How to distinguish a simple from a complex sentence. What is the difference between a simple sentence and a complex one? Common and non-common

The sentence is one of the basic concepts of the Russian language; syntax is the study of it. It is no secret that people communicate with each other precisely in these units. Logically complete sentences are the basis of oral and written speech. There are a lot of varieties of this syntactic unit; detailed constructions give special dynamism and at the same time richness to the narrative. A task consisting of several parts is not uncommon in oral and written exams. The main thing in this matter is to know the types of complex sentences and punctuation marks in them.

Complex sentence: definition and types

A sentence, as the basic structural unit of human speech, has a number of specific features by which it can be distinguished from a phrase or simply a set of words. Every sentence contains a statement. This could be a matter of fact, a question, or a call to action. A sentence must have a grammatical basis. These lexical units are always intonationally complete.

Sentences are divided into two large groups: simple and complex. is built according to the number of predicative stems. For example:

It snowed in the morning. The sentence is simple with one grammatical basis: snow (subject) fell (predicate).
In the morning snow fell, and the whole earth seemed to be covered with a fluffy blanket. In this example we see a complex sentence. The first grammatical basis is snow (subject), fell (predicate); the second is the earth (subject), covered (predicate).

Types of complex sentences are distinguished depending on how their constituent parts are combined. They can be complex, complex or non-union. Let's look at these types of complex sentences with examples.

Complex sentence

Used to connect parts of a complex sentence. It is worth noting that the parts in such a sentence are equal: the question is not asked from one to the other.

Examples

The clock struck three in the morning, but the household did not sleep. This is a complex sentence, its parts are connected by the coordinating conjunction “but” and using intonation. Grammar basics: the clock (subject) struck (predicate); second - the household (subject) did not sleep (predicate).

The night was approaching and the stars were becoming brighter. There are two grammatical bases here: night (subject) was approaching (predicate); the second - the stars (subject) became brighter (predicate). Simple sentences are connected using the coordinating conjunction and, as well as intonation.

Conjunctions in a compound sentence

Since coordinating conjunctions are used to connect sentences within a compound, these syntactic units will be divided into:

1. Sentences with connecting conjunctions (and, yes, yes and, a (and), too, also). Typically, these conjunctions are used to denote events in time (simultaneity or sequence). Often they are accompanied by circumstances that indicate time. For example:

The cloud grew as big as the sky, and after a few minutes it started pouring rain. The connecting union is strengthened by the circumstance of time (in a few minutes).

2. Sentences with (a, but, yes, but, etc.). In them, two events are contrasted with one another. For example:

This year we did not go to the sea, but my parents were pleased with the help in the garden.

In addition, in such sentences the function of an adversative conjunction can be taken on by a particle.

For example: We managed to jump into the last carriage, but Andrei remained on the platform.

3. Sentences with disjunctive conjunctions (either, or, that, etc.) Show that one of the listed events or phenomena is possible. For example:

Either the magpie is chirping, or the grasshoppers are clicking.

Punctuation marks in complex sentences

The rule of punctuation in a complex sentence is as follows: a comma is placed between simple sentences. For example:

The leaves on the trees barely hang on, and gusts of wind carry them away, laying them out like a carpet. The grammatical basics of a complex sentence are as follows: leaves (subject) hold (predicate); impulses (subject) carry away (predicate).

This rule has one nuance: when both parts refer to a common member (addition or circumstance), a comma is not needed. For example:

In the summer, people need movement and don't need the blues. The adverbial at the time refers both to the first part with the grammatical basis need (predicate) movement (subject), and to the second part, the basis of which is blues (subject) not needed (predicate).

The earth was covered with a snow-white blanket of snow and dried out by frost. Here both parts have a common addition - land. The grammatical basics are as follows: first - snow (subject) enveloped (predicate); the second - frost (subject) dried (predicate).

It is also difficult to distinguish complex sentences from simple ones with homogeneous predicates. To determine which sentences are complex, it is enough to identify the predicative stem (or stems). Let's look at two examples:

It was a sunny winter day, and in some places red rowan berries could be seen in the forest. This sentence is complex. Let's prove this: two grammatical bases can be traced: the day (subject) stood (predicate), the second - berries (subject) were visible (predicate).
Red rowan berries were visible in the forest and sparkled in the sun in bright clusters. This sentence is simple, it is only complicated by homogeneous predicates. Let's look at the grammatical basis. The subject - berries, homogeneous predicates - were visible, shining; no comma required.

Complex sentence: definition and structure

Another complex sentence with a conjunction is a complex sentence. Such sentences consist of unequal parts: the main simple sentence and one or more subordinate clauses attached to it. The latter answer questions from the main and minor members of the main sentence; they contain a subordinating conjunction. The parts are connected to each other using subordinating conjunctions. Structurally, subordinate clauses are possible at the beginning, middle or end of the main clause. Let's look at examples:

We will go for a walk when the rain stops. This sentence is complex. The main part has a grammatical basis: we (subject) will go for a walk (predicate); grammatical basis of the subordinate clause - the rain (subject) will stop falling. Here the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.

To be able to express yourself eloquently, you need to read a lot of literature. This complex sentence consists of a main and subordinate clause. The basis of the main thing is to read (predicate); the basis of the subordinate clause - you (subject) could express yourself (predicate). In this complex sentence, the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.

We were surprised when the exam results were announced to us, and anxious about the upcoming tests. In this example, the subordinate clause “breaks” the main clause. Grammar basics: we (subject) were surprised, alarmed (predicate) - in the main part; announced (predicate) - in the subordinate clause.

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words: how to distinguish?

Conjunctions are not always used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex sentence; sometimes their role is played by so-called allied words - pronouns homonymous to them. The main difference is that conjunctions are used solely to join parts of a sentence to each other, they are not parts of a sentence.

Another thing is allied words.

Their role is played by relative pronouns; accordingly, such lexical units will be members of the sentence.

Here are the signs by which you can distinguish subordinating conjunctions from allied words:

Most often, the conjunction in a sentence can be omitted without losing its meaning. Mom said it was time to go to bed. Let’s change the sentence by omitting the conjunction: Mom said: “It’s time to go to bed.”
A union can always be replaced by another union. For example: When (If) you read a lot, your memory becomes better. is replaced only by another allied word, or a word from the main sentence, from which we ask a question to the subordinate clause. Let us remember the years that (that) we spent in Naples. Union word which can be replaced with an addition years from the main sentence ( Remember the years: we spent those years in Naples).

Subordinate clause

Subordinate clauses can be attached to the main clause in different ways, depending on what part of the main clause they explain. They can refer to one word, a phrase, or the entire main sentence.

To understand what type of adjunction is in a particular case, it is necessary to ask a question and analyze from which part of the main sentence it is posed.

There are several types of subordinate clauses: their differentiation depends on the meaning and the question that we ask from the main part to the secondary one. Subject, predicate, attributive, additional or adverbial - such subordinate clauses exist.

In addition, lexically, a subordinate clause can have several meanings (be polysemous). For example: It's wonderful when you can just walk down the street without thinking about anything. The meaning of the subordinate clause is both condition and time.

Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

The following types of complex sentences with a subordinating connection and several subordinate clauses are distinguished: with homogeneous, heterogeneous and sequential subordination. The distinction depends on how the question is asked.

With homogeneous subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to the same word from the main word. For example: I want to tell you that good conquers evil, that princes and princesses exist, that magic surrounds us everywhere. All three subordinate clauses explain one word from the main word - tell.
Heterogeneous (parallel) subordination occurs if subordinate clauses answer different questions. For example: When we go on a hike, friends will help each other, although it will not be easy for them themselves. Here two subordinate clauses answer the questions When?(first), and no matter what?(second).
Consistent submission. The question in such sentences is asked in a chain, from one sentence to another. For example: Only he who sees the beauty of the soul who does not look at appearance knows that the price of words and actions is very high. Subordinate clauses are added to the main sentence: we ask a question to the first Who?, to the second - What?

Punctuation in complex sentences

Parts of a complex sentence are separated from each other by a comma. It is placed before the union. Polynomial complex sentences with a subordinating connection may not have a comma. This happens if homogeneous subordinate clauses are used, connected by non-repeating conjunctions and, or. For example:

I said that it was a beautiful day and that the sun had already risen for a long time. Here there are homogeneous subordinate clauses with the stems day (subject) beautiful (predicate), the sun (subject) has risen (predicate). There is no need for a comma between them.

Non-union proposal

In the Russian language there are sentences where the connection between parts occurs only with the help of intonation and semantic connections. Such proposals are called non-union proposals. It rained and the last leaves fell from the trees. This complex non-union sentence has two parts with grammatical basics: the first - the rain (subject) has passed (predicate); in the second, the leaves (predicate) have fallen (subject).

In addition to intonation and meaning, the connection between the parts is carried out by their order and tense characteristics of the predicate verbs and their mood. Here two subordinate clauses answer the questions When?(first), and no matter what?(second).

Types of non-union proposals

There are two types of non-union proposals: homogeneous and heterogeneous composition.

The first are those where the predicates, as a rule, have the same form; their meaning is comparison, opposition or sequence of actions. In structure, they resemble compound compounds, but the unionless homogeneous ones simply have the conjunction omitted. For example:

Autumn has begun, the sky is covered with lead clouds. Let's compare: Autumn has begun, and the sky is covered with lead clouds.

Non-union members with a heterogeneous composition gravitate more towards complex subordinates. As a rule, such polynomial complex sentences have one part, which contains the main meaning of the statement. For example:

I love winter: nature dresses beautifully, magical holidays are coming, it’s time to get out the skis and skates. In the presence of a non-union connection and equality of parts, the main meaning is still contained in the first, and the subsequent ones reveal it.

Punctuation in a non-conjunction sentence

A non-union connection assumes that the signs in a complex sentence of this kind will be variable. The placement of a comma, colon, semicolon or dash will depend on the meaning. For clarity, here is a table:

punctuation mark	Verification method	Examples
	Denote actions occurring simultaneously or sequentially	Within the meaning of	Grandma sets the table, mom prepares dinner, and dad and the children tidy up the apartment.
	Opposition	Opposite conjunctions (a, but)	I endure - she is indignant.
	The first sentence states the condition or time period	Unions When or If
	The second sentence contains a corollary to the first	Union So	The doors were opened and fresh air filled the entire room.
Colon	The second sentence contains the reason	Union because	I love white nights: you can walk until you drop.
	The second sentence is an explanation of the first	Union namely	Everyone was ready for Parents' Day: the children learned poems, the counselors made reports, the staff did some general cleaning.
	The second sentence is a complement to the first	Union What	I am sure that you will never betray me.

When one of the parts is complicated by any structures, we use a semicolon. For example:

Humming a song, Marat walked through the puddles; Children were running nearby, joyful and cheerful. Here the first part is complicated and the second - a separate definition.

It’s easy to create a sentence with a non-union connection: the main thing is to focus on the meaning.

Complex sentences with different types of communication and punctuation in them

Often the types of complex sentences are concentrated in one syntactic structure, that is, there is both a conjunction and a non-conjunction between different parts. These are complex sentences with different types of connections.

Let's look at examples.

Although he was still dozing, there was a flurry of activity from the household around him: they darted from room to room, talking, cursing. The first part is a subordinating connection, the second is a coordinating connection, the third is a non-union connection.

I know a simple truth: you will stop quarreling when everyone learns to listen and understand. The connection between the first and second parts is non-union, then subordinate.

As a rule, such sentences represent two blocks that are connected by coordinating conjunctions or without any conjunction at all. Each block may contain several simple sentences with subordinating or coordinating connections.

A sentence is the basic unit of speech that performs a communicative function. This is a statement whose purpose is to convey some information, encourage action or question. The words in a sentence are syntactically linked into a single whole. The basis for such a connection is the structural core: subject and predicate or one of these members of the sentence. Based on the presence of one or more grammatical stems, sentences are classified as simple or complex syntactic structures.
Regardless of the number of minor members, the proposal is simple, if it has one grammatical stem:
The Rooks Have Arrived.
Talkative rooks, the first heralds of the coming spring, flew from warm countries, covering thousands of kilometers to nests that had been empty during the long winter.
A simple sentence is considered uncommon if it consists only of a subject and predicate, and common if it has secondary members: definitions, additions and circumstances.
It's getting light. (Unspread sentence)
Dinner is served. (Unspread sentence)
It's been raining since morning. (Distribution of sentences with obs. time)
It smells like pine. (Spread sentence with additional)
Today there was a shivering quagmire behind the park. (Distribution of sentences with surrounding time, place and complement.)
Common simple sentences can be complicated by homogeneous members, isolated definitions and circumstances, introductory and inserted syntactic constructions, and appeals.
Having noticed prey, a predator lurking in the thickets, as a rule, does not attack immediately, but waits for the right moment.
Such sentences are not complex because they contain only one grammatical stem.
IN complex sentence There are several grammatical bases: two or more. Based on the type of syntactic connection between parts of a sentence that have an independent grammatical basis, non-union complex sentences, complex sentences, complex sentences and complex sentences of mixed type are distinguished.
The sun rises, the songbirds wake up. (Unionless compound sentence.)
The clouds were gathering and a thunderstorm was approaching from the south. (Compound sentence)
I'm trying to understand what's happening to you. (Complex sentence)
The wind shook the tops of the trees, and where they grew close to each other, the shadows seemed to come to life. (Complex sentence of mixed type)
In complex sentences, as in simple ones, isolated and homogeneous members, introductory words, and syntactically indivisible units of speech can be used. However, their main distinguishing feature remains the presence of several grammatical bases.
Based on this feature, it is not difficult to determine whether a sentence is complex or simple.
It is also important to pay attention to the fact that, in terms of the composition of the grammatical basis, simple sentences can be two-part or one-part.
The phone rang tirelessly. (Simple two-part sentence.)
I live and think about important things. (Simple one-part definite personal sentence with homogeneous predicates)
Such people are considered. (Simple one-part indefinite personal sentence.)
What an amazing autumn! (Simple one-part denominative sentence.)
Such sentences can be part of complex sentences, but the sign of two-part/one-part structure does not apply to the entire syntactic structure.

The site determined that the difference between a simple and a complex sentence is as follows:

A simple sentence contains one grammatical basis, expressed by a subject and a predicate or one of these members. In a complex sentence, two or more grammatical stems are distinguished.
A non-union, coordinating or subordinating connection is established between the parts of a complex sentence. In a simple sentence, it is not the parts of the sentence that are connected, but its members; communication method - coordination, control or adjacency.
According to the composition of the grammatical basis, only a simple sentence can be one-part or two-part. In complex sentences there is no such classification.

Offers are divided into simple And complex. Both simple and complex sentences can be common And uncommon, i.e. whether to contain or not to contain, in addition to the main ones, secondary members (definitions, additions, circumstances, etc.): He came very fast. And He came.

Simple sentence

A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member.

A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with a subject and predicate as necessary components: They laughed. He was smart. The cloud is black, heavy in outline.

A one-part sentence is a simple sentence that has only one main clause (with or without dependent words). There are one-part sentences:

Vaguely personal: Me called to the director.
Generalized-personal: Easily you can't get it out and fish from the pond.
Impersonal: On the street it got dark.
Definitely personal: Sitting And I'm drawing.
Infinitive: Be silent ! You already drive.
Nominal: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.
Incomplete sentence is a sentence in which one or more members (main or secondary) are missing, as indicated by the context or situation: The truth remains the truth, but rumor - rumor. We started talking as if we've known each other forever. You probably know about our work? And about me? I'll put it on this is blue.

Difficult sentence

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences related in meaning and/or by means of conjunctions. Complex sentences are divided into:

Compound Sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), independent grammatically, connected in meaning and through coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, yes, or, or, however, but, as well as complex coordinating conjunctions neither... nor..., then... then..., either..., or..., not that..., not that... and etc.: The rain has stopped , And The sun has risen. That the phone will ring , That the doorbell will ring.
Complex sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), one of which is not independent in grammatical and semantic terms; parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words: what, so that, where, when, where, why, if (if), how, while, although, therefore, which, which, whose etc., as well as complex subordinating conjunctions: thanks to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, despite the fact that, before, since etc. The subordinating conjunction and the allied word are always in a subordinate clause: I know , What they are friends. He does not want , to they were waiting for him. Sergey did not answer , because I didn't hear the question.
Non-union proposals. Parts of a non-union sentence (simple sentences) are almost always independent grammatically, but sometimes unequal in meaning; There are no conjunctions and allied words: The sun was shining, the birches were green, the birds were whistling. I hear a knock on the door. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.

We read the proposal in full.
We find the basis (or the basis of the sentence). Read what it is.
If there is only one basis in a sentence → the sentence is simple.
If there are two (or more) stems → the sentence is complex.

Examples. The path runs the field one goes downhill, then again onto the hillock. (The basis one (What?) path (path (what does?) runs→ offer simple.

The sun is rising 1 , and along with the sunshine come to life forest glades 2 .

Basics two: in the first sentence we are talking about the sun (What?) the sun (the sun (what does?) rise). The second sentence talks about glades (What?) glades (what are glades doing?) come to life). Offer complex.

That is, determining whether the sentence before us is simple or complex lies precisely in the ability to find it in the sentence a base or several bases.

Determining the grammatical basis of a sentence

Let's start with the fact that any sentence has its semantic and grammatical center - this is its grammatical basis (subject and predicate).

The most common version of the stem is the case when the subject is expressed by the nominative case of a noun (or pronoun), and the predicate by a verb. Examples: The earth rotates around the sun . Someone is knocking in the door.

The fact is that the basis of a sentence “can be constructed” from almost any part of speech, not always from a noun and a verb. In such cases, determining the grammatical basis, and therefore whether a sentence is simple or complex, is somewhat more difficult.

The subject can be more than just a noun or pronoun. Examples:

Happy They don't watch the clock. (Here the subject is in adjective form)
Vacationers gathered on the veranda. (Here in participle form)
Seven one is not expected. (Here in numeral form)
Study - will always come in handy . (Already expressed by the infinitive form of the verb)
In the sun Polkan with Barbos warmed up. (And even a phrase)

The predicate is also not always expressed by a verb. Examples:

Some of the ways to express the predicate

I I want to study sports. (The predicate is a compound verb, i.e. it consists of two verbs, one of which is in the indefinite form)
Book - this is a sorceress. (The predicate is expressed by a noun)
My sister will be a doctor. Predicate compound nominal, i.e. its main part is expressed by a noun + connective be)

From here it becomes clear that in order to correctly determine whether the sentence before us is complex or simple, we need to practice finding the basis in a sentence and be able to quickly identify its main members.

Important! It is important to distinguish (and in no case don't mix them!) members of the proposal And parts of speech. (Parts of speech “work” in a sentence by some of the members of the sentence)

Homogeneous members of the sentence. How does this interfere?

The situation with determining the type of sentence can be complicated by homogeneous predicates in one of the simple sentences. Or even in both sentences as part of a complex one!

Compare. 1) Autumn has arrived 1, and it started to rain². 2) The winds rustled and rushed 1, And It was raining. 2

First complex sentence has two regular bases, A in the second the first offer complicated by two homogeneous predicates. In order not to make a mistake, you need to carefully look at which subject each of the predicates refers to: the winds (what did they do?) rustled and rushed. And the rains (what did they do?) poured. This means that the first two predicates relate to the stem of the first sentence, and the third - to the stem of the second sentence. And the whole proposal will be complex.

Complex sentences containing one-part sentences

Sentences in which one of them may have a basis consisting of only one member of the sentence are also difficult. You need to be especially careful with them.

Example: Autumn has come 1 , And straightaway It's getting colder. 2

The sentence is complex, it has two bases, but the second stem consists only of the predicate.

The article explains in detail what simple and complex sentences are. You will also find out how they differ from each other

A sentence is a driven unit that performs a communicative function. This is how people speak in order to convey this or that information, motivate them to action, or ask a question. All words in sentences are connected to each other. The basis in sentences is the subject, the predicate; it is these members of the sentence that represent the core. It is by the number of these structural nuclei that one judges whether the sentence is simple or complex.

Simple and complex sentence: rule, types, schemes

Simple- this is a sentence in which there is a subject, a predicate, or there is one main member.

A nucleus that contains a subject and a predicate is considered two-part. Example:

They were having fun.
She was smart.
There is a cloud in the sky - dark, voluminous.

A simple sentence with a main member is considered one-piece.

These proposals are divided into groups:

Vaguely personal. Example: Us called to the manager.
Generalized-personal. Example: We won’t wait for you forever!
Impersonal. Example: It was getting dark outside.
Definitely personal. Example: I stand and sing.
Infinitives. Example: Sit! You should already go.
Nominal. Example: Day. Building. Theater.
Incomplete. Example: You will wear this red one.

Complex sentences- include several simple ones. They are divided into the following subgroups:

Compound - they may contain several simple sentences. Most often they are connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions: yes, but, and, however, or, but, either, nor, not that, etc. Example: The rain began to drizzle and the sun appeared.
Complex sentences are those sentences in which one part is not independent in the semantic image and grammatical sense. They are connected to each other using conjunctive, subordinating words (when, so that, if, although, while, which). Example: Katerina did not answer because she was lost in thought.
Non-union sentences are those sentences that contain several simple ones. They have independent meaning and are completely independent of each other. Example: The sun was shining, the cherry trees were blooming, the birds were singing.

Sentences: simple, complex. Differences

What is the difference between a simple sentence and a complex one: comparison

As already mentioned, a simple sentence has one main core, while a complex sentence has two or more main elements.

Simple example:

From a warm country, having traveled several thousand kilometers, noisy rooks flew to their nests, which had been empty all winter.

IMPORTANT: Simple sentences are uncomplicated, complicated, common, non-common, one-part, two-part. This has already been mentioned above.

Unlike simple ones, complex sentences have two or more grammatical stems. As a rule, such sentences are union, non-union, complex, complex, compound, mixed.

non-union: The sun came out, the ringing birds began to sing
complex: I can't figure out what to do with you
compound: The sky was overcast and the wind was blowing from the east
mixed: The wind bent the top of the nut, and where it grew, the shadows moved as if alive.

In both simple and complex ones, introductory words, homogeneous members, isolated, indivisible words can be used. The only difference between the sentences is the use of multiple stems in complex sentences.

It is only by this difference that one determines what kind of proposal it is.

IMPORTANT: Do not confuse a simple sentence with a complex one if it is two-part.

two-part, simple: Mobile rings tirelessly
one-part, simple: I am writing and thinking about something else

These sentences are sometimes included in complex sentences.

How many simple sentences can there be in a complex one?

As such, there is no rule about the number of grammatical stems in a compound. However, most often it includes three to four grammatical stems. Otherwise it will be overloaded.

Using conjunctions in simple and complex sentences: rule

Conjunctions are the most common words in sentences. And not everyone knows how to use them correctly, or rather put punctuation marks. There are rules for this, which we will consider further.

Punctuation marks, dash, colon, comma in a simple and complex sentence: how to put it correctly?

It is difficult for beginners to determine which sign to put a comma, colon, or dash before a conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions such as -yes-, -but-, -a-, -and- are preceded by a comma.

In simple sentences, a dash can be placed between the subject and predicate.

A colon is used when listing. Below, see the diagram of the use of the conjunction -and- in different sentences.

Examples of constructing a complex sentence from 2 and 3 simple sentences

From the usual two or three simple sentences you can construct one complex one.

Winter is coming soon, the days have become short.
Yesterday the sun shone during the day, and as night fell the temperature dropped to three degrees.
The rain passed and a rainbow appeared.
The bright sun was just rising from the horizon, but the rays were already touching the tops of the trees.

When spelling, simple sentences in complex ones are separated by commas, and conjunctions connect them.

Sentence with direct speech, participial phrase: simple or complex?

Sentences with direct speech are often complex sentences where the words of the author and direct speech are used.

The girl said sadly: “I’m leaving tomorrow.”
“I’m going to the store,” she repeated again.
“Tomorrow,” she said, “I’ll go home.”

Participial phrases are used in simple sentences; they denote an additional action.

When assessing a painting, look at the bright colors in the foreground.
It's good to relax on the beach in the summer, look at the blue sky, thinking about pleasant things.
The cat, seeing the baby, ran away.
The girl, dreaming of marriage, looked out the window.

Participial phrases

After studying the material, you will easily determine where the sentence is simple and where it is complex. How to correctly use punctuation marks in them. And in which sentences they use direct speech, and in which they use adverbial phrases.