Philosophy.900 questions. Tests on ancient philosophy Which statement belongs to Thales
those suffering
Buddhism considers man to be a being
those suffering
In Augustine's Confessions the question of
human free will
In Plato’s statement “Under the influence of philosophy, the soul of a person is purified and a person becomes truly perfect” we are talking about the ___________ function of philosophy
humanistic
Depending on which sphere of existence is attributed primacy - nature or spirit, philosophers are divided into
materialists and idealists
In Western European philosophy, the first philosopher to place man at the center of his thoughts was
In art, unlike philosophy, experience is translated into
The natural philosophy of the Renaissance is based on
pantheism
The philosophy of V. Solovyov is based on the idea
unity
The philosophy of J. Bruno is based on
pantheism
The philosophy is based on
question of being
The basis of the philosophical systems of the French enlighteners was
mechanistic picture of the world
The philosophical systems of the French Enlightenment are based on a ____________ picture of the world
mechanistic
In contrast to Western individualism, the Slavophiles associated the basis of the identity of Russian civilization with
conciliarity
In Russian philosophy, the creator of the religious and philosophical doctrine of unity was
V. Soloviev
In Russian philosophy, traditionally increased attention has been paid
In modern philosophy, the doctrine of scientific knowledge called
epistemology
The structure of consciousness includes
will and emotions
In Kant's work there are periods
subcritical and critical
The most important feature of the philosophical worldview in the Middle Ages is
theocentrism
An important function of myth was
consolidation of established traditions and norms in society
The age-old dispute between medieval thinkers about “universals,” that is, general concepts, was divided into two main camps
realists and nominalists
The attention of Renaissance thinkers was directed primarily to
person
The emergence of psychoanalysis is associated with the name
Z. Freud
Renaissance as a movement in European culture arises in (o)
A. Schopenhauer
Will is identified with the “mysterious forces” of the cosmic fundamental principle of the world in philosophy
A. Schopenhauer
The question of the beginning of the world was central in ancient philosophy of the _________ period
pre-Socratic
The question of the beginning of the world was central in Ancient philosophy at the stage
early classics
The question of what truth is and what its criteria are considered in
epistemology
The question of the historical fate of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century was posed
P. Chaadaev
Issues of philosophy of politics during the Renaissance were developed
Nicolo Machiavelli
Questions: does the world exist on its own or does it exist from God; what underlies the changes taking place in the world; what are the basic laws and driving forces its development relate to
ontologies
Everything that is inaccessible to the senses is also inaccessible to the mind, say supporters
sensationalism
An outstanding thinker and scientist of antiquity, the creator of the Lyceum, is
Aristotle
An outstanding representative of the patristic stage is
Augustine Aurelius
1. The beginning of all things is number, he believed
3. Pythagoras*
4. Aristotle
2.main feature early Greek philosophy
1. dialectic
3. cosmocentrism*
4. naturalism
3. Founder of classical Greek philosophy
3.Aristotle
4. Pythagoras
4. Things are made of atoms, believed
1. Democritus*
2. Pythagoras
1. Heraclitus
2. Zeno of Elea
3. Parmenides
4. Zeno of the Stoa
6. Picture of the world presented by the early Greek philosophers …………………………………..(natural philosophy)
7. Who first began to use the concept of “being”?
1.Parmenides*
3.Heraclitus
8. The Eleatics called the ability to argue, the ability to put the enemy in a difficult position in a dispute …………………. (subjective dialectics)
9. The initial principle of the Sophists, formulated by Protagoras …………………………… (“Man is the measure of all things”
10. Happiness is the highest goal of human life. This position is confirmed
1. utilitarianism
2. eudaimonism*
3. hedonism
4. pragmatism
11. What term did Socrates use to describe the art of searching for truth by contrasting different opinions……………..(maieutics)
12. Continue formulating the rule of the “golden mean” - “virtue is the middle of two ………… (vices)
13. Real existence is the “world of ideas,” believed
1. Plato*
2. Aristotle
3. Parmenides
4.Democritus
14. An ethical position that affirms pleasure as the highest good
1. utilitarianism
2. eudaimonism
3. hedonism*
4. pragmatism
15. “Learn not to perceive external influences” is a principle of ethics
1. Stoics*
2. Cynics
3. Epicureans
4. sophists
16. Supporters of asceticism preach
1. altruism
2. renunciation of worldly temptations*
3. enjoying life
4. benefit from everything
17. Outstanding thinker and scientist of Antiquity and creator of the Lyceum
2.Aristotle*
3.Heraclitus
18. Ancient thinkers made the greatest contribution to the study of society
1. Parmenides and Zeno
2. Thales and Anaximenes
3. Plato and Aristotle*
4. Seneca and Marcus Aurelius
19. According to the ancient Greek philosopher, nature is
1. space*
2. living beings
3.eternal and unchanging peace
4. inanimate objects
20. Historically, the first attempt to comprehend the quantitative side of the universe is the teaching
1.Heraclitus
2.Pythagoras*
3.Plato
4.Aristotle
21. The question of the origin of being was central in Ancient philosophy at the stage
1.ancient Greek*
2.Greco-Roman
3. early classics
4. Late Classics
22. The reorientation of ancient philosophy from the theme of nature to the theme of man is associated with the name
1.Democritus
2. Socrates*
3. Epicurus
4.Aristotle
23. Reasonable sensual pleasures are the highest value of human life, he believed
2. Zeno of the Stoa
24. Freedom is the highest virtue, they believed
3.epicureans
4. Neoplatonists
25. True existence is cognized only in a state of ecstasy, he believed
3. Plotinus*
26. The first Greek and at the same time the first European philosopher -...
1. Xenophanes
27. If freedom is understood according to the principle “wherever I want, I’ll turn it,” then such a position may end up in an unacceptable contradiction, for example, with norms...
1. anarchy
2. morality *
3. permissiveness
4. selfishness
28. The first attempt to explain the world in NON-mythological images was made in the era:
1. antiquity*
2. pre-philosophical
3. Middle Ages
4. New times
29. Followers were called Peripatetics
1. Aristotle
2. Heraclitus
3.Socrates
4.Plato
30. He recognized the doctrine of recollection as the core of the theory of knowledge:
1. Plato*
2. Democritus
3. Heraclitus
31. The philosophical positions of the Eleatic school express the following judgments:
1. Movement is impossible*
2. The entire Universe is a different combination of atoms
3. For the movement of atoms, the existence of emptiness is necessary
4.The basis of the universe is “water”.
32. The rule of the “golden mean” was formulated by:
1. Aristotle*
3. Heraclitus
33.Ancient Greek philosopher, who in his aporias proves the contradiction between
mind and feelings:
2. Zeno of Elea*
3. Zeno of the Stoa
4. Heraclitus
34. Philosopher who proclaimed self-knowledge as a virtue:
1. Socrates*
2. Heraclitus
2. Democritus
3. Anaximenes
4. Heraclitus*
36. The most striking development of objective dialectics in early Greek philosophy came from
1.Heraclitus*
2. Parmenides
1. Heraclitus*
2. Anaximander
3. Anaximenes
38. The main provisions of Plato’s philosophy are expressed in the judgment:
1. Cognition is recollection
2. Philosophers should rule society*
3. There is being, there is no non-being
4. The world is made of atoms
39.Ancient Greek philosopher who argued that the basis of all things is
limitless "apeiron":
1. Anaximander
2. Anaximenes
3.Aristotle
41.Ancient philosopher who believed that justice is the ideal of the structure of society:
2. Democritus
3. Aristotle*
42.Ancient thinker who recognized the primacy of the world of ideas in relation to
the real existence of things:
1. Plato*
1. Pythagoras
2. Socrates*
3 Aristotle
4 Anaximander
44. Matter is a substratum, according to Plato it is
1. Sensibly perceived things
2. Thanks to ideas it turns into sensory things*
4. World soul
45. Matter is passive, but form is active, believed
1. Socrates
2. Pythagoras
3. Plato
4. Aristotle*
46. By “true being” Plato understood:
2. Sensibly perceived things.
3. Matter
47. Which philosopher believed that only the will is good or bad? It allows a person to become free
48. Philosophical school of the Greco-Roman period:
1. Pythagorean Union
2. Academy*
4. Garden of Epicurus
49. Representative of objective idealism
1.Democritus
4.Aristotle
50. What position is characteristic of Aristotle?
1. Being is atoms
2. Existence is sensory things and the supersensible world*
3. Being is ideas
4. Being is what is thought
51. Which philosopher argued that moral virtues are absolute (exist forever)?
1 Socrates, Plato*
2. Peripatetics
3. Xenophanes, Diogenes
4. Plato and Aristotle
52. Aristotle considered the criterion for the correct structure of society to be:
1. A state can be happy if its citizens are happy*
2. A person must be free from the state
3. The main thing is that the state is happy
4. There must be one example of correct life in the state
53. Founder of the dialogue form of presenting philosophy................(Socrates)
54. To whom could the saying belong: “Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer”?
1 Aristotle*
2. Pythagoras
3. Heraclitus
4 To Socrates
55. Aristotle’s teachings are correctly expressed by the following judgments:
1. There are higher beings who do not possess matter*
2. Matter contains form
3. A thing is given shape by a person
4.God does not exist
56. First philosophical school in the history of European philosophy:
1. Pythagorean Union
2. Eleatic
3. Miletus*
IX - XIV centuries in medieval European philosophy are called the stage
scholastics
2. _________ is a philosopher of Russian diaspora, author of the study “On Resistance to Evil by Force”
I.A. Ilyin
3. __________ function of philosophy is based on its ability, in alliance with science, to predict the general course of development of existence
Prognostic
4. ___________ is an outstanding figure of the Renaissance, author of the essay “In Praise of Stupidity”
E Rotterdam
5. “The unconscious” according to S. Freud, functions on the basis
primary drives in order to obtain the greatest pleasure
6. “Occam’s Razor” reflects the content of the principle
“entities should not be multiplied beyond what is necessary”
7. “There is nothing outside of nature and man, and higher beings are only fantastic reflections of our own essence,” they said
materialists
8. “The will to power, the attraction of all living things to self-affirmation is the basis of life,” asserted
F. Nietzsche
9. “Everything in history and the destinies of people is predetermined by the will of God,” states
providentialism
10. “Everything in history and the destinies of people is predetermined by the will of God,” states
providentialism
eleven. " Natural state", according to T. Hobbes, is
war of all against all
12. “The incorrect use of language gives rise to pseudo-problems, including philosophical ones,” representatives say
neopositivism
13. “The main geological force creating the noosphere is growth scientific knowledge"- wrote
Vernadsky V.I.
14. “Sensations without concepts are blind, and concepts without sensations are empty,” believed
I. Kant
15. Called himself a “Knight of the Free Spirit”
ON THE. Berdyaev
16. “Freedom is a conscious necessity,” believed
B. Spinoza
17. “The meaning of an individual’s life is not to save the soul and serve God, but to serve society,” they argued
Plato, Hegel, Marxists
18. “Philosophy must come down from “heaven to earth” and solve practical, vital problems of man,” representatives believe
pragmatism
19. “The end justifies the means,” say representatives
pragmatism
20. “Man of the masses” is opposed by “superman,” he believed
F. Nietzsche
21. The Four Noble Truths are the basis
Buddhism
22. Author of “Experiments” and creator of a new one literary genre- essay
M. Montaigne
23. Author of the famous “Confession”, great Christian thinker
Aurelius Augustine
24. The author of the famous aporia “Achilles and the Tortoise”, “Arrow”, etc. is
Zeno of Elea
25. The author of the work “The Sovereign”, who substantiated the principles of political art is
N. Machiavelli
26. The author of the work “The Word of Law and Grace” is
Hilarion
27. The author of the philosophy of “common cause” is
N.F. Fedorov
28. The axiological function of philosophy is that it
29. The axiological function of philosophy is that philosophy
contributes to the formation of a person’s ideas about basic values
30. Axiology is the study of
values
31. Ancient philosophy includes
ancient Greek and Roman philosophy
32. Ancient philosophy includes __________ philosophy
ancient Greek and ancient Roman
33. Ancient philosophy originated in the cities of Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor) and Southern Italy, and reached its peak in
Athens
34. The ancient philosopher ____________ linked virtue with knowledge, creating the concept of ethical intellectualism
Socrates
35. Ancient philosopher who created logic
Aristotle
36. Buddhism considers man to be a being
those suffering
37. In Augustine's Confessions the question is first raised
about human free will
38. In Augustine's Confessions, the question of
human free will
39. In Plato’s statement “Under the influence of philosophy, a person’s soul is purified and a person becomes truly perfect” we are talking about the ___________ function of philosophy
humanistic
40. Depending on which sphere of existence is attributed primacy - nature or spirit, philosophers are divided into
materialists and idealists
41. In Western European philosophy, the first philosopher to place man at the center of his thoughts was
Socrates
42. In art, unlike philosophy, experience is translated into
images
43. The basis of the natural philosophy of the Renaissance is
pantheism
44. The philosophy of V. Solovyov is based on the idea
unity
45. The philosophy of J. Bruno is based on
pantheism
46. Philosophy is based on
question of being
47. The basis of the philosophical systems of the French enlighteners was
mechanistic picture of the world
48. The basis of the philosophical systems of the French enlighteners is the ____________ picture of the world
mechanistic
49. In contrast to Western individualism, the Slavophiles associated the basis of the identity of Russian civilization with
conciliarity
50. In Russian philosophy, the creator of the religious and philosophical doctrine of unity was
V. Soloviev
51. In Russian philosophy, traditionally increased attention was paid
moral values
52. In modern philosophy, the doctrine of scientific knowledge is called
epistemology
53. Included in the structure of consciousness
will and emotions
54. In Kant’s work, periods are distinguished
subcritical and critical
55. The most important feature of the philosophical worldview in the Middle Ages is
theocentrism
56. An important function of myth was
consolidation of established traditions and norms in society
57. The centuries-old dispute between medieval thinkers about “universals,” that is, general concepts, was divided into two main camps
realists and nominalists
58. The attention of Renaissance thinkers is directed primarily to
person
59. The emergence of psychoanalysis is associated with the name
Z. Freud
60. Renaissance as a movement in European culture arises in(o)
Italy
61. Will is identified with the “mysterious forces” of the cosmic fundamental principle of the world in philosophy
A. Schopenhauer
62. The question of the beginning of the world was central in Ancient philosophy at the stage
early classics
63. The question of the beginning of the world was central in ancient philosophy of the _________ period
pre-Socratic
64. The question of what truth is and what its criteria are considered in
epistemology
65. The question of the historical fate of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century was raised
P. Chaadaev
66. Questions of the philosophy of politics during the Renaissance were developed
Nicolo Machiavelli
67. Questions: does the world exist by itself or does it exist from God; what underlies the changes taking place in the world; what are the basic laws and driving forces of its development, relate to
ontologies
68. Everything that is inaccessible to the senses is also inaccessible to the mind, say supporters
sensationalism
69. An outstanding thinker and scientist of antiquity, the creator of the Lyceum, is
Aristotle
70. An outstanding representative of the patristic stage is
Augustine Aurelius
71. Hegel developed the basic laws
dialectics
72. Hermeneutics is called
the art of understanding someone else's personality as expressed in text
73. The main feature of modernity is that in order to continue its history, Man needs to learn to coordinate his global activities with the needs
nature
74. The main goal of the Reformation of the 16th century. was
75. The main goal of the Reformation of the 16th century. was
conversion of the Catholic Church
76. The main condition for the existence and development of society is
material production
77. The epistemological function of philosophy is that philosophy
accumulates, generalizes and transmits new knowledge
78. Epistemology is the philosophical doctrine of
knowledge
79. Greek thought originated in the cities of Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor) and southern Italy, and reached its peak in
Athens
80. The Greek words phileo – “love” and sophia – “wisdom” gave rise to the term
philosophy
81. Deconstruction as a research strategy is justified in
postmodernism
82. The division of society into a “chosen minority” and “the masses” is fundamental in creativity
H. Ortega y Gasseta
83. The division of philosophers into empiricists and rationalists is typical of the era
New times
84. Modern philosophy is characterized by a division into
soul and body
85. Characteristic of the Renaissance
anthropocentrism
86. Until the middle of the 19th century. There was a general belief that philosophy
queen of sciences
87. Until the middle of the 19th century, there was a general belief that philosophy
queen of sciences
88. The contractual theory of the origin of the state from the mind and experience of people, and not from theology, was developed by such thinkers of the New Age as
T. Hobbes, J. Locke, J.-J. Rousseau
89. Ancient Greek philosophy originates as
rationalistic
90. Ancient Greek philosopher who became a symbol of brutal frankness
Diogenes
91. Ancient Indian and ancient Chinese philosophy is characterized by
practical orientation
92. Dualism is a philosophical doctrine
proceeding from the recognition of equal rights, not reducible to each other, of two principles
93. Human spiritual activity associated with the desire for wisdom is realized in
philosophy
94. The soul of the world, the connecting link between God and his creation, according to Vl. Solovyov, there is
Sofia
95. If Eastern philosophy is characterized as mystical, then European philosophy is characterized as
rationalistic
96. J.-J. Rousseau saw the reason for the inequality of people in
existence of private property
97. The merit of the sophists is that they
highlighted the human problem
98. The idealization of Russian original principles is characteristic of
Slavophiles
99. Identified the ideational, idealistic and sensory stages in the development of culture
P. Sorokin
100. The ideas of freedom, the priority of individual existence over the social are characteristic of
existentialism
101. The ideas of the philosophy of the Enlightenment are clearly embodied in the world's first "Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts", written in (in)
France
102. The ideas of the philosophy of the Enlightenment are clearly embodied in the world’s first “Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts”, created by thinkers
France
103. The ideological source of existentialism, along with hermeneutics and philosophy of life, is
phenomenology
104. The idea of spontaneous and spontaneous origin of life is characteristic of
mythology
105. The idea of freedom, the priority of individual existence over the social is characteristic of
existentialism
106. A person’s intuitive abilities belong to the sphere
unconscious
107. Art is aimed at comprehension
aesthetic
108. Researches the essence and origin of morality, the meaning of moral standards in human life
ethics
109. True being, according to Plato, is
world of eidos
110. The interpretation of consciousness as a property of highly organized matter, the highest form of reflection of the world, a product of the evolution of nature, man and society is characteristic of __________ materialism
dialectical
111. Historically, the first attempt to comprehend the quantitative side of the universe is the teaching
Pythagoras
112. The source of all alienation, according to Marx, is
private ownership of the means of production
113. The law does not belong to the dialectical laws of G. Hegel
excluded third
114. Philosophy arose as an independent spiritual and cultural education
in Ancient Greece
115. Philosophy arose as an independent spiritual and cultural education
in Ancient Greece
116. As a system of views on the world and the place of man in it, philosophy acts as
worldview
117. I. Kant’s book “Critique of Practical Reason” is dedicated to
ethics
118. When philosophy teaches not to immediately take anything for granted and not to reject anything without deep and independent reflection and analysis, then its activity is associated with the _____________ function
ideological
119. The concept of "man playing" was developed
J. Huizinga
120. The concept in which man is understood as an element of nature, similar to animals and subject to the same laws of functioning as them, is called
naturalizing
121. The concept that history is made by a privileged minority is called
elite theory
122. The culture of the twentieth century is characterized as a culture
technical
123. Lao Tzu is the founder
Taoism
124. Materialistic position in Russian philosophy of the 19th - 20th centuries. present
A. Herzen, V. Belinsky, D. Pisarev
125. Materialistic position in Russian philosophy of the 19th – 20th centuries. present
A. Herzen, V. Belinsky, D. Pisarev
126. Matter has attributes of both extension and thinking, he believed
Spinoza
127. International public organization, created in 1968 to analyze the most pressing problems of our time, was called
Roman Club
128. A worldview that absolutizes the freedom of human goal-setting, will and action is characterized as
voluntarism
129. Worldview that denies the rationality of the world, the possibility of its knowledge and improvement
irrationalism
130. Worldview dualism of the New Age affirms division
being and consciousness
131. Worldview, worldview, attitude in their totality form
worldview
132. Is not a monotheistic religion
Buddhism
133. The mental unification of parts into a single whole is
synthesis
134. Thinking and being are substances independent of each other, asserts
dualism
135. N. Machiavelli gave a rationale secular state V
treatise "Sovereign"
136. N. Machiavelli gave a rationale for a secular state in
treatise "Sovereign"
137. To the question: “Does the world have unity in its existence and what is the basis of this unity?” answers the section of philosophical knowledge
ontology
138. Direction of modern Western philosophy, which substantiates understanding as a method of cognition, is
hermeneutics
139. The direction of modern Western philosophy, which substantiates understanding as a method of cognition, is called
hermeneutics
140. Science acts as
spiritual and practical activity aimed at understanding the essence and laws of the objective world
141. Scientific and technological progress contributes to the growth of ethical nihilism, believes
antiscientism
142. The beginning of the materialistic tradition in Russian philosophy was laid
Lomonosov M.V.
143. German cardinal, whose doctrine of the coincidence of opposites contributed to the rejection of the geocentric model of the world
N. Kuzansky
144. Justification for the boundaries of the human mind in knowledge of the world was given
I. Kantom
145. The justification for the dogma of the trinity of God is Christian
ontology
146. Deals with the justification of the independence of science from philosophy
positivism
147. Social progress connects with the achievements of science
scientism
148. Common to philosophy, along with other forms of worldview, is(are)
item
149. By combining the achievements of science into a single whole, philosophy implements the ____________ function
integrating
150. The object of philosophy is
being in general
151. One of the schools of Hinduism that practices control of consciousness through breathing and exercises is called
yoga
152. One of the areas of philosophy that emerged in the 20th century is
structuralism
153. One of the first representatives of Marxism in Russian philosophy is
Plekhanov G.V.
154. One of the characteristic features of modern philosophy is
active research into language problems
155. One of the schools of ancient Chinese philosophy is
Taoism
156. Ontology in philosophy is the doctrine of
being
157. Plato’s ontology, which asserts that the idea of Good lies at the heart of being, is characterized as
objective idealism
158. Understanding the contradictions of reality, searching for ways to resolve them, is associated with the __________ function of philosophy
critical
159. The main content of the dialectical concept of development is described by three universal laws, first formulated
Hegel
160. Main stages historical development European philosophy
Antiquity, Middle Ages, Modern times, Contemporary times
161. The main representatives of the classical period of Ancient philosophy were
Plato and Aristotle
162. The main representatives of the classical period of ancient philosophy were
Plato and Aristotle
163. The founders of synergetics are
G. Haken and I. Prigogine
164. The founder of philosophical anthropology of the twentieth century is considered to be
M. Scheler
165. The basis of Confucius's philosophy is(are)
problems of man, family and state
166. A feature of ancient Eastern philosophy is
reliance on mythological ideas about the world and man
167. A feature of the medieval style of thinking is
theocentrism
168. The difference between philosophy and religion is that
cognitive function for philosophy is leading
169. The first historical form of a holistic and imaginative perception of the world is
mythology
170. The first principle, the impersonal world law in ancient Chinese philosophy was called
Tao
171. The first ideas about philosophy in Rus' developed after
adoption of Christianity
172. The first Greek and at the same time the first European philosopher is
Thales
173. The first European philosopher to raise the question of the origin of the world is
Thales
174. The first materialists in the history of European philosophy are considered
Democritus, Leucippus, Epicurus
175. According to ________, matter has attributes of both extension and thinking
Spinoza
176. According to _________, the “mass man” is opposed to the “superman”
F. Nietzsche
177. According to ___________, the consciousness of a newborn is a “blank slate”, which is gradually “covered with the writings of the mind”
J. Locke
178. According to ___________, number, as the first existing thing, makes it possible to distinguish, to bring certainty to being
Pythagoras
179. According to supporters of ____, everything that is inaccessible to the senses is also inaccessible to the mind
sensationalism
180. According to the theorists of _________, a popular movement in the USA, philosophy is called upon to descend from “heaven to earth” to solve human life problems
pragmatism
181. The turn from classical philosophy to non-classical philosophy is associated with such names as
Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche
182. Like philosophy, art
has a personal character
183. Cognition of an object from the point of view of its essential properties, connections and development trends gives ______ truth
relative
184. By helping a person understand his place in nature and society, philosophy performs ________ function
humanistic
185. The understanding of dialectics as the art of arguing is associated with the name
Socrates
186. Understanding nature as a field for the application of human physical and intellectual forces is characteristic of philosophy
New times
187. The concept of a passionate personality is associated with creativity
L. Gumileva
188. The emergence of a secular type of philosophizing in Russia occurs in the _______ century
XVIII
189. The subject of philosophy is(are)
universal in the “world – man” system
190. The representative of the natural science direction in “Russian cosmism” is
IN AND. Vernadsky
191. The representative of the philosophy of life is
F. Nietzsche
192. Representatives vulgar materialism believe that consciousness
has a material nature
193. Representatives of existentialism believed that the meaning of life is primarily determined
by the man himself
194. Representatives of _________ believe that a person acquires his essence in the process of his existence
existentialism
195. Representatives of rationalism in the philosophy of the 17th century were
196. Representatives of rationalism in the philosophy of the 17th century are
R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz
197. Representatives of empiricism in the philosophy of the 17th century were
F. Bacon, T. Hobbes, D. Locke
198. Applying materialist philosophy to the field of history, K. Marx and F. Engels were the creators of _________________ materialism
historical
199. Applying materialist philosophy to the field of history, Marx and Engels were the creators of ____________ materialism
historical
200. By applying materialist philosophy to the field of history, Marx and Engels were the creators of _____________ materialism
historical
201. The problem of the meaning and significance of life and death was one of the central ones in philosophy
A. Schopenhauer
202. The problem of the relationship between faith and knowledge was central to philosophy
Middle Ages
203. The problem of existence in her general view expresses a philosophical category
"existence"
204. Problems of knowledge, the search for a scientific method become central in European philosophy of the ______ century
XVII
205. Problems of the theory of knowledge, the search for a scientific method, become central in European philosophy
XVII century
206. Problems of language, science, logic occupy a central place in
analytical philosophy
207. Problems solved by philosophy
have a universal, ultimate character
208. Process public life from the point of view of its main stages, goals and meanings is the subject
philosophy of history
209. The process of transformation of the biological principle into the social is called in psychoanalysis
sublimation
210. The section of philosophy that studies the nature and general prerequisites of knowledge, the relationship of knowledge to reality and the conditions of its truth is called
epistemology
211. Various studies of the future states of society are called
futurology
212. By developing new strategies for the relationship between man and nature in modern conditions, philosophy performs ______________ function
heuristic
213. By developing certain ideas about values, forming a social ideal, philosophy performs _________ function
axiological
214. The development of the problem of intentionality of consciousness is a merit
E. Husserl
215. The heyday of ancient Chinese philosophy occurred during the period
"one hundred schools"
216. The rational component of any type of worldview is called
picture of the world
217. The religious picture of the world is being developed
theologians
218. The solution to the question of the meaning of life is connected with the ___________ function of philosophy
ideological
219. The founder of irrational philosophy and philosophy of life in the 19th century is considered
A. Schopenhauer
220. The founder of liberalism in the philosophy of modern times is
J. Locke
221. The founder of German classical philosophy is
I. Kant
222. The role of philosophy in scientific knowledge is associated with
development of a methodology of cognition
223. The Russian idea, from the point of view of V. Solovyov, is an idea
national destiny determined by God
224. The earliest world religion is
Buddhism
225. A systemically rationalized worldview is called
philosophy
226. A systemically rationalized worldview, which has a national and personal character, is
philosophy
227. The word “dialectics” was first used to denote the art of arguing
Socrates
228.
The meaning of human life in the Russian religious philosophy is interpreted as
life for the benefit of other people, humanity
229. The meaning of I. Kant’s categorical imperative is expressed in a judgment
“a person should not be a means for realizing anyone’s goals”
230. Modern philosophy is most closely related
with science
231. Modern philosophy is most closely associated with
science
232. Modern philosophy, which denies the rationality of the world, its natural character, is characterized as
irrational
233. According to __________, individual things have true existence, and general concepts are “names” to designate them
nominalism
234. According to Parmenides, being is
235. According to Parmenides, being is
that which is motionless, unchanging and intelligible
236. According to F. Aquinas, being and essence
coincide in God
237. According to F. Aquinas, being and essence
coincide in God
238. According to legend, the first who refused to call himself a sage, but only a wise man, that is, a philosopher, was
Pythagoras
239. According to modern scientific ideas, the ancestral home of man is
Africa
240. According to Kant’s teaching, time is
a priori form of sensibility
241. The content of the ____________ function of philosophy is the formation of value orientations and ideals in a person and society
axiological
242. Creation of the “Encyclopedia, or Explanatory dictionary sciences, arts and crafts" is associated with the names
D. Diderot and D¢Alembert
243. The creation of the first philosophical system in Russia is associated with the name
V. Solovyova
244. Creating prerequisites for scientific discoveries and the growth of scientific knowledge is associated with the _____________ function of philosophy
heuristic
245. The creator of the famous “Utopia”, which describes an ideal society of the future, is
T. More
246. The creator of the first philosophical system of Antiquity is
Plato
247. The creator of the religious and philosophical doctrine of unity in Russian philosophy was
Soloviev V.S.
248. The creator of the doctrine of the “ideal state” was
Plato
249. The consciousness of a newborn is a “blank slate”, which is gradually “covered with the writings of the mind,” he believed
J. Locke
250. Medieval scholasticism is focused on teaching
Aristotle
251. Supporters of _____________ consider consciousness to be the embodiment of the world mind
objective idealism
252. The structure of the psyche, according to Sigmund Freud, consists of
Super-ego, I, It
253. Subjective reality, presented in the consciousness of individuals, is
perfect
254. Giordano Bruno’s thesis “...nature...is nothing other than God in things” expresses the position
pantheism
255. Giordano Bruno’s thesis “nature is nothing other than God in things” expresses the position
pantheism
256. The theoretical nature of the analysis of universal connections in the “man - world” system is a distinctive feature
philosophy
257. The theoretical core, the core of the spiritual culture of man and society is called
philosophy
258. Current in Western philosophy and culture, the justification of which was given in the works of J.F. Lyotara is
postmodernism
259. The traditional statement of supporters of the theory of creation about the inability of matter, substance, energy to self-development in our days is refuted by the doctrine of self-organization of systems, called
synergetics
260. The labor theory of human origins has been developed
F. Engels
261. Speculative interpretation of nature without relying on experimental natural science is called
natural philosophy
262. Speculative interpretation of nature without reliance on experimental natural science is called
natural philosophy
263. Speculative comprehension of nature is called
natural philosophy
264. Arguing that the world is a projection of a complex of human sensations, the philosopher acts from the position
subjective idealism
265. The affirmation of the freedom of human existence, which presupposes a person’s choice of his own essence, is characteristic of
existentialism
266. The affirmation of the existence of two types of being - the “world of ideas” and the “world of things” - belongs to
Plato
267. The teaching of K. Marx and F. Engels is characterized as
dialectical and historical materialism
268. The teaching of L. Feuerbach is characterized as
anthropological materialism
269. The doctrine of the plurality of substances - monads developed
Leibniz
270. The doctrine of the creation of the world by God from Nothing is called
creationism
271. The doctrine according to which the essence of man in its reality is an ensemble of social relations is
Marxism
272. The doctrine according to which the basis of our knowledge is sensory experience is called
empiricism
273. The doctrine of the forms and methods of value projection by a person of his life aspirations is
axiology
274. The philosopher, the author of the doctrine of the plurality of substances, is
G. Leibniz
275. Philosopher who believed that the basis of existence lies in matter and form
Aristotle
276. Philosopher who believed that the basis of existence is the transcendental idea of the Good
Plato
277. Philosophy is
a system of theoretical views on the world and the place of man in it
278. Philosophy is born
in the ancient world
279. Philosophy and worldview are related as follows
philosophy theoretically substantiates the main principles of the worldview, develops its general theoretical foundations
280. Philosophy as an independent spiritual formation arises during the period
VII – VI centuries BC.
281. Confucian philosophy is about problem solving
person and society
282. Philosophy differs from science in that
most philosophical statements are not empirically provable
283. Philosophy, helping an individual to find a positive and deep meaning in life, to navigate crisis situations, realizes its _________ function
humanistic
284. The philosophical concept, according to which the world has a single basis for everything that exists, is called
monism
285. The philosophical position of dualism is expressed in the recognition
thought and matter as independent substances
286. A philosophical position that presupposes a multitude of initial foundations and principles of being is called
pluralism
287. Philosophical knowledge used in science, politics, education, etc. as a guide in spiritual and practically transformative activities, acts as
methodology
288. Philosophical knowledge used in science, politics, education, etc. as a guide in spiritual and practical transformative activities, acts as
methodology
289. The philosophical direction, according to which a person is doomed to loneliness and meaninglessness of existence, is
existentialism
290. The philosophical direction that considers the spiritual principle to be the basis of being is called
idealism
291. The philosophical doctrine of values and their nature is called
axiology
292. A philosophical doctrine that asserts the equality of two principles - material and spiritual - is called
dualism
293. Formation of modern scientific picture world is associated with discoveries in
quantum physics
294. The formation of a holistic picture of the world and human existence in it is associated with the ________ function of philosophy
ideological
295. By forming a worldview in accordance with the achievements of science and existing social reality, philosophy implements the __________ function
explanatory and informational
296. By forming a holistic picture of the world and human existence in it, philosophy performs________ function
ideological
297. French materialism and Hegel’s dialectics became ideological sources
Marxism
298. The function of culture in developing and transmitting values, ideals and norms is called
axiological
299. The function of philosophy to “question everything” is called
critical
300. The function of philosophy to “question everything” is called
critical
301. The function of philosophy associated with clarifying the nature of problems that require changes in the cognitive apparatus of particular sciences is called
methodological
302. Characteristic feature worldview of antiquity is
cosmocentrism
303. A characteristic feature of the mythological picture of the world is
304. A characteristic feature of the mythological picture of the world is(are)
transfer of the basic features of the human race to the universe
305. A characteristic feature of Russian idealistic philosophy is
anthropological
306. A characteristic feature of the philosophy of postmodernism is
replacement of objective reality with sign-symbolic pictures of the world
307. Characteristic feature philosophical problems is their
principled openness
308. Christianity defines being as
free gift of God
309. Purposeful human activity aimed at creating material and spiritual benefits is called
labor
310. The value of knowledge as a means of strengthening faith in the Middle Ages was substantiated by
F. Aquinas
311. The central problem of I. Kant’s philosophy is
312. The central problem of I. Kant’s philosophy is
finding universal and necessary foundations of knowledge and humanistic values
313. The central concept of Hegel's philosophy
Absolute idea
314. The central concept in the philosophy of S.L. Frank had a concept
unity
315. The civilizational approach to history involves
recognition of multiple crops of equal maturity
316. E. Husserl is the creator
phenomenology
317. Empirical research is related to
inductive reasoning
318. The Renaissance became a negation of the medieval
scholastics
122. The main theme of Confucius' philosophy is...
a. theme of man, family and state
123. Ancient Indian and ancient Chinese philosophy is characterized by...
a. practical orientation
124. The first principle, the impersonal world law in ancient Chinese philosophy was called...
125. Buddhism considers man a being...
a. those suffering
126. Outstanding thinker and scientist of Antiquity, creator of the Lyceum -...
a. Aristotle
127. Greek thought originated in the cities of Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor) and southern Italy, and reached its peak in...
128. The question of the beginning of the world was central in Ancient philosophy at the stage...
a. early classics
129. The reincarnation of a soul or personality in a chain of new births according to the law of karma in Indian philosophy is called...
a. samsara
130. The principle of retribution in Indian philosophy is called...
131. The doctrine of the “noble husband” was developed...
a. in Confucianism
132. The basis of ancient Chinese philosophy was:
a. Book of Changes
133. Vedic literature, along with the Upanishads and Aranyakas, includes:
a. Brahmins
134. The basis of Confucian ethics is the principle...
a. philanthropy
135. The individual spiritual principle in Indian philosophy is called...
136. One of the schools of Hinduism that practices control of consciousness through breathing and exercises is called...
137. Karma is...
a. principle of retribution
138. The heyday of ancient Chinese philosophy occurred during the period:
a. "one hundred schools"
139. Representatives of... were called nastikas or deniers in Ancient India...
a. materialism
140. The founder of Taoism is:
a. Lao Tzu
141. According to Buddhism, life is...
a. suffering
142. Lao Tzu is the founder of...
a. Taoism
143. The philosophy of Confucianism is related to problem solving...
a. person and society
144. The “Four Noble Truths” are the basis of...
a. Buddhism
145. The reorientation of ancient philosophy from the theme of nature to the theme of man is associated with the name...
a. Socrates
146. The Sophists and Socrates entered the history of Ancient philosophy with their focus on the problem...
a. person
147. Number is recognized as the basis of being in school:
a. Pythagoras
148. Philosopher who believed that the basis of existence is matter and form:
a. Aristotle
149. Ancient philosopher who created logic:
a. Aristotle
150. The school belongs to the Hellenistic period of ancient Greek philosophy:
a. epicureans
151. Philosopher who believed that the basis of being is the transcendental idea of the Good:
152. The classical period in ancient philosophy is associated with names...
a. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
153. The statement “Plato is my friend, but the truth is more precious” belongs to...
a. Aristotle
154. “Know yourself,” urged...
155. Ancient Greek philosopher who became a symbol of brutal frankness -
156. The development of “mayeutics” as a way of achieving truth is associated with the name...
a. Socrates
157. In the Hellenistic period of ancient Greek philosophy, the central place was occupied by the problem ...
a. person
158. The creator of the first philosophical system of Antiquity is...
6.Philosophy of the Middle Ages
159. A problem that was not given importance in ancient Greek philosophy and that Augustine raised in his Confessions is the problem...
a. human self
160. According to F. Aquinas, being and essence...
a. coincide in God
161. “Occam’s Razor” reflects the content of the principle:
a. “entities should not be multiplied beyond what is necessary”
162. An outstanding representative of the patristic stage is...
a. Augustine Aurelius
163. The most important feature of the philosophical worldview in the Middle Ages is recognized...
a. theocentrism
164. The doctrine of the creation of the world by God from Nothing is called...
a. creationism
165. “Everything in history and the destinies of people is predetermined by the will of God,” states...
a. providentialism
166. The age-old dispute of medieval thinkers about “universals”, i.e. general concepts, divided them into two main camps...
a. realists and nominalists
167. Philosophy in the Middle Ages occupied a subordinate position in relation to...
a. religion
168. The most important theme for medieval philosophy was...
a. faith and knowledge
169. The main provisions of the Christian religion were formulated by thinkers of the era of the “Church Fathers”, i.e. -...
a. patristics
170. IX - XIV centuries in medieval European philosophy are called the stage ...
a. scholastics
171. Five rational proofs of the existence of God were given...
a. Thomas Aquinas
172. Christian philosophy is inextricably linked with __________, according to which everything in history and the destinies of people is predetermined by the will of God
a. Aurelius Augustine
174. Medieval scholasticism is focused on teaching...
a. Aristotle
175. The justification for the dogma of the trinity of God is Christian...
a. ontology
176. According to __________, individual things have true existence, and general concepts are “names” to designate them
a. nominalism
177. The emergence of the movements of nominalism and realism is associated with the solution of the problem...
a. universals
178. The value of knowledge as a means of strengthening faith in the Middle Ages was justified...
a. F. Aquinas
179. The opposition of knowledge and faith, the assertion of their incompatibility in the Middle Ages is associated with the name...
a. Tertullian
7.Philosophy of the Renaissance (Renaissance)
180. Giordano Bruno’s thesis “...nature...is nothing other than God in things” expresses the position...
a. pantheism
181. Speculative interpretation of nature without reliance on experimental natural science is called...
a. natural philosophy
182. Speculative comprehension of nature is called:
a. natural philosophy
183. The creator of the famous “Utopia”, which describes an ideal society of the future, is...
184. The creator of “Utopia,” which describes a picture of an ideal society without private property, is ...
a. Thomas More
185. The main goal of the Reformation of the 16th century. was...
a. transformation of the catholic church
186. The Renaissance is characterized by...
a. anthropocentrism
187. Questions of the philosophy of politics during the Renaissance were developed...
a. Nicolo Machiavelli
188. The basis of the natural philosophy of the Renaissance is...
a. pantheism
189. Renaissance as a movement in European culture arises in (o)…
190. The ideological movement that appeared during the Renaissance is called...
a. humanism
191. The attention of Renaissance thinkers is directed primarily to...
a. person
192. Renaissance thinker who developed the doctrine of fortune:
a. N. Machiavelli
193. German cardinal, whose doctrine of the coincidence of opposites contributed to the rejection of the geocentric model of the world:
a. E. Rotterdamsky
196. The Renaissance became a negation of the medieval...
a. scholastics
197. The philosophy of J. Bruno is based on...
a. N. Machiavelli
a. E Rotterdam
200. The skepticism of Renaissance thinkers was directed against...
a. scholastics
8.Philosophy of the New Age
201. Hegel developed the basic laws...
a. dialectics
202. The consciousness of a newborn is a “blank slate”, which is gradually “covered with the writings of the mind,” believed...
a. J. Locke
203. J.-J. Rousseau saw the reason for the inequality of people in...
a. existence of private property
204. The shift of the center of gravity to the study of the subject and his activities occurs in...
a. German classical philosophy
205. “Sensations without concepts are blind, and concepts without sensations are empty,” he believed...
206. The basis of the philosophical systems of the French enlighteners was...
a. mechanistic picture of the world
207. The central problem of I. Kant’s philosophy is...
a. finding universal and necessary foundations of knowledge and humanistic values
208. The judgment in which the meaning of I. Kant’s categorical imperative is expressed is...
a. “a person should not be a means for realizing anyone’s goals”
209. By applying materialist philosophy to the field of history, Marx and Engels were the creators of _________________ materialism.
a. historical
210. The division of philosophers into empiricists and rationalists is typical of the era...
a. New times
211. Problems of the theory of knowledge, the search for a scientific method are becoming central in European philosophy...
212. Representatives of rationalism in the philosophy of the 17th century were...
a. R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz
213. Representatives of empiricism in the philosophy of the 17th century were...
a. F. Bacon, T. Hobbes, D. Locke
214. The ideas of Enlightenment philosophy are clearly embodied in the world's first “Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts,” written in (in) ...
a. France
215. The turn from classical philosophy to non-classical philosophy is associated with such names as...
a. Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche
216. The founder of German classical philosophy is...
217. A new type of dialectic, based not on idealism, but on materialism, was created in the middle of the 19th century...
a. Marxism
218. Sensualism is a doctrine directly related to:
a. empiricism
219. The creation of the “Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts” is associated with the names:
a. D. Diderot and D'Alembert
220. The greatest merit of German classical philosophy is associated with the development of:
a. dialectics
221. The teaching of K. Marx and F. Engels is characterized as:
a. dialectical and historical materialism
222. The philosophical position of J. Berkeley and D. Hume is characterized as:
a. subjective idealism
223. French materialism and Hegel’s dialectics became ideological sources...
a. Marxism
224. The teaching of L. Feuerbach is characterized as...
a. anthropological materialism
225. The justification for the boundaries of the human mind in the knowledge of the world was given....
a. I. Kantom
226. The central concept of Hegel’s philosophy...
a. Absolute idea
9.Modern Western philosophy
227. One of the sections of analytical philosophy is...
a. postpositivism
228. The direction of modern Western philosophy, which substantiates understanding as a method of cognition, is called...
a. hermeneutics
229. Problems of the development of science are central to philosophy...
a. post-positivism
230. “The will to power, the attraction of all living things to self-affirmation is the basis of life,” asserted...
a. F. Nietzsche
231. A representative of the philosophy of life is...
a. S. Kierkegaard
232. E. Husserl is the creator...
a. phenomenology
233. A characteristic feature of the philosophy of postmodernism is...
a. replacement of objective reality with sign-symbolic pictures of the world
234. Will is identified with the “mysterious forces” of the cosmic fundamental principle of the world in philosophy...
a. A. Schopenhauer
235. A person finds his essence by already existing, say representatives...
a. existentialism
236. “Philosophy must come down from “heaven to earth” and solve the practical, life problems of man,” say representatives...
a. pragmatism
237. The disappearance of the “I”, as a result of communicative interactions, is proclaimed in...
a. postmodernism
238. “The incorrect use of language gives rise to pseudo-problems, including philosophical ones,” say representatives...
a. neopositivism
239. The ideas of freedom, the priority of individual existence over the social are characteristic of...
a. existentialism
240. Problems of language, science, logic occupy a central place in...
a. analytical philosophy
241. The direction of modern Western philosophy, which substantiates understanding as a method of cognition is...
a. hermeneutics
242. An influential trend in modern philosophy associated with the name of Edmund Husserl is ...
a. phenomenology
243. Analytical philosophy includes...
a. positivism
244. According to the theorists of _________, a popular movement in the USA, philosophy is called upon to descend from “heaven to earth” to solve human life problems
a. pragmatism
245. A direction in philosophy, the founder of which is E. Husserl and which considers consciousness from the point of view of its semantic reality:
a. phenomenology
246. The transition from classical to non-classical philosophy is associated with names...
a. A. Schopenhauer and F. Nietzsche
247. A current in Western philosophy and culture, the justification for which was given in the works of J. F. Lyotard - ...
a. postmodernism
248. The ideological source of existentialism, along with hermeneutics and philosophy of life, is...
a. phenomenology
a. postmodernism
250. The founder of philosophical anthropology of the twentieth century is considered to be:
a. M. Scheler
251. Positivism is...
a. philosophy of science
252. Religious directions of modern foreign philosophical thought include...
a. neo-Thomism and personalism
253. The emergence of psychoanalysis is associated with the name….
a. Z. Freud
10. Domestic philosophy
254. A characteristic feature of Russian idealistic philosophy is...
a. anthropocentrism
255. The representative of the natural science direction in “Russian cosmism” is...
a. V.I.Vernadsky
256. Representative of Russian cosmism, the teachings of Russian philosophy of the late 19th - early 20th centuries about the inextricable unity of man, Earth and space, ...
a. Vernadsky V.I.
257. He called himself a “Knight of the Free Spirit”...
a. N.A. Berdyaev
258. Russian philosopher, the central themes of whose work were the problems of freedom, personality and creativity:
a. N. Berdyaev
259. “Integral knowledge” according to V. Solovyov is unity...
a. empirical, rational and mystical
260. The first theorist of dialectical materialism in Russia was...
a. G.V. Plekhanov
261. One of the first representatives of Marxism in Russian philosophy is...
a. N.F. Fedorov
263. Materialistic position in Russian philosophy of the 19th - 20th centuries. present...
a. A. Herzen, V. Belinsky, D. Pisarev
264. The first ideas about philosophy in Rus' developed after...
a. adoption of Christianity
265. The beginning of the materialist tradition in Russian philosophy was laid...
a. Lomonosov M.V.
266. The idealization of Russian original principles is characteristic of...
a. Hilarion
268. The emergence of a secular type of philosophizing in Russia occurs in...
269. The creator of the religious and philosophical doctrine of unity in Russian philosophy was...
a. Soloviev V.S.
270. The creation of the first philosophical system in Russia is associated with the name...
a. V. Solovyova
a. Ilyin I.A.
272. In Russian philosophy, traditionally increased attention was paid to values...
a. spiritual
273. The ideological movement that substantiated the uniqueness of the historical development of Russia:
a. Slavophilism
274. The basis of V. Solovyov’s philosophy is the idea….
a. unity
275. In contrast to Western individualism, the Slavophiles associated the basis of the identity of Russian civilization with ...
a. conciliarity
276. The question of the historical fate of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century was raised..
a. P. Chaadaev
277. The spread of Marxism in Russia is associated with names...
a. G. Plekhanov and V. Lenin
278. The development of the problem of the ideal in Soviet philosophical thought is connected with names...
a. E. V. Ilyenkova and D.I. Dubrovsky
11. Basic types and forms of being
279. The concepts of “being” and “non-being” were introduced by the ancient Greek philosopher...
a. Parmenides
280. True being according to Plato is...
a. world of eidos
281. A model of reality in which the effect of a person’s presence in it is created is called...
a. virtual
282. According to Parmenides, being is...
a. that which is motionless, unchanging and intelligible
283. The philosophical direction that considers the spiritual to be the highest kind of being is called...
a. idealism
284. Christianity defines being as...
a. free gift of God
285. The philosophical position of dualism is expressed in the recognition...
a. thought and matter as independent substances
286. Arguing that the world is a projection of a complex of human sensations, the philosopher acts from the position...
a. subjective idealism
a. G. Leibniz
288. The discovery of two types of being – the “world of ideas” and the “world of things” – belongs to...
a. Plato
289. The problem of existence in its general form is expressed by the philosophical category...
a. "being"
290. The philosophical concept according to which the world has a single basis for everything that exists is called...
a. monism
291. A philosophical doctrine that asserts the equality of two principles - material and spiritual - is called...
a. dualism
292. A philosophical position that presupposes a multitude of initial foundations and principles of being is called...
a. pluralism
293. Depending on which sphere of existence is attributed primacy - nature or spirit, all philosophers are divided into...
a. materialists and idealists
12.Matter
294. Substrate-material ideas about matter are characteristic of philosophy...
a. XVII–XVIII centuries
295. The origin, the first cause and the bearer of everything that exists is...
a. substance
296. An internally ordered set of interconnected elements is called...
a. system
297. Recognition of the universal nature of the conditionality of any phenomenon by other phenomena is an expression of the principle...
a. determinism
298. The presentation of cause-and-effect relationships as a linear and unambiguous process, the denial of randomness - these are the characteristic features...
a. hard determinism
299. Ancient Greek natural philosophers of the VI-V centuries. BC. identified matter (substance) with...
a. various natural elements
a. expresses the idea of the unity of being
301. Unconditional identification of matter and substance is characteristic of...
a. materialism
302. The idea of the inexhaustibility of matter in depth has been expressed...
a. Lenin
303. Being as an objective reality is designated by the term...
a. matter
304. Objective reality, given to us in sensations, according to V.I. Lenin, is called...
a. matter
305. The concept of ____________ denotes the source of unity and diversity of existence, the basis of the universe.
a. substance
306. “Matter did not always exist, and there was a moment when it did not exist at all,” they say...
a. creationists
307. According to theism, matter is created, and therefore is not...
a. substance
308. The traditional statement of supporters of the theory of creation about the inability of matter, substance, energy for self-development in our days is refuted by the doctrine of self-organization of systems, called...
a. synergetics
13.Movement and space
309. Development is...
a. irreversible qualitative change in objects
310. The loss of the ability of an object or subject system to perform certain necessary functions is called...
a. regression
311. Reducing any phenomena to simpler, initial principles is called...
a. reduction
312. Arguing that space and time are forms of human contemplation, the philosopher takes the position...
a. subjective idealism
313. Space and time are called properties of individual consciousness, and not of material objects...
a. subjective idealists
314. The idea of time and space as absolute, universal, homogeneous forms of existence was expressed...
a. I. Newton
315. The understanding of time as fluidity, regardless of anything, and uniform duration, is characteristic of the ___________ concept.
a. substantial
316. The relational concept of space and time is confirmed in...
a. A. Einstein's theory of relativity
317. Natural scientific justification for the unity of matter, motion, space and time is given...
a. theory of relativity
318. The following judgment is a correct judgment in philosophy:
a. “rest is the moment of all movement”
319. According to the materialist position, a characteristic feature of time is...
a. irreversibility
320. Extension, three-dimensionality, isotropy, reversibility are considered properties...
a. space
321. The form of being, characterizing the extension, structure of any material systems, is denoted by the concept ...
a. space
322. The interdependence of space and time is affirmed in the _______ concept.
a. relational
324. Any process of change and transition from one state to another is...
a. movement
325. The ability of objects, systems to change, to transition to a different state is called...
a. movement
326. The understanding of movement as a mechanical, spatial movement of an object without its qualitative transformation was characteristic of philosophy and natural science...
a. XVII – XVIII centuries
327. Changes in the system towards increasing the level of its orderliness, organization, complexity are characterized as...
a. progress
328. Space and time are considered as independent entities that do not depend on anything in the __________ concept
a. substantial
329. The idea that space is emptiness, containing all bodies and independent of them, was first expressed by thinkers...
a. Antiquity
330. Space and time are called the most important forms of existence, depending on the movement and interaction of bodies, representatives of __________ materialism
a. dialectical
331. Space and time are ______ of existence
332. In understanding space and time, there are _____________ concepts
a. substantial and relational
333. From the point of view of the relational concept of space and time:
a. form a four-dimensional continuum
334. The justification for the substantial concept of space and time is associated with the name:
a. I. Newton
335. Social time, having a physical basis, is associated with:
a. the most important historical events
14.Basic laws and principles of dialectics
336. A method of thinking characterized by one-sidedness, abstractness, and the desire to absolutize individual moments within the whole is called...
a. metaphysical
337. The principles of dialectics do not include the principle...
a. denial of continuity in development
338. The unity of quality and quantity is...
339. A significant difference between phenomena within the framework of their common identity is called...
a. contradiction
340. The idea of contradiction as a unity of opposites was formed in...
a. antiquities
341. The law of dialectical synthesis underlies the representation of the development process...
a. in the form of a spiral
342. The quality of an object from the point of view of dialectics is...
a. system of necessary properties of an object
343. For the first time the term “dialectics” was used...
Ancient Greek natural philosophers of the 6th-5th centuries. BC. identified matter (substance) with...
The question of the beginning of the world was central in Ancient philosophy at the stage...
Greek thought originated in the cities of Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor) and southern Italy, and reached its peak in...
Ancient philosophy includes...
The merit of the sophists is that they...
The ancient philosopher ____________ linked virtue with knowledge, creating the concept of ethical intellectualism.
Plato's ontology, which asserts that the idea of the Good lies at the heart of existence, is characterized as...
Historically, the first attempt to comprehend the quantitative side of the universe is the teaching...
According to legend, the first who refused to call himself a sage, but only a wise man, i.e. was a philosopher...
For the first time, the line between human consciousness and material phenomena was outlined...
Aristotle's philosophy
Tests
Plan
1. general characteristics Aristotle's personality and creativity
2. Basic principles of philosophy
3. The problem of matter and form
4. The problem of the soul
5. The human problem
6. Logic and methodology
7. Society and state
Literature
- Golubintsev, V.O., Dantsev, A.A., Lyubchenko, V.S. Philosophy for technical universities [Text]: Series " Higher education" Rostov-on-Don: Publishing house “Phoenix”, 2004. – 640 pp. – pp. 72-85.
- Kanke, V.A. Philosophy. Historical and systematic course [Text]: Textbook for universities. Ed. 4th, revised and additional – M.: Publishing and bookselling house “Logos”, 2000. – 344 p. –P.39-44.
- Nazarov, V.N. Philosophy in questions and answers [Text]: Tutorial. – M.: Gardariki, 2004. – 320 pp. – P.85-86.
- Spirkin, A.G. Philosophy [Text]: Textbook. - 2nd ed. – M.: Gardariki, 2002.- 736 p. - P. 59-66.
- Philosophy [Text]: Textbook / Ed. prof. O.A. Mitroshenkova. – M.: Gardariki, 2004. – 655 p. - P.57-59.
1. Which of the named philosophers belongs to the representatives of the Milesian school?
a) Democritus b) Thales c) Anaximander d) Heraclitus e) Anaximenes
2. Which statement belongs to Thales?
a) All things are numbers"
b) “We enter and do not exit into the same river, we exist and do not exist”
c) “Everything is water”
d) “This cosmos, one and the same for everything that exists, was not created by any God or man, but it always was, is and will be an eternally living fire, ignited in measures and extinguished in measures.”
3. What concept did Heraclitus put forward?
a) About the immutability of being
b) About the universal change and contradictory nature of existence
c) About the four elements: water, fire, earth and air, of which everything that exists is composed
4. The concept of “atom” was introduced by:
a) Democritus b) Zeno c) Socrates d) Heraclitus e) Leucippus
5. Aristotle developed the concept:
a) two meanings of reasons b) three meanings of reasons c) four meanings of reasons
a) emphasizes knowledge and wisdom;
b) considers the soul as a function of the body;
c) sets as its goal the knowledge of the Universe and the order reigning in it.
d) All answers are correct.
7. The discovery of two types of existence - the “world of ideas” and the “world of things” - belongs to...
a) Protagoras b) Aristotle c) Pythagoras d) Plato
a) Pythagoras b) the Sophists and Socrates c) Heraclitus d) Aristotle
a) Pythagoras b) Socrates c) Plato d) Aristotle
10. The first Greek and at the same time the first European philosopher - ...
a) Xenophanes b) Plato c) Zeno of Eleatic d) Thales
a) Aristotle b) Heraclitus c) Parmenides d) Pythagoras
a) subjective idealism b) objective idealism c) humanism d) dualism
a) Aristotle b) Plato c) Socrates d) Parmenides
a) highlighted the human problem
b) highlighted the problem of “physics”
c) opened the first university
d) highlighted the problem of matter
a) ancient Eastern philosophy b) only ancient Greek philosophy
c) ancient Greek and Roman philosophy
d) only ancient Roman philosophy
16. Outstanding thinker and scientist of Antiquity, creator of the Lyceum -...
a) Plato b) Aristotle c) Democritus d) Epicurus
a) Eretria b) Athens c) Sparta d) Delphi
a) middle classics b) Hellenism c) early classics d) late classics
19. The main representatives of the classical period of Ancient philosophy were...
a) Sophists and Socrates b) Epicureans, Stoics, Skeptics
c) Plato and Aristotle d) Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
20. Truth, according to Aristotle, is...
a) divine revelation b) agreement reached in a dispute
V) general position d) correspondence of thought to reality
a) various natural elements b) society
c) bodily things d) objective reality
22. The philosophers of the Cynic school called:
a) give up all pleasures;
b) fulfill your duty to society;
c) strive for pleasures, since they are what constitute happiness
Tasks
a) Thales thanked fate for three things: for being born a man and not a beast; for being born a Hellenic and not a barbarian. What's one more thing?
b) Socrates was asked where he was born. What did the philosopher answer?
c) According to Aristotle, two beings, excluding man, find pleasure in solitude. Who is this?
d) Aristotle believed that a ship must have a helmsman, a song needs a singer, and a state needs a law. And for the world?