That people make the world around them out of clay. How clothes are made from sheep's wool. III. Self-determination for activity
Clay is an interesting and diverse material in its properties, which is formed as a result of the destruction of rocks. Many people, when dealing with this plastic substance, wonder: what does clay consist of? Let's find out the answer to this question, and also figure out how this can be useful to a person.
What is clay, what substance does it consist of?
Clay is a sedimentary rock, fine-grained in structure. When dry, it is often dusty, but if it is moistened, it becomes a plastic and pliable material that can take any shape. When the clay hardens, it becomes hard and its shape does not change.
Mineral composition of clays different types although different, it necessarily contains substances of the kaolinite and montmorillonite group or other layered aluminosilicates. Clay may also contain other impurities, carbonate and sand particles.
The typical composition of this substance looks like this:
- kaolinite - 47%;
- aluminum oxide - 39%;
- water - 14%.
These are not all the components of clay. Mineral inclusions - halloysite, diaspore, hydrargillite, corundum, monothermite, muscovite and others - are also present in different quantities. The following minerals can contaminate clays and kaolins: quartz, dolomite, gypsum, magnetite, pyrite, limonite, marcasite.
Types of clays
What clay is made of depends largely on where and how it is formed. Depending on this, they distinguish:
1. Sedimentary clays are the result of the transfer of natural weathering products and their deposition in a certain place. They are marine - born at the bottom of the seas and oceans, and continental - formed on the mainland. Marine clays, in turn, are divided into:
- shelf;
- lagoon;
- coastal.
2. Residual clays are formed during the weathering of non-plastic rocks and their transformation into plastic kaolins. Study of such residual deposits may reveal a smooth transition of clay into parent rock with changes in elevation.
Properties of clay
Regardless of what substance clay is made of and where it was formed, there are characteristic properties that distinguish it from other natural materials.
When dry, clay has a dusty structure. If it hardens in lumps, it crumbles easily. This material quickly gets wet, absorbs water, and as a result swells. At the same time, the clay acquires water resistance - the ability not to allow liquid to pass through.
The main feature of clay is its plasticity - the ability to easily take on any shape. Depending on this ability, clay can be classified into “fat” - which is characterized by increased plasticity, and “lean” - diluted with other substances and gradually losing this property.
Plastic clay is characterized by stickiness and viscosity. This property is widely used in construction. Think mortar what does it consist of? Clay is an essential component of any connecting solution.
Distribution on the planet
Clay is a very common material on Earth, and therefore inexpensive. There are a lot of clay deposits in any area. On the sea coasts you can see clay dumps that used to be solid rocks. The banks and bottom of rivers and lakes are often covered with a layer of clay. If the forest path has a brown or red tint, then most likely it also consists of residual clay.
In industrial clay mining, the open-pit mining method is used. To get to deposits of useful substances, they first remove and then remove the fossils. At different depths, clay layers may differ in composition and properties.
Human use of clay
As already mentioned, clay is most often used in construction. Everyone knows that the usual material for constructing structures is bricks. What are they made of? Sand and clay are the main components of the dough, which, under the influence high temperatures becomes hard and turns into a brick. To prevent a wall made of individual blocks from crumbling, use a viscous solution that also contains clay.
A mixture of clay and water becomes the raw material for pottery production. Humanity has long learned to produce vases, bowls, jugs and other containers from clay. They may have different sizes and shapes. Previously, pottery was a necessary and widespread craft, and clay products became the only utensils used in everyday life and a very popular product in the markets.
Clay is widely used in medicine and cosmetology. Those who care about the beauty and health of the skin know about the beneficial effects of certain types of this substance. Clay is used for wraps, masks and lotions. It effectively fights cellulite, gives skin elasticity, and prevents premature aging. For some medical indications clay is even used internally. And for skin diseases, dried and ground into dust material is prescribed in the form of powders. It is important to mention that not any clay is used for such purposes, but only some types that have antiseptic and antimicrobial properties.
What is polymer clay
Polymer clay makes it easy to imitate the texture of other materials, such as wood or stone. From this plastic substance you can make your own souvenirs, Christmas tree decorations, jewelry, interior decorations, key rings and much more. Such products self made They will make an excellent gift and can be stored for a long time without losing their attractive appearance and original shape.
What does polymer clay consist of? Homemade recipe
Craftswomen who were interested in the process of making such bright souvenirs probably thought about how to make polymer clay on one's own. This is a very real task. Naturally, the resulting material will not be identical to factory-made polymer clay, but if manufactured correctly, its properties will not be inferior in any way.
Required components:
- PVA glue - 1 cup;
- corn starch - 1 cup;
- non-greasy hand cream without silicone - 1 tablespoon;
- Vaseline - 1 tablespoon;
- lemon juice - 2 tablespoons.
This is everything that we will prepare at home.
Mix starch, glue and Vaseline thoroughly, add lemon juice and mix again until smooth. Place in the microwave for 30 seconds, stir and send back for another 30 seconds. The crust that has formed on the surface must be removed and discarded, and the elastic mass should be placed on a tray greased with hand cream and kneaded vigorously for 5 minutes. After cooling, our polymer clay is ready for use.
By learning how to make polymer clay yourself, you can save on expensive purchased materials and, without limiting yourself, master an interesting, creative activity.
Clay is an interesting and diverse material in its properties, which is formed as a result of the destruction of rocks. Many people, when dealing with this plastic substance, wonder: what does clay consist of? Let's find out the answer to this question, and also figure out how this natural material can be useful to humans.
Perfection modern technologies helps a person in intensive use of time-tested experience. Use is still in demand natural materials, despite discoveries in the production of artificial fibers.
The mechanization of wool processing and fabric production has not yet crossed the usual boundaries. Herds of animals continue to graze, serving as a source of raw materials for woolen fabrics, and the hands of shearers, armed with improved clippers, continue to remove the fleece from them.
and clothes made from it: how it all began
The first “costumes” made of wool were primitive and consisted of capes, bandages and leg wraps made from poorly dressed skins. Over time, the techniques of dressing leather with fur became more and more skillful and sophisticated, turning the skins into a kind of soft woven fabric.
Before the era of spinning, sheared wool was felted or felted (hence the word “felt”) - this technology is still used in the production of the famous Russian felt boots or, as they are also called, felted products. The products turned out to be rough, but warm.
The “tendency” of wool fibers to felting and shrinkage must be remembered when washing fabric. Wool does not like long soaking, high temperatures, contrast conditions, alkaline environments and curling.
The most important event for a person seeking salvation from the cold was the invention of the loom. The animals' fur was combed or collected after shedding, shaved with sharply sharpened knives, and later trimmed with scissors. Tangled tufts of wool were washed, cleared of debris, combed with special combs, dividing into individual strands.
Using a spinning wheel, a thread was twisted from the fibers onto a spindle, more or less thin, depending on the quality of the wool. From the resulting yarn, strips of fabric were collected using a loom, from which clothing could be made. The color of the finished material corresponded to the original raw material; over time, a variety of organic, mineral and vegetable dyes began to be used.
Wool and modernity
The described algorithm of actions has remained largely unchanged to this day. Carding machines have become more advanced, detergents, looms, through selection, breeds of sheep, goats and other animals have been developed that produce remarkably beautiful, soft and fine wool.
Sheared fleece is used to make environmentally friendly fabrics for clothing in a wide range of densities and thicknesses. Adding synthetic fibers to wool makes the material wrinkle-resistant, more durable, and wear-resistant.
Finding out if a fabric is made of wool is easy. By cutting off a small piece and setting it on fire, you will smell the burnt feather. The fibers of the fabric are sintered, forming an easily rubbed black lump.
Weaving machines are programmed to create complex weaves of threads and a variety of patterns and designs on the fabric; dyed fabrics do not change color after many washes. Knitting from wool yarn is one of the world's favorite crafts, and knitted wool products are a must-have item in every wardrobe.
Class: 2
Target: Introduce the natural materials from which various objects are made; form basic ideas about some production processes, starting from the extraction of raw materials in nature and ending with the receipt of the finished product; cultivate a caring attitude towards natural resources.
Planned results: Metasubject
Regulatory: be able to formulate learning task; understand the learning task of the lesson and strive to complete it ; formulate conclusions from the studied material; answer final questions; realize control and correction; evaluate results of your activities in the lesson. Cognitive:classify objects by the nature of the material, show different production chains in color; read textbook text; according to textbook drawings trace production chains, model them, make up story based on pictures, give other examples of the use of natural materials for the production of products. Communicative: participate in pair and group work. Agree with each other, accept the interlocutor’s position, show respect for other people’s opinions.
Subject: learn what natural materials people use to make products; learn to create simple production chains
Personal: take care of things; understand the need to respect nature; respect people's work.
Educational materials: Textbook by A.A. Pleshakov “The World Around us”, workbook No. 1, computer, multimedia projector, screen, various objects made of clay, metal, wood, wool; cards - models. U students: signal flags, colored pencils (markers)
1. Organizational moment, emotional mood. (slide1)
The cheerful bell rang
Is everyone ready? All is ready?
We are not resting now,
We are starting to work.
2. Checking homework.
A) Individual tasks using cards. (2 children receive tasks)
Emphasize industrial products with one line and agricultural products with two.
1. Tomato, book, carrot, telephone, table lamp, potato, tractor, radish, onion, chair, iron, slippers.
2. Watermelon, cherry, chair, T-shirt, grapes, boots, coat, rocket, plum, school desk, pumpkin, cabbage, airplane, garlic, cucumber.
B) Game “True or False.”
Let's play the game “Is this true or false” (working with traffic light cards: if true, green, if not, red)
Is it true that the economy is the economic activity of people? (Yes)
Is it true that trade gives us bread, milk, and meat? (No)
Is it true that paper money was first used in China? (Yes)
Is it true that money is not made from wood these days? (Yes)
Is it true that clothes, shoes, furniture are produced in trade? (No)
Is it true that a painter, mason, plasterer, and crane operator work in construction? (Yes)
Is it true that we can purchase products and things from agriculture? (No)
Is it true that in order for us to drink a glass of milk in the morning, only agriculture and trade are working? (no, transport, industry)
Is it true that transport and industry specialists participate in the construction of a house along with the builders? (Yes)
Is it true that all sectors of the economy are connected to each other? (Yes)
Self-determination for activity
Look at the screen . (slide 2) The slide shows different objects.
(Shell, mittens, scissors, jug, ruler, spoon, scarf, mug, pencil)
Determine which one is “extra”? (shell)
Why? ( The shell was created by nature, and the rest was made by man)
What is the name of something made by human hands? ( Man-made world)
Divide the remaining items into groups based on material. (Divide objects into groups.)
All these items are familiar to you. Name them and explain what they do. What do all these items from the same group have in common? (Name the objects. Tell what they are for - made of clay (vase, pot, brick, clay whistle toy),
Made of wool (sweater, gloves, socks, scarf),
Made of metal (spoon, bowl, mug, scissors, metal construction set),
Made of wood (ruler, wooden spoon, nesting doll, notebook).
What will we talk about in class? (Let's find out what and how people make various products.)
Read the topic of the lesson in the textbook.
Formulate the educational tasks that we will set for ourselves? (we will talk about objects, find out what they are made of). Let's read about this in the textbook.
Working on the topic of the lesson.
Conversation “What is what?” (Work in groups)
Now let's talk about each group of items separately.
1. Wool (consider a group of wool items ) (slide 3)
We have determined that these items are made of wool. Where does wool come from?
(p. 111 of the textbook) Look at the pictures and tell us how woolen things are made.
1. Sheep shearing;
2. Making wool yarn, winding into bobbins;
3. Manufacturing of woolen fabric;
4. Drawing on fabric;
5. Manufacturing of clothing parts using patterns.
What new things have you learned about wool making?
How did you make this scarf? How did you get the different colors?
2. Tree (consider a group of wooden objects) (slide 4)
It is clear that the ruler and stand are made of wood. But how did the notebook end up in this group? How did our textbooks come into being? The guys who prepared the messages will help us figure this out.
a) Student speeches about paper making.
There are different types of paper. Where is it used?
The mill produces paper.
- The writer writes a work.
- Artist makes illustrations
- The publishing house prints books.
- Books appear in the store.
Children's performance.
Today, paper is made in factories where machines help people.
Machines get to work even when the future paper is growing in the forest. Electric saws cut and fell trees. Timber tractors carry logs to the river. Machines tie logs into rafts, and the rafts float along the river to the workshop gate. Then other machines take over: a fast multi-saw machine cuts logs into logs; a debarking machine removes the bark from them; a chipper cuts logs into chips; the chips travel on a self-propelled track into the boiler. Wooden porridge is cooked in a cauldron in a special solution. When this porridge is ready, it becomes paper.
b) Collection display various types paper.
What is paper used for?
Is it easy to get the paper? How should we treat our notebooks and textbooks, because these are all cut down trees? And to grow an adult tree it takes at least 60 years.
They also make furniture, dishes, and toys from wood. (Show.)
6. Physical exercise
Now guess who we are talking about?.( The music sounds “Bu-ra-ti-no!”)(slide5)
Why do you think we remembered Pinocchio? (made of wood)
And from which fairy tale? (“Golden Key”. A. Tolstoy)
7. Conversation “Which is which?” (continuation)
For a long time in Rus', dishes and such wonderful toys were made from clay. (slide 6)
And how toys are made from clay, we learn from a fragment of the film .
(View a fragment of the film “The Inheritance of Grandfather Philemon.”)
A student's story about clay.
Clay is extracted from the quarry using excavators. In its raw form it is plastic. It is mixed with water to form a thick paste and then used to make dishes or toys. When the clay dries, it hardens and becomes very strong. The products are then fired in a kiln at a high temperature of 450°C. After firing, the clay becomes strong and will never become soft. The art of doing such things is called ceramics.
In ancient times, when there were no refrigerators, clay jugs were used for storage. cold water. The water remained cold as it seeped through the thin pores of the jug and evaporated, which helped keep the water cold.
The Chinese were wonderful potters. Made from special white clay porcelain. When fired, this clay becomes white. This cup is also made of clay.
It must be said that bricks, toys, and tiles are made from clay.
In the last group we had objects made of metal . (slide 7)
Student's story about iron production
Nobody makes iron, it is created by nature itself, like water, clay, sand... And people only mine this iron and turn it into cast iron and steel.
Iron is visible and invisible in the world - it is in sand (that’s why it is yellowish), and in reddish-brown clay, and in brown stone - flint. Iron is even dissolved in water.
Iron ores contain the most iron. It is from them that this most important metal is mined.
How is ore mined?
Here you can’t do without a huge, powerful steel digger, a small paper bag with an explosive charge and long wires. Miners will drill holes in the ground, place explosives in them, and send current through the wires. Shut your ears here. As soon as the explosion thunders, tons of earth and stones will fly into the air, scatter around, and the ore hidden underneath will be revealed. It happens that the ore itself has to be crushed by explosions. Finally, the explosions died down. A walking excavator gets to work. The excavator will scoop up ore with a scoop bucket, turn around, and a whole wagon or giant dump truck will be loaded. But the ore was brought to the plant. How to turn it into iron? A hot fire helps people here. In huge furnaces, blast furnaces, like high-rise buildings, flames rage day and night. Here, to the very top of one of these domains, trolleys crawled along an inclined road. They will rise, tip over, pour the load into the oven - and down. Some trolleys contain ore, others contain white stone and limestone, and others contain fuel, dark gray spongy coke. It is like a pie, baked from the best coal ground into flour. Well, limestone helps the coke to draw out all the excess impurities from the ore.
Coke burns hot, but it cannot melt ore. To make it burn even hotter, you need to constantly fan the fire, you need hot, red-hot air. That is why there are several more towers next to the blast furnace. It is in them that the air heats up. Powerful fans drive air currents through the pipes, continuously fanning a firestorm in the blast furnaces. The flame rages, the ore melts, settles, drops of cast iron metal gather in streams, streams... Cast iron is heavy, it flows to the bottom of the furnace, and all the excess that was in the ore rises and floats up in a bubbly fiery foam. This is slag.
Finally the master gives a signal: “The cast iron is ready!” We can release the melt.” A minute, another... and, scattering fountains of sparks, illuminating the sky with a fiery glow, liquid metal pours into a huge ladle. There are many buckets, each on wheels. There is a whole cast iron train standing on the rails. Once one ladle is filled, the next one will immediately fit under the stream. Where will the fire-breathing train go? His path is not far - to the neighboring workshop. Here the cast iron will be poured into molds. In them, the liquid metal will solidify and take the shape of the very mold into which it was poured. And you and I encounter cast iron every day. After all, ordinary frying pans, cast iron pots, radiators, grates into which streams run in the streets - all this is also cast from cast iron.
So, we have become acquainted with some materials from which a person can make the objects he needs. Now, to consolidate, let’s do the tasks in the notebook.
Consolidation (work in pairs):
Independent work using the “Workbook” pp. 39-40 No. 1,2
Show different production chains with arrows of different colors.
Write down what people can turn these materials into.
(Grain, mill, bread. Iron ore, factory, scissors, etc.)
And besides clay, wood, metal, what materials can various objects be made from? (Plastic, rubber, glass, etc.)
What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials from nature to make all kinds of products?
1) Extract no more materials than are required.
2) Spend sparingly.
3) Plant new trees.
4) Restore land at the site of quarries.
8. Lesson summary: (slide 8)
What question was answered in class?
Who now knows what dishes, clothes, and comfortable things can be made from?
To make various things, people mainly use materials found in nature. But their supply is not unlimited. Therefore, a person must treat natural resources with care.
9. Reflection (slide 9)
- I know that …
- I learned …
- I am satisfied…
10. Homework(slide 10)
Goals: introduce the natural materials from which various objects are made; to form basic ideas about some production processes, starting with the extraction of raw materials in nature and ending with the receipt of the finished product; cultivate a caring attitude towards natural resources.
Planned results: students will learn to classify objects according to the nature of the material; treat things with care; draw conclusions from the studied material.
Equipment: a ball, an envelope with questions, various objects made of clay, wool, metal, wood; students - colored pencils, colored chips.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
II. Updating knowledge<
1. Conversation on issues
— What new word did you learn in the last lesson? (Economy.)
-What does it mean? (Economy.)
— List the main sectors of the economy. (Industry, Agriculture, transport, construction, trade.)
— How are industry and trade, transport and agriculture, construction, industry and transport interconnected? (Children's answers.)
— In what sectors of the economy do your parents work?
- Why do you need money?
— There was no money before. How did people get along without them?
— Is it possible to live without money today? Why? (Children's answers.)
— What new things have you learned about money in different countries from additional literature? (Children's answers.)
2. Game “Catch and Tell”
(The teacher throws the ball and names one industry. The student who catches the ball talks about this industry and returns the ball.
You can use CMMs (test 23, p. 32).)
III. Self-determination for activity
Ant brought an envelope to class today. Let's see what's there.
(The teacher takes three cards with questions from the envelope.)
1. How is a book born?
2. How are woolen items made?
3. Where do clay pots come from?
- Guess what we will talk about in class. (About how things are done.)
- Read the topic of the lesson on p. 108 textbook. (What is it made of?)
— What educational tasks will we set for ourselves? (Children's answers.)
- Read what Ant says about this.
IV. Work on the topic of the lesson
1. Practical work
—What is a man-made world? (Something made by human hands.)
(The teacher has various objects made of clay, wool, metal, wood on the table.)
- Divide all items into groups so that in each group all things are made of the same material.
(Students select objects from clay (vase, mug), from wool (sweater, scarf), from metal (spoon, pan), from wood (ruler, notebook).)
- All these items are familiar to you. Name them and explain what they do.
- What do all these items have in common? (They are made by human hands.)
2. Work according to the textbook
- Read the task on p. 108. Get colored chips and complete the task.
(Check in pairs. Then the class is divided into groups and gets acquainted with the production of various products (texts, drawings, questions on pp. 109-111). Each group prepares one message and speaks in front of the class. Students evaluate the performances of their comrades and ask questions.)
V. Physical education minute
We'll clap our hands
Friendly, more fun.
Our feet knocked
Friendly, more fun.
Let's hit you on the knees
Hush, hush, hush.
Our hands, rise up
Higher, higher, higher.
Our hands are spinning
Sank lower
Spun around, spun around
And they stopped.
VI. Continuation of work on the topic of the lesson
Completing tasks in workbook No. 1 (p. 39).
(Independent completion. Check in pairs.) No. 2 (p. 40).
(Independent implementation. Option 1 - clay, option 2 - wood.) No. 3 (p. 40).
(Independent execution.)
— What chains did you make? (Iron ore, plant, scissors. Grain, mill, bread. Piece of wood, plant (machine), pencil.)
VII. Reflection
(Students answer the questions in the textbook (p. 111, in the box).)
(Students take out one of the signs and explain their choice.)
VIII. Summing up the lesson
- So, a person needs a variety of products. Where does he get the material to make them? (In nature.)
— What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials from nature? (Extract them no more than required, use them sparingly, plant new trees, restore land.)
By extracting various materials, people change nature, often causing harm to it. The quarry left after clay mining is a wound on the surface of the earth. A deforested forest is the destroyed home of many plants and animals. Natural resources are not limitless, they need to be protected.
— What can the unreasonable, wasteful use of natural resources lead to? (There will be no forest, no animals and plants, no humans. Our planet will become a lifeless desert.)
You also need to remember that the knowledge and work of many people are invested in every thing, so you need to treat things with care.
Homework
Workbook: No. 4 (p. 40).
Additional material
How did the clay jug appear?
In museums, of course, you have seen various vases, vessels, cups and dishes made from special clay. Products are sculpted while the clay is soft. They are then fired in kilns to harden them. The art of making such things is called ceramics. To make such products, in addition to clay, sand and crushed rocks are used.
Clay is extracted by excavators. In its raw form it is very plastic and elastic. Clay is mixed with water to form a thick paste, from which skilled hands can sculpt figurines, various vases, and pots. When the clay dries, it hardens and becomes very strong. When heated to very high temperatures (about 450 ° C), chemical changes occur, after which the clay will never become soft and plastic, even when wet.
Making ceramics is one of the most ancient arts, since clay is found almost everywhere. Shards dating back to prehistoric times have been discovered. A well-fired clay product is very durable. It may break, but it will never rot or rust.
The ancient Chinese were wonderful potters. They invented a way to produce a very durable, translucent ceramic known as porcelain.
There are six main types of clay used to make pottery. Ordinary clay is not suitable for fine work. What comes out of it is called earthenware (ceramic) dishes. The purest clay is kaolin, or “Chinese clay.” It is used to make porcelain. When fired, it acquires the purest white color.
In ancient times, when there were no refrigerators, clay jugs were used to store cold water. The water in them remained cold because the liquid, seeping out through the thin pores of the jug, begins to evaporate, and this constant evaporation of moisture from the surface of the vessel helps the jug and its contents to remain cold.
Where does iron come from?
Nobody makes iron; it is created by nature itself, like water, clay, sand. And people only mine it, turn it into cast iron or steel. Iron is visible and invisible in the world - it is in sand (that’s why it is yellowish), and in reddish-brown clay, and in brown stone - flint. Iron is even dissolved in water.
It would seem that since iron is everywhere, it means that wherever you want, take it there, just don’t be lazy. But that was not the case: sand, clay, and water contain so little iron that it is unprofitable to extract it from them. Iron ores contain the most iron. Sometimes iron ore is mined from the surface of the earth, like clay, using excavators. It happens that ore layers are hidden deep in the thickness of the earth, and then it is necessary to build mines.
How is ore mined? Here you can’t do without a huge, powerful steel digger, a small paper “bag” with an explosive charge and long wires. Miners will drill holes in the ground, place explosives in them, and send current through the wires. Shut your ears here. As soon as the explosion thunders, tons of earth and stones will fly into the air, scatter around, and the ore hidden underneath will be revealed. It happens that the ore itself has to be crushed by explosions. Finally the explosions died down. A walking excavator gets to work. The excavator will scoop up ore with a scoop bucket, turn around, and a whole wagon or giant dump truck will be loaded.
This is how the ore gets to the plant. How can it be turned into iron? A hot fire helps people here. In huge furnaces, blast furnaces, like high-rise buildings, flames rage day and night. Iron ore comes into these blast furnaces. The flames rage, ore melts and settles, drops of metal gather into streams and rivulets. Cast iron is heavy, it flows to the bottom of the stove.
Finally the master gives a signal: “The cast iron is ready! You can release the melt." A minute, another - and, scattering fountains of sparks, illuminating everything around with a fiery glow, liquid metal will pour into a huge ladle. The path of this bucket is to the neighboring workshop. Here the cast iron will be poured into molds. In them, the liquid metal will solidify and take the same form in which it was poured. We come across cast iron every day: these are ordinary frying pans, cast iron stoves, heating radiators.
Steelworkers make steel from cast iron in special furnaces—open-hearth furnaces. The flame in an open-hearth furnace is hotter than in a blast furnace. Next, the steel goes to the rolling mill, and then the blacksmith-stamper will make knives, spoons, and blades from the sheet. To make any object - large or small, simple or complex - it is necessary for masters of different professions to work hard, work, try: miners, metallurgists, steelworkers, blacksmiths.
How paper is made
Our ancestors, residents Ancient Rus'- Slavs, wrote in the cheapest, most available material: on birch bark - birch bark. Birch bark is good, but not suitable for books. They were written on expensive parchment. Parchment is a specially tanned leather. It was very convenient to write on it, but too expensive. Such a book cost as much as a large plot of land along with a house.
But from distant eastern countries, merchants and travelers began to bring amazing, thin sheets as white as snow. It was paper. The first ancient paper was made from the bark of the mulberry tree. Europeans marveled at the wonderful white paper.
IN different countries they tell in their own way how paper material came into being. Here's one such story. One day, one very inquisitive person became interested: what do wasps build a nest from? I started watching. It turned out that wasps pinch off pieces of wood, chew them thoroughly, and then glue the walls of their homes with this wood pulp.
Taking a closer look at the unusual building material an inquisitive person and gasped: “Yes, this is paper pulp! This means that people can make paper from wood. As much as you like! After all, there are a lot of trees around.”
Whether this was true or not entirely true, the main thing is that the same paper appeared on which newspapers and books, magazines and calendars, textbooks and notebooks are printed today. Today, paper is made in huge paper mills, where machines help people with everything. Machines get to work even when the future paper is growing in the forest. Electric saws cut down trees, logging tractors carry logs to the river, machines tie the logs into rafts, and the rafts float along the river to the workshop gate.
Then other machines take over: a fast multi-saw machine cuts the logs into logs, a debarking machine strips the bark from them, a chipper cuts the logs into chips, the chips travel on a self-propelled track into the boiler. In a cauldron, in a special solution,... porridge is cooked - wooden. It is this porridge, when it is ready, that becomes paper.
Checking homework
- What is economics?
- What are the parts of the economy called?
- What industries does the economy consist of?
- Are different parts of the economy connected to each other?
- Let's test your knowledge (take the test)
At this time, several students complete the test in Excel on the computer.
Test on the topic " What is economics?
1 . Complete the definition: “Economics is...”
a) caring for nature
b) the opportunity to earn money
V) economic activity person
2. Which sector of the economy gives us bread, milk, meat?
a) industry
b) agriculture
c) trade
3 . Which sector of the economy produces clothes, shoes, furniture?
a) industry
b) agriculture
c) trade
4. What sector of the economy helps us purchase products and things?
a) industry
b) agriculture
c) trade
5. Which sector of the economy delivers food and goods?
a) trade
b) transport
c) construction
6. Which sector of the economy constructs various buildings?
a) trade
b) transport
c) construction
All this is made by human hands from natural
materials - wood, metal, wool. But
so that natural materials become
in a variety of things, you need knowledge and great
people's labor.
How is a book born?
How are woolen items made?
Where do spoons, forks and knives come from?
Nowadays, from birth, a person enters the world of things. We are already so accustomed to this that we don’t think about how and from what the objects around us are made.
Game "Living - Nonliving." Images of inanimate objects are displayed on the interactive board.
Distribute items into groups so that in each group all items are made of the same material
Clay
If you meet one on the road, Your feet will get very stuck, And to make a bowl or vase, You will need it right away.
The “skillful hands” of a potter can sculpt various objects from it
How did the clay jug appear?
Clay is extracted using excavators...
Products are fired in a special oven
And now everything is ready!
The art of doing such things is called
ceramics
Porcelain was first produced in 620 in China. It was made from white clay. But the Chinese achieved especially great success in this matter quite recently, in the 15th century, under the emperors of the Ming dynasty.
Chinese porcelain. XV century.
Making a chain
Potter's wheel
quarry production
Where does iron come from?
Nobody makes iron, it is created by nature itself, like water, clay, sand... And people only mine it and turn it into cast iron or steel.
Iron ore contains the most iron.
How is ore mined?
The explosion crushes the earth and stones, revealing the ore hidden underneath them
A walking excavator gets to work.
He scoops up ore with a ladle, turns around, and a whole dump truck is loaded!
The ore enters the plant...
Hot fire helps people here
The fire rages, ore settles, drops of metal gather in streams, streams... the result is cast iron
Iron ore is fed into huge furnaces...
Now his way to the next workshop
The metal will be poured into molds and left to harden.
And here is the result!
Where did the paper come from to make notebooks and books?
Making a chain
Iron ore
Where did the paper come from to make notebooks and books?
Today, paper is made in huge paper mills, where machines help people with everything. Machines come to the rescue when future paper grows in the forest.
Logs float along the river or their
transported in special carriages. And here other machines take over: the gang saw
saws the logs into logs, and the debarking machine strips the bark from them.
Making a chain
cellulose
Wool
Thick grasses entwined,
The meadows are curled up,
And I myself am all curly,
Even with a curl of the horn
Grooming Combing Washing wool
Drying Making yarn from wool
Making a chain
Now tell me yourself...
… how the bread came to the table
Lesson summary
Where does a person get materials to make various items?
What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials from nature?
Conclusion:
By extracting various materials, people change nature, often causing harm to it. The quarry left over from clay mining is a wound on the surface of the earth. A deforested forest is the destroyed “home” of many plants and animals. That is why natural resources must be protected - because they are not limitless.
You also need to remember that the knowledge and work of many people are invested in every thing, so you need to treat things with care!