Gnostic professions are examples. Classification of professions. Psychological classification of professions. Psychological requirements for “person-person” professions

Sections: Technology

Class: 9

The purpose of the lesson: To create conditions for the formation of information competence of students for an informed choice of profession based on familiarity with the world of professions.

Equipment:

• dictionary of professions,
• computer for demonstrating the presentation "Classification of professions"

You've probably noticed how quickly and accurately the librarian finds the book the reader needs. The easiest way to find it is if you know the author and title - the alphabetical catalog will help with this. But it happens that a reader is looking for literature on a topic that interests him, without knowing either the author or the title. Then a thematic catalogue, through which you can find the books you need, comes to the aid of the librarian. Classification helps you find a book - rules for placing books on shelves. In biology lessons you study the classification of the natural world, in chemistry lessons the classification of chemical elements. In the broadest sense of the word, classification is a meaningful order of things. Slide 3.

The classification of professions is based on its own laws. There are about forty thousand professions in the world, and every year dozens of old ones disappear and hundreds of new ones arise. Some professions flirtatiously change their names, pretending to be modern. You won’t immediately understand that the bartender is a bartender, and the manager is a manager. Classifying professions alphabetically will help you navigate them if you know the names of all forty thousand professions. How many professions do you know?

Task No. 1. “Name your profession.” All students take turns naming professions. Anyone who cannot remember a profession within three seconds or repeats one that has already been named is eliminated from the game. If the guys name not a profession, but a position (boss, director, president), such answers are not accepted. The game continues until there is only one winner left.

Different countries have classifications that unite professions according to various criteria: place of work, degree of independence, speed of promotion, etc. Professions can be divided into industries. For example, the clothing industry. There are all sorts of professions there - fashion designers, equipment adjusters, mechanics, artists, seamstresses and motorists of various specialties, economists, and accountants. But is it possible to adapt an industry to your interests and inclinations? You can only try on a profession. That is why it is important to know the classification of professions based on essential features (E.A. Klimov. How to choose a profession).

• Slide 4. It is interesting that back in the 18th century, the famous historian and statesman V.N. Tatishchev proposed his classification of types of professional activities:
• necessary sciences (education, healthcare, economics, law);
• useful sciences (agriculture, physics, biology, mathematics);
• dandy or pleasure sciences (literature and art);
• vain sciences (alchemy, astrology);
• sabotage sciences (witchcraft).

Slide 5. In our country, the four-level classification of professions E.A. is most often used. Klimov, according to which all professions can be divided into five subjects, three goals, four means and four working conditions.

Slide 6. According to Klimov, five large groups of professions can be distinguished depending on the subject of labor - “technology”, “man”, “nature”, “sign”, “artistic image”. This is the first level of classification.

1. TECHNIQUE (T). This group includes professions related to the production, maintenance and design of any equipment, from space rockets and computers to the anvil and hammer of a blacksmith. Engineer, designer, pilot, machinist, driver, electrician, builder, car mechanic, plumber, miner, engine tester - just to name a few. The peculiarity of technical objects is that they can be accurately measured and calculated, therefore professions in this group require a person to have a combination of a practical mindset and creative abilities, accuracy, and good health.

What type of thinking is typical for technology professionals?

2. MAN (H). Doctor, nurse, teacher, educator, waiter, lawyer, salesman, hairdresser, tour guide - all these professions belong to the same group, because they have one subject of labor - a person. These professions have special social significance. They require patience and exactingness from a person, the ability to take responsibility and control their emotions. The main content of work in these professions is effective interaction between people. Some qualities contribute to successful work, while others complicate it. If you have an increased need for communication, contacts with people will delight you; if you have a low need, they will tire you. An increased level of aggression is unacceptable for specialists in this field. By the way, the ability to communicate productively is necessary for each of us.

What temperament is conducive to communicating with other people?

3. NATURE (P). This group includes all professions related to living and inanimate nature. Research, study and use of natural resources, caring for animals and plants, their treatment are possible activities. Professions of this group: agronomist, breeder, livestock specialist, veterinarian, dog handler, plant breeder, geologist, game warden, ecologist, land reclamation specialist. People of these professions are united by a love of nature. But this love is active, not contemplative. It's one thing to play with pets and admire flowers. And it’s quite another thing to regularly, day after day, look after them, observe, treat, walk them, regardless of personal time and plans. To be successful in this activity, you need to be strong and resilient, caring and patient, not afraid of difficulties and not expecting quick results.

What type of thinking is typical for successful specialists in this field?

4. SIGN (3). This group includes all professions associated with the use of oral and written speech, working with documents and numbers. These are the professions of economist, accountant, linguist, mathematician, programmer, and notary. The subject of labor for these professions is the “sign system,” that is, all information that can be presented in the form of texts, formulas, signs, codes, graphs, diagrams and drawings. Much, if not everything, depends on the reliability and timeliness of information in our lives. Therefore, it is important for a specialist who works with signs to be able, on the one hand, to abstract from the real physical, chemical, mechanical properties of objects, and on the other, to imagine and understand the characteristics of real phenomena and objects behind the signs. Professions in this group place special demands on a person’s thinking, memory and attention.

What type of thinking is typical for a specialist in the field of sign information?

5. ARTISTIC IMAGE (X). This group includes professions related to visual, musical, literary and artistic, acting and stage activities. Creating works of art is a special process. Contemporaries are not always able to appreciate a brilliant artist, poet or composer living nearby, because talent tends to outstrip its time. Therefore, fame and recognition often come to creators only after death. But a person engaged in creativity experiences incomparable joy. To master creative professions, desire alone is not enough - you need creative abilities, talent, and hard work. What type of temperament is most often found in people of art?

Many professions are difficult to classify as one subject of labor. For example, a good secretary must not only be a specialist in the field of sign information (working with documents), but also be able to use a computer and office equipment, and communicate effectively with people. A good teacher, in addition to professional knowledge and communication skills, must have artistry.

Slide 8. Pyramid of professions

Task No. 2. "Hot on the heels." List the objects of labor according to Klimov’s classification.

(As the teacher explains, the children independently fill out all four floors of the pyramid, writing down abbreviated names of objects of labor on the first level, goals of labor on the second, means of labor on the third, working conditions on the fourth level, emphasizing the objects, goals, and means preferred for each and working conditions.)

When choosing a profession, first of all, they keep in mind the subject of work. Thus, the concept of “object of labor” is the basis for further classification, the foundation of the pyramid invented by Professor E.A. Klimov.

Slide 9. Students complete the task.

Slide 10. Regardless of the subject of work, all professions are classified according to three goals of work: gnostic, transformative, exploratory. This is the second level.

1. Gnostic professions (D) Gnostic, or cognitive, goals of work can be varied: sort, compare, check, evaluate. Gnostic professions can be found among any of five types of professions: “Nature” - laboratory biologist, exterior specialist; "Technique" - radio equipment controller, tester; "Man" - forensic expert, sociologist; "Sign" - proofreader, auditor; "Artistic image" - art critic, theater critic. These professions place certain demands on the worker: cognitive activity, observation, stability of attention, memory, thinking, and responsibility are necessary.

2. Transformative professions (P) Transformative human activity can be aimed at objects, energy, information, processes. In some cases, the results can be seen immediately - a builder, a blacksmith, an artist, in others - the results wait months and years (breeder, educator). The predominance of practical or mental activity of a specialist depends on the subject and content of his work: “Nature” - livestock breeder, plant breeder, livestock specialist; "Technology" - mechanic, machine operator; "Man" - teacher, coach; "Znak" - layout designer, accountant; "Artistic image" - graphic designer, fashion designer.

3. Exploratory professions (I) The purpose of the work of professions of this class is to search for something new, unknown. "Nature" - fisheries inspector, game warden, research biologist; "Technology" - design engineer; "Man" - supply agent, production organizer; "sign" - programmer, mathematician; "Artistic image" - composer, designer. Many professions combine characteristics of different classes.

Slide 12. The goals of labor make up the second floor of Klimov’s pyramid.

Slide 13. Students complete the task.

Slide 14. At the next level, professions are classified by tools, or means of labor. The means of labor can be real and functional.

Slide 15. Material tools of labor are a carpenter’s hammer and ax, a surgeon’s scalpel, a musician’s violin, a teacher’s pointer, a programmer’s computer. Material means of labor are manual (R)- scalpel, screwdriver, cutter, brush; mechanical (M)- sewing machine, car, crane; automatic (A)- automatic and semi-automatic lines, robotic systems.

Functional tools (F) invisible. This is the eye of a carpenter, the tactile sensations of a surgeon, the inspiration of a musician, the knowledge of a teacher and programmer.

Slide 16. The means of labor constitute the third level of our pyramid.

Slide 17. Students complete the task.

Slide 18. Each profession involves working in certain conditions: in the office and under water, underground and in space, in hot shops, outdoors at any time of the year. There are four groups of working conditions:

B - ordinary, everyday microclimate (laboratory assistant, accountant, salesman, scientist);

O - open air (agronomist, traffic police inspector, installer, geologist);

N - unusual conditions (miner, astronaut, submariner, firefighter);

M - increased moral responsibility for the health and life of people, for great material values ​​(teacher, doctor, judge, security guard).

Slide 19. The diver examines water areas, the underwater part of structures and ships, finds and repairs damage in ship hulls and hydraulic structures, lays cable lines and pipelines under water, lifts sunken ships, cuts and welds metal structures under water; conducts research.

Underground navigators - surveyors - using special instruments, make measurements and calculations, draw up underground maps, working underground, on the ground, and at a desk. They work with pinpoint precision, because a deviation of even five centimeters when tunneling in the opposite direction is unacceptable.

Civil aviation pilots do more than just transport cargo and passengers. They are updating maps of the area and putting out forest fires. Rolls, climb angles, speeds, directions, the state of on-board systems - all this is in the pilot’s field of vision.

A doctor, educator, teacher are responsible for the life, health, and full education of people. Their work, like the work of a pilot, is associated with increased moral and material responsibility.

Slide 20. Working conditions constitute the fourth level of Klimov’s pyramid.

Slide 21. Students complete the task.

Slide 22. Using this classification, any profession can be designated by a formula of four letters indicating the corresponding attribute. Almost every profession has several characteristics. Therefore, the main thing is to highlight the main and secondary features.

Control questions.

1. The base of the “Klimov pyramid” is:

a) working conditions;

b) subject of labor;

c) means of labor;

c) goals of work.

2. The subject of the driver’s work is:

A) technique;

b) person;

c) nature;

d) artistic image.

3. The teacher works:

a) in domestic conditions;

b) outdoors;

c) in unusual conditions;

G) in conditions of increased responsibility.

4. Hand tools are necessary for work:

A) surgeon;

b) astronaut;

2.9 Classification of professions

The most famous system of classification of professions is the system of E.A. Klimova. In it, the entire variety of professions is consistently divided into types, classes, departments and groups. Let us briefly dwell on this approach to the taxonomy of professions.

Types of professions ( on the subject of work).

1. "Man is a man"(H).

The main subject of work is people and groups of people. Examples of professions: waiter, salesman, doctor, psychologist, trainer, investigator.

2. "Human - technical systems"(T).

The main subject of work is technical systems, material objects, materials, energy. Examples of professions: - turner, mason, mechanic, driver, architect, engineer.

3. "Man - Nature"(P).

The main subject of work is living organisms and biological processes. Examples of professions: botanist, zoologist, livestock specialist, beekeeper, ichthyologist, agronomist.

4. "Man is a sign"(W)

The main subject of work is symbols, numbers, ciphers, codes, formulas, languages. Examples of professions: programmer, proofreader, philologist, mathematician.

5. “Man is an artistic image”(X)

The main subject of work is artistic images. Examples of professions: poet, sculptor, conductor, artist, designer.

Job classes

(by labor operations or labor purpose)

According to the approach of E.A. Klimov, in accordance with the prevailing labor operations, all professions are divided into three classes:

1. Gnostic(recognizing) specialties (GN),

2. Transformative specialties (Pr),

3. Exploratory(creative) specialties (I).

Let us show how classes of professions relate to types of professions (Table 2.7).

Classes professions Types professions	Gnostic (G)	Transformative (Etc)	Exploratory(creative) (AND)
Man - Technology	Quality Control Worker	Mechanic, driver, installer.	Designer, inventor.
Man - Man	Investigator	Teacher, nurse, doctor, salesperson.	Psychologist, entrepreneur.
Man - Nature	Receiver of agricultural products	Field breeder, veterinarian.	Breeder
Man - Sign	Corrector	Programmer, accountant, cryptographer	Theoretical physicist
Man - Artistic image.	Painting works inspector	Jeweler, painter, decorator.	Composer, writer, sculptor.

Professions departments

(by means of labor)

1. Manual labor(P) - manual (simple and weakly mechanized) tools.

Examples of professions: jeweler, fitter, auto mechanic, surgeon, pianist.

2. Mechanized labor(M) - mechanical equipment with manual control.

Examples of professions: driver, turner, seamstress.

3.Automated labor(A) - automated equipment for ensuring long-term or continuous technological processes.

Examples of professions: steelmaker, brewer, boiler room operator, nuclear power plant operator.

4. Functional tools(F). The main means of labor are the functional means of the body.

Examples of professions: teacher, singer, actor, theoretical scientist, dancer.

Profession groups (according to working conditions)

1. Household microclimate(work indoors) (B).

Examples of professions: accountant, teacher, manager.

2. Outdoor work(ABOUT)

Examples of professions: - shepherd, field farmer, postman, huntsman, military man.

3. Small confined spaces, cabins(TO).

Examples of professions: driver, crane operator, cashier of an exchange office.

4. Unusual working conditions(H)

Examples of professions: diver, miner, mine rescuer, steelmaker, astronaut, stuntman.

According to this classification, you can create formulas for a particular profession. For example, the formula for the accounting profession will be - Z: Pr: R: B.

Psychologist - H: Pr: F: B

Turner - T: Pr: M: B

Locksmith - T: Pr: R: B

Steelmaker - T: Pr: A: N

Artist - H: Tv: R: B

Investigator - W: G: F: B

When a person is on the verge of choosing a profession, he should know that the task facing him is not limited to determining how he will continue to earn his living. This or that activity, without a doubt, will determine the very way of his life. If you approach this issue frivolously, based only on the external manifestations of the profession, and do not take into account your internal requirements, various kinds of restrictions and obligations, then such an experiment can be very expensive not only for the person himself, but also for the people around him.

Choosing a field of activity

Today there are more than twenty thousand professions in the world. Such great diversity often baffles high school students and former schoolchildren. But most often, when choosing the field of their future activity, they are guided by the opinion of their parents, fashion and the prestige of the profession. At the same time, few people are interested in the correspondence between their future specialty and their own psychology. However, this is a very important point. Psychologists share the same opinion.

The concept of professional installation is of fundamental importance. It reflects a person’s readiness to make important decisions at a professional level. On the one hand, such attitudes are connected with objective situations that arise during the performance of official duties, and on the other hand, they are impossible without the individual’s experience in solving various life problems.

Determining the type of future profession

The high competition that is observed today in the labor market will certainly require not only a fairly high level of activity from a young specialist who wants to occupy his niche. He must also demonstrate good professional qualities. How to choose the right direction in life?

There are various techniques for this. Determining the type of future profession with their use is greatly simplified. But to clarify a person’s inclination towards a particular specialty, it is still proposed to use the differentiated diagnostic questionnaire of E. A. Klimov. This is a short test, which is by far the most popular and widespread in practical psychology. It is based on a classification that considers the types of professions according to Klimov.

The questionnaire includes twenty alternative judgments. Anyone taking this test simply needs to choose one of the two activities that are listed in each question.

Classification of existing specialties

The main criterion of the methodology that determines the types of professions according to Klimov is the “object of labor.” This is who or what the professional's transformative activism is aimed at.

At the same time, Klimov identifies five such “objects of labor.” This:

Nature, here we mean biological objects, that is, living nature;
- technology, which includes machines and materials, mechanisms and various types of energy;
- a person who is at different ages (child, as well as adult and elderly);
- a sign system, which includes a variety of texts, formulas, numbers and information systems;
- artistic image.

In accordance with this classification, five areas of professional activity are distinguished. Let's take a closer look at them.

"Man - Nature"

There are certain types of jobs for those who enjoy gardening, caring for animals and plants, and are good at biology. For such people, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the specialties that are in the “man - nature” sphere. The subject of labor in this case, as a rule, is animals and the conditions of their life and growth, as well as plants and the conditions of their growth.

In this case, Klimov’s “Type of future profession” classifier indicates that specialists in this field will carry out activities such as:

Study, research, analysis of the state and living conditions of plants or animals (microbiologist, agronomist, hydrobiologist, livestock specialist, phytopathologist, agrochemist);
- caring for animals and growing plants (field and forester, vegetable and florist, livestock and poultry farmer, beekeeper and gardener);
- carrying out preventive work to prevent diseases of animals and plants (quarantine service doctor, veterinarian).

Psychological requirements

The types of professions in the “man-nature” sphere can only be chosen by those who have:

Developed imagination, visual-figurative thinking, good visual memory, the ability to evaluate and anticipate changing factors of nature, observation skills;
- persistence and patience, the ability to work outside of a team, in mud and under difficult weather conditions.

Representatives of this profession have to look at the world as a whole system of biological phenomena and living nature. They need to retain significant amounts of information in their minds regarding the existence of water bodies and forests, parks, etc. These professionals must have natural scientific thinking, which will allow them to see a certain pattern in any series and, taking it into account, continue this series. And for those people whose work is related to expeditions and travel (oceanologist, geologist, etc.), strength, dexterity and physical endurance will be required. And, of course, anyone who dreams of one of these professions must love nature and treat it very carefully.

"Man - technology"

Klimov’s method for determining the type of future profession invites those people who like to take part in laboratory work in electrical engineering, chemistry and physics to pay attention to this area of ​​activity. The “human-technical” field is especially suitable for those who understand household appliances and are able to create, repair and operate various mechanisms, machines, devices and machines.

What objects of labor are used by specialists who have chosen these types of professions? These include mechanisms and machines, that is, technical objects, as well as types of energy and materials.

What is the choice of profession in this case? The types of activities in this area lie in the following areas:

Creation, assembly and installation of technical devices. These are specialists who design and construct various devices and technical systems, as well as develop technologies for their manufacturing process. Professionals also work in this area, capable of assembling devices, mechanisms and machines from individual components and parts, and then setting up and adjusting them.
- Operation of technical devices. Such specialists carry out their type of activity by working on machines, managing vehicles or automatic systems.
- Repair of technical devices. In this case, specialists are able to identify and recognize malfunctions of devices, devices, mechanisms, bringing them to normal condition and carrying out adjustments.

Psychological criteria for specialists in the sphere of “man - technology”

People who choose these types of professions must have:

Good coordination of movements;
- precise kinesthetic, auditory, visual and vibration perception;
- developed creative and technical imagination and thinking;
- ability to concentrate and switch attention;
- observation.

When such people work, it becomes necessary to keep in mind the most complex processes that occur in technical systems. This could be a computer or a modern car model filled with electronics, an automated production line, etc. All technical objects operated by professionals in this field have a huge difference in size. After all, these include a colossal steam turbine and a transistor, which can only be seen under a microscope. The means of labor in this area are also varied. It could be a giant excavator or the thinnest microscalpel. That is why people who choose this field of activity must have dexterity of movement, and sometimes endurance and physical strength.

“Man is a sign system”

What does Klimova’s technique offer the test subject? The type of profession that is in the sphere of “man - sign system” is perfect for someone who likes to draw drawings and perform calculations, systematize various information and keep file cabinets, and would not mind doing economics, programming, statistics, etc.

The characteristics of the types of professions “person - sign system” indicate that the main subjects of work for such specialists are:

Texts in a foreign or native language (proofreader and editor, clerk and typist, typesetter and telegraph operator);
- tables, formulas and figures (computer operator and programmer, accountant and economist, as well as statistician);
- maps, diagrams and drawings (technological engineer and designer, copyist and draftsman, surveyor and navigator);
- sound signals (stenographer and radio operator, sound engineer and telephone operator).

Psychological characteristics of representatives of the sphere “man - sign system”

How can we apply the classification proposed to us by E.A. in this case? Klimov? Determining the type of future profession is impossible without the qualities a person has:

Good mechanical and RAM memory;
- ability to concentrate attention on significant material for a long time;
- good switching and distribution of attention;
- the ability to see the essence behind conventional signs;
- accuracy of perception;
- patience and perseverance;
- logical thinking.

Representatives of this sphere evaluate the world from the point of view of its orderliness and from the point of view of how everything in it is taken into account, studied and calculated. Such specialists must be well versed in conventions and sign systems. That is why it is important for them to feel the language, that is, to have the ability to quickly find the general meaning inherent in the text and catch those moments that do not correspond to it.

“Man is an artistic image”

This is the fourth area in which a person can become a first-class specialist. To do this, you will need to use in your activities the subject of labor in the form of an artistic image and methods of its construction.

Specialists who choose this direction will have to carry out activities such as;

Design and creation of artistic works (artist and writer, fashion designer and composer, sculptor and architect, choreographer and journalist);
- making from a sample or reproducing various products (restorer and jeweler, musician and engraver, cabinetmaker and actor);
- reproduction and mass production of artistic works (crystal and stone grinder, painting master, printer and painter).

Requirements for the psychological portrait of representatives of the professions “person - artistic image”

Anyone planning to work in this field of activity will need:

Artistic ability;
- visual memory and observation;
- creative imagination;
- visual-figurative thinking;
- well-developed visual perception;
- observation;
- knowledge and understanding of psychological laws that contribute to influencing people.

Such specialists look for beauty and harmony in the world around them. They also try to bring something beautiful into it. To solve such creative problems you need to be a person who has a keen sense of the world. But at the same time, it is important to have equanimity and mental stability. This will give you strength and prevent you from getting upset if you fail.

"Man is a man"

For most professionals working in this field, people are the subject of their work. This applies to the following areas of activity:

Training and education (teacher and educator, as well as sports coach);
- medical care (paramedic and doctor, nannies and nurses);
- consumer services (hairdresser and salesman, watchman and waiter);
- protection of the state and society (policeman and lawyer, military man and inspector);
- information services (lecturer, guide and librarian).

Psychological requirements for “person-person” professions

What character traits should specialists working in this field have? It is important for them:

Possess sociability, easily making contact with strangers;
- strive for communication;
- have a stable and good sense of well-being when working with people;
- be responsive and friendly;
- have endurance;
- be able to control your own emotions;
- be able to analyze the behavior of not only those around you, but also your own;
- anticipate intentions and understand the mood of other people;
- understand human relationships;
- contain emerging disagreements and organize interaction between people;
- have the ability to put yourself in the place of your interlocutor, be able to listen and take into account his opinion;
- master gestures, facial expressions and speech;
- be able to convince people;
- be punctual, neat and collected;
- know the psychology of people.

Representatives of professions in the “person-to-person” sphere must understand that all people perceive this world in their own way. Moreover, many difficulties that arise in human relationships are caused by a reluctance to accept the point of view of the interlocutor.

The first professions appeared at the dawn of the development of human society. Then, with subsequent historical development and the deepening social division of labor, their number increased sharply, more and more new professions began to emerge, and they did not remain unchanged - in connection with the improvement of tools of production and the development of scientific and technological progress, some professions disappeared, the content of others changed significantly. Currently, there are more than 40 thousand different professions. Therefore, it is no coincidence that many scientists have long raised the question of the need for systematization and classification of professions. Classification refers to the ordered distribution of professions into classes, types, types based on their similarities and differences according to certain characteristics and criteria.

Historically, there have been many attempts to create a universal classification of professions, and a variety of bases (criteria) were used for its construction. Back in the 20s. last century, the famous economist S.G. Strumilin proposed systematizing professions based on such a feature as the degree of independence of a person in work. In this regard, he divided all types of labor into five types:

1) auto(strictly regulated work, with a dependent pace of work, monotonous performance of tasks and techniques, for example, in the conditions of conveyor production);

2) semi-automatic labor(a person’s labor actions are not always strictly regulated; there is the possibility of choosing the pace and methods of work, for example, the profession of a telephone operator, typist);

3) template-executive labor(tasks and work methods are varied, but are predetermined by instructions, drawings, templates, for example, the work of a mechanic, turner);

4) independent work within the scope of the task(gives a lot of scope for the manifestation of independence, but within a certain framework - the work of a teacher, doctor, engineer);

5) free creative work(a person himself chooses the methods and forms of work, the results of the work are expressed in the creation of original products - the work of a scientist, artist, composer, etc.).

At one time this classification had a certain meaning, but for our time it is, of course, outdated. Often, for practical purposes and convenience of description, all existing professions are classified according to sectors of the national economy (industrial, transport, construction, agricultural professions, etc.), as well as according to their content (medical, pedagogical, legal, military, administrative and managerial, etc. .d.). Such systematization does not take into account psychological criteria, which must be relied upon when carrying out, for example, professional consulting work. It is known that even the professions and specialties that are closest to each other can differ significantly in their psychological components.

In the history of the study of professions, there have been attempts when their classification was carried out only according to psychological criteria. Thus, German psychologists G. Piorkovsky and O. Lipman based the division of professions on the degree of participation in work activities of intellectual functions and identified their three classes - lower, middle and higher. Inferior(unskilled) do not require the participation of intelligence, average- involve insignificant activity of the intellect and higher - require active intellectual activity. In turn, the higher professions were divided into three more groups: a) gnostic (scientists); b) technical (engineers, technicians); c) symbolizing (artists, musicians, poets). Some other authors also proposed dividing professions according to the degree of participation in work activities of the functions of attention, memory and other mental processes.

The main disadvantage of purely psychological classifications of professions was that they were quite one-sided, since they took into account only the psychological component of work activity. In addition, their authors, speaking about the psychological and anatomical and physiological substrate of various groups of professions, wrongfully separated the functions of a working person and ignored the fact that work activity, even in the simplest case, is ensured by the complex interaction of all mental and physiological functions. However, some methods proposed by psychologists of the past (for example, O. Lipman's questionnaire) can be used in modern research.

Currently, in the practice of career guidance work, the classification proposed by E. A. Klimov is widely used. The principle of its construction is that, depending on the characteristics of the main subject of work and a person’s relationship to various objects of the surrounding world, all professions are divided into five types:

1. Human- technique. This type includes professions related to the maintenance and repair of equipment, vehicle maintenance, machine processing of material (turner, driver, mechanic, etc.);

2. Man- nature. This includes professions in which the object of human interaction is nature (agronomist, biologist, gardener);

3. Man is a sign system. This type includes professions where the object of labor is various signs - numbers, symbols, graphs, diagrams, maps (programmer, draftsman, proofreader);

4. Man is an artistic image. This type includes professions related to visual, musical, literary, artistic and acting activities (artist, musician, engraver, painter, etc.);

5. Human- Human. The fifth type consists of professions related to training and education, household, trade and medical services, leadership and management of people and teams (teacher, doctor, educator, seller, manager).

In addition, within each of these types, E. A. Klimov identified three more classes of professions based on target orientation:

1. Gnostic(from the ancient Greek “gnosis” - knowledge, cognition). Professions of this class are characterized by pronounced cognitive activity and observation. For example, in the “Man - Technology” type, the Gnostic class includes the professions of a master in control of finished products, a master diagnostician of instruments and equipment; in the “Man - Nature” type - tea taster, controller of receiving fruits; in the “Man - sign system” type - proofreader of a printing house, inspector of finished products in the printing industry; in the “Man - artistic image” type - art critic, musicologist; in the "Man" type - person" - sociologist, forensic expert.

2. Transformative. The peculiarity of this class of professions is their focus on transforming various things, objects, processes of nature and social life. In the “Man - Technology” type, this is a repairman, turner; in the “Man - Nature” type - agronomist, zoo engineer, master fruit and vegetable grower; in the “Man - sign system” type - draftsman-cartographer, accountant, stenographer; in the “Man - artistic image” type - porcelain painter, modeler of architectural details, trainer, master of industrial training.

3. Exquisite. This class of professions is characterized by a search for something new, a focus on discovering new and original options for solving various tasks and problems. Within the boundaries of the “Man - Technology” type, these include a design engineer, a shoe upper cutter; in the “Man - Nature” type - research biologist, forestry observer pilot; in the “Man - Man” type - educator, production organizer, trade organizer.

In conclusion, it should be noted that E. A. Klimov’s classification is not without certain shortcomings. For example, the professions of a turner and a driver are significantly different from one another in their psychological characteristics and the nature of the requirements placed on a person, but they are included in the same type; not only professions of the fifth type, but also many others, one way or another, deal with people and involve close interaction with them, etc. That is why, using this classification in professional consulting work, it is important to establish not only the general type of profession to which The consultee gravitates, but also to give him recommendations about his suitability for a specific specialty within a given type.

As the children's proverb says: “All professions are needed, all professions are important.” Of course this is true. It is difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without working in some profession. Even the most seemingly useless work makes a huge contribution to the life of each of us. What is the classification of professions?

General concept

Classification is a meaningful division of certain things into groups and types according to certain characteristics. The concepts of “profession” and “classification of professions” are closely related. A profession is a type of activity of a person who possesses a complex of special theoretical knowledge, as well as skills and abilities acquired as a result of training and practical exercises. Depending on the type of activity, professions can be grouped. The classification of professions by subject of labor also plays a large role in the division. This issue will be discussed in detail in this article.

Types of classification of working professions

The world of professions is diverse, there are more than seven thousand names in it. In 1957, the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) was adopted, created by the joint efforts of representatives of UNESCO, the UN and the World Health Organization. This is a type of division of professions into groups. The process of dividing into groups itself can take place in different ways, depending on the characteristic taken as a basis. This could be a classification:

• By the first letter of the name of the type of activity (in alphabetical order, for example).
• By character or physical).
• By sector of the economy (industry, science, construction, livestock and crop production, forestry, transport and communications, healthcare, management, trade, and so on).
• Based on material production (for example, agriculture, industry, forestry, construction, etc. There is no material production in healthcare, science, trade, media, etc.).
• According to the level and nature of the required qualifications: highly qualified (financial auditor, chemist, broker, engineer and others); qualified (insurance worker, personnel officers, administrator, appraiser, technologist and others); low-skilled (postman, store worker, etc.); unskilled (janitor, street vendor, cleaner, courier and others).

Everything has its drawbacks

Each of the above classifications of professions has its own disadvantages.

The first option is inconvenient because there are a lot of areas of activity (about seven thousand), and it will be difficult to distribute each one in alphabetical order, and the result will be an incredibly huge list.

The disadvantage of the second method is that when transferring, the boundaries of mental and physical labor are automatically erased.

The third method has two disadvantages:

1. There are professions that relate to several sectors of the economy (for example, a mechanic. The scope of activity is widespread in several sectors of the national economy).

2. Inaccuracy, since some activities cross over into other areas (for example, a school nurse, a health care worker, but at the same time works in a scientific field of activity).

The fourth method can also be argued. Every profession is related to production, only in one case these are material things (for example, industry, construction), and in the other case these are intangible values ​​(for example, science, the media). Regardless of whether you can “touch” what is being produced, every area of ​​activity is important for humanity.

The fifth case also has its own nuances. There is often a situation where a person is a jack of all trades and really does his job well, but they cannot hire him as a staff member because he does not have the education credentials. At the same time, a certified specialist comes in who actually doesn’t know how to do anything.

Division of professions by working conditions

There is also a classification of professions based on working conditions. It includes only four types:

1. Household microclimate. This is a profession whose workers work indoors under familiar conditions (or office work). For example, a programmer, accountant, doctor, teacher and others.
2. Work outdoors. The employee spends most of his time outdoors rather than indoors. For example, sales representative, postman, janitor, forester and others.
3. Small confined spaces, cabins. The worker spends most of his time in a small room. For example, driver, concierge, operator, and so on.
4. Unusual working conditions. Unusual working conditions include underground work, work in water conditions, or at high altitudes. For example, a miner, an industrial climber, a mountain rescuer, a diver and others.

In any case, depending on how you need to classify types of professions, any of the above methods is chosen. But about this in order.

What are they? In addition to the above options for classifications of professions, there is also a way of psychological division into groups. The division of activities into groups according to psychological principles is intended for career guidance work. This type of distribution is important for the theory of labor psychology, as well as for understanding the role of psychological factors in a particular type of work.

Psychological analysis of work activity in any profession is an integral part and primary stage of work in the field of labor psychology. Analysis acts as the basis on which any further research is built.

The diversity of professions poses the task of labor psychology to classify professions, identify common features and differences between professions and types of activities. The psychological study of certain types of work activity is called a description of professions (professiography), and the resulting result is called a professiogram. The professiogram includes a number of characteristics relating to types of work: technical and economic, social, psychological, as well as hygienic working conditions. The result obtained is influenced by a combination of personality characteristics and mental processes that are activated during a certain type of work.

The concept of professionally important signs

Professionally important qualities are individual character and personality traits of a person, mental and physical qualities that meet the requirements for an individual occupying a particular position in the profession.

The important signs of a professional include five points:

1. Attitude to the profession, work, interests related to this field of activity.
2. The moral image of a person as part of a team.
3. Capacity related to a specific position (flexibility of mind, resourcefulness, ability to self-develop - the intellectual sphere of activity; physiological development, endurance - for physical labor).

Single, private, special abilities, if necessary for the required position or profession as a whole.

4. Knowledge, abilities, skills and experience in a similar position.

A new type of classification of professions

Aleksandrovich, academician, specialist in labor psychology, professor of psychological sciences, made a lot of discoveries in the field of psychology and did not ignore the psychology of work. In 1970, he patented his classification of professions by subject of labor, which is still used today. His subject-activity concept of professional work is extensive and covers almost all professions, dividing them into certain groups. As Klimov himself states, every person is able to find a profession in which he will be comfortable, and work will bring pleasure. With Klimov’s concept, you can create an approximate formula for your desired profession, as well as determine your dream job.

Distribution of Klimov's professions

Correct compilation and further use of professionograms presupposes certain knowledge in the use of classification. The most common for career guidance is the classification of professions according to Klimov. In accordance with the object of labor, five types are distinguished.

"Man - Nature"

This type includes people whose work activity is related to the animal and plant world, as well as microorganisms and the conditions of their existence. A worker in this profession sees the world from the perspective of biological development, innovations and losses in this area. Representatives of professions of this type are able to create and adjust the living conditions and development of living organisms, while using a variety of technical means. If we take agriculture into account, not all remote areas are equipped with the necessary equipment, so physical labor also takes place in this area. And also, do not underestimate the intellectual aspect of this classification of professions. Since working conditions are non-standard, it is often necessary to notice the most subtle, but very important changes in living organisms. The requirements for an employee of this structure are also non-standard: from special skills (for example, drawing, so that you can record what is visible under a microscope) to operating equipment. As for professional qualities, the employee must love nature, have perseverance in achieving goals, creative thinking and patience. Professions in the “Man - Nature” sphere include: veterinarian, agronomist, biologist, beekeeper and many others.

"Man—Technology"

This type includes activities related to the repair and maintenance of technical devices and their operation, as well as the creation, installation and assembly, design and construction of devices and technical systems, individual parts of the mechanism. Observation, keen hearing and vision are among the main professional qualities of an employee in this field. Also, for successful work, precise and high knowledge in the technical field is required. Professions of the “Man-Technology” type include mechanic, repairman, driver, technician and others.

"Man - Sign System"

The object of labor of this type of classification is signs - numbers, formulas, oral and written speech, drawings, drawings, maps, and so on. The basis of work activity is intellectual work, with the help of which all kinds of sign systems are created. The professional qualities of an employee of this type of profession are perseverance, attentiveness, the ability to concentrate for a long time, and a love of solitary work. Professions of the “Man - Sign System” type include programmer, system administrator, accountant, stenographer, radio operator, draftsman, cutter, editor and others.

"Man - Artistic Image"

The objects of labor of workers in this field are artistic images formed in literature, fine arts, music and acting. The goals of this profession are to create beauty, bring harmony to the world around us, preserve the cultural heritage of humanity and create aesthetics. A professional in this field must have an undoubted innate talent, a love of beauty and art, artistic taste and a rich imagination. Professions of the “Human – Artistic Image” type include actor, photographer, artist, journalist and even jeweler.

"Man - Man"

Workers in this type of profession work directly with people. The main task is to interact with people or serve other people. Certain types of professions are related to each other by the essence of work, although the work activity itself is completely different. The purpose of this classification of professions can be treatment, training, management, information, etc. The professional qualities that an employee must have are sociability and culture of communication, understanding of a person’s mood and his needs, developed cognitive activity, friendliness, listening skills and stress resistance . Professions of the “Human-Human” type include teacher, policeman, doctor, salesman, service worker, insurance agent and many others.

The choice of a future profession should be taken extremely seriously. Without love for work, love for life will disappear. When choosing the type of profession according to the classification, you can understand what exactly you need.