Dates by ruler. Old Russian princes. History of the dynasty: the beginning
The history of Rus' goes back more than a thousand years, although even before the advent of the state, a variety of tribes lived on its territory. The last ten-century period can be divided into several stages. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, are people who were true sons and daughters of their eras.
Main historical stages of development of Russia
Historians consider the following classification to be the most convenient:
Reign of the Novgorod princes (862-882);
Yaroslav the Wise (1016-1054);
From 1054 to 1068 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich was in power;
From 1068 to 1078, the list of rulers of Russia was replenished with several names (Vseslav Bryachislavovich, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavovich, in 1078 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich ruled again)
The year 1078 was marked by some stabilization in the political arena; Vsevolod Yaroslavovich ruled until 1093;
Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich was on the throne from 1093 to;
Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh (1113-1125) - one of the best princes of Kievan Rus;
From 1132 to 1139 Yaropolk Vladimirovich had power.
All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who lived and ruled during this period and up to the present time, saw their main task in the prosperity of the country and strengthening the country’s role in the European arena. Another thing is that each of them walked towards the goal in their own way, sometimes in a completely different direction than their predecessors.
The period of fragmentation of Kievan Rus
During the times of feudal fragmentation of Rus', changes on the main princely throne were frequent. None of the princes left a serious mark on the history of Rus'. By the middle of the 13th century, Kyiv fell into absolute decline. It is worth mentioning only a few princes who ruled in the 12th century. So, from 1139 to 1146 Vsevolod Olgovich was the prince of Kyiv. In 1146, Igor the Second was at the helm for two weeks, after which Izyaslav Mstislavovich ruled for three years. Until 1169, such people as Vyacheslav Rurikovich, Rostislav of Smolensky, Izyaslav of Chernigov, Yuri Dolgoruky, Izyaslav the Third managed to visit the princely throne.
The capital moves to Vladimir
The period of formation of late feudalism in Rus' was characterized by several manifestations:
Weakening of the Kyiv princely power;
The emergence of several centers of influence that competed with each other;
Strengthening the influence of feudal lords.
On the territory of Rus', 2 largest centers of influence arose: Vladimir and Galich. Galich was the most important political center at that time (located on the territory of modern Western Ukraine). It seems interesting to study the list of Russian rulers who reigned in Vladimir. The importance of this period of history will still have to be assessed by researchers. Of course, the Vladimir period in the development of Rus' was not as long as the Kiev period, but it was after it that the formation of monarchical Rus' began. Let us consider the reign dates of all the rulers of Russia at this time. In the first years of this stage of development of Rus', rulers changed quite often; there was no stability, which would appear later. For more than 5 years, the following princes were in power in Vladimir:
Andrew (1169-1174);
Vsevolod, son of Andrei (1176-1212);
Georgy Vsevolodovich (1218-1238);
Yaroslav, son of Vsevolod (1238-1246);
Alexander (Nevsky), great commander (1252-1263);
Yaroslav III (1263-1272);
Dmitry I (1276-1283);
Dmitry II (1284-1293);
Andrey Gorodetsky (1293-1304);
Michael "Saint" of Tverskoy (1305-1317).
All rulers of Russia after the transfer of the capital to Moscow until the appearance of the first tsars
The transfer of the capital from Vladimir to Moscow chronologically approximately coincides with the end of the period of feudal fragmentation of Rus' and the strengthening of the main center of political influence. Most of the princes were on the throne longer than the rulers of the Vladimir period. So:
Prince Ivan (1328-1340);
Semyon Ivanovich (1340-1353);
Ivan the Red (1353-1359);
Alexey Byakont (1359-1368);
Dmitry (Donskoy), famous commander (1368-1389);
Vasily Dmitrievich (1389-1425);
Sophia of Lithuania (1425-1432);
Vasily the Dark (1432-1462);
Ivan III (1462-1505);
Vasily Ivanovich (1505-1533);
Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538);
The decade before 1548 was a difficult period in the history of Russia, when the situation developed in such a way that the princely dynasty actually ended. There was a period of timelessness when boyar families were in power.
The reign of tsars in Rus': the beginning of the monarchy
Historians distinguish three chronological periods in the development of the Russian monarchy: before the accession to the throne of Peter the Great, the reign of Peter the Great and after him. The reign dates of all the rulers of Russia from 1548 to the end of the 17th century are as follows:
Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible (1548-1574);
Semyon Kasimovsky (1574-1576);
Again Ivan the Terrible (1576-1584);
Feodor (1584-1598).
Tsar Fedor had no heirs, so it was interrupted. - one of the most difficult periods in the history of our homeland. Rulers changed almost every year. Since 1613, the Romanov dynasty has ruled the country:
Mikhail, the first representative of the Romanov dynasty (1613-1645);
Alexei Mikhailovich, son of the first emperor (1645-1676);
He ascended the throne in 1676 and reigned for 6 years;
Sophia, his sister, reigned from 1682 to 1689.
In the 17th century, stability finally came to Rus'. The central government has strengthened, reforms are gradually beginning, leading to the fact that Russia has grown territorially and strengthened, and the leading world powers began to take it into account. The main credit for changing the appearance of the state belongs to the great Peter I (1689-1725), who simultaneously became the first emperor.
Rulers of Russia after Peter
The reign of Peter the Great was the heyday when the empire acquired its own strong fleet and strengthened the army. All Russian rulers, from Rurik to Putin, understood the importance of the armed forces, but few were given the opportunity to realize the country's enormous potential. An important feature of that time was Russia's aggressive foreign policy, which manifested itself in the forcible annexation of new regions (Russian-Turkish wars, the Azov campaign).
The chronology of the rulers of Russia from 1725 to 1917 is as follows:
Ekaterina Skavronskaya (1725-1727);
Peter the Second (killed in 1730);
Queen Anna (1730-1740);
Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741);
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761);
Pyotr Fedorovich (1761-1762);
Catherine the Great (1762-1796);
Pavel Petrovich (1796-1801);
Alexander I (1801-1825);
Nicholas I (1825-1855);
Alexander II (1855 - 1881);
Alexander III (1881-1894);
Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917.
This marks the end of a huge period of development of the state, when the kings were in power. After the October Revolution, a new political structure appeared - the republic.
Russia during the USSR and after its collapse
The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period one can single out Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky. After the legal registration of the USSR as a state and until 1924, Vladimir Lenin led the country. Next, the chronology of the rulers of Russia looks like this:
Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich (1924-1953);
Nikita Khrushchev was the First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;
Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);
Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);
General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985);
Mikhail Gorbachev, first president of the USSR (1985-1991);
Boris Yeltsin, leader of independent Russia (1991-1999);
The current head of state is Putin - President of Russia since 2000 (with a break of 4 years, when the state was led by Dmitry Medvedev)
Who are they - the rulers of Russia?
All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power for the entire more than thousand-year history of the state, are patriots who wanted the flourishing of all the lands of the vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made their own contribution to the development and formation of Russia. Of course, all the rulers of Russia wanted the good and prosperity of their subjects: the main forces were always directed to strengthening the borders, expanding trade, and strengthening defense capabilities.
Peter I Alekseevich 1672 - 1725
Peter I was born on 05/30/1672 in Moscow, died on 01/28/1725 in St. Petersburg, Russian Tsar from 1682, Emperor from 1721. Son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife, Natalya Naryshkina. He ascended the throne at the age of nine, together with his elder brother Tsar John V, under the regency of his elder sister Princess Sophia Alekseevna. In 1689, his mother married Peter I to Evdokia Lopukhina. In 1690, a son was born, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, but family life did not work out. In 1712, the tsar announced his divorce and married Catherine (Marta Skavronskaya), who had been his de facto wife since 1703. This marriage produced 8 children, but except for Anna and Elizabeth, they all died in infancy. In 1694, the mother of Peter I died, and two years later, in 1696, his elder brother, Tsar John V, also died. Peter I became the sole sovereign. In 1712, Petersburg, founded by Peter I, became the new capital of Russia, where part of the population of Moscow was transferred.
Catherine I Alekseevna 1684 - 1727
Catherine I Alekseevna was born on 04/05/1684 in the Baltic states, died on 05/06/1727 in St. Petersburg, Russian empress in 1725-1727. The daughter of the Lithuanian peasant Samuil Skavronsky, who moved from Lithuania to Livonia. Before accepting Orthodoxy - Marta Skavronskaya. In the fall of 1703 she became the de facto wife of Peter I. The church marriage was formalized on February 19, 1712. Following the decree on succession to the throne, not without the participation of A.D. Menshikov, she bequeathed the throne to the grandson of Peter I - 12-year-old Peter II. She died on May 6, 1727. She was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
Peter II Alekseevich 1715 - 1730
Peter II Alekseevich was born on October 12, 1715 in St. Petersburg, died on January 18, 1730 in Moscow, Russian Emperor (1727-1730) from the Romanov dynasty. Son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and Princess Charlotte Christina Sophia of Wolfenbüttel, grandson of Peter I. Enthroned through the efforts of A.D. Menshikov, after the death of Catherine I, Peter II was not interested in anything except hunting and pleasure. At the beginning of the reign of Peter II, power was actually in the hands of A. Menshikov, who dreamed of becoming related to the royal dynasty by marrying Peter II to his daughter. Despite the engagement of Menshikov's daughter Maria to Peter II in May 1727, in September Menshikov's dismissal and disgrace followed, and then Menshikov's exile. Peter II came under the influence of the Dolgoruky family, I. Dolgoruky became his favorite, and Princess E. Dolgoruky became his fiancée. Real power was in the hands of A. Osterman. Peter II fell ill with smallpox and died on the eve of the wedding. With his death, the Romanov family in the male line was interrupted. He was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
Anna Ioannovna 1693 - 1740
Anna Ioannovna was born on January 28, 1693 in Moscow, died on October 17, 1740 in St. Petersburg, Russian empress in 1730-1740. Daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich and P. Saltykova, niece of Peter I. In 1710, she was married to the Duke of Courland, Friedrich-Velgem, and soon became a widow and lived in Mitau. After the death of Emperor Peter II (he did not leave a will), the Supreme Privy Council, at a meeting in the Lefortovo Palace on January 19, 1730, decided to invite Anna Ioannovna to the throne. In 1731, Anna Ioannovna issued a Manifesto on a nationwide oath to the heir. 01/08/1732 Anna Ioannovna together with the court and the highest state officials. The institutions moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, power was in the hands of E. Biron, a native of Courland, and his henchmen.
Ivan VI Antonovich 1740 - 1764
Ivan Antonovich was born on 08/12/1740, killed on 07/07/1764, Russian Emperor from 10/17/1740 to 11/25/1741. Son of Anna Leopoldovna and Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Brevern-Luneburg, great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, great-nephew of Empress Anna Ioannovna. On November 25, as a result of a palace coup, the daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, came to power. In 1744, Ivan Antonovich was exiled to Kholmogory. In 1756 he was transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress. On July 5, 1764, Lieutenant V. Mirovich tried to free Ivan Antonovich from the fortress, but was unsuccessful. The guards killed the prisoner.
Elizaveta Petrovna 1709 - 1762
Elizaveta Petrovna was born on December 18, 1709 in the village of Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, died on December 25, 1761 in St. Petersburg, Russian empress in 1741-1761, daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. She ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup on November 25, 1741, during of which representatives of the Brunswick dynasty (Prince Anton Ulrich, Anna Leopoldovna and Ivan Antonovich), as well as many representatives of the “German party” (A. Osterman, B. Minich, etc.) were arrested. One of the first actions of the new reign was to invite Elizaveta Petrovna's nephew Karl Ulrich from Holstein and declare him heir to the throne (the future Emperor Peter III). In fact, Count P. Shuvalov became the head of domestic policy under Elizaveta Petrovna.
Peter III Fedorovich 1728 - 1762
Peter III was born on 02/10/1728 in Kiel, killed on 07/07/1762 in Ropsha near St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor from 1761 to 1762. Grandson of Peter I, son of Duke of Holstein-Gottop Karl Friedrich and Tsesarevna Anna Petrovna. In 1745 he married Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerb (future Empress Catherine II). Having ascended the throne on December 25, 1761, he immediately stopped military operations against Prussia in the Seven Years' War and ceded all his conquests to his admirer Frederick II. The anti-national foreign policy of Peter III, disdain for Russian rites and customs, and the introduction of Prussian orders in the army aroused opposition in the guard, headed by Catherine II. During the palace coup, Peter III was arrested and then killed.
Catherine II Alekseevna 1729 - 1796
Catherine II Alekseevna was born on 04/21/1729 in Stettin, died on 11/06/1796 in Tsarskoye Selo (now the city of Pushkin), Russian empress 1762-1796. She came from a small North German princely family. Born Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. She was educated at home. In 1744, she and her mother were summoned to Russia by Empress Elizaveta Pertovna, baptized according to Orthodox custom under the name of Catherine and named the bride of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich (the future Emperor Peter III), whom she married in 1745. In 1754, Catherine II gave birth to a son, the future Emperor Paul I After the accession of Peter III, who treated her more and more hostilely, her position became precarious. Relying on the guards regiments (G. and A. Orlovs and others), on June 28, 1762, Catherine II carried out a bloodless coup and became an autocratic empress. The time of Catherine II is the dawn of favoritism, characteristic of European life in the second half of the 18th century. Having parted with G. Orlov in the early 1770s, in subsequent years the empress changed a number of favorites. As a rule, they were not allowed to participate in resolving political issues. Only two of her famous favorites - G. Potemkin and P. Zavodovsky - became major statesmen.
Pavel I Petrovich 1754 - 1801
Paul I was born on September 20, 1754 in St. Petersburg, killed on March 12, 1801 in the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor 1796-1801, son of Peter III and Catherine II. He was brought up at the court of his grandmother Elizaveta Petrovna, who intended to make him heir to the throne instead of Peter III. The main educator of Paul I was N. Panin. Since 1773, Paul I was married to Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt, and after her death, from 1776, to Princess Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg (in Orthodoxy, Maria Feodorovna). He had sons: Alexander (future Emperor Alexander I, 1777), Constantine (1779), Nicholas (future Emperor Nicholas I, 1796), Mikhail (1798), as well as six daughters. A conspiracy had matured among the guards officers, about which the heir to the throne, Alexander Pavlovich, was aware. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, the conspirators (Count P. Palen, P. Zubov, etc.) entered the Mikhailovsky Castle and killed Paul I. Alexander I ascended the throne, and in the very first weeks of his reign returned many exiled by his father and destroyed many of his innovations.
Alexander I Pavlovich 1777 - 1825
Alexander I was born on December 12, 1777 in St. Petersburg, died on November 19, 1825 in Taganrog, Russian Emperor 1801-1825, the eldest son of Paul I. By the will of his grandmother Catherine II, he received an education in the spirit of the enlighteners of the 18th century. His mentor was Colonel Frederic de La Harpe, a republican by conviction, a future figure in the Swiss revolution. In 1793, Alexander I married the daughter of the Margrave of Baden, Louise Maria Augusta, who took the name Elizaveta Alekseevna. Alexander I inherited the throne after the assassination of his father in 1801 and undertook broadly conceived reforms. Alexander I became the main executor of social reforms in 1808-1812. his state secretary M. Speransky, who reorganized the ministries, created the state. council and carried out financial reform. In foreign policy, Alexander I participated in two coalitions against Napoleonic France (with Prussia in 1804-05, with Austria in 1806-07). Having been defeated at Austerlitz in 1805 and Friedland in 1807, he concluded the Peace of Tilsit in 1807 and an alliance with Napoleon. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia, but was defeated during the Patriotic War of 1812. Alexander I, at the head of Russian troops, together with his allies, entered Paris in the spring of 1814. He was one of the leaders of the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. According to official data, Alexander I died in Taganrog.
Nicholas I Pavlovich 1796 - 1855
Nicholas I was born on June 25, 1796 in Tsarskoye Selo, now the city of Pushkin, died on February 18, 1855 in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor (1825-1855). The third son of Paul I. Enrolled in military service from birth, Nicholas I was raised by Count M. Lamsdorf. In 1814, he visited abroad for the first time with the Russian army under the command of his elder brother Alexander I. In 1816, he made a three-month trip through European Russia, and from October 1816 to May 1817, he traveled and lived in England. In 1817, he married the eldest daughter of the Prussian king Frederick William II, Princess Charlotte Frederica Louise, who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna. Under Nicholas I, the monetary reform of the Minister of Finance E. Kankrin was successfully carried out, streamlining monetary circulation and protecting backward Russian industry from competition.
Alexander II Nikolaevich 1818 - 1881
Alexander II was born on 04/17/1818 in Moscow, killed on 03/01/1881 in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor 1855-1881, son of Nicholas I. His educators were General Merder, Kavelin, as well as the poet V. Zhukovsky, who instilled in Alexander II liberal views and romantic attitude to life. In 1837, Alexander II made a long trip around Russia, then in 1838 - through the countries of Western Europe. In 1841 he married the Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name Maria Alexandrovna. One of the first acts of Alexander II was the pardon of the exiled Decembrists. 02/19/1861. Alexander II issued a manifesto on the liberation of peasants from serfdom. Under Alexander II, the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia was completed and its influence in the east expanded. Russia included Turkestan, the Amur region, the Ussuri region, and the Kuril Islands in exchange for the southern part of Sakhalin. He sold Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the Americans in 1867. In 1880, after the death of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, the Tsar entered into a morganatic marriage with Princess Ekaterina Dolgoruka. A number of attempts were made on the life of Alexander II; he was killed by a bomb thrown by Narodnaya Volya member I. Grinevitsky.
Alexander III Alexandrovich 1845 - 1894
Alexander III was born on 02/26/1845 in Tsarskoye Selo, died on 10/20/1894 in Crimea, Russian Emperor 1881-1894, son of Alexander II. The mentor of Alexander III, who had a strong influence on his worldview, was K. Pobedonostsev. After the death of his elder brother Nicholas in 1865, Alexander III became heir to the throne. In 1866, he married the fiancee of his deceased brother, the daughter of the Danish King Christian IX, Princess Sophia Frederica Dagmar, who took the name Maria Feodorovna. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-78. was the commander of the Separate Rushchuk detachment in Bulgaria. He created the Voluntary Fleet of Russia in 1878, which became the core of the country's merchant fleet and the reserve of the military fleet. Having ascended the throne after the assassination of Alexander II on March 1, 1881, he canceled the draft constitutional reform signed by his father immediately before his death. Alexander III died in Livadia in Crimea.
Nicholas II Alexandrovich 1868 - 1918
Nicholas II (Romanov Nikolai Alexandrovich) was born on May 19, 1868 in Tsarskoe Selo, executed on July 17, 1918 in Yekaterinburg, the last Russian emperor 1894-1917, son of Alexander III and the Danish princess Dagmara (Maria Feodorovna). From 02/14/1894 he was married to Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Alice, Princess of Hesse and Rhine). Daughters Olga, Tatyana, Maria, Anastasia, son Alexey. He ascended the throne on October 21, 1894 after the death of his father. 02/27/1917 Nicholas II, under pressure from the high military command, renounced the throne. On March 8, 1917, he was “deprived of his freedom.” After the Bolsheviks came to power, the regime for its maintenance was sharply strengthened, and in April 1918 the royal family was transferred to Yekaterinburg, where they were placed in the house of mining engineer N. Ipatiev. On the eve of the fall of Soviet power in the Urals, a decision was made in Moscow to execute Nicholas II and his relatives. The murder was entrusted to Yurovsky and his deputy Nikulin. The royal family and all the close associates and servants were killed on the night of July 16, 17, 1918; the execution took place in a small room on the ground floor, where the victims were taken under the pretext of evacuation. According to the official version, the decision to kill the royal family was made by the Urals Council, which feared the approach of Czechoslovak troops. However, in recent years it has become known that Nicholas II, his wife and children were killed on the direct orders of V. Lenin and Y. Sverdlov. Afterwards, the remains of the royal family were discovered and, by decision of the Russian government, on July 17, 1998, they were buried in the tomb of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. The Russian Orthodox Church abroad canonized Nicholas II as a saint.
Rurik(?-879) - the founder of the Rurik dynasty, the first Russian prince. Chronicle sources claim that Rurik was called from the Varangian lands by Novgorod citizens to reign together with his brothers Sineus and Truvor in 862. After the death of the brothers, he ruled all the Novgorod lands. Before his death, he transferred power to his relative, Oleg.
Oleg(?-912) - the second ruler of Rus'. He reigned from 879 to 912, first in Novgorod, and then in Kyiv. He is the founder of a single ancient Russian power, created by him in 882 with the capture of Kyiv and the subjugation of Smolensk, Lyubech and other cities. After moving the capital to Kyiv, he also subjugated the Drevlyans, Northerners, and Radimichi. One of the first Russian princes undertook a successful campaign against Constantinople and concluded the first trade agreement with Byzantium. He enjoyed great respect and authority among his subjects, who began to call him “prophetic,” that is, wise.
Igor(?-945) - third Russian prince (912-945), son of Rurik. The main focus of his activities was protecting the country from Pecheneg raids and preserving the unity of the state. He undertook numerous campaigns to expand the possessions of the Kyiv state, in particular against the Uglich people. He continued his campaigns against Byzantium. During one of them (941) he failed, during the other (944) he received a ransom from Byzantium and concluded a peace treaty that consolidated the military-political victories of Rus'. Undertook the first successful campaigns of the Russians into the North Caucasus (Khazaria) and Transcaucasia. In 945 he tried to collect tribute from the Drevlyans twice (the procedure for collecting it was not legally established), for which he was killed by them.
Olga(c. 890-969) - wife of Prince Igor, the first female ruler of the Russian state (regent for her son Svyatoslav). Established in 945-946. the first legislative procedure for collecting tribute from the population of the Kyiv state. In 955 (according to other sources, 957) she made a trip to Constantinople, where she secretly converted to Christianity under the name of Helen. In 959, the first of the Russian rulers sent an embassy to Western Europe, to Emperor Otto I. His response was to send it in 961-962. with missionary purposes to Kyiv, Archbishop Adalbert, who tried to bring Western Christianity to Rus'. However, Svyatoslav and his entourage refused Christianization and Olga was forced to transfer power to her son. In the last years of her life, she was virtually removed from political activity. Nevertheless, she retained significant influence on her grandson, the future Prince Vladimir the Saint, whom she was able to convince of the need to accept Christianity.
Svyatoslav(?-972) - son of Prince Igor and Princess Olga. Ruler of the Old Russian state in 962-972. He was distinguished by his warlike character. He was the initiator and leader of many aggressive campaigns: against the Oka Vyatichi (964-966), the Khazars (964-965), the North Caucasus (965), Danube Bulgaria (968, 969-971), Byzantium (971). He also fought against the Pechenegs (968-969, 972). Under him, Rus' turned into the largest power on the Black Sea. Neither the Byzantine rulers nor the Pechenegs, who agreed on joint actions against Svyatoslav, could come to terms with this. During his return from Bulgaria in 972, his army, bloodless in the war with Byzantium, was attacked on the Dnieper by the Pechenegs. Svyatoslav was killed.
Vladimir I Saint(?-1015) - the youngest son of Svyatoslav, who defeated his brothers Yaropolk and Oleg in an internecine struggle after the death of his father. Prince of Novgorod (from 969) and Kiev (from 980). He conquered the Vyatichi, Radimichi and Yatvingians. He continued his father's fight against the Pechenegs. Volga Bulgaria, Poland, Byzantium. Under him, defensive lines were built along the rivers Desna, Osetr, Trubezh, Sula, etc. Kyiv was re-fortified and built up with stone buildings for the first time. In 988-990 introduced Eastern Christianity as the state religion. Under Vladimir I, the Old Russian state entered a period of its prosperity and power. The international authority of the new Christian power grew. Vladimir was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church and is referred to as a Saint. In Russian folklore it is called Vladimir the Red Sun. He was married to the Byzantine princess Anna.
Svyatoslav II Yaroslavich(1027-1076) - son of Yaroslav the Wise, Prince of Chernigov (from 1054), Grand Duke of Kiev (from 1073). Together with his brother Vsevolod, he defended the southern borders of the country from the Polovtsians. In the year of his death, he adopted a new set of laws - “Izbornik”.
Vsevolod I Yaroslavich(1030-1093) - Prince of Pereyaslavl (from 1054), Chernigov (from 1077), Grand Duke of Kiev (from 1078). Together with the brothers Izyaslav and Svyatoslav, he fought against the Polovtsians and took part in the compilation of the Yaroslavich Truth.
Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich(1050-1113) - grandson of Yaroslav the Wise. Prince of Polotsk (1069-1071), Novgorod (1078-1088), Turov (1088-1093), Grand Duke of Kiev (1093-1113). He was distinguished by hypocrisy and cruelty both towards his subjects and his close circle.
Vladimir II Vsevolodovich Monomakh(1053-1125) - Prince of Smolensk (from 1067), Chernigov (from 1078), Pereyaslavl (from 1093), Grand Duke of Kiev (1113-1125). . Son of Vsevolod I and daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Monomakh. He was called to reign in Kyiv during the popular uprising of 1113, which followed the death of Svyatopolk P. He took measures to limit the arbitrariness of moneylenders and the administrative apparatus. He managed to achieve the relative unity of Rus' and an end to strife. He supplemented the codes of laws that existed before him with new articles. He left a “Teaching” to his children, in which he called for strengthening the unity of the Russian state, living in peace and harmony, and avoiding blood feud
Mstislav I Vladimirovich(1076-1132) - son of Vladimir Monomakh. Grand Duke of Kiev (1125-1132). From 1088 he ruled in Novgorod, Rostov, Smolensk, etc. He took part in the work of the Lyubech, Vitichev and Dolob congresses of Russian princes. He took part in campaigns against the Polovtsians. He led the defense of Rus' from its western neighbors.
Vsevolod P Olgovich(?-1146) - Prince of Chernigov (1127-1139). Grand Duke of Kiev (1139-1146).
Izyaslav II Mstislavich(c. 1097-1154) - Prince of Vladimir-Volyn (from 1134), Pereyaslavl (from 1143), Grand Duke of Kiev (from 1146). Grandson of Vladimir Monomakh. Participant in feudal strife. Supporter of the independence of the Russian Orthodox Church from the Byzantine Patriarchate.
Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky (90s of the 11th century - 1157) - Prince of Suzdal and Grand Duke of Kiev. Son of Vladimir Monomakh. In 1125 he moved the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality from Rostov to Suzdal. Since the beginning of the 30s. fought for southern Pereyaslavl and Kyiv. Considered the founder of Moscow (1147). In 1155 captured Kyiv for the second time. Poisoned by the Kyiv boyars.
Andrey Yurievich Bogolyubsky (ca. 1111-1174) - son of Yuri Dolgoruky. Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (from 1157). He moved the capital of the principality to Vladimir. In 1169 he conquered Kyiv. Killed by boyars at his residence in the village of Bogolyubovo.
Vsevolod III Yurievich Big Nest(1154-1212) - son of Yuri Dolgoruky. Grand Duke of Vladimir (from 1176). He severely suppressed the boyar opposition that participated in the conspiracy against Andrei Bogolyubsky. Subjugated Kyiv, Chernigov, Ryazan, Novgorod. During his reign, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' reached its heyday. He received the nickname for the large number of children (12 people).
Roman Mstislavich(?-1205) - Prince of Novgorod (1168-1169), Vladimir-Volyn (from 1170), Galician (from 1199). Son of Mstislav Izyaslavich. He strengthened the princely power in Galich and Volyn, and was considered the most powerful ruler of Rus'. Killed in the war with Poland.
Yuri Vsevolodovich(1188-1238) - Grand Duke of Vladimir (1212-1216 and 1218-1238). During the internecine struggle for the Vladimir throne, he was defeated in the Battle of Lipitsa in 1216. and ceded the great reign to his brother Constantine. In 1221 he founded the city of Nizhny Novgorod. He died during the battle with the Mongol-Tatars on the river. City in 1238
Daniil Romanovich(1201-1264) - Prince of Galicia (1211-1212 and from 1238) and Volyn (from 1221), son of Roman Mstislavich. United the Galician and Volyn lands. He encouraged the construction of cities (Kholm, Lviv, etc.), crafts and trade. In 1254 he received the title of king from the Pope.
Yaroslav III Vsevolodovich(1191-1246) - son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. He reigned in Pereyaslavl, Galich, Ryazan, Novgorod. In 1236-1238 reigned in Kyiv. Since 1238 - Grand Duke of Vladimir. Traveled twice to the Golden Horde and to Mongolia.
Russian tsars in the 16th–17th centuries
IVAN IV VASILIEVICH GROZNY (08/25/1530-03/18/1584) - Grand Duke of Moscow and All Rus' from 1533, first Russian Tsar from 1547.
Son of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich and his second wife Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya. In 1533, Vasily III died and three-year-old Ivan Vasilyevich became the Grand Duke of Moscow.
During the Grand Duke’s childhood, the state was ruled by his mother Elena Glinskaya. In 1538, she suddenly died and power actually passed to the Boyar Duma. Constant intrigues and a fierce struggle for power between various boyar groups had a significant influence on the formation of the character of the young sovereign. From the age of twelve, Ivan IV began to make independent decisions. In 1543, he ordered the boyar Andrei Shuisky to be sent to the hounds for abuse. On the way to prison, Shuisky was killed. Ivan sent many boyars, some into exile, some into prison, and some he ordered to have their tongues cut out.
On January 16, 1547, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, Ivan IV Vasilyevich was crowned king and was the first of the Moscow sovereigns to be officially called Tsar. This act meant that the Russian state placed itself on a par with the most powerful powers in Europe.
The first Russian Tsar surrounded himself with new advisers, whose opinions regarding how state affairs should be carried out he greatly valued. At this time, his confessor, the priest of the Kremlin Annunciation Cathedral, Sylvester, the nobleman Alexei Adashev, and Metropolitan Macarius enjoyed particular influence on the tsar at this time. These people headed the new, nearby council under the sovereign (“The Chosen Rada”), which pushed aside the Boyar Duma. The “Elected Rada” pursued a policy of state centralization, sought to reconcile the interests of the boyars, nobles, and clergy and subordinate them to national tasks. The reforms carried out by the Rada with the personal and very active participation of the Tsar made it possible to significantly strengthen the Russian state and expand its borders.
In 1551, on the initiative of Ivan IV, the Council of the Hundred Heads was held, which made the most important decisions on the organization of church life. In May - October 1552, the tsar took part in a campaign against Kazan, which ended with the annexation of the Kazan Khanate. In 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate was conquered. In 1558, on the initiative of the tsar, the Livonian War began, the goal of which was the return of Russian lands in the Baltic states.
In March 1553, Ivan IV became seriously ill and was close to death. The boyars and princes had to swear allegiance to the prince, the baby Dmitry. Discord arose among the boyars, in which Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, the tsar’s cousin, also took part. The boyars were not against swearing allegiance to Dmitry, but did not want to strengthen the power of the Zakharyin family, relatives of the prince. But in the end, the oath was taken. Later, the recovered Ivan IV viewed these disputes as a boyar conspiracy in favor of Vladimir Staritsky and treason.
Ivan IV was burdened by the fact that his actions were discussed by members of the “Chosen Rada” and the boyars. In con. 1550s Sylvester and Adashev were removed from Moscow. Later, many other boyars and nobles were subjected to persecution and execution. In 1563, Metropolitan Macarius died.
Winter 1564–1565 Ivan IV unexpectedly left Moscow and moved to Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. At his request, the entire state was divided into two parts - the oprichnina and the zemshchina. The oprichnina became a special domain, ruled by the tsar himself, which included many districts in different regions of the country, including part of the territory of Moscow. The oprichnina had its own army, its own duma, its own orders and the royal oprichnina court.
Life in the Alexandrovskaya Sloboda was organized according to the example and likeness of monasteries. Those close to the king were considered monks, and the king himself was considered the abbot of this peculiar monastery.
With the help of the oprichnina army, Ivan IV began persecution of his subjects, for which he received his nickname the Terrible. During the oprichnina, more than 4,000 people were executed. Executions acquired a special scope in 1568–1570, when Novgorod and Pskov were defeated, Metropolitan Philip was secretly strangled, and several princely and boyar families were destroyed. Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky was executed along with his entire family. The king personally took part in many executions.
In 1572, the oprichnina was abolished, Ivan returned to Moscow, but repressions continued for several more years. During the oprichnina, the autocratic power of the tsar increased significantly, but the state suffered terrible ruin.
In 1573, Ivan the Terrible set out to take the Polish throne. For two years he negotiated this matter. In October 1575, Ivan IV unexpectedly renounced the royal throne and installed a baptized Tatar, Kasimov Khan Simeon Bekbulatovich, as Grand Duke in Moscow. He himself called himself the Prince of Moscow and left the Kremlin. And Ivan Vasilyevich wrote loyal petitions to the Grand Duke Simeon: “To the Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon Bekbulatovich of All Rus', Ivanets Vasiliev with his children, with Ivanets and Fedorets, beats his forehead.” In the same year, new repressions began, to which former guardsmen were now primarily subjected. Only in August 1576 did Ivan IV return to the royal throne.
In 1579–1580 Russian troops suffered several serious defeats in the Livonian War. Ivan the Terrible decided to begin peace negotiations and turned to the mediation of Pope Gregory XIII. In 1582–1583 Peace agreements were signed with Poland and Sweden. The Livonian War ended with the defeat of Russia.
In 1582, Ivan the Terrible reconsidered his attitude towards those executed during the oprichnina years. By his decree, a “Synodik” was compiled - a memorial list of those executed, for the repose of whose souls it was necessary to pray in all churches and monasteries.
Ivan the Terrible was married several times. In his first marriage to Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva, he had three sons and three daughters. The first son, Dmitry, died in 1553 in infancy - he drowned in a lake during the royal family’s pilgrimage to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The second son, Ivan Ivanovich, died at the hands of his father during a quarrel in 1581. The third son, Fyodor Ivanovich (1557–1598), inherited the throne after his father’s death. The daughters died in childhood.
After the death of Anastasia Romanovna in 1560, Ivan the Terrible had six more wives. In 1561 he married Maria Temryukovna Cherkasskaya. In this marriage they had a son, Vasily, who died in childhood. In 1571, the tsar married Marfa Sobakina, but after 15 days she died. Anna Koltovskaya became the fourth wife of Ivan the Terrible, but already in 1572 she was forcibly tonsured a nun. In con. In the 1570s, the tsar’s fifth wife, Anna Vasilchikova, ended up in the monastery. At the same time, Ivan IV took his sixth wife - a certain Vasilisa Melentyevna. But this marriage was not church. The last queen in 1580 was Maria Fedorovna Nagaya, in whose marriage another son of Ivan the Terrible was born - Dmitry Ivanovich (1582–1591).
In the last years of his life, Ivan IV was seriously ill for a long time. There were various rumors about the reasons for his death. They said that death happened “by the will of the stars.” Later, a version spread that the tsar was poisoned not without the participation of Boris Godunov. It is only known that Ivan Vasilyevich died suddenly while playing chess.
Ivan IV the Terrible was the author of several messages. An outstanding work by Ser. 16th century are his letters to Prince A.M. Kurbsky, in which he formulated his religious, historical and political views. According to modern researchers, Ivan the Terrible was the author of several church hymns (stichera) and chants.
FEDOR IVANOVYCH (31.5.1557 - 6.1.1598) - Tsar since March 1584, the last Russian sovereign from the Rurik dynasty.
Son of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible and Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva. Since 1573, he was repeatedly nominated as a candidate for the Polish throne. After the death of his eldest son Ivan at the hands of Ivan IV (1582), Fyodor became the de facto heir to the throne, although his father considered him incapable of governing the state. Before his death, Ivan IV established a regency council to help Fedor from among the most influential boyars and two Duma clerks - the Shchelkalov brothers.
The first years of Fyodor Ivanovich's reign were marked by a fierce struggle between palace factions. According to contemporaries, Fyodor Ivanovich paid little attention to state affairs. He devoted most of his time to palace management, decorating the Kremlin chambers, and made generous contributions to monasteries. The king's favorite pastime was bear fights.
Since 1587, power in the country was actually concentrated in the hands of the boyar.
BORIS GODUNOV (c. 1552-13.4.1605) - king since 1598
The son of the Vyazma landowner Fyodor Ivanovich Krivoy-Godunov. According to legend, the Godunovs and their related family, the Saburovs, were impoverished descendants of the Tatar Murza Chet, who left the Golden Horde to serve the Moscow prince ca. 1330
After the death of his father, Boris was brought up in the family of his uncle Dmitry Ivanovich Godunov, who was enlisted in the guardsmen, and soon became the royal bed guard. Boris married the daughter of Malyuta Skuratov, Maria Grigorievna. Boris's sister, Irina, became the wife of Tsarevich Fyodor Ioannovich. In 1584, Boris Fedorovich received the rank of boyar.
Under Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, Godunov became one of the first persons in the state, and from 1587 he was titled “the tsar’s brother-in-law and ruler, servant and equerry boyar and courtyard governor and holder of the great states - the kingdoms of Kazan and Astrakhan.” In order not to leave service people on the estate without workers - the main military force of that time - Boris Fedorovich was forced to pursue a policy of attaching peasants to the land. By decree of 1592/1593 the transfer of peasants from one owner to another on St. George's Day was prohibited, and a decree of 1597 established a 5-year period for searching for fugitive peasants.
At the Zemsky Sobor, convened after the death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich on February 17, 1598, Boris Fedorovich was elected to the throne. Boris's sister, Tsarina Irina Feodorovna, retired to the Novodevichy Convent and took monastic vows there.
A widely educated and far-sighted man, Boris was the first of the Russian sovereigns to try to introduce Russia to the achievements of European civilization: he patronized foreigners, formed a detachment of bodyguards from German mercenaries, intended to open a university in Moscow, invited foreign craftsmen - ore miners, clothmakers, watchmakers, architects, sent Russian youths to study abroad (to England, Germany and France).
Under him, intensive construction was carried out in Moscow: the first almshouses appeared, a water supply system with a powerful pump was built in the Kremlin, raising water from the Moscow River, the pillar of the bell tower of Ivan the Great was built on, the border city of Smolensk was surrounded by a powerful fortress wall built by the architect Fyodor Kon. The crown of Godunov’s creative efforts was to be the grandiose cathedral “Holy of Holies.”
But all of Godunov’s plans were thwarted by the Time of Troubles. After the summer frosts of 1601 and 1602. A three-year famine began in the country, during which up to a third of the entire population died.
In 1604, the army of the impostor False Dmitry I began to invade Russia from the territory of Poland, declaring himself the legitimate heir to the throne, Tsarevich Dmitry Ioannovich.
In the midst of the struggle with this adventurer, Tsar Boris died suddenly, perhaps he was poisoned. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. But after False Dmitry I came to power, the bodies of Boris and his relatives were transported to the Ascension Monastery of Varsonofievsky on Sretenka and buried within the monastery fence. Later, under Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky, the ashes of the Godunovs were transported to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.
FEDOR BORISOVICH GODUNOV (1589-10.06. 1605) - Tsar from April 14 to June 10, 1605. Son of Tsar Boris Fedorovich Godunov and Maria Grigorievna, nee Skuratova-Belskaya. The young sovereign surprised those who communicated with him with his knowledge of science. He personally made a map of the Russian state. “Although he was young,” a Russian contemporary wrote about him, “he surpassed everyone in sense and intelligence. He was by no means hated by malice and all wickedness.” Tsar Fyodor Godunov ruled the country for less than two months. After the death of Boris Godunov, the main parts of the Russian army went over to the side of the impostor False Dmitry I. An uprising against the Godunovs broke out in the capital. Fyodor Borisovich was removed from the throne and, together with his mother, was taken into custody at the old boyar court of the Godunovs. From the camp of False Dmitry I, nobleman M. A. Molchanov arrived in Serpukhov. On June 10, 1605, Fyodor Borisovich and his mother were strangled by Molchanov and his henchmen. The Godunovs’ death from the “potion” (poison) was officially announced.
VASILY IV IVANOVICH SHUISKY (1552 – 12.9.1612) – Russian Tsar in 1606–1610.
He came from a family of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal princes, the son of Prince Ivan Andreevich Shuisky. In 1584 he was granted the rank of boyar. In 1591, he led the investigation into the circumstances of the death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in Uglich. In 1605, Vasily Ivanovich was one of the governors who defeated the army of the impostor False Dmitry I near the village of Dobrynichi. In June 1605, shortly after the accession of the impostor, he led a conspiracy against him, was exposed and sent into exile. However, after some time he was returned from exile and in May 1606 he led a new conspiracy, which ended with the death of False Dmitry I.
On May 19, 1606, Vasily Ivanovich was elected to the throne by an incomplete Zemsky Sobor. Soon the remains of Tsarevich Dmitry were transported from Uglich to Moscow. On the initiative of Vasily Shuisky, a church council in 1606 canonized the prince. In 1606–1607 Vasily Shuisky's troops suppressed the uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov. However, during 1607–1608. The tsarist army suffered defeats from the army of False Dmitry II, which approached Moscow in the summer of 1608. In September 1609, the Polish king Sigismund III began the siege of Smolensk. On July 17, 1610, in the battle near the village of Klushino, Shuisky’s troops were defeated by the army of the crown hetman S. Zholkevsky.
On July 19, 1610, an uprising broke out in Moscow, as a result of which Vasily Ivanovich was removed from the throne and forcibly tonsured a monk. In September 1610, he was handed over to Hetman Zholkiewski and taken along with his two brothers to Smolensk, and then to Poland. Vasily Ivanovich died in captivity in Gostyn Castle near Warsaw.
FALSE DMITRIY (? – May 17, 1606) – impostor, Russian Tsar in 1605–1606.
According to the Moscow authorities, the impostor was a fugitive monk of the Kremlin Miracle Monastery, Grigory (Yuri) Bogdanovich Otrepiev, who fled to Lithuania in 1602. There he declared himself the miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry, the son of Tsar Ivan IV. However, these assumptions gave rise to reasonable doubts. Even his contemporaries were struck by False Dmitry's sophistication in military affairs and in the intricacies of European politics. Interest in this problem was added by Konrad Bussow's assertion that the first of the famous Moscow impostors was the illegitimate son of the Polish king Stefan Batory.
The Russian historian S. F. Platonov believed: “It cannot be assumed that the impostor was Otrepiev, but it also cannot be argued that Otrepiev could not have been: the truth is still hidden from us.”
It remains hidden to this day. But, be that as it may, the impostor, taking advantage of the secret help of the Polish king Sigismund III, recruited a small army (according to various estimates from 4 to 6 thousand people) and in October 1604 crossed the border of the Moscow state. Many Russian people believed in the miraculous salvation of Tsarevich Dmitry; others found it beneficial to think so, fighting under the banner of the impostor with the army of Boris Godunov. By the end of November 1604, the power of False Dmitry was recognized by many cities and volosts. However, on January 21, 1605, he suffered a crushing defeat from the troops of Boris Godunov near the village of Dobrynichi and fled to Putivl. After the death of Boris Godunov in April 1605, most of the Russian army stationed near Kromy went over to the impostor.
The united army moved towards Moscow. On June 20, 1605, the impostor solemnly entered the Russian capital and a month later was crowned king under the name of Dmitry. Even earlier, his envoys and Moscow boyars brutally dealt with the family of Boris Godunov, strangling his son Fedor, who occupied the royal throne for only two months, and the widow Tsarina Maria Grigorievna. But the reign of the impostor was short-lived. Moving towards Moscow, False Dmitry was generous with promises. He restrained some of them: he granted a number of privileges to southern Russian cities, gave gifts to the Cossacks, and insisted on restoring the right of peasants to change hands from one owner to another. But not all promises were fulfilled. Moreover, the daily activities of the tsar and his immediate circle, the open disdain he showed for Russian customs, aroused sharp rejection by the church, the boyars, and the majority of the townspeople. Muscovites were especially dissatisfied, suffering from the arbitrariness of the Cossacks and gentry surroundings of False Dmitry. The situation was heated to the extreme by his marriage to the Catholic Marina Mniszech, whose magnificent wedding took place on May 8, 1606.
Muscovites grumbled, and a conspiracy was brewing among the boyars, headed by the boyar Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. At dawn on May 17, bells were rung throughout Moscow. A rumor spread throughout the city that the Poles wanted to kill the sovereign. Crowds of townspeople began to destroy the courtyards of the Poles. Taking advantage of the turmoil, Shuisky’s people broke into the palace and disarmed False Dmitry’s guards. The king tried to escape, but, jumping from a palace window from a height of 20 cubits, he broke his leg and was killed. The corpse of False Dmitry was dragged to Red Square and thrown into the mud in the middle of the market rows. Heralds read out letters in the squares denouncing Grishka Otrepyev’s imposture. Three days later, his body was buried in a field outside the Serpukhov Gate. Some time later, rumors of witchcraft spread in the city, that strange blue lights seemed to be burning at night over the burial place of the impostor. The corpse of False Dmitry I was dug up, burned at the stake, the ashes were mixed with gunpowder and fired from a cannon in the direction from which he came to Moscow.
FALSE DMITRY II("Tushinsky thief")(? – 12/11/1610) - an impostor who pretended to be “Tsar Dimitri Ivanovich” (i.e., False Dmitry I), supposedly having escaped the massacre of the Muscovites.
Appeared in the spring of 1607 in the city of Starodub in Seversk Ukraine. Cossacks, Poles and Lithuanians who took part in the Rokoshe uprising against King Sigismund III began to flock to the new impostor. Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky initially underestimated the impending danger. And only after the defeat of his governors in the battle of Volkhov in May 1608, he tried, but unsuccessfully, to organize a rebuff to the campaign of False Dmitry II against Moscow.
Having reached the capital, the impostor was nevertheless unable to take possession of it. Well-fortified Moscow stubbornly resisted, hoping for help from the Northern Russian cities. The troops of False Dmitry II were stationed in the village of Tushino, several miles northwest of the capital at the confluence of the small river Skhodnya into the Moscow River. Here his Boyar Duma met, his orders worked, from here his troops went to fight and plunder Russian cities and lands that did not submit to him. The wife of False Dmitry I, Marina Mnishek, was also brought here to the impostor, who “recognized” him as her husband. They got along surprisingly quickly and began to rule their robber “kingdom” together.
The siege of Moscow by the Tushins continued for almost a year and a half. Deliverance came from Novgorod, where M.V. Skopin-Shuisky, having gathered a zemstvo army and adding mercenary Swedish troops to it, moved with them to the rescue of Moscow. Adherents of the Tushino impostor very quickly abandoned him. In December 1609, leaving the deserted camp near Moscow, he secretly, hiding in a cart with manure, fled to Kaluga. Here, in the new “capital”, on December 11, 1610, False Dmitry II was killed by his own guards.
FALSE DMITRY III (? - July 1612) - an impostor posing as “Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich” (i.e. False Dmitry II), who allegedly escaped murder for the second time in Kaluga. Its origins are unclear. According to one version, the real name of the impostor is Sidorka, according to another - Matyushka (Moscow clerk). In March 1611 he showed up in Ivangorod, where Cossacks began to flock to him. Tried unsuccessfully to gain support from the Swedes. In December 1611 he occupied Pskov with the Cossacks (hence his nickname Pskov Thief). In addition to the Pskovites, part of the First Militia detachments stationed near Moscow swore allegiance to him. The reckless arbitrariness, debauchery and violence perpetrated by the new “tsar” and his army soon aroused the discontent of the Pskovites. In May 1612, False Dmitry III fled from Pskov, but was overtaken by the Pskov governor, Prince I. A. Khovansky, returned in custody to Pskov and imprisoned, and in July 1612 taken to Moscow. According to some sources, he was killed on the way, according to others, he was executed in a camp of the First Militia near Moscow, according to others, he was hanged in Moscow after the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
MIKHAIL FEDOROVICH ROMANOV (12.7.1596-13.7. 1645) - Tsar since 1613, the first of the Romanov dynasty.
The son of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (later Patriarch Filaret) and Ksenia Ivanovna Romanova (née Shestova, a monk of Martha). After his parents were forcibly tonsured and exiled to distant monasteries, five-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich lived in the family of his aunt Marfa Nikitichna Cherkasskaya. From 1605, after his mother returned from the Zaonezhsky churchyards, he lived with her in Klin, in one of the Romanov family estates. After the capture of Moscow by the Poles, he found himself in a city besieged by zemstvo militias. He was released along with other Moscow boyars on October 22, 1612. Together with his mother he went to Kostroma and there he learned of his election as tsar at the Zemsky Sobor convened in Moscow. On February 21, 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the throne. On May 2 he arrived in Moscow and on June 11, 1613 he was crowned king.
The new sovereign inherited the difficult legacy of ten years of Troubles, war and intervention. Military conflicts with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden continued. The Swedes, led by King Gustav II Adolf, made a number of new attempts to take Pskov. In the central part of Russia, the moment of greatest danger was the autumn of 1618, when the Polish army, led by Prince Vladislav and Hetman K. Khodkevich, approached Moscow and reoccupied the village of Tushino, which was the residence of False Dmitry II during the Time of Troubles. However, neither the Swedes nor the Poles managed to achieve their goals. The interventionists, defeated in the attacks, were eventually forced to withdraw the troops that had suffered heavy losses and begin peace negotiations. The Stolbovo peace with Sweden (1617) and the Deulin truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1618) brought
The Moscow state suffered huge territorial losses, but was given a much-needed peaceful respite.
The main concern of the first years of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the restoration of the economy, which had fallen into complete decline, and the strengthening of the shaky state apparatus. The activity of the Zemsky Sobors, which considered the most important issues of state policy, noticeably intensified.
The number of nationwide orders has increased. In addition to the previous administrative institutions restored in full, the quarter orders were finalized and a number of new ones were created - Cossack, Pansky, New Quarter and the Great Treasury order.
In 1619, the Tsar's father Filaret returned from Polish captivity and was immediately elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. Until his death in 1633, Patriarch Filaret actually ruled the state.
The measures taken by the authorities allowed the country to strengthen, but the strength of the state and people was restored slowly. The war with Poland that began in 1632 for the return of Smolensk and Chernigov lands was lost. Other important events of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich were the capture of Azov by the Don Cossacks in 1637 (“Azov Seat”) and the further development of Siberia. The cities of Tambov, Kozlov, Penza, and Simbirsk were founded in the south of Russia. Mikhail Fedorovich was married twice - the first marriage to Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova (she died 4 months after the wedding), the second - to Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. All of his 10 children were born from his second marriage.
ALEXEY MIKHAILOVICH (03/19/1629-01/29/1676) - Tsar since 1645, from the Romanov dynasty.
The son of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich from his marriage to Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. From a young age, Alexei Mikhailovich, under the guidance of the “uncle” boyar B.I. Morozov, prepared for government activities. In the initial years of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, Morozov became the first person at his court.
The main concern of the new government was replenishing the state treasury. For this purpose, in 1646, by royal decree, the duty on salt was increased. Due to the sharp rise in price of salt, the population refused to buy it, and treasury revenues fell. In 1647, the salt tax was abolished. At the same time, tax arrears for the previous two years began to be collected from the tax-paying population. In 1648, mass discontent among the townspeople in Moscow led to the “Salt Riot.” Alexey Mikhailovich was forced to make concessions. Morozov was exiled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. His place at court was taken by boyar N.I. Romanov and Prince Y.K. Cherkassky. Later, Alexey Mikhailovich brought talented statesmen closer to him - N. I. Odoevsky, A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, A. S. Matveev.
In September 1648, after the unrest had calmed down, the tsar convened the Zemsky Sobor, which adopted the Council Code of 1649, which became the main legislative act of the Russian state for almost two centuries. In 1650, the tsar again turned to the Zemsky Sobor for support in connection with the uprisings in Pskov (“Pskov Gil”) and Novgorod.
In 1649–1652 the so-called township structure was carried out - white settlements (private estates exempt from taxes) in cities were assigned “to the sovereign”, and their residents, along with black (state) settlements, began to pay taxes to the treasury Alexei Mikhailovich took a number of measures to protect Russian merchants from competition from foreign merchants. In 1649, a decree was issued on the expulsion of English merchants from Russia. The decree motivated this measure with the following arguments: Russian merchants “became poor” because of the British, and the latter “became rich”; in addition, the British “committed a great evil deed throughout the entire land, they killed their sovereign King Charles to death.” Alexei Mikhailovich’s decision remained unchanged even after the personal intervention of the son of King Charles I, the future King Charles II, who was executed during the English Revolution: “And for such villains and traitors, it wouldn’t do to even speak of murderers to your sovereign. But for their evil deeds they deserve execution, not mercy. But in the Moscow state it is still obscene for such villains to exist.” Alexey Mikhailovich contributed to the adoption of the Customs (1653) and New Trade (1667) charters, which encouraged the development of domestic and foreign trade.
In the initial years of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the cultural and religious life of Russia intensified. At the end of the 40s. 17th century At his court, a “Circle of Devotees of Piety” (“Lovers of God”) was formed under the leadership of the royal confessor Stefan Vnifantiev. The activities of the Moscow Printing House have expanded, among the publications of which books of an educational nature stand out. In 1649, the “Cathedral Code” and “Code of Judicial Affairs” were printed and republished many times here. In 1653, “The Helmsman” was published - a set of church rules and regulations. In 1647, a translated work was published - “The Teaching and Cunning of the Military Formation of Infantry Men” by Johann Jacobi von Wallhausen. Members of the Vnifantiev circle are credited with spreading literacy and establishing schools in Russia. Alexei Mikhailovich issued a number of decrees condemning those who organized or participated in “demonic games”: fortune telling, Christmas masquerades, invited buffoons, etc.
Alexey Mikhailovich provided patronage to zealots of the Orthodox faith who advocated changes in church life. An innovation in the practice of worship was the sermons with which priests addressed parishioners. The Tsar supported the reforms of the new Patriarch Nikon, considering the unification of the church rites of the Russian and Greek churches as a necessary prerequisite for the growth of the international authority of the Russian state. However, soon, due to Nikon’s claims to supreme power in the state, Alexei Mikhailovich broke off relations with him and at a church council in 1666 he became one of the main accusers of the patriarch. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, a split occurred in the Russian Orthodox Church. Opponents of church reform—the “Old Believers”—more than once “revolted the people” against the Tsar and the Patriarch. The Solovetsky Monastery became a stronghold of the Old Believers. From 1668 to 1676 The royal commanders could not bring the monks to submission. The “Solovetsky Sitting” ended after the death of the Tsar.
In con. 40 – beginning 50s 17th century The construction of defensive fortifications continued on the southern borders of the country. The Belgorod serif line was built, stretching for almost 500 miles; Tambovskaya line passed in the eastern direction, along the Kama coast - Zakamskaya line. In relation to the Crimean Khanate, Moscow sought to achieve a peaceful course of affairs; Annual “commemorations” were sent to the khan and the Crimean nobility - generous gifts of money and furs.
In 1654, Left Bank Ukraine was annexed to Russia. As a result of the Russian-Polish war of 1654–1667. Smolensk Seversk land with Chernigov and Starodub were returned. The Russian-Swedish war of 1656–1658, undertaken with the aim of achieving access to the Baltic Sea, ended with the conclusion of the Valiesar truce, which was beneficial for Russia, but later, under the influence of failures in the Russian-Polish war, its terms were revised when the Treaty of Kardis was signed in 1661.
Long wars required straining all the financial capabilities of the state. In the interests of service people, serfdom was further expanded. The government levied extraordinary taxes on merchants and townspeople: “fifth money”, “tenth money” (20 and 10% of the value of property, respectively), and took large loans from monasteries. In 1654, the government introduced copper money into circulation, which was supposed to circulate on an equal basis with silver money. However, after a few years, the accelerated issuance of copper money led to its depreciation. The critical situation in the country, one of the manifestations of which was the “Copper Riot” of 1662 in Moscow, forced the authorities to abolish copper money. In 1670–1671 The tsarist army suppressed the uprising of Stepan Razin, which engulfed the southern and part of the central regions of Russia.
Further development of Siberia took place. In 1648, Cossack Semyon Dezhnev discovered the strait separating Eurasia from North America (now the Bering Strait). In con. 40 – beginning 50s 17th century explorers Vasily Poyarkov and Erofey Khabarov made trips to the river. Amur and brought the population of this region into Russian citizenship. In 1655, the Kalmyks recognized themselves as subjects of the Russian Tsar. Russian embassies were sent to the khans of Khiva and Bukhara, as well as to China. By order of Alexei Mikhailovich, information was collected about India and routes to this country.
Alexey Mikhailovich actively recruited foreigners into the service, mainly military specialists, doctors, and manufacturers. In the Russian army, the importance of “foreign regiments” sharply increased. In 1669 in the village. Dedinovo on the Oka River built a three-masted ship "Eagle" and several small ships. The first Russian Naval Charter was drawn up for the flotilla.
Towards the end of his reign, the king turned less and less often to the council of “the whole earth.” The activity of Zemsky Sobors gradually faded away. The personal power of the sovereign increased significantly, the competence of the central authorities expanded, and the influence of the administrative bureaucracy increased. In 1654, by decree of Alexei Mikhailovich, the “Order of His Great Sovereign of Secret Affairs” was created, where all the threads of state government converged; he supervised all civil and military affairs that were under the jurisdiction of other state institutions. In 1672, the Record Order compiled a historical and genealogical work about the Romanov dynasty, designed to show its continuity with the Rurik dynasty: the richly illustrated “Titular Book” included a portrait gallery of Russian sovereigns, drawings of the coats of arms of cities and regions, as well as images of foreign monarchs.
Outstanding educational scientists Simeon of Polotsk, Epiphany Slavinetsky, icon painter Simon Ushakov and others worked at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich.
An adherent of Western European innovations, Alexey Mikhailovich started gardens and “vegetable gardens” in Moscow and the royal villages near Moscow, including for the needs of the Apothecary Prikaz. In the village Preobrazhenskoye, a “comedy temple” was built, where the first theatrical performance took place in 1672. Rebuilt and decorated with. Izmailovo. In 1669, a grandiose wooden palace was erected in the village. Kolomenskoye, nicknamed by contemporaries “the eighth wonder of the world.” A stone Ambassadorial Courtyard was built in Moscow, as well as a new Apothecary Courtyard, where beggars and wanderers were fed by royal decree.
Alexey Mikhailovich left an extensive literary heritage: letters, memoirs, poetry and prose (“Message to Solovki”, “The Tale of the Death of Patriarch Joseph”, unfinished notes on the Russian-Polish War). Unofficially, Alexey Mikhailovich was called the Quietest.
From the first marriage of Alexei Mikhailovich with Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, sons were born - the future tsars Fyodor Alekseevich and Ivan V - and a daughter, Sofya Alekseevna (the future ruler); from his second marriage, with Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, the future Tsar Peter I.
FEDOR ALEXEEVICH (05/30/1661-04/27/1682) - king since 1676.
The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his first wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Like other children from his first marriage, Fyodor Alekseevich was a pupil of Simeon of Polotsk, a supporter of the rapprochement of Russia with the countries of the Catholic world, knew Polish and Latin, and wrote poetry. During his reign in 1678, a general census of the population was carried out, which made it possible to introduce household taxation already in 1679. In 1682, a specially convened Zemsky Sobor abolished localism. The government of Fyodor Alekseevich began preparations for a war with Sweden for the return of lands along the river lost during the Time of Troubles. Neva and Karelia, but the betrayal of the Ukrainian hetman P.D. Doroshenko, who captured Chigirin in 1676, and the war with the Ottoman Empire that began in the same year forced the Moscow authorities to abandon plans to fight for the Baltic states.
At the end of the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich, the persecution of Old Believers was intensified. On April 14, 1682, “for great blasphemy against the royal house,” Archpriest Avvakum Petrov and other Pustozersk prisoners were burned.
He was first married to Agafya Semyonovna Grushetskaya (died during childbirth in 1681). The second marriage, with Marfa Matveevna Apraksina, was childless.
IVAN V ALEXEEVICH (27.6.1666-29.1.1696) - king since 1682.
The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his first wife M.I. Miloslavskaya. As a result of an intense struggle between two court parties - the Miloslavskys, supported by the rebel archers, and the Naryshkins, to whose family Alexei Mikhailovich’s second wife belonged, after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich’s eldest son, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich (1682), Ivan, proclaimed by the Zemsky Sobor, was crowned king. the first" tsar, and his half-brother Peter, who became the "second" tsar. When Ivan and Peter were young, real power was concentrated in the hands of their older sister, Princess Sofia Alekseevna.
In 1689, power actually passed to Peter. Distinguished by poor health, Ivan did not take any part in state affairs either under Sophia or under Peter, remaining, according to the testimony of his contemporaries, “in unceasing prayer and firm fasting.” He was married to P.F. Saltykova; their daughter Anna Ivanovna in 1730–1740. occupied the imperial throne.
SOFIA ALEKSEEVNA (17.9.1657-3.7.1704) - princess, ruler of the Russian state in 1682–1689. under the young Tsars Ivan V and Peter I.
Daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his first wife M.I. Miloslavskaya. She received an excellent education: her teachers were Simeon Polotsky, Sylvester Medvedev, Karion Istomin.
After the death of the Tsar's brother Fyodor Alekseevich (April 27, 1682), Sophia actively joined the struggle of the court parties grouped around the Miloslavskys and Naryshkins (relatives of the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich). At first, the supporters of the Naryshkins gained the upper hand, proclaiming the youngest son of Alexei Mikhailovich, ten-year-old Peter I, tsar.
After the Streltsy revolt that broke out in Moscow on May 15, 1682, both parties ultimately compromised: two half-brothers Ivan V (the son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage) and Peter I were proclaimed tsars. On May 29, Sofya Alekseevna became ruler under both juvenile kings. Her name was included in the official royal title “Great Sovereigns and Great Empress Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Sofia Alekseevna...”. In 1684, Sophia ordered her image to be minted on coins. Since 1686, she called herself autocrat, and in January 1687 she formalized this title by a special decree. Sophia's closest advisers were the boyar Prince V.V. Golitsyn, Duma clerk F.L. Shaklovity and others.
In the fall of 1682, Sofya Alekseevna, with the help of the noble army loyal to her, suppressed the riot in Moscow, Prince I. A. Khovansky and his closest relatives, declared the instigators of the riot, were executed.
In an effort to stabilize the situation in the state, the government reduced the number of rifle regiments in Moscow, replacing those removed with Selected people from the border regiments. In 1683, a decree was issued on the capture of fugitive slaves and their return to their masters or eternal exile to Siberian cities. The order of 1684 allowed peasants who went to the cities to remain in the suburbs, but henceforth prohibited such exits. The government of Sophia continued its fierce struggle with the Old Believers. In 1683, an order was issued for the widespread search and trial of schismatics.
Sofia Alekseevna's courtyard became the center of cultural life in Moscow and all of Russia. A significant event in the history of Russian enlightenment was the opening in 1687 of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in the Moscow Zaikonospassky Monastery. The period of Sophia's reign was characterized by the desire to attract foreigners to the Russian service - traders, experts in crafts, scientists.
The government of Sofia Alekseevna pursued an active, although unpopular, foreign policy. In 1684, the terms of the Kardis Peace of 1664 with Sweden were confirmed, in 1686 the “Eternal Peace” was concluded with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in 1689 the Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed with China, which established the border line between the two states. During her reign, Russia joined the alliance of a number of European states against
Ottoman Empire (“Holy League”), which resulted in the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 that ended in failure. The failure of the Crimean campaigns became a harbinger of new unrest.
In 1689, Sophia’s relations with the boyar-noble group that supported Peter I sharply worsened. Peter’s marriage to E.F. Lopukhina (January 27, 1689), which became a formal confirmation of his coming of age, deprived Sophia of the right to guardianship. On August 7, an anonymous letter appeared in Moscow about the allegedly preparing campaign of Peter’s “amusing” troops from the village of Preobrazhenskoye to the Kremlin with the aim of killing Tsar Ivan V. Sophia decided to take preemptive measures. On her personal orders, detachments of archers were deployed in the Lubyanka and the Kremlin. Peter, warned in advance, demanded an explanation from his sister. Losing supporters and feeling the growing influence of Peter, the princess decided to reconcile with him. On August 27, accompanied by the boyars, she went to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where by this time Peter and his entourage had moved and where numerous representatives of the Moscow nobility flocked, seeking to show loyalty to the youngest of the tsars. Halfway, near the village of Vozdvizhenskoye, Sophia received an order to return to Moscow. Here the archers accompanying her were defeated and some were arrested. Shaklovity was executed at the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, V.V. Golitsyn and his relatives were sent into exile to the north. Returning to Moscow, Sophia gave the boyars permission to go to the Trinity without hindrance.
On September 7, Peter issued a decree to exclude the royal title from Sophia's name, Ivan V meekly agreed with his brother's decision. Sofya Alekseevna was removed from the court and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. To “keep it strong,” a guard of soldiers from the Preobrazhensky Regiment was posted at the monastery.
During the Streltsy revolt of 1698, Sophia’s supporters, taking advantage of the absence of Peter, who was with the Great Embassy in Europe, intended to “call out” her for the throne. Peter, who urgently returned to Moscow, personally interrogated his sister. Sophia with dignity denied involvement in the riot. Nevertheless, for the edification of his sister, Peter ordered the execution of the archers at the walls of the Novodevichy Convent. For several months, the bodies of the archers hung in front of the windows of Sophia’s cell. In October 1698, Sophia was tonsured a nun under the name of Susanna. She spent the last years of her life in monastery confinement. She was buried in the Smolensk Cathedral of the monastery.
4. RUSSIAN KINGS-KHANS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY The dynastic history of the kings-khans of the Great = “Mongol” Empire before the XIV century is very poorly known. In general, the 13th century is a dark and deep antiquity. Only from the moment of the great = “Mongol” conquest does history become clearer.
author7. RUSSIAN TSAR-KHANS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 7.1. VASILY I VASILY I DMITRIEVICH 1389–1425 by , , . See fig. 6.26. On the pages of Western European chronicles he was reflected as the Habsburg “WENCESLAW” 1378–1400. The name WENCESLAW could mean either CROWN OF GLORY, or GLORIOUS CROWN, or
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author Istomin Sergey Vitalievich author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich4.4. Russian Tsar-Khans of the 14th century The dynastic history of the Tsar-Khans of the Great Empire before the 14th century is very poorly known. In general, the 13th century is a dark and deep antiquity. Only from the moment of the “Mongol” conquest does history become clearer. Apparently, with the emergence of a huge Empire
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From the book I Explore the World. History of Russian Tsars author Istomin Sergey VitalievichThe first Russian tsars Grand Duke and Tsar Ivan IV - (1533–1584) Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich - (1584–1598) Tsar Boris Godunov - (1598–1605) Tsar Fyodor Godunov - (1605) Tsar False Dmitry I - (1605–1606) Tsar Vasily Shuisky -
Peter I Alekseevich 1672 - 1725
Peter I was born on 05/30/1672 in Moscow, died on 01/28/1725 in St. Petersburg, Russian Tsar from 1682, Emperor from 1721. Son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife, Natalya Naryshkina. He ascended the throne at the age of nine, together with his elder brother Tsar John V, under the regency of his elder sister Princess Sophia Alekseevna. In 1689, his mother married Peter I to Evdokia Lopukhina. In 1690, a son was born, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, but family life did not work out. In 1712, the tsar announced his divorce and married Catherine (Marta Skavronskaya), who had been his de facto wife since 1703. This marriage produced 8 children, but except for Anna and Elizabeth, they all died in infancy. In 1694, the mother of Peter I died, and two years later, in 1696, his elder brother, Tsar John V, also died. Peter I became the sole sovereign. In 1712, Petersburg, founded by Peter I, became the new capital of Russia, where part of the population of Moscow was transferred.
Catherine I Alekseevna 1684 - 1727
Catherine I Alekseevna was born on 04/05/1684 in the Baltic states, died on 05/06/1727 in St. Petersburg, Russian empress in 1725-1727. The daughter of the Lithuanian peasant Samuil Skavronsky, who moved from Lithuania to Livonia. Before accepting Orthodoxy - Marta Skavronskaya. In the fall of 1703 she became the de facto wife of Peter I. The church marriage was formalized on February 19, 1712. Following the decree on succession to the throne, not without the participation of A.D. Menshikov, she bequeathed the throne to the grandson of Peter I - 12-year-old Peter II. She died on May 6, 1727. She was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
Peter II Alekseevich 1715 - 1730
Peter II Alekseevich was born on October 12, 1715 in St. Petersburg, died on January 18, 1730 in Moscow, Russian Emperor (1727-1730) from the Romanov dynasty. Son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and Princess Charlotte Christina Sophia of Wolfenbüttel, grandson of Peter I. Enthroned through the efforts of A.D. Menshikov, after the death of Catherine I, Peter II was not interested in anything except hunting and pleasure. At the beginning of the reign of Peter II, power was actually in the hands of A. Menshikov, who dreamed of becoming related to the royal dynasty by marrying Peter II to his daughter. Despite the engagement of Menshikov's daughter Maria to Peter II in May 1727, in September Menshikov's dismissal and disgrace followed, and then Menshikov's exile. Peter II came under the influence of the Dolgoruky family, I. Dolgoruky became his favorite, and Princess E. Dolgoruky became his fiancée. Real power was in the hands of A. Osterman. Peter II fell ill with smallpox and died on the eve of the wedding. With his death, the Romanov family in the male line was interrupted. He was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
Anna Ioannovna 1693 - 1740
Anna Ioannovna was born on January 28, 1693 in Moscow, died on October 17, 1740 in St. Petersburg, Russian empress in 1730-1740. Daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich and P. Saltykova, niece of Peter I. In 1710, she was married to the Duke of Courland, Friedrich-Velgem, and soon became a widow and lived in Mitau. After the death of Emperor Peter II (he did not leave a will), the Supreme Privy Council, at a meeting in the Lefortovo Palace on January 19, 1730, decided to invite Anna Ioannovna to the throne. In 1731, Anna Ioannovna issued a Manifesto on a nationwide oath to the heir. 01/08/1732 Anna Ioannovna together with the court and the highest state officials. The institutions moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, power was in the hands of E. Biron, a native of Courland, and his henchmen.
Ivan VI Antonovich 1740 - 1764
Ivan Antonovich was born on 08/12/1740, killed on 07/07/1764, Russian Emperor from 10/17/1740 to 11/25/1741. Son of Anna Leopoldovna and Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Brevern-Luneburg, great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, great-nephew of Empress Anna Ioannovna. On November 25, as a result of a palace coup, the daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, came to power. In 1744, Ivan Antonovich was exiled to Kholmogory. In 1756 he was transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress. On July 5, 1764, Lieutenant V. Mirovich tried to free Ivan Antonovich from the fortress, but was unsuccessful. The guards killed the prisoner.
Elizaveta Petrovna 1709 - 1762
Elizaveta Petrovna was born on December 18, 1709 in the village of Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, died on December 25, 1761 in St. Petersburg, Russian empress in 1741-1761, daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. She ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup on November 25, 1741, during of which representatives of the Brunswick dynasty (Prince Anton Ulrich, Anna Leopoldovna and Ivan Antonovich), as well as many representatives of the “German party” (A. Osterman, B. Minich, etc.) were arrested. One of the first actions of the new reign was to invite Elizaveta Petrovna's nephew Karl Ulrich from Holstein and declare him heir to the throne (the future Emperor Peter III). In fact, Count P. Shuvalov became the head of domestic policy under Elizaveta Petrovna.
Peter III Fedorovich 1728 - 1762
Peter III was born on 02/10/1728 in Kiel, killed on 07/07/1762 in Ropsha near St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor from 1761 to 1762. Grandson of Peter I, son of Duke of Holstein-Gottop Karl Friedrich and Tsesarevna Anna Petrovna. In 1745 he married Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerb (future Empress Catherine II). Having ascended the throne on December 25, 1761, he immediately stopped military operations against Prussia in the Seven Years' War and ceded all his conquests to his admirer Frederick II. The anti-national foreign policy of Peter III, disdain for Russian rites and customs, and the introduction of Prussian orders in the army aroused opposition in the guard, headed by Catherine II. During the palace coup, Peter III was arrested and then killed.
Catherine II Alekseevna 1729 - 1796
Catherine II Alekseevna was born on 04/21/1729 in Stettin, died on 11/06/1796 in Tsarskoye Selo (now the city of Pushkin), Russian empress 1762-1796. She came from a small North German princely family. Born Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. She was educated at home. In 1744, she and her mother were summoned to Russia by Empress Elizaveta Pertovna, baptized according to Orthodox custom under the name of Catherine and named the bride of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich (the future Emperor Peter III), whom she married in 1745. In 1754, Catherine II gave birth to a son, the future Emperor Paul I After the accession of Peter III, who treated her more and more hostilely, her position became precarious. Relying on the guards regiments (G. and A. Orlovs and others), on June 28, 1762, Catherine II carried out a bloodless coup and became an autocratic empress. The time of Catherine II is the dawn of favoritism, characteristic of European life in the second half of the 18th century. Having parted with G. Orlov in the early 1770s, in subsequent years the empress changed a number of favorites. As a rule, they were not allowed to participate in resolving political issues. Only two of her famous favorites - G. Potemkin and P. Zavodovsky - became major statesmen.
Pavel I Petrovich 1754 - 1801
Paul I was born on September 20, 1754 in St. Petersburg, killed on March 12, 1801 in the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor 1796-1801, son of Peter III and Catherine II. He was brought up at the court of his grandmother Elizaveta Petrovna, who intended to make him heir to the throne instead of Peter III. The main educator of Paul I was N. Panin. Since 1773, Paul I was married to Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt, and after her death, from 1776, to Princess Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg (in Orthodoxy, Maria Feodorovna). He had sons: Alexander (future Emperor Alexander I, 1777), Constantine (1779), Nicholas (future Emperor Nicholas I, 1796), Mikhail (1798), as well as six daughters. A conspiracy had matured among the guards officers, about which the heir to the throne, Alexander Pavlovich, was aware. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, the conspirators (Count P. Palen, P. Zubov, etc.) entered the Mikhailovsky Castle and killed Paul I. Alexander I ascended the throne, and in the very first weeks of his reign returned many exiled by his father and destroyed many of his innovations.
Alexander I Pavlovich 1777 - 1825
Alexander I was born on December 12, 1777 in St. Petersburg, died on November 19, 1825 in Taganrog, Russian Emperor 1801-1825, the eldest son of Paul I. By the will of his grandmother Catherine II, he received an education in the spirit of the enlighteners of the 18th century. His mentor was Colonel Frederic de La Harpe, a republican by conviction, a future figure in the Swiss revolution. In 1793, Alexander I married the daughter of the Margrave of Baden, Louise Maria Augusta, who took the name Elizaveta Alekseevna. Alexander I inherited the throne after the assassination of his father in 1801 and undertook broadly conceived reforms. Alexander I became the main executor of social reforms in 1808-1812. his state secretary M. Speransky, who reorganized the ministries, created the state. council and carried out financial reform. In foreign policy, Alexander I participated in two coalitions against Napoleonic France (with Prussia in 1804-05, with Austria in 1806-07). Having been defeated at Austerlitz in 1805 and Friedland in 1807, he concluded the Peace of Tilsit in 1807 and an alliance with Napoleon. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia, but was defeated during the Patriotic War of 1812. Alexander I, at the head of Russian troops, together with his allies, entered Paris in the spring of 1814. He was one of the leaders of the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. According to official data, Alexander I died in Taganrog.
Nicholas I Pavlovich 1796 - 1855
Nicholas I was born on June 25, 1796 in Tsarskoye Selo, now the city of Pushkin, died on February 18, 1855 in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor (1825-1855). The third son of Paul I. Enrolled in military service from birth, Nicholas I was raised by Count M. Lamsdorf. In 1814, he visited abroad for the first time with the Russian army under the command of his elder brother Alexander I. In 1816, he made a three-month trip through European Russia, and from October 1816 to May 1817, he traveled and lived in England. In 1817, he married the eldest daughter of the Prussian king Frederick William II, Princess Charlotte Frederica Louise, who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna. Under Nicholas I, the monetary reform of the Minister of Finance E. Kankrin was successfully carried out, streamlining monetary circulation and protecting backward Russian industry from competition.
Alexander II Nikolaevich 1818 - 1881
Alexander II was born on 04/17/1818 in Moscow, killed on 03/01/1881 in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor 1855-1881, son of Nicholas I. His educators were General Merder, Kavelin, as well as the poet V. Zhukovsky, who instilled in Alexander II liberal views and romantic attitude to life. In 1837, Alexander II made a long trip around Russia, then in 1838 - through the countries of Western Europe. In 1841 he married the Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name Maria Alexandrovna. One of the first acts of Alexander II was the pardon of the exiled Decembrists. 02/19/1861. Alexander II issued a manifesto on the liberation of peasants from serfdom. Under Alexander II, the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia was completed and its influence in the east expanded. Russia included Turkestan, the Amur region, the Ussuri region, and the Kuril Islands in exchange for the southern part of Sakhalin. He sold Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the Americans in 1867. In 1880, after the death of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, the Tsar entered into a morganatic marriage with Princess Ekaterina Dolgoruka. A number of attempts were made on the life of Alexander II; he was killed by a bomb thrown by Narodnaya Volya member I. Grinevitsky.
Alexander III Alexandrovich 1845 - 1894
Alexander III was born on 02/26/1845 in Tsarskoye Selo, died on 10/20/1894 in Crimea, Russian Emperor 1881-1894, son of Alexander II. The mentor of Alexander III, who had a strong influence on his worldview, was K. Pobedonostsev. After the death of his elder brother Nicholas in 1865, Alexander III became heir to the throne. In 1866, he married the fiancee of his deceased brother, the daughter of the Danish King Christian IX, Princess Sophia Frederica Dagmar, who took the name Maria Feodorovna. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-78. was the commander of the Separate Rushchuk detachment in Bulgaria. He created the Voluntary Fleet of Russia in 1878, which became the core of the country's merchant fleet and the reserve of the military fleet. Having ascended the throne after the assassination of Alexander II on March 1, 1881, he canceled the draft constitutional reform signed by his father immediately before his death. Alexander III died in Livadia in Crimea.
Nicholas II Alexandrovich 1868 - 1918
Nicholas II (Romanov Nikolai Alexandrovich) was born on May 19, 1868 in Tsarskoe Selo, executed on July 17, 1918 in Yekaterinburg, the last Russian emperor 1894-1917, son of Alexander III and the Danish princess Dagmara (Maria Feodorovna). From 02/14/1894 he was married to Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Alice, Princess of Hesse and Rhine). Daughters Olga, Tatyana, Maria, Anastasia, son Alexey. He ascended the throne on October 21, 1894 after the death of his father. 02/27/1917 Nicholas II, under pressure from the high military command, renounced the throne. On March 8, 1917, he was “deprived of his freedom.” After the Bolsheviks came to power, the regime for its maintenance was sharply strengthened, and in April 1918 the royal family was transferred to Yekaterinburg, where they were placed in the house of mining engineer N. Ipatiev. On the eve of the fall of Soviet power in the Urals, a decision was made in Moscow to execute Nicholas II and his relatives. The murder was entrusted to Yurovsky and his deputy Nikulin. The royal family and all the close associates and servants were killed on the night of July 16, 17, 1918; the execution took place in a small room on the ground floor, where the victims were taken under the pretext of evacuation. According to the official version, the decision to kill the royal family was made by the Urals Council, which feared the approach of Czechoslovak troops. However, in recent years it has become known that Nicholas II, his wife and children were killed on the direct orders of V. Lenin and Y. Sverdlov. Afterwards, the remains of the royal family were discovered and, by decision of the Russian government, on July 17, 1998, they were buried in the tomb of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. The Russian Orthodox Church abroad canonized Nicholas II as a saint.