses and bacteria - typhoid fever, endocarditis, salmonellosis, measles, influenza, rubella
2. lupus erythematosus
3. hemoblastoses
4. and children (read more by following the link)

The appearance of leukopenia is associated with inhibition of cell maturation and the release of L from the hematopoietic organs and their redistribution in the vascular bed.

The diagnostic value of calculating the leukoformula is enormous in many cases. pathological conditions. It can be used to judge the severity of the situation and the effectiveness of the prescribed therapy.

Leukocytes include cells of the lymphocytic, monocyte, and granulocytic series. To find out their number use counting leukocyte formula -% content of different types of leukocytes:

• band and segmented neutrophils
• eosinophils
• monocytes
• basophils
• lymphocytes

Neutrophils carry out bactericidal and virucidal functions. They are capable of phagocytosis in capillaries and participate in all stages of inflammation. Therefore, an increase in the number of neutrophils will show inflammation in the body. Neutrophilia (above 8×10 9 /l) is present in any suppurative process, sepsis.

Eosinophils have a detoxifying effect. They are found in large quantities in tissue fluid, intestinal mucosa, and skin.

Eosinophilia accompanies connective tissue diseases - polyarteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, tumors, especially with metastases and necrosis.

Eosinopenia (decrease) is typical for an infectious-toxic process in the postoperative period. And it indicates the severity of the condition.

Basophils have anticoagulant properties. Involved in inflammatory and allergic processes. Basophilia occurs when an allergic reaction to food, medication, or foreign protein. For oncology - chronic myeloid leukemia, myelofibrosis, erythremia, lymphogranulomatosis.

Characteristic of ulcerative colitis, treatment with estrogen. Basophilia is likely during ovulation and pregnancy, with lung cancer, anemia of unknown origin, and iron deficiency.

Monocytes have the ability to phagocytose. They actively phagocytose (absorb) cell debris, small foreign bodies, malaria plasmodia, and mycobacterium tuberculosis.

With tuberculosis, monocytosis is observed in the blood - an increase in the number of monocytes. Monocytopenia is observed with hypoplasia of hematopoiesis.

Lymphocytes important for immunity. In addition, lymphocytes take part in the fight against infection and also perform a trophic function at sites of inflammation and wounds. Lymphocytosis is possible with infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, and syphilis.

Platelets - physiological role, clinical significance

A formed element of blood, participates in the processes of hemostasis. Thrombocytosis(increase in tr number) can be observed under physiological conditions after physical activity, due to excitement nervous system. Thrombocytosis occurs when:

1. injuries with muscle damage
2. burns, asphyxia, after blood loss and removal of the spleen
3. leukemia – erythremia, myeloid leukemia

Thrombocytopenia(decrease in tr number) in physiological conditions occurs during menstrual blood loss in women, after histamine. In pathological conditions, thrombocytopenia occurs when:

Wherein great importance has an autoimmune factor - the formation of antibodies to its platelets.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

An increase in ESR can occur under physiological conditions - during pregnancy, during fasting, when eating dry food, after vaccination, when taking certain medicines.

Changes in ESR in pathology have diagnostic and prognostic meaning. And it serves as an indicator of the effectiveness of the treatment. ESR increases with:

• infections and inflammations
• purulent processes
• rheumatism
• kidney diseases, liver diseases ( including with)
• myocardial infarction, malignant tumors, anemia

Reduced ESR levels occur during processes accompanied by blood thickening. Sometimes observed with neuroses, epilepsy, anaphylactic shock, and erythremia.

Total red blood cell volume (hematocrit)

Hematocrit (Ht) is the ratio of plasma to formed elements. An increase in Ht occurs with heart defects and is accompanied by cyanosis and erythrocytosis.

A decrease in hematocrit is typical for various anemias in the second half of pregnancy.

Color index

Color or color index is the relative amount of Hb in a red blood cell. A decrease in this value occurs with iron deficiency.

An increase in the color index is observed with anemia, deficiency of Vit B 12 (cyanocobolamine), folic acid. Accompanies cirrhosis of the liver, thyroid disease, occurs during therapy with cytostatics, taking contraceptives, and using anticonvulsants.

Normal blood laboratory tests

An important stage in assessing the result of OAC is to establish the difference between pathology and the norm. To do this, it is necessary to define normal indicators - these are indicators found in healthy people. They may differ depending on gender.

Index	Normal values
	men	women
Hemoglobin, Hb	125 - 170 g/l	105 – 155 g/l
Red blood cells, Er	3.8 – 5.5 T/L	3.5 – 4.9 T/l
Leukocytes, L	3.8 – 9.5 G/L
Hematocrit	40 – 50 %	38 – 47 %
ESR	1 – 10 mm/h	2 – 12 mm/h
Platelets, tr	150 – 380×10 9 /l
Segmented neutrophils Band neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils

When assessing test results, it must be remembered that deviations outside the normal range do not necessarily indicate the presence of a disease.

When interpreting the results, it is necessary to find out whether the deviations are physiological in nature. We should not forget about the variability of the norm associated with personal characteristics.

When interpreting the results, it is necessary to take into account many factors: age, gender, concomitant diseases, intake medicines, living conditions and much more. Therefore, a doctor should do this.

Where to take blood for testing: from a vein or from a finger

The results of laboratory research are significantly influenced by the location and technique of collecting biological material. In medical practice, blood from capillaries is more often used. It is usually taken from the pulp ring fingers hands, in difficult cases - from the earlobe.

The puncture is made on the side, where the capillary network is thicker. The blood should flow by gravity so that there is no admixture of tissue fluid, which will distort the result. For testing, capillary blood should be taken:

1. for extensive burns of the body, especially the hands
2. if the veins are small or inaccessible, if you are obese
3. in patients prone to thrombosis
4. in newborns

Currently, blood from the venous bed is considered the best material for general clinical analysis. This is due to the use of hematology analyzers. With their help, in our time, OAC is carried out. They are designed and standardized for the processing of venous blood.

When taking blood from a vein, you also need to follow some rules. Best place for drawing blood - the ulnar vein. Do not apply a tourniquet for more than 2 minutes, this will lead to an increase in cellular elements in the bloodstream.

When assessing test results, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors that influence them. Let's name the most significant ones:

• food intake and composition, nutritional routine
• physical stress has a transient and long-term effect on results
• nervous stress increases leukocytosis
• medications
• body position during the collection procedure
• place and technique of blood collection
• time and conditions for delivery of biomaterial to the laboratory

Among other factors that influence the results, the age of the patient, gender, and ambient temperature are relevant. Harmful tendencies – smoking and alcohol – have a great influence. They lead to an increase in Hb concentration and the number of red blood cells. On the contrary, the number of leukocytes decreases.

Basic rules for preparing to take the UAC

1. in agreement with the doctor, stop taking medications the day before the test
2. do not donate blood after physiotherapy or x-ray examination
3. do not donate blood directly after mental and physical stress
4. 1 hour before the procedure, refrain from smoking
5. Avoid fatty and spicy foods and alcohol 48 hours before the procedure
6. go to bed at your usual time, get up no later than one hour before blood sampling

Repeated examinations should be carried out at the same hours, since the morphological composition of the blood is prone to daily fluctuations.
I suggest watching a video of how a general blood test is done:

Do not neglect the rules of preparation for the research procedure, and you will not be afraid of false results!

So, now the reader knows what a general blood test shows, the purpose of its use, what indicators the general analysis includes. How to prepare for the test procedure, and what factors influence the results. We learned about normal values ​​and how they change under various conditions and diseases of the body.

Still have questions? Ask in the comments.

General analysis blood(its other name is clinical blood test) is a basic test prescribed by doctors of various specialties when a patient contacts them. If you have complaints of feeling unwell, your doctor will most likely prescribe a complete blood test (abbreviated UAC). The results of the analysis will allow him to get a general idea of ​​your health and decide in which direction to move next, for example, what tests are still needed to make a diagnosis.

Why do you need a general blood test? Why is this analysis so important?

Blood is a special tissue that transports various substances between other tissues, organs and systems, while ensuring the unity and constancy of the internal environment of the body. Thus, most processes affecting the condition of various tissues and organs, one way or another, are reflected in the condition of the blood.

Blood consists of plasma (the liquid part of the blood) and formed elements - leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes. Each type of formed element has its own functions: leukocytes are responsible for immune defense, platelets for blood clotting, red blood cells provide transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

In a healthy person, the composition of the blood is fairly constant, but in case of illness it changes. Therefore, with the help of a blood test, it is possible to determine that the disease exists. Sometimes a general blood test can detect the disease at an early stage, when the main symptoms of the disease have not yet appeared. That is why OAC is carried out at any preventive examination. If symptoms are present, clinical analysis helps to understand the nature of the disease and determine the intensity of the inflammatory process. Clinical analysis is used to diagnose various inflammatory diseases, allergic conditions, and blood diseases. A repeat general blood test will give the doctor the opportunity to judge the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment, assess the trend towards recovery and, if necessary, adjust the course of treatment.

Clinical blood test indicators

A general blood test must contain the following indicators:

If necessary, the doctor may prescribe an extended clinical blood test. In this case, he will specifically indicate which indicators should be additionally included in the analysis.

Interpretation of general blood test indicators

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a protein that makes up a part of the red blood cell. Hemoglobin binds with oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules, which allows oxygen to be delivered from the lungs to tissues throughout the body, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Hemoglobin contains iron. It is what gives the red color to erythrocytes (red blood cells), and those to the blood.

Blood saturation with hemoglobin is extremely important indicator. If it falls, the body's tissues receive less oxygen, and oxygen is necessary for the life of every cell.

The hemoglobin norm for men is 130-160 g/l, for women – 120-140 g/l. In children, there is no dependence on gender, however, in a newly born child, the number of red blood cells (and, accordingly, the hemoglobin level) significantly exceeds the “adult” norm. And during the first 2-3 weeks this figure gradually decreases, which must be kept in mind when assessing the results of a general blood test.

When hemoglobin values ​​are below normal, it is diagnosed. Also, a low hemoglobin level may indicate hyperhydration of the body (increased fluid consumption). Hemoglobin is higher than normal, therefore, can be observed with dehydration (blood thickening). Dehydration can be physiological (for example, due to increased physical activity), or it can be pathological. Increased level hemoglobin is a typical sign of erythremia - a disorder of blood formation in which an increased number of red blood cells is produced.

Red blood cells

Erythrocytes are red blood cells. There are significantly more of them than all other formed elements combined. This is why our blood is red. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and thereby participate in the process of oxygen metabolism in the body.

The norm for red blood cells for men is 4-5 * 10 12 per liter of blood, for women - 3.9-4.7 * 10 12 per liter.

Color index

The color index is calculated using a formula that correlates the level of hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells. Fine color index should be close to unity (0.85-1.05). Deviation from the norm is observed with anemia, and with different types anemia manifests itself in different ways: a color indicator below normal indicates iron deficiency (hemoglobin level is reduced to a greater extent than the number of red blood cells); a color index higher than normal is characteristic of other types of anemia (the number of red blood cells decreases to a greater extent than the hemoglobin level).

Reticulocytes

Reticulocytes are young, immature forms of red blood cells. The process of formation of red blood cells is continuous, so reticulocytes are always present in the blood. Normal: 2-10 reticulocytes per 1000 red blood cells (2-10 ppm (‰), or 0.2-1%). If there are more reticulocytes than normal, this indicates that the body feels the need to increase the number of red blood cells (for example, due to their rapid destruction or blood loss). Reduced level reticulocytes is characteristic of anemia, radiation sickness, oncology (if metastases have affected Bone marrow), some kidney diseases.

Platelets

The main function of platelets is to ensure hemostasis, that is, simply put, platelets are responsible for blood clotting. They also participate in the body’s immune response to infection. Norm: 180-320*10 9 per liter. A low platelet count may indicate severe inflammation or an autoimmune disease. An increased level is typical for conditions after significant blood loss (for example, after surgery), and is also observed in cancer or atrophy (decreased function) of the spleen.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes are white blood cells that perform a protective function, that is, they represent the immune system. Normally, the total number of leukocytes should be in the range of 4-9 * 10 9 per liter.

An increase in the number of leukocytes indicates the body’s immune response and is observed in infectious diseases (primarily caused by bacteria), inflammatory processes, and allergic reactions. A high level of white blood cells can also be a consequence of recent bleeding, stress, tumor processes and some other pathologies.

A low level of leukocytes indicates a depressed state immune system. Such results can be observed with viral infection (,), severe toxicosis, sepsis, diseases of the hematopoietic organs, radiation sickness, autoimmune diseases, etc.

It is not only the overall assessment of the white blood cell count that is important. There are five types of leukocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes; they all have different functions, and therefore it is important to know in what ratio they are present in the blood. Ratio various types leukocytes in their total volume are called leukocyte formula.

Neutrophils

An increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood, therefore, indicates the presence of an infection (first of all, a bacterial infection should be suspected), an ongoing inflammatory process. It can also be the result of stress, intoxication, or cancer.

Eosinophils

Basophils

Normal: 0-1% of the total number of leukocytes.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are the main cells of the immune system. They provide specific immunity, that is, they recognize an invading foreign agent and destroy it. With the help of lymphocytes, the body fights viruses. Normally, lymphocytes make up 19-37% of the total number of leukocytes. In children, the proportion of lymphocytes is higher. At the age of 1 month to two years, lymphocytes are the main type of leukocytes, and they make up the bulk of the observed mass. By 4-5 years, the number of leukocytes becomes comparable to the number of neutrophils. As the child grows older, the decline continues, but even at the age of 15, children have more lymphocytes than adults.

An increased level of lymphocytes in the blood indicates the penetration of a viral infection; It is also observed in toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, and syphilis.

A low number of lymphocytes is a sign of a depressed immune system.

Monocytes

Monocytes remain in the blood for an average of about 30 hours, after which they leave the bloodstream and move into tissues, where they turn into macrophages. The purpose of macrophages is to completely destroy bacteria and dead body tissue, clearing the site of inflammation for subsequent regeneration (restoration of healthy tissue). The norm for monocytes is 3-11% of the total number of leukocytes.

An increased number of monocytes is characteristic of sluggish and long-term diseases; it is observed in tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis. Is a specific sign.

ESR – erythrocyte sedimentation rate

If a tube of blood is left in an upright position, red blood cells - as a heavier fraction of blood compared to plasma - will begin to settle to the bottom. Ultimately, the contents of the test tube will be divided into two parts: the thick and dark part at the bottom (these will be red blood cells) and the light part at the top (blood plasma). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured in mm/hour. Normal: 2-10 mm/hour in men and 2-15 mm/hour in women. In children, pregnant women and the elderly, the range of normal values ​​will be different (in children it varies greatly with age).

Typically, patients think about initial tests when they experience certain symptoms, the disease does not go away for a long time, or the general condition of the body worsens. Then the doctor, in any case, first of all sends the patient for tests, after which it is already possible to say whether cancer is possible or not. We will try to explain to you as briefly and clearly as possible about each blood test for oncology.

Can cancer be detected by blood?

Unfortunately, a blood test for cancer does not 100% allow you to see cancer cells, but there is a certain degree of probability of identifying the diseased organ. Blood is precisely the liquid that interacts with all tissues and cells in the human body, and it’s clear that by changes in the chemical or biochemical composition one can determine what is wrong with a person.

The analysis gives a signal to the doctor that processes in the body are not proceeding correctly. And then he sends the patient for additional diagnostics of certain organs. Using blood, you can identify in which organ the tumor may live, at what stage and what size. However, if a person additionally suffers from any diseases, then the accuracy of this study will be lower.

What blood tests show cancer?

• General (clinical)— shows the total number of red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells and other cells in the blood. Deviations from overall indicator, may also indicate a malignant tumor.
• Biochemistry — usually shows chemical composition blood. This analysis can more accurately determine in which place and in which organ a person develops cancer.
• Analysis for tumor markers- one of the most accurate tests for oncologists. When a tumor develops in the body and cells in a certain place begin to mutate, then this thing itself releases certain proteins or tumor markers into the blood. This protein is foreign to the body, which is why the immune system immediately begins to try to fight it. The tumor markers for each tumor are different and can be used to determine in which organ the enemy has settled.

Complete blood count and cancer

Diagnosis of cancer tumors is a comprehensive examination using specific instrumental and laboratory methods. It is carried out according to indications, including disorders identified by a standard clinical blood test.

Malignant neoplasms grow very intensively, consuming vitamins and microelements, as well as releasing waste products into the blood, leading to significant intoxication of the body. Nutrients are taken from the blood, and the products of their processing also enter there, which affects its composition. Therefore, it is often during routine examinations and laboratory tests that signs of a dangerous disease are discovered.

Cancer can be suspected based on the results of standard and special studies. During pathological processes in the body, changes in the composition and properties of blood are reflected in:

• general blood test;
• biochemical research;
• analysis for tumor markers.

However, cancer cannot be reliably determined by a blood test. Deviations in any indicators can be caused by diseases that are in no way related to oncology. Even the specific and most informative analysis for tumor markers does not provide a 100% guarantee of the presence or absence of the disease and needs to be confirmed.

Is it possible to determine oncology (cancer) using a general blood test?

This type of laboratory test gives an idea of ​​the number of basic formed elements that are responsible for blood functions. A decrease or increase in any indicators is a signal of trouble, including the presence of neoplasms. A sample is taken from a finger (sometimes from a vein) in the first half of the day, on an empty stomach. The table below shows the main categories of general or clinical blood tests and their normal values.

When interpreting analyses, it is necessary to take into account that depending on gender and age, indicators may vary, and there are also physiological reasons for increasing or decreasing values.

Name, unit of measurement	Description	Quantity
Hemoglobin (HGB), g/l	Component of red blood cells that transports oxygen	120-140
Red blood cells (RBC), cells/l	Red cell count indicator	4-5x10 12
Color index	Has diagnostic value for anemia	0,85-1,05
Reticulocytes (RTC). %	Young red blood cells	0,2-1,2%
Platelets (PLT), cells/l	Provide hemostasis	180-320x10 9
ESR (ESR), mm/h	Plasma sedimentation rate of erythrocytes	2-15
Leukocytes (WBC), cells/l	Execute protective functions: maintaining immunity, fighting foreign agents and removing dead cells	4-9x10 9
Lymphocytes (LYM), %	These elements are components of the concept of “leukocytes”. Their number and ratio is called the leukocyte formula, which has important diagnostic value for many diseases	25-40
Eosinophils, %		0,5-5
Basophils, %		0-1
Monocytes, %		3-9
Neutrophils: band		1-6
segmented		47-72
myelocytes		0
metamyelocytes		0

Almost all of these blood parameters change in the direction of decrease or increase in oncology. What exactly does the doctor pay attention to when studying the test results:

• ESR. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in plasma is higher than normal. Physiologically, this can be explained by menstruation in women, increased physical activity, stress, etc. However, if the excess is significant and is accompanied by symptoms of general weakness and low-grade fever, cancer can be suspected.
• Neutrophils. Their number has been increased. The appearance of new, immature cells (myelocytes and metamyelocytes) in the peripheral blood, characteristic of neuroblastomas and other oncological diseases, is especially dangerous.
• Lymphocytes. These CBC indicators in oncology are higher than normal, since it is this element of the blood that is responsible for immunity and fights cancer cells.
• Hemoglobin. Decreases if there are tumor processes internal organs. This is explained by the fact that waste products of tumor cells damage red blood cells, reducing their number.
• Leukocytes. The number of white blood cells, as shown by oncology tests, always decreases if the bone marrow is affected by metastases. The leukocyte formula shifts to the left. Neoplasms of other localization lead to an increase.

It should be borne in mind that a decrease in hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells is characteristic of ordinary anemia caused by iron deficiency. An increase in ESR is observed during inflammatory processes. Therefore, such signs of oncology from a blood test are considered indirect and need confirmation.

Biochemical research

The purpose of this analysis, carried out annually, is to obtain information about metabolism, the functioning of various internal organs, the balance of vitamins and microelements. A biochemical blood test for oncology is also informative, since changes in certain values ​​allow one to draw conclusions about the presence of cancerous tumors. From the table you can find out what indicators should be normal.

A biochemical blood test can suspect cancer if the following values ​​do not correspond to the norm:

• Albumin and total protein. They characterize the total amount of proteins in the blood serum and the content of the main one. The developing tumor actively consumes protein, so this indicator is significantly reduced. If the liver is affected, then even with adequate nutrition there is a deficiency.
• Glucose. Cancer of the reproductive (especially female) system, liver, and lungs affects insulin synthesis, inhibiting it. As a result, symptoms of diabetes mellitus appear, which is reflected in a biochemical blood test for cancer (sugar levels increase).
• Alkaline phosphatase. It increases primarily with bone tumors or metastases to them. It may also indicate oncology of the gallbladder or liver.
• Urea. This criterion allows you to evaluate the functioning of the kidneys, and if it is elevated, there is a pathology of the organ or there is an intensive breakdown of protein in the body. The latter phenomenon is characteristic of tumor intoxication.
• Bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). An increase in the amount of these compounds informs about liver damage, including cancer.

If cancer is suspected, a biochemical blood test cannot be used to confirm the diagnosis. Even if there are coincidences on all points, additional laboratory tests will be required. As for donating blood directly, it is taken from a vein in the morning, but eating and drinking (it is allowed to drink boiled water) has not been allowed since the previous evening.

Basic Analysis

If a biochemical and general blood test for oncology only gives a general idea of ​​the presence of a pathological process, then a study of tumor markers can even determine the location of a malignant neoplasm. This is the name of a blood test for cancer, which detects specific compounds produced by the tumor itself or the body in response to its presence.

In total, about 200 tumor markers are known, but a little more than twenty are used for diagnosis. Some of them are specific, that is, they indicate damage to a specific organ, while others can be detected in different types of cancer. For example, alpha-fetoprotein is a common tumor marker for cancer; it is found in almost 70% of patients. The same applies to CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen). Therefore, to determine the type of tumor, the blood is tested for a combination of general and specific tumor markers:

• Protein S-100, NSE - brain;
• , SA-72-4, – the mammary gland is affected;
• , alpha-fetoprotein – cervix;
• , hCG – ovaries;
• , REA, NSE, SCC – lungs;
• AFP, CA-125 – liver;
• CA 19-9, CEA, – stomach and pancreas;
• SA-72-4, REA – intestines;
• - prostate;
• , AFP – testicles;
• Protein S-100 – skin.

But despite all the accuracy and information content, the diagnosis of oncology using a blood test for tumor markers is preliminary. The presence of antigens can be a sign of inflammatory processes and other diseases, and CEA is always elevated in smokers. Therefore, without confirmation by instrumental studies, the diagnosis is not made.

Can there be a good blood test for cancer?

This question is natural. If poor results are not confirmation of oncology, then could it be the other way around? Yes it is possible. The test result may be affected by the small size of the tumor or the use of medications (given that for each tumor marker there is a specific list of drugs, the use of which can lead to false-positive or false-negative results, the attending physician and laboratory staff should be notified about the drugs taken by the patient).

Even if the blood tests are good and instrumental diagnostics have not given any results, but there are subjective complaints of pain, we can talk about an extra-organ tumor. For example, its retroperitoneal variety is detected already at stage 4, before which it practically does not make itself felt. The age factor also matters, since metabolism slows down over the years, and antigens also enter the blood slowly.

What blood indicators indicate cancer in women?

The risk of getting cancer is approximately the same in both sexes, but the fair half of humanity has an additional vulnerability. The female reproductive system is at high risk of cancer, especially the mammary glands, which makes breast cancer the 2nd most common among all malignant neoplasms. The epithelium of the cervix is ​​also prone to malignant degeneration, so women should take examinations responsibly and pay attention to the following test results:

• CBC in oncology shows a decrease in the level of red blood cells and hemoglobin, as well as an increase in ESR.
• Biochemical analysis - here the cause for concern is an increase in the amount of glucose. Such symptoms of diabetes are especially dangerous for women, as they often become precursors to breast and uterine cancer.
• When examining tumor markers, the simultaneous presence of SCC antigens and alpha-fetoprotein indicates a risk of cervical lesions. Glycoprotein CA 125 is a threat to endometrial cancer, AFP, CA-125, hCG - ovarian cancer, and the combination of CA-15-3, CA-72-4, CEA indicates that the tumor can be localized in the mammary glands.

If there is something alarming in the analyzes and there are characteristic features With oncology in the early stages, a visit to the doctor cannot be postponed. In addition, you should visit a gynecologist at least once a year, and regularly examine your breasts yourself. These simple preventive measures often help detect cancer on early stages.

When is tumor marker analysis necessary?

You should undergo an examination if there is a prolonged deterioration in your health in the form of weakness, constant low temperature, fatigue, weight loss, anemia of unknown origin, increased lymph nodes, the appearance of lumps in the mammary glands, changes in the color and size of moles, disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by the discharge of blood after defecation, obsessive cough without signs of infection, etc.

Additional reasons are:

• age over 40;
• family history of cancer;
• exceeding the normal range of biochemical analysis and blood test results;
• pain or prolonged dysfunction of any organs or systems, even to a minor extent.

The analysis does not take much time, while helping to identify a life-threatening disease in time and treat it in the least traumatic way. In addition, such examinations should become regular (at least once a year) for those who have relatives with cancer or have crossed the age of forty.

How to prepare for a tumor marker test

Blood for antigen tests is donated from a vein in the morning. Results are issued within 1-3 days, and in order for them to be reliable, you must follow certain recommendations:

• don't have breakfast;
• do not take any medications or vitamins the day before;
• three days before diagnosing cancer using a blood test, avoid alcohol;
• do not eat fatty or fried foods the day before;
• the day before the study, avoid heavy physical activity;
• on the day of delivery, do not smoke in the morning (smoking increases CEA);
• To prevent third-party factors from distorting the indicators, first cure all infections.

After receiving the results in hand, you should not draw any independent conclusions or make diagnoses. This blood test for cancer is not 100% reliable and requires instrumental confirmation.

Biochemical blood test is one of the most popular research methods for patients and doctors. If you clearly know what a biochemical analysis from a vein shows, you can identify a number of serious ailments in the early stages, including - viral hepatitis , . Early detection of such pathologies makes it possible to apply the correct treatment and cure them.

The nurse collects blood for testing within a few minutes. Every patient must understand that discomfort this procedure does not call. The answer to the question of where blood is taken for analysis is clear: from a vein.

Speaking about what a biochemical blood test is and what is included in it, it should be taken into account that the results obtained are actually a kind of reflection of the general condition of the body. However, when trying to independently understand whether the analysis is normal or whether there are certain deviations from the normal value, it is important to understand what LDL is, what CK is (CPK - creatine phosphokinase), to understand what urea (urea), etc.

General information about blood biochemistry analysis - what it is and what you can find out by doing it, you will receive from this article. How much it costs to conduct such an analysis, how many days it takes to get results, should be found out directly in the laboratory where the patient intends to conduct this study.

How do you prepare for biochemical analysis?

Before donating blood, you need to carefully prepare for this process. Those who are interested in how to pass the test correctly need to take into account several fairly simple requirements:

• You need to donate blood only on an empty stomach;
• in the evening, on the eve of the upcoming analysis, you should not drink strong coffee, tea, or consume fatty foods, alcoholic drinks(it’s better not to drink the latter for 2-3 days);
• do not smoke for at least an hour before the test;
• the day before the test, you should not practice any thermal procedures - go to the sauna, bathhouse, and also the person should not expose yourself to serious physical activity;
• laboratory tests must be taken in the morning, before any medical procedures;
• a person who is preparing for tests, upon arriving at the laboratory, should calm down a little, sit for a few minutes and catch his breath;
• the answer to the question of whether it is possible to brush your teeth before taking tests is negative: in order to accurately determine blood sugar, in the morning before the test you need to ignore this hygienic procedure, and also not drink tea and coffee;
• You should not take hormonal medications, diuretics, etc. before taking blood;
• two weeks before the study you need to stop taking medications that affect lipids in the blood, in particular statins ;
• if you need to pass it full analysis repeatedly, this must be done at the same time, the laboratory must also be the same.

If a clinical blood test has been performed, the readings are deciphered by a specialist. Also, the interpretation of biochemical blood test results can be carried out using a special table, which indicates normal test results in adults and children. If any indicator differs from the norm, it is important to pay attention to this and consult with a doctor who can correctly “read” all the results obtained and give his recommendations. If necessary, blood biochemistry is prescribed: extended profile.

Interpretation table for biochemical blood tests in adults

Indicator in the study	Norm
Total protein	63-87 g/l
Protein fractions: albumin globulins (α1, α2, γ, β)
Creatinine	44-97 µmol per l – in women, 62-124 – in men
Urea	2.5-8.3 mmol/l
Uric acid	0.12-0.43 mmol/l - in men, 0.24-0.54 mmol/l - in women.
Total cholesterol	3.3-5.8 mmol/l
LDL	less than 3 mmol per l
HDL	greater than or equal to 1.2 mmol per L - in women, 1 mmol per L - in men
Glucose	3.5-6.2 mmol per l
Total bilirubin	8.49-20.58 µmol/l
Direct bilirubin	2.2-5.1 µmol/l
Triglycerides	less than 1.7 mmol per l
Aspartate aminotransferase (abbreviated as AST)	alanine aminotransferase - normal in women and men - up to 42 U/l
Alanine aminotransferase (abbreviated as ALT)	up to 38 U/l
Gamma glutamyl transferase (abbreviated GGT)	normal GGT levels are up to 33.5 U/l in men, up to 48.6 U/l in women.
Creatine kinase (abbreviated as KK)	up to 180 U/l
Alkaline phosphatase (abbreviated as ALP)	up to 260 U/l
α-amylase	up to 110 E per liter
Potassium	3.35-5.35 mmol/l
Sodium	130-155 mmol/l

Thus, biochemical research blood makes it possible to conduct a detailed analysis to assess the functioning of internal organs. Also, decoding the results allows you to adequately “read” which macro- and microelements, needed by the body. Blood biochemistry makes it possible to recognize the presence of pathologies.

If you correctly decipher the obtained indicators, it is much easier to make any diagnosis. Biochemistry is a more detailed study than CBC. After all, decoding the indicators of a general blood test does not allow one to obtain such detailed data.

It is very important to conduct such studies when. After all, a general analysis during pregnancy does not make it possible to obtain complete information. Therefore, biochemistry in pregnant women is prescribed, as a rule, in the first months and in the third trimester. In the presence of certain pathologies and poor health, this analysis is performed more often.

In modern laboratories they are able to conduct research and decipher the obtained indicators within a few hours. The patient is provided with a table containing all the data. Accordingly, it is even possible to independently track how normal blood counts are in adults and children.

Both the table for deciphering a general blood test in adults and biochemical tests are deciphered taking into account the age and gender of the patient. After all, the norm of blood biochemistry, like the norm of a clinical blood test, can vary in women and men, in young and elderly patients.

Hemogram is a clinical blood test in adults and children, which allows you to find out the amount of all blood elements, as well as their morphological features, ratio, content, etc.

Since blood biochemistry is a complex study, it also includes liver tests. Decoding the analysis allows you to determine whether liver function is normal. Liver parameters are important for diagnosing pathologies of this organ. The following data make it possible to assess the structural and functional state of the liver: ALT, GGTP (the GGTP norm in women is slightly lower), alkaline phosphatase, level and total protein. Liver tests are performed when necessary to establish or confirm the diagnosis.

Cholinesterase determined for the purpose of diagnosing the severity and condition of the liver, as well as its functions.

Blood sugar determined to assess the functions of the endocrine system. You can find out what a blood sugar test is called directly in the laboratory. The sugar symbol can be found on the results sheet. What is sugar called? It is referred to as "glucose" or "GLU" in English.

The norm is important CRP , since a jump in these indicators indicates the development of inflammation. Index AST indicates pathological processes associated with tissue destruction.

Index M.I.D. in a blood test it is determined during a general analysis. The MID level allows you to determine the development of infectious diseases, anemia, etc. The MID indicator allows you to assess the state of the human immune system.

ICSU is an indicator of the average concentration in . If MSHC is elevated, the reasons for this are related to a lack or folic acid , as well as congenital spherocytosis.

MPV - average value of the volume measured.

Lipidogram provides for the determination of total, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. The lipid spectrum is determined to identify lipid metabolism disorders in the body.

Norm blood electrolytes indicates the normal course of metabolic processes in the body.

Seromucoid – this is a fraction of proteins, which includes a group of glycoproteins. Speaking about what seromucoid is, it should be taken into account that if the connective tissue is destroyed, degraded or damaged, seromucoids enter the blood plasma. Therefore, seromucoids are determined to predict development.

LDH, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) - This is involved in the oxidation of glucose and the production of lactic acid.

Research on osteocalcin carried out for diagnostics.

Analysis on ferritin (protein complex, the main intracellular iron depot) is carried out if hemochromatosis, chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, or tumors are suspected.

Blood test for ASO important for diagnosing types of complications after a streptococcal infection.

In addition, other indicators are determined, and other investigations are carried out (protein electrophoresis, etc.). The norm of a biochemical blood test is displayed in special tables. It displays the norm of a biochemical blood test in women; the table also provides information about normal values ​​in men. But still, about how to decipher a general blood test and how to read the data of a biochemical analysis, it is better to ask a specialist who will adequately evaluate the results in a comprehensive manner and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Deciphering the biochemistry of blood in children is carried out by the specialist who ordered the studies. For this purpose, a table is also used, which indicates the norm for all indicators in children.

In veterinary medicine, there are also standards for biochemical blood parameters for dogs and cats - the corresponding tables indicate the biochemical composition of animal blood.

What some indicators mean in a blood test is discussed in more detail below.

Protein means a lot in the human body, as it takes part in the creation of new cells, in the transport of substances and the formation of humoral proteins.

The composition of proteins includes 20 main proteins; they also contain inorganic substances, vitamins, lipid and carbohydrate residues.

The liquid part of the blood contains approximately 165 proteins, and their structure and role in the body are different. Proteins are divided into three different protein fractions:

• globulins (α1, α2, β, γ);
• fibrinogen .

Since protein production occurs mainly in the liver, their level indicates its synthetic function.

If a proteinogram indicates that there is a decrease in total protein levels in the body, this phenomenon is defined as hypoproteinemia. A similar phenomenon is observed in the following cases:

• during protein fasting - if a person follows a certain diet, practices vegetarianism;
• if there is increased excretion of protein in the urine - with kidney disease;
• if a person loses a lot of blood - with bleeding, heavy periods;
• in case of serious burns;
• with exudative pleurisy, exudative, ascites;
• with the development of malignant neoplasms;
• if protein formation is impaired - with hepatitis;
• when absorption of substances decreases – when , colitis, enteritis, etc.;
• after prolonged use of glucocorticosteroids.

An increased level of protein in the body is hyperproteinemia . There is a distinction between absolute and relative hyperproteinemia.

A relative increase in proteins develops in the event of loss of the liquid part of the plasma. This happens if you are worried about constant vomiting, with cholera.

An absolute increase in protein is noted if inflammatory processes or myeloma occur.

The concentrations of this substance change by 10% with changes in body position, as well as during physical activity.

Why do the concentrations of protein fractions change?

Protein fractions – globulins, albumins, fibrinogen.

A standard blood biotest does not involve the determination of fibrinogen, which reflects the blood clotting process. - analysis in which this indicator is determined.

When are protein levels elevated?

Albumin level:

• if fluid loss occurs during infectious diseases;
• for burns.

A-globulins:

• for systemic connective tissue diseases ( , );
• with purulent inflammation in acute form;
• for burns during the recovery period;
• in patients with glomerulonephritis.

B-globulins:

• for hyperlipoproteinemia in people with diabetes;
• with a bleeding ulcer in the stomach or intestines;
• with nephrotic syndrome;
• at .

Gamma globulins are elevated in the blood:

• for viral and bacterial infections;
• for systemic connective tissue diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma);
• for allergies;
• for burns;
• with helminthic infestation.

When is the level of protein fractions reduced?

• in newborns due to underdevelopment of liver cells;
• for lungs;
• during pregnancy;
• for liver diseases;
• with bleeding;
• in case of plasma accumulation in body cavities;
• for malignant tumors.

Not only cell construction occurs in the body. They also disintegrate, and at the same time accumulate nitrogenous bases. They are formed in the human liver and are excreted through the kidneys. Therefore, if the indicators nitrogen metabolism elevated, then there is likely to be a dysfunction of the liver or kidneys, as well as excessive breakdown of proteins. Basic indicators of nitrogen metabolism – creatinine , urea . Less commonly detected are ammonia, creatine, residual nitrogen, and uric acid.

Urea (urea)

• glomerulonephritis, acute and chronic;
• poisoning with various substances - dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, mercury salts;
• arterial hypertension;
• crash syndrome;
• polycystic disease or kidney;

Reasons causing the decrease:

• increased urine output;
• administration of glucose;
• liver failure;
• decrease in metabolic processes;
• starvation;
• hypothyroidism

Creatinine

Reasons for the increase:

• renal failure in acute and chronic forms;
• decompensated;
• acromegaly;
• muscle dystrophy;
• burns.

Uric acid

Reasons for the increase:

• leukemia;
• vitamin B-12 deficiency;
• acute infectious diseases;
• Vaquez disease;
• liver diseases;
• severe diabetes mellitus;
• skin pathologies;
• carbon monoxide poisoning, barbiturates.

Glucose

Glucose is considered the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. It is the main energy product that enters the cell, since the vital activity of the cell depends specifically on oxygen and glucose. After a person has eaten, glucose enters the liver, and there it is utilized in the form glycogen . These pancreatic processes are controlled - and glucagon . Due to a lack of glucose in the blood, hypoglycemia develops; its excess indicates that hyperglycemia is occurring.

Violation of blood glucose concentration occurs in the following cases:

Hypoglycemia

• with prolonged fasting;
• in case of malabsorption of carbohydrates - with enteritis, etc.;
• with hypothyroidism;
• for chronic liver pathologies;
• with chronic adrenal insufficiency;
• with hypopituitarism;
• in case of overdose of insulin or hypoglycemic drugs taken orally;
• with, insulinoma, meningoencephalitis, .

Hyperglycemia

• for diabetes mellitus of the first and second types;
• with thyrotoxicosis;
• in case of tumor development;
• with the development of tumors of the adrenal cortex;
• with pheochromocytoma;
• in people who practice treatment with glucocorticoids;
• at ;
• for injuries and brain tumors;
• with psycho-emotional agitation;
• if carbon monoxide poisoning occurs.

Specific colored proteins are peptides that contain metal (copper, iron). These are myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome, cerulloplasmin, etc. Bilirubin is the end product of the breakdown of such proteins. When the existence of a red blood cell in the spleen ends, biliverdin reductase produces bilirubin, which is called indirect or free. This bilirubin is toxic, so it is harmful to the body. However, since its rapid connection with blood albumin occurs, poisoning of the body does not occur.

At the same time, in people who suffer from cirrhosis or hepatitis, there is no connection with glucuronic acid in the body, so the analysis shows high level bilirubin. Next, indirect bilirubin binds to glucuronic acid in liver cells, and it is converted into conjugated or direct bilirubin (DBil), which is not toxic. Its high level is observed when Gilbert's syndrome , biliary dyskinesias . If liver tests are performed, they may show high levels of direct bilirubin if liver cells are damaged.

Rheumatic tests

Rheumatic tests – a comprehensive immunochemical blood test, which includes a study to determine rheumatoid factor, an analysis of circulating immune complexes, and the determination of antibodies to o-streptolysin. Rheumatic tests can be carried out independently, as well as as part of studies that involve immunochemistry. Rheumatic tests should be carried out if there are complaints of joint pain.

conclusions

Thus, a general therapeutic detailed biochemical blood test is a very important study in the diagnostic process. For those who want to conduct a full extended HD blood test or OBC in a clinic or laboratory, it is important to take into account that each laboratory uses a certain set of reagents, analyzers and other equipment. Consequently, the norms of indicators may vary, which must be taken into account when studying what a clinical blood test or biochemistry results show. Before reading the results, it is important to make sure that the form issued by the medical institution indicates the standards in order to interpret the test results correctly. The norm of OAC in children is also indicated on the forms, but a doctor must evaluate the results obtained.

Many people are interested in: blood test form 50 - what is it and why take it? This is a test to determine the antibodies that are in the body if it is infected. An f50 analysis is done both when HIV is suspected and for the purpose of prevention in a healthy person. It is also worth properly preparing for such a study.