Holocaust "burnt offering") - a designation for the mass murder of Jews - presentation. Holocaust – remember or forget? The origins of anti-Semitism in Germany. Holocaust (from Greek Holocaust “burnt offering”) - designation of the mass murder of Jews, - presentation Skach
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Donetsk People's Republic Department of Education Administration of the City of Donetsk Donetsk Comprehensive school of 1-3 levels No. 53 of the Ministry of Education and Science of Donetsk People's Republic Holocaust Donetsk 2016 Sokol Maria Kaluga Yaroslav
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Get up quickly, child, don’t lie on the road, Even if it’s probably a sunny, warm day. Rise, step back and sit down on the threshold, There is a step left for those who pass before death. Who are you boy? Jew, Belarusian, Ukrainian? The ghetto will take anyone’s body into itself. There, in heaven, a gift has been prepared for you. Don’t rush, a quiet voice will call you. What did you see in a moment? last lives- White tablecloth, sweet cheesecake heaven? Memory demands, demands to remember the funeral feast of all the children taken to the stinking barn.
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Holocaust (from the English Holocaust “burnt offering”) is persecution and extermination German Nazis and collaborators from other countries of the Jewish people and numerous members of other minorities who were subjected to discrimination, atrocities and brutal murders.
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Victims of the Holocaust Shoa - a catastrophe of the Jewish people Shoa (Hebrew - disaster, catastrophe) is a term used by Jews in Hebrew and less often in some other languages to refer to the policy of the German Nazis for the systematic destruction of the Jewish ethnic group. A deliberate attempt to completely exterminate an entire nation, including men, women and children, resulting in the extermination of 60% of the Jews of Europe and about a third of the world's Jewish population. In addition, between a quarter and a third were also destroyed gypsy people, black citizens of Germany were also subjected to total extermination, the mentally ill and disabled, about 3 million Soviet prisoners of war died.
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On January 30, 1933, Hitler became Reich Chancellor. On June 15, 1938, about one and a half thousand Jews were first imprisoned in concentration camps. By order of Heinrich Himmler on April 27, 1940, the Auschwitz concentration camp was created. On June 14, 1940, the first transport was brought here - 728 Poles. On the territory of Poland, the Czech Republic, Latvia and other Eastern European countries there were also camps Majdanek, Salaspils and many others. There were about 14 thousand concentration camps. Tougher measures against Jews became less relevant during periods of internal struggle within the Nazi Party and Olympic Games in Berlin. The more rapidly events developed after this. The peak of persecution occurred at the end of the same year with the all-German pogrom known as Kristallnacht, the annexation of Austria and the division of Czechoslovakia.
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The second stage of the Holocaust - September 1939 - June 1941. It begins with the division of Poland, the creation of ghettos and concentration camps on its territory, and the ban on emigration. It was then that the clothes of Jews appeared decals. It is no coincidence that in July 1940, the German Foreign Ministry rejected the plan to resettle 4 million European Jews to Madagascar - the “final solution to the Jewish question” was approaching. In less than two years, the Germans captured Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Yugoslavia and Greece. Persecution of Jews intensified in Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Bulgaria, North Africa and Italy. Every concentration camp prisoner had such numbers.
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The time frame of the third stage is June 1941 - autumn 1943. Preparations for war with the USSR required the development of a plan for the mass destruction of “undesirable elements.” The Jews were subject to destruction first of all, as “carriers of Bolshevism.” Responsibility for the implementation of the plans was entrusted to the Reichsführer SS G. Himmler, acting through the RSHA, headed by R. Heydrich, and after his assassination in 1942 - by E. Kaltenbrunner. Planning was concentrated in the Gestapo - IV Directorate of the RSHA, where a department for Jewish affairs (IV B4) was created, headed by A. Eichmann.
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The fourth and final stage of the Holocaust occurred during the period when Germany's defeat became inevitable - the winter of 1943 - May 1945. In 1943, trying to maneuver, Himmler gave the order to use the labor of the surviving Jews in the interests of the war. He later offered to release some of them in exchange for political concessions, including the possibility of negotiating a separate peace with the West, or for a ransom. The advance of Soviet troops to the west forced the SS to liquidate the last ghettos and camps and begin to hide traces of the crimes they had committed.
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In official documents, the German authorities and the leadership of the National Socialist Party, who called things by their proper names in public, followed the rules of allegory and euphemisms accepted in diplomatic practice. The minutes of the Wannsee Conference of 1942 do not contain the terms “exile,” “extermination,” “forced labor,” or “death from exhaustion.” The massacre of Jews is indicated in it and in the decisions, orders and instructions based on it with the words “resettlement”, “evacuation to the East”, “final solution to the Jewish question”, “use at work”, “natural elimination”. This was very useful to the Nazis later - in the trials of war criminals.
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Holocaust in the USSR About three million - half of all victims of the Holocaust - were citizens of the USSR.
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The Nuremberg Trials After the war, those responsible for crimes committed during the Holocaust were brought to justice. The German city of Nuremberg was chosen as the location for the trials. The hearings on the case of twenty-two main Nazi criminals were conducted by judges of the Allies - Great Britain, France, the USSR and the USA. Twelve defendants were sentenced to death.
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By the beginning of the war, the number of concentration camp prisoners was 25 thousand people; by March 1942 it had grown to 100 thousand, and in 1944, when camps for Hungarian Jews were created in Austria, it reached a million. The number of guards was 45 thousand people, including 35 thousand SS men from the Death's Head units. The rest of the contingent consisted of employees of auxiliary units - Ukrainians, Lithuanians, etc. The camps were a large economic mechanism - the profit from the labor of prisoners, amounting to hundreds of millions of Reichsmarks, was one of the main sources of income for the SS. Concentration camp prisoners formed 40% of the workforce of the I.G. concerns. G. Farbenindustri, Krupp, Thyssen, Flick and Siemens. The maintenance of a prisoner cost 70 pfennigs per day, the profit was six marks. For the average nine months that a prisoner survived in concentration camps (not counting death camps), he earned the SS 1,631 Reichsmarks. And this does not take into account income from the industrial use of corpses and the value of property confiscated before imprisonment!
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One of the most effective tools The Holocaust were Einsatzgruppen that carried out mass murders of Jews, Gypsies, prisoners of war and civilians. The first of these special forces were created on the eve of the Anschluss of Austria. Before the invasion of Poland, six Einsatzgruppen were formed. Before the attack on the USSR - four. Einsatzgruppe A consisted of about 1 thousand SS soldiers and officers under the command of SS Standartenführer Dr. F.W. Stolecker. Einsatzgruppe “B” - 655 people under the command of SS Brigadeführer and Police General A. Neve. Einsatzgruppe C - 600 SS men under the command of Standartenführer E. O. Rasch. Einsatzgruppe “D” - 600 people under the command of SS Standartenführer Professor O. Ohlendorf.
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By the spring of 1943, on the territory of the USSR, Einsatzgruppen, with the active assistance of local police forces, exterminated 1 million 250 thousand Jews, hundreds of thousands of Poles, Gypsies and representatives of other nationalities. When in 1943 the Nazi authorities began to implement a program to hide traces of their crimes, it was necessary to allocate a special Sonderkommando 1005, which organized the burning of corpses in places of mass executions. According to census data, on July 16, 1933, 503.9 thousand Jews lived in Germany. By mid-1943, Germany was declared “cleansed of Jews,” “Judenrein,” although as of September 1, 1944, there were 14,574 thousand Jews living in the country who were not imprisoned in camps. The number of Jews killed in Germany and who died there as a result of persecution is estimated at 160-180 thousand.
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By March 13, 1938, when Germany carried out the Anschluss by annexing Austria, the Jewish population of this country amounted to 181,778 thousand people (according to Nuremberg Laws- about 220 thousand). The number of Austrian Jews who died during the disaster is estimated at 70 thousand. 6 million European Jews are considered victims of the Shoah. This number appeared in the hearings at the Nuremberg trials. However, a complete list of victims by name does not exist. By the end of the war, the Nazis had destroyed even traces of the death camps; Evidence has been preserved of the removal or destruction of already buried human remains before the arrival of Soviet troops. The Yad Vashem National Memorial of Holocaust (Shoah) and Heroism in Jerusalem houses personal documents documenting approximately 3 million victims.
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In some cases, high-ranking Germans used their capabilities to help Jews. Of these saviors, the most famous is Oskar Schindler, a German businessman who saved more than a thousand Jews from the Plaszow camp by getting them to work in his factory. Among the “Righteous Among the Nations” there are diplomats and civil officials. Among the most famous are Aristides Sousa Mendes (Portugal), Chiune Sugihara (Japan) and Paul Gruninger (Switzerland), who risked their careers to save Jews. The Chinese Consul General in Vienna, He Fengshan, issued thousands of visas to Jews to Singapore and other countries. An employee of the Iranian embassy in Paris, Abdul-Hussein Sadri, also saved Jews in Nazi-occupied Paris, issuing them about three thousand Iranian visas. As of January 1, 2010, according to the Yad Vashem Institute, 23,226 saviors have been identified who have been awarded the honorary title “Righteous Among the Nations.”
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The Holocaust in our region (Donetsk region) “...at the end of February 1942, Gestapo representative Halderberg arrived from Berlin to the SD... it was decided to create a Jewish community “ghetto” in a certain place, where the entire Jewish population, including children and old people. White Quarry was chosen as the site of the ghetto...” - from the interrogation protocol of A.A. Eichmann dated April 28, 1946
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The monument is located in the Leninsky district of Donetsk, in an area that was formerly called White Quarry. On the territory of the White Quarry during the Great Patriotic War There was a Jewish ghetto, it contained 3 thousand Jewish families, all of them were killed by the Nazis. The initiative to create the monument came from the Ukraine-Israel society. The authors of the monument are sculptor Yuri Ivanovich Baldin and architect Pavel Isaakovich Vigdergauz. “Here, in White Quarry, during the Nazi occupation there was a Jewish ghetto. From here began the last mournful journey into the mine shafts of 4-4-bis thousands of Jews - old people and children, men and women. Eternal memory of those who died innocently at the hands of the Nazis." There are steps leading to the monument on which prints were made different legs: shod and barefoot. Funds for the construction of the monument were collected through donations.
Conversation on the topic "Holocaust"
Slide No. 1 – memorial in Berlin
Children, today I would like to invite you to have a serious conversation about a very important topic: the Holocaust. We could choose a different topic for conversation, we could just watch a movie, but I am deeply convinced that if humanity does not remember the Holocaust, it risks repeating it.
Connection with Victory Day: if there had not been a victory, the Holocaust would not have ended.
Who knows what the word Holocaust means?
“Holocaust” is a Greek word, it has the following meanings: “burnt offering”, “destruction by fire”, “sacrifice”.
When people say the word “Holocaust,” they are referring to the policies of Nazi Germany and its allies to persecute and exterminate 6 million Jews from 1933 to 1945. A synonym for the word Holocaust - “Shoah” - translated from Hebrew means disaster, catastrophe.
What is genocide?
Genocide is an act of complete or partial destruction of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.
In this photo you can see the Berlin Holocaust Memorial, built a few years ago. In the immediate vicinity of Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate there is a sea of 2,700 black and green concrete steles. In the center they reach a height of four meters.
Slide No. 2. Photos of victims, numbers
During the Holocaust, approximately 35% of the world's Jews, about a third of Gypsies, and a quarter of Belarusians were killed. The disabled and mentally ill were also subject to destruction. Of all the atrocities of Nazi Germany, this is the worst.
The inaccuracy of the figures is explained by the fact that often the Jewish communities were destroyed entirely, and there were no relatives, friends, or relatives left who could tell the names of the dead.
The man who bears the brunt of responsibility for the genocide of the Jewish people is Adolf Hitler.
Slide number 3. Photos of Hitler
In his youth, he encountered Jews several times, from whom he had negative memories. He then became convinced that “the corrupting influence of Jewry can be discovered in any sphere of cultural and artistic life.” In the book Mein Kampf (how to translate?), written in the 20s, he outlined his views on this issue. Distribution of this book is prohibited on the territory of the Russian Federation.
Slide number 4. Nazi Germany's plans
In it he proves the need for the German people to conquer living space in the East. What countries are to the east of Germany?
He proves the superiority of the German nation over other nations. Jews, blacks and gypsies are, in his opinion, inferior, “inferior races.” He formulates two main threats to the Germans: communism and Judaism. What is communism? What about Judaism? " Gradually I began to hate them,” Hitler says about the Jews.
*(For senior classes: Speaking of gypsies. They, like no one else, are close in origin to the so-called “Aryan”, “pure” race of people, to which the Germans considered themselves. The ideologists of Nazism found a way out. Which one do you think? The gypsies mixed with lower races, which is why they now live in camps and do who knows what. That is why they are also inferior and do not deserve to occupy a place on Earth).*
This mental disorder and hostility could remain the problem of one person - Adolf Hitler. However, it turned out that he led the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany and came to power in 1933.
Slide No. 5. History of the Genocide
The persecution of Jews began immediately after the Nazis came to power, but they did not immediately come to the idea of total extermination.
1. In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws were adopted, which divided the German population into two parts: Germans and non-Germans. The latter were deprived of the right to vote, political and other rights. They became non-citizens.
Many Jews wanted to leave Germany, but almost all countries closed their doors to them. They did not have their own state. Still, from 1933 to 1939, 330 thousand people fled from Germany.
The Germans had different plans for solving the so-called “Jewish question”: their eviction to the territory of the USSR, to the island of Madagascar (southern Africa), isolation in Poland. These plans were not implemented.
2. The night from November 9 to 10, 1938 in history is called Crystal. In one night, mostly by Hitler's youth, 91 Jews were killed, hundreds were wounded and maimed, thousands were humiliated and insulted, about 3.5 thousand were arrested and sent to the concentration camps of Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald and Dachau. The reason for the pogrom was the murder by a Jew of a counselor at the German embassy in Paris. This was the first mass action direct physical violence against Jews in Germany.
3. During the First World War, the Germans captured regions densely populated by the Jewish population: Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus. In large cities, Jewish ghettos were created, into which the entire Jewish population of the city and the surrounding area was herded.
What is a ghetto?
These are areas of large cities where ethnic minorities live, voluntarily or forcibly, in more or less harsh conditions.
Leaving the ghetto without permission was initially punishable by imprisonment, and later by death.
The food standard for the Jews of the ghetto was 184 calories. Who knows how many calories a person needs per day? About 3500 calories. The officially established food standards for the ghetto were designed to allow the inhabitants to die from starvation.
Throughout the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus, almost every small city, near many villages there are so-called. “pits” are natural ravines where men, women, and children were driven and shot. The scheme was this: German troops capture a populated area, find out which of the residents there is a Jew or a communist, and then take them to the place of execution. How did the Germans determine who was Jewish and who was not? Some were based on their appearance, others were pawned by neighbors.
Many physically strong men from the ghetto were sent to German labor camps, the rest to death camps.
4. Here we move on to the last, most cruel period of persecution of the so-called inferior races. In Germany it was called the “final solution to the Jewish question”
Slide number 6. Death camps
The Germans began to create concentration camps. The first camps were created to isolate persons suspected of opposition Nazi regime, however, they soon developed into a gigantic machine of suppression and destruction of millions of people of different nationalities and ideologies. Killing in the death camps was put on a conveyor belt; during construction, their “throughput capacity” was specified.
The largest: Auschwitz, Treblinka, Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Majda nek.
It was hidden from the victims until the last moment that they would die. This made it possible in most cases to prevent acts of resistance. Many Jews from Western and Central Europe arrived at the camp on regular passenger trains (using tickets they had purchased), expecting to be taken to a new place of residence. Jews from Eastern Europe were brought in packed freight cars, under guard, without water or food.
A typical sequence of actions carried out in Auschwitz and Majdanek on persons of Jewish and Roma nationalities immediately after arrival (on the way, by the way, people died in the carriages from thirst and suffocation). Upon leaving the carriages, without any special ceremony, the arrivals were sorted. Some were immediately sent to gas chambers for extermination. First of all, these are women, children, the elderly and the disabled. Their clothes were removed, their hair was cut off, and they were examined for hidden valuables. After filling with people, exhaust gases from a heavy tank engine were supplied to the chambers, disguised as showers (another method was to pump air out of the chambers). Death occurred from suffocation within half an hour.
Only those who helped remove the corpses from the gas chambers and burn them, as well as sort the belongings of the dead, were temporarily left alive. Those who fell ill or simply weakened from hunger were immediately sent to the gas chambers.
Heinrich Himmler said in one of his speeches: “Most of you know what 100 corpses lying side by side, or 500, or 1000 lying corpses are. To withstand this to the end and, moreover, with the exception of individual cases of manifestation of human weakness, to remain decent people - that’s what tempered us.” Everything here is turned upside down. Good is called evil, evil is called good.
Slide number 7.
A fence through which an electric current is passed.
Crematorium (contemporary photography)
Preserved ovens of the low-flow crematorium
*(Optional: excerpt from source:
“They open the doors of the carriages and drive people out with whips; orders are given through a loudspeaker; Everyone needs to hand over their things and clothes, even crutches and glasses... Valuable things and money are handed over to the window with the inscription: “Jewelry.” Women and girls are sent to the barber, who, with two strokes of scissors, cuts off their hair, which is stuffed into potato sacks...Then the march begins...To the right and left there are wire fences, and behind there are dozens of Ukrainians with rifles. Men, women, girls, children, babies, legless cripples, all naked, like their mother gave birth, walk in a crowd. At the turn, at the entrance to the building, an SS man stands, grinning, and announces affectionately: “They won’t do anything bad to you.. You just have to breathe deeply.” This strengthens the lungs. Proper inhalation is essential for disinfection.” They ask him what will happen to women, and he answers that men, of course, will have to work on the construction of roads and houses, but women will not work - they, if they want, will be able to help in the kitchen or with housework... Some people have a flash in their souls hope, enough to continue to wander towards the gas chambers without resistance.
Most know well what fate is in store for them. The terrible, pervasive stench reveals the truth. They climb several steps and already see the inevitable... The SS men are urging the crowd on with their whips.
Many are praying... The SS men are pushing people inside.
– Fill to capacity! - the chief commands. The doors are locked. Those remaining from the transport are waiting for their turn. They wait naked even in winter... But diesel doesn’t work. 50 minutes pass... 70 minutes... And people are standing in the cell. You can hear them crying...
Finally, after 2 hours and 49 minutes, the diesel starts to work. 32 minutes later, everyone is dead... On the other side, Jewish workers are unlocking the doors. The dead stand like basalt pillars - they have nowhere to fall. And after death you can still recognize families - they stand, huddled together and holding hands tightly."*
Slide number 8. Medical experiments
Experiments on humans were carried out in many large concentration camps. Experimenting doctors were recruited from SS units, Wehrmacht, scientific institutes and universities in Germany. One of the leaders of Nazi Germany, Heinrich Himmler, directly supervised the experiments and their results.
The main research in concentration camps concerned artificial infection with various infections and attempts at their subsequent treatment. The effect of various rays (for example, X-rays) on the body. The state of the body due to lack of oxygen, hypothermia, etc. In such an inhuman way German doctors created vaccines against dangerous viruses. The survivors of these experiments were destroyed as “waste material.” Often German “doctors” did their experiments without anesthesia, not paying attention to the person’s screams and pain.
Slide number 9. Anne Frank
We are all about numbers, facts, territories. It is necessary to say about specific people, because behind the numbers are hidden the names of real people, each had their own, long and not so long, life, thoughts, feelings, desires.
The diary of one Jewish girl, Anne Frank, has reached us; she hid for a long time with her family in one of the houses in Amsterdam. The entrance to the shelter (one of the rooms of the house) was disguised as a filing cabinet. Anna's diary is designed in the form of letters to her imaginary friend Kitty. Already at the end of the war, a denunciation was made against the family, they were sent to a death camp where Anne Frank died of starvation.
For high school. Slide number 10. Holocaust denial.
1. Remembrance of the Holocaust is necessary so that our children will never be victims, executioners or indifferent observers (I. Bauer)
2. Six million Jews - shot, strangled in gas stations.
Six million – and each one separately.
This is memory that resists oblivion.
This is a call of people to mutual intimacy, inaccessible without the ban on murder.
This is the conviction: THERE IS NO GENOCIDE AGAINST “SOMEONE”, GENOCIDE IS ALWAYS AGAINST EVERYONE.
This is what the HOLOCAUST means. (Mikhail Gefter, “Echo of the Holocaust”)
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The Holocaust is one of the global catastrophes of the twentieth century, which called into question the moral foundations of people, giving evil the strength to further spread across the Planet.
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Holocaust genocide of the Jewish people by the Nazis and their accomplices in 1933 - 1945. The Holocaust (from ancient Greek λοκαστος - “burnt offering”) - the systematic persecution and extermination by German Nazis and collaborators from other countries of millions of victims of Nazism: almost a third of the Jewish people and numerous representatives of other minorities who were subjected to discrimination, atrocities and brutal murders
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November. On the night of November 9–10, the largest pogrom of Jews in Germany and Austria, called “Kristallnacht” because of the huge number of broken windows of Jewish stores and destroyed synagogues. The Gestapo arrests thousands of Berlin Jews and sends them to the nearby Sachsenhausen camp. 1938
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1933 January 30. Adolf Hitler becomes Reich Chancellor of Germany. the formation of the anti-Semitic policy of Nazism. the policy of mass extermination of millions of people on ethnic grounds, the formalization of state anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany (creating the image of Jews as an internal and external enemy")
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January 30. Hitler, in his speech in the Reichstag, announced that the main goal was not only the eradication of Bolshevism on earth, but also the destruction of the Jewish race in Europe. 1939
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To control the Jewish population, as well as to facilitate their further deportation, the Germans and their allies created ghettos, transit camps, and forced labor camps that operated throughout the war.
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About three million Jews—half of all Holocaust victims—were citizens of the USSR. It was on the territory of our country that the monstrous practice of Nazi genocide found its first mass application. People were exterminated without gas chambers or crematoria, not in death camps, but practically without hiding their crimes from local residents.
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Millions of people were killed and have no graves, no one buried them, they became smoke and ashes... On January 27, the United Nations, most countries of the world celebrate International Holocaust Remembrance Day on April 19, 1943. The Day of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising is held annually in Moscow with 1992 This Day is celebrated by the entire civilized world. For Russia, it is especially important in an environment of worsening xenophobia, racism, and anti-Semitism.
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Countless men, women and children passed through the horrors of the ghettos and Nazi death camps and nevertheless managed to survive. They all want to convey to each of us the most important message - the idea of the triumph of the human spirit in the decisive desire of humanity to prevent genocide and other serious crimes
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6,000,000 victims of the unimaginable destruction of people in history simply for belonging to the Jewish nation! A deliberate attempt to completely exterminate an entire nation, including men, women and children, resulting in the extermination of 60% of the Jews of Europe and about a third of the world's Jewish population. In addition, from a quarter to a third of the Roma people were also exterminated, and black citizens of Germany, the mentally ill and the disabled were also subjected to total extermination
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Places of mass executions: Babi Yar in Kyiv, Bogdanovka in the Nikolaev region, Drobitsky Yar in Kharkov (Ukraine) Minsk, Vitebsk, Gomel, Bobruisk, Mogilev (Belarus) Crimea.
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During the Great Patriotic War, German troops who occupied Kyiv on September 19, 1941, used Babi Yar as a site for mass executions. Babi Yar
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Righteous Among the Nations During the years of occupation of the village of Ivnya: there is a fact of atrocities by the occupiers: Holocaust (Shoah) - 01/28/1942. 32 Jewish people were killed in cold blood. Two people were saved by a resident of Baranova, Polina Alekseevna, who was hiding Jewish girls from reprisals. As of January 1, 2009, according to the Yad Vashem Institute, 22,765 rescuers have been awarded the honorary title “Righteous Among the Nations”
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In January 1942, a conference was held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee at which Hitler's Nazis adopted the “final solution” to the Jewish question, which meant the total extermination of the Jewish population of Europe. From that time on, Auschwitz became a “death factory.” Its prisoners were doomed to destruction by hunger, hard work, “medical” experiments, as well as immediate death as a result of executions and gassing. Most of the prisoners died immediately after arrival without registration or identification with camp numbers. That is why it is very difficult to establish the exact number of those killed
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. Remember... Don't forget...
Now in beginning of XXI century, when the world is abuzz with upheavals - national explosions, religious intolerance, we are obliged to talk about the Holocaust - the most terrible manifestation of inhumanity, which destroyed 6 million people alive.
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