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List of construction and installation works. Types of construction work. General types of work in construction

When we talk about the construction of buildings, roads and the repair of objects, we mean carrying out a whole set of activities and actions that lead to the desired result, namely a new building or a repaired road. Construction and installation work (hereinafter referred to as construction and installation work) is precisely the main part of the construction sector, without which it is impossible to carry out major repairs of premises or construct new buildings.

Explanation of construction and installation works

A fairly broad definition is understood to mean a variety of works that differ from each other in the direction of action and means of execution. If we give a general definition of the concept, then the decoding of construction and installation work will look like this - this is a set of actions for the construction of new objects (buildings, structures), their repair and reconstruction, as well as the installation and installation of equipment. One company simply cannot handle all the work, since the scale of the tasks assigned to it will be simply enormous. Therefore, there are organizations in the construction market whose activities have a narrower specialization. For example, there are companies engaged only in the construction and repair of roads, or companies building industrial facilities.

Types of construction and installation work

There are several main types of such work:

  • general construction;
  • transport and loading and unloading (delivery of materials, devices and equipment);
  • special (with a special type of materials).

The most diverse is general construction activities. It consists of:

  • earthwork (digging holes, trenches, ditches), pile work (driving, installation of pile foundations) and stone work (building walls, stone laying, etc.);
  • roofing (installation of attics, roofs), plastering (painting, pasting) and insulation;
  • installation of floors and communications;
  • installation work of wooden, concrete and reinforced concrete, light enclosing structures;
  • landscaping;
  • installation work of technological equipment;
  • and etc.

To finally understand what decoding construction and installation work is, you need to understand what all types of the above work include.

Features of construction and installation works

Each field of activity has a number of features and nuances. For construction and installation work, the most important criterion is quality, which completely depends on the professionalism of workers, competent organization of the process and the interaction of system parts with each other. At the beginning of the work, the set goals and objectives, planning and control are of great importance, and the end result is competent and high-quality construction and installation work. After all, people’s safety depends on this.

Proper preparation and organization of the process have a great influence on obtaining the desired result. Making mistakes or miscalculations can be costly for the contractor company in the literal and figurative sense of the word. Correcting defects in construction can cost human lives. Plus, this is always a rather expensive undertaking. It should also be understood that when calculating construction and installation work, the use of untested or low-quality materials, as well as unjustified savings on mandatory expense items, is not allowed. In order to take into account all the features of construction, it is necessary to carry out all work in stages.

Order of conduct

Deciphering construction and installation works will include competent and consistent implementation of all stages of construction activities.

For example, before constructing new facilities, it is first necessary to carry out geological studies of the soil of the site. It is possible that before construction begins, it will be necessary to drain the swamp or carry out drainage work to avoid flooding.

Afterwards you can start drawing the outline of the foundation. This is usually done using wire, wooden pegs and rope. Next, you need to dig a trench to lay the foundation of the future building. Afterwards you can proceed to the construction of walls. If you are planning a wooden building, then you should strictly adhere to the drawn up project. Stone walls have their own rules - for example, laying the stone strictly horizontally, bandaging the seams and filling with mortar.

After this, the attic floors are laid out, windows, attics and rafters are installed, it all depends on the number of floors of the building and the complexity of the construction. Next, the roof fronts are closed and the roofing material is laid. The next stage is finishing work (external and internal), then installation of equipment (plumbing, heating systems, etc.)

The scope of construction and installation work largely depends on the assigned tasks. For example, one company may be directly involved in the construction of the facility, but they trust another organization or do it themselves.

Organization of construction and installation work

In the process of constructing buildings and structures, various entities are necessarily involved: designers, surveyors, equipment suppliers and customers. In order for the construction and installation work process to be systematic, special attention should be paid to the organization of work.

It is better to clarify all questions regarding construction technology with representatives of construction and installation organizations and specialized trusts that prepare projects.

Typically, the project contains a work schedule, a general construction plan, according to which the deadlines for the execution of the contractor’s work are calculated and all volumes of construction and installation work are shown. In addition, this document indicates the location of the building and construction sites being constructed, water and energy supply schemes, as well as the number of materials, products and construction machines used. For complex buildings, technological maps are used, which specify special safety requirements, main stages, construction technologies, etc.

Organization of construction and installation work is very important, because it determines the rhythm in which installation, carpentry and other types of work will be carried out.

What is the estimated cost?

The level of quality of construction activities carried out largely depends on the amount of the allocated budget for construction. Therefore, such a concept as “estimated cost of construction and installation work” plays a decisive role in the work process. It is an official confirmation of project funding. It reflects all the final figures.

Calculation of construction and installation work

The jobs are fairly easy to count. It is necessary to add up all direct costs (cost of materials, salaries of workers, etc.), overhead costs (administrative costs, etc.) and planned savings. The last component is otherwise called the estimated or standard profit of a construction organization.

Construction and installation work is the most important stage of construction. Only with competent and qualified planning and organization of construction and installation works can the desired result be achieved with minimal expenditure of effort, money and time.

Construction and installation work covers all work performed during the construction of a building or structure directly at the construction site. Work is usually called construction or installation, depending on which process predominates. Installation mainly includes work performed using ready-made parts, for example, installation of reinforced concrete structures, lighting or power wiring, ventilation, elevators, etc.

All work on construction sites is divided into general construction, special, transport and loading and unloading.

TO general construction include work related to the construction of building structures of buildings and structures.

General construction work is divided according to the type of processed materials into earthen, stone, concrete, etc., and according to the structural elements being erected - into roofing, plastering, etc.

Excavation: digging holes, pits and trenches for individual supports, strip foundations, trenches for underground communications, transportation (loading, moving, unloading) and loosening of soil, site leveling, stripping work, backfilling and embankment construction, soil compaction.

Piling works: driving or driving piles, installing pile foundations.

Stone works: construction of stone structures (walls, piers, pillars) from piece stones and blocks, rubble and rubble concrete masonry, masonry from processed natural stones of regular shape, bricks, artificial stones and large blocks.

Concrete and reinforced concrete work - construction of concrete and reinforced concrete structures: preparation of concrete mixture, transportation and laying it with compaction into a mold (formwork); creating the conditions necessary for concrete hardening (concrete care); embedding sections and joints between prefabricated elements, etc. When constructing reinforced concrete monolithic structures, formwork work (installation of formwork) and reinforcing work (installation of reinforcement cages in the formwork) are also performed.

Installation of structures covers delivery to the workplace, installation, alignment and fastening of finished parts and elements (steel, concrete, reinforced concrete, wood, asbestos-cement, etc.).

Carpentry and joinery work on construction sites, as a rule, they are limited to the processes of transporting finished parts (rafters, windows, doors) to the installation site or erecting structures from pre-prepared and processed parts, elements or materials (boards, bars, etc.). These works also include laying plank and parquet floors.

Roofing- this is work performed during the installation of attic and non-attic roof coverings. In one case, the coating is made from steel and asbestos-cement sheets, in the other, rolled materials (tar paper, glassine, roofing felt) are glued onto the prepared base.

Finishing work: plastering, cladding, painting, wallpapering of buildings and premises. Plastering work is carried out, as a rule, with mechanized supply and application of mortar, and for small volumes of work - manually. Cladding work is carried out using large-sized slabs and small-sized tiles, as well as facing sheet materials and is carried out after the completion of stone work. Work on painting structures and wallpapering are classified as painting. Finishing also includes work on covering floors with linoleum, plastic, etc.

TO special This includes mainly work related to special types of materials and production methods used in the construction of structures or structures. For example, the installation of mine shafts, lining or lining of technological units and devices with acid-resistant or fire-resistant masonry, the application of anti-corrosion coatings to structures, as well as the installation of power, lighting, telephone and other networks, installation of sanitary systems and devices, elevators.

Transport and loading and unloading work includes the delivery of materials, structures and parts, fixtures, equipment and tools to construction sites and workplaces. Various vehicles are used to transport diverse cargo arriving at construction sites: dump trucks, panel trucks, trailers, overhead and conveyor transport.

Control questions

  1. What architectural and structural elements does the building consist of according to its functional purpose?
  2. What elements of the building are load-bearing and enclosing?
  3. What requirements must the materials used for building foundations meet?
  4. What requirements must the enclosing structures satisfy?
  5. What is the determining feature when dividing buildings into residential and industrial?
  6. What is the difference between a building and a structure?
  7. By what main criteria are buildings classified?
  8. What structural types of residential buildings are currently being built?
  9. What are the components of the construction process?
  10. What characterizes a work operation?
  11. How are construction processes classified by complexity and purpose?
  12. What is a link of workers?
  13. What is a plot, occupation, work area, workplace?
  14. What are the main types of construction and installation work?

LIST of types of work on construction, reconstruction, major repairs of capital construction projects that affect the safety of capital construction projects

(as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294, dated May 26, 2011 N 238)

III. Types of construction and reconstruction work

and major repairs

1. Geodetic work performed on construction sites

1.1. Marking work during construction<*>

1.2. Geodetic control of the accuracy of geometric parameters of buildings and structures<*>

2. Preparatory work

2.1. Dismantling (dismantling) of buildings and structures, walls, ceilings, flights of stairs and other structural and related elements or parts thereof<*>

2.2. Construction of temporary: roads; platforms; engineering networks and structures<*>

2.3. Construction of rail crane tracks and foundations (supports) of stationary cranes

2.4. Installation and dismantling of inventory external and internal scaffolding, technological waste chutes<*>

3. Excavation work

3.1. Mechanized soil development<*>

3.2. Soil development and drainage installation in water management construction

3.3. Soil development using hydromechanization method

3.4. Work on artificial freezing of soils

3.5. Soil compaction with rollers, soil compactors or heavy rammers<*>

3.6. Mechanized loosening and development of permafrost soils

3.7. Work on water reduction, organization of surface runoff and drainage

4. Construction of wells

4.1. Drilling, construction and installation of oil and gas wells

4.2. Drilling and construction of wells (except oil and gas wells)

4.3. Fastening wells with pipes, extracting pipes, freely lowering or lifting pipes from wells

4.4. Grouting works

4.5. Construction of mine wells

5. Piling works. Soil consolidation

5.1. Piling work carried out from the ground, including in sea and river conditions

5.2. Piling work carried out in frozen and permafrost soils

5.3. Arrangement of grillages

5.4. Installation of driven and bored piles

5.5. Thermal strengthening of soils

5.6. Cementation of soil bases with driving injectors

5.7. Silication and resinization of soils

5.8. Work on the construction of structures using the “wall in soil” method

5.9. Driving and lifting of steel and sheet piles

6. Construction of concrete and reinforced concrete monolithic structures

6.1. Formwork work

6.2. Reinforcement works

6.3. Construction of monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete structures

7. Installation of prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures

7.1. Installation of foundations and structures of the underground part of buildings and structures

7.2. Installation of structural elements of the above-ground part of buildings and structures, including columns, frames, crossbars, trusses, beams, slabs, chords, wall panels and partitions

7.3. Installation of volumetric blocks, including ventilation blocks, elevator shafts and garbage chutes, sanitary cabins

8. Drilling and blasting during construction

9. Work on the installation of stone structures

9.1. Construction of building structures and structures made of natural and artificial stones, including cladding<*>

9.2. Construction of brick structures, including those with cladding<*>

9.3. Construction of heating stoves and hearths<*>

10. Installation of metal structures

10.1. Installation, strengthening and dismantling of structural elements and enclosing structures of buildings and structures

10.2. Installation, strengthening and dismantling of transport gallery structures

10.3. Installation, strengthening and dismantling of tank structures

10.4. Installation, strengthening and dismantling of mast structures, towers, exhaust pipes

10.5. Installation, strengthening and dismantling of technological structures

10.6. Installation and dismantling of cable-supporting structures (braces, cable-stayed structures, etc.)

11. Installation of wooden structures

11.1. Installation, strengthening and dismantling of structural elements and enclosing structures of buildings and structures, including glued structures<*>

11.2. Assembly of residential and public buildings from factory-produced parts<*>

12. Protection of building structures, pipelines and equipment (except for main and field pipelines)

12.1. Lining works

12.2. Masonry made of acid-resistant bricks and shaped acid-resistant ceramic products

12.3. Protective coating with paints and varnishes<*>

12.4. Gumming (lining with sheet rubber and liquid rubber mixtures)

12.5. Installation of adhesive insulation

12.6. Installation of metallization coatings

12.7. Applying a face coating when installing a monolithic floor in rooms with aggressive environments

12.8. Antiseptic treatment of wooden structures

12.9. Waterproofing of building structures

12.10. Work on thermal insulation of buildings, building structures and equipment

12.11. Pipeline thermal insulation work<*>

12.12. Fire protection work for building structures and equipment

13. Roof installation

13.1. Installation of roofs made of piece and sheet materials<*>

13.2. Installation of roofs from roll materials<*>

13.3. Installation of self-leveling roofs<*>

14. Facade work

14.1. Surface cladding with natural and artificial stones and linear shaped stones<*>

14.2. Installation of ventilated facades<*>

15. Installation of internal engineering systems and equipment of buildings and structures

15.1. Installation and dismantling of water supply and sewerage systems<*>

15.2. Installation and dismantling of the heating system<*>

15.3. Installation and dismantling of the gas supply system

15.4. Installation and dismantling of the ventilation and air conditioning system<*>

15.5. Power supply system design<*>

15.6. Installation of electrical and other networks for controlling life support systems of buildings and structures<*>

16. Installation of external water supply networks

16.1. Laying water pipelines

16.2. Installation and dismantling of shut-off valves and water supply network equipment

16.3. Construction of water wells, heads, drainage dampers

16.4. Cavity cleaning and testing of water pipes

17. Construction of external sewerage networks

17.1. Laying of non-pressure sewer pipelines

17.2. Laying sewer pressure pipelines

17.3. Installation and dismantling of shut-off valves and sewer network equipment

17.4. Construction of sewer and drainage wells

17.5. Construction of a filter base for sludge beds and filtration fields

17.6. Laying drainage pipes on sludge beds

17.7. Cavity cleaning and testing of sewer pipelines

18. Installation of external heat supply networks

18.1. Laying heating pipelines with coolant temperatures up to 115 degrees Celsius

18.2. Laying heating pipelines with a coolant temperature of 115 degrees Celsius and above

18.3. Installation and dismantling of shut-off valves and equipment of heat supply networks

18.4. Construction of wells and chambers of heat supply networks

18.5. Cavity cleaning and testing of heating pipelines

19. Installation of external gas supply networks, except main ones

19.1. Laying gas pipelines with operating pressure up to 0.005 MPa inclusive

19.2. Laying gas pipelines with operating pressure from 0.005 MPa to 0.3 MPa inclusive

19.3. Laying gas pipelines with operating pressure from 0.3 MPa to 1.2 MPa inclusive (for natural gas), up to 1.6 MPa inclusive (for liquefied petroleum gas)

19.4. Installation of condensate collectors of hydraulic seals and compensators on gas pipelines

19.5. Installation and dismantling of gas control points and installations

19.6. Installation and dismantling of tank and group cylinder liquefied gas plants

19.7. Inserting a gas pipeline into buildings and structures

19.8. Installation and dismantling of gas equipment for consumers using natural and liquefied gas

19.9. Tapping under pressure into existing gas pipelines, disconnecting and plugging under pressure existing gas pipelines

19.10. Cavity cleaning and testing of gas pipelines

20. Construction of external electrical networks and communication lines

(clause 20 as amended by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

20.1. Construction of power supply networks with voltage up to 1 kV inclusive<*>

20.2. Construction of power supply networks with voltage up to 35 kV inclusive

20.3. Construction of power supply networks with voltage up to 330 kV inclusive

20.4. Construction of power supply networks with voltages over 330 kV

20.5. Installation and dismantling of supports for overhead power lines with voltage up to 35 kV

20.6. Installation and dismantling of supports for overhead power lines with voltage up to 500 kV

20.7. Installation and dismantling of supports for overhead power lines with voltages over 500 kV

20.8. Installation and dismantling of wires and lightning protection cables of overhead power lines with voltage up to 35 kV inclusive

20.9. Installation and dismantling of wires and lightning protection cables of overhead power lines with voltages over 35 kV

20.10. Installation and dismantling of transformer substations and linear electrical equipment with voltage up to 35 kV inclusive

20.11. Installation and dismantling of transformer substations and linear electrical equipment with voltage over 35 kV

20.12. Installation of distribution devices, switching equipment, protection devices

20.13. Installation of external communication lines, including telephone, radio and television<*>

(clause 20.13 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

21. Construction of nuclear energy facilities

(clause 21 as amended by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

(see text in the previous edition)

21.1. Work on the construction of facilities with nuclear installations

(clause 21.1 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

21.2. Work on the construction of nuclear weapons complex facilities

(clause 21.2 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

21.3. Work on the construction of particle accelerators and hot chambers

(clause 21.3 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

21.4. Work on the construction of storage facilities for nuclear materials and radioactive substances, radioactive waste storage facilities

(clause 21.4 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

21.5. Work on the construction of nuclear fuel cycle facilities

(clause 21.5 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

21.6. Work on the construction of uranium mining and processing facilities

(clause 21.6 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

21.7. Work on decommissioning of nuclear energy facilities

(clause 21.7 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

22. Construction of oil and gas industry facilities

22.1. Installation of main and field pipelines

22.2. Work on the arrangement of oil and gas preparation facilities for transport

22.3. Construction of oil depots and gas storage facilities

22.4. Construction of crossing structures under linear objects (roads and railways) and other obstacles of natural and artificial origin

22.5. Work on the construction of crossings using directional drilling

22.6. Device for electrochemical protection of pipelines

22.7. Tapping under pressure into existing main and field pipelines, disconnecting and plugging under pressure existing main and field pipelines

22.8. Carrying out anti-corrosion protection and insulation work on main and field pipelines

22.9. Work on the development of oil and gas fields on the sea shelf

22.10. Work on the construction of gas filling compressor stations

22.11. Quality control of welded joints and their insulation

22.12. Cavity cleaning and testing of main and field pipelines

23. Installation work

23.1. Installation of lifting and transport equipment

23.2. Elevator installation

23.3. Installation of equipment for thermal power plants

23.4. Installation of boiler room equipment

23.5. Installation of compressor units, pumps and fans<*>

23.6. Installation of electrical installations, equipment, automation and alarm systems<*>

23.7. Installation of equipment for nuclear energy facilities

(clause 23.7 as amended by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

23.8. Installation of equipment for purification and preparation for gas and oil transportation

23.9. Installation of equipment for oil and gas pumping stations and for other product pipelines

23.10. Installation of equipment for liquefied natural gas

23.11. Installation of gas station equipment

23.12. Installation of equipment for ferrous metallurgy enterprises

23.13. Installation of equipment for non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises

23.14. Installation of equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries

23.15. Installation of mining and processing equipment

23.16. Installation of equipment for railway infrastructure facilities

23.17. Installation of subway and tunnel equipment

23.18. Installation of equipment for hydroelectric stations and other hydraulic structures

23.19. Installation of equipment for electrical industry enterprises

23.20. Installation of equipment for construction materials industry enterprises

23.21. Installation of equipment for pulp and paper industry enterprises

23.22. Installation of equipment for textile industry enterprises

23.23. Installation of equipment for printing industry enterprises

23.24. Installation of equipment for food industry enterprises<*>

23.25. Installation of equipment for theatrical and entertainment enterprises

23.26. Installation of equipment for granaries and grain processing enterprises

23.27. Installation of equipment for cinematography enterprises<*>

23.28. Installation of equipment for electronics and communications industry enterprises<*>

23.29. Installation of equipment for healthcare institutions and medical industry enterprises<*>

23.30. Installation of equipment for agricultural production, including fish processing and fish storage<*>

23.31. Installation of equipment for consumer services and utilities<*>

23.32. Installation of water intake equipment, sewerage and treatment facilities

23.33. Installation of communication facilities equipment<*>

23.34. Installation of equipment for space infrastructure facilities

23.35. Installation of airport equipment and other aviation infrastructure facilities

23.36. Installation of equipment for sea and river ports

24. Commissioning work

24.1. Commissioning of lifting and transport equipment

24.2. Commissioning of elevators

24.3. Commissioning of synchronous generators and excitation systems

24.4. Commissioning of power and instrument transformers

24.5. Commissioning of switching devices

24.6. Commissioning of relay protection devices

24.7. Commissioning of automation in power supply<*>

24.8. Commissioning of voltage and operating current systems

24.9. Commissioning of electrical machines and electric drives

24.10. Commissioning of automation systems, alarm systems and interconnected devices<*>

24.11. Commissioning of autonomous systems adjustment<*>

24.12. Commissioning works for complex adjustment of systems<*>

24.13. Commissioning of telemechanics equipment<*>

24.14. Setting up ventilation and air conditioning systems<*>

24.15. Commissioning of automatic machine lines

24.16. Commissioning of multi-purpose metal-cutting machines with CNC

24.17. Commissioning of unique metal-cutting machines weighing over 100 tons

24.18. Commissioning of refrigeration units<*>

24.19. Commissioning of compressor units

24.20. Commissioning of steam boilers

24.21. Commissioning works of hot water heating boilers<*>

24.22. Commissioning of boiler and auxiliary equipment<*>

24.23. Commissioning of water treatment equipment and chemical water treatment equipment

24.24. Commissioning of technological installations of fuel facilities

24.25. Commissioning of the gas-air duct

24.26. Commissioning of general boiler systems and utilities

24.27. Commissioning of equipment for wood processing and finishing

24.28. Commissioning of drying units

24.29. Commissioning works of water supply facilities

24.30. Commissioning works of sewerage structures

24.31. Commissioning works at oil and gas complex facilities

24.32. Commissioning works at nuclear energy facilities

(clause 24.32 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

25. Construction of roads and airfields

25.1. Work on the construction of roadbeds for highways, airport aprons, runways, taxiways

25.2. Construction of highway foundations

25.3. Construction of airport apron bases, runways, taxiways

25.4. Construction of road surfaces, including those reinforced with binding materials

25.5. Coatings for airport aprons, runways, and taxiways

25.6. Construction of drainage, catchment, culvert, and spillway devices

25.7. Construction of protective fences and road construction elements

25.8. Road marking device

26. Construction of railway and tram tracks

26.1. Work on the construction of roadbed for railway tracks

26.2. Work on the construction of roadbed for tram tracks

26.3. Construction of the upper structure of the railway track

26.4. Construction of drainage and protective structures for railway subgrades

26.5. Installation of signaling, centralization and blocking of railways

26.6. Electrification of railways

26.7. Consolidation of soils in the railway right-of-way

26.8. Construction of railway crossings

27. Construction of tunnels and subways

27.1. Drilling of tunnels and subways without the use of special excavation methods

27.2. Drilling tunnels and subways using artificial freezing

27.3. Drilling of tunnels and subways using grouting

27.4. Drilling of tunnels and subways using electrochemical consolidation

27.5. Drilling of tunnels and subways using lower support

27.6. Construction of internal structures of tunnels and subways

27.7. Subway track arrangement

28. Construction of mine structures

28.1. Drilling of mine structures without the use of special excavation methods

28.2. Drilling of mine structures using artificial freezing

28.3. Drilling of mine structures using grouting

28.4. Drilling of mine structures using electrochemical consolidation

28.5. Drilling of mine structures using lowering support

29. Construction of bridges, overpasses and overpasses

29.1. Construction of monolithic reinforced concrete and concrete structures of bridges, overpasses and overpasses

29.2. Construction of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of bridges, overpasses and overpasses

29.3. Construction of pedestrian bridge structures

29.4. Installation of steel spans of bridges, overpasses and overpasses

29.5. Construction of wooden bridges, overpasses and overpasses

29.6. Construction of stone bridges, overpasses and overpasses

29.7. Laying culvert pipes on finished foundations (bases) and drainage trays

30. Hydraulic work, diving work

30.1. Development and movement of soil using hydraulic and floating dredgers

30.2. Loosening and development of soils under water by mechanization and delivery to a dump or floating craft

30.3. Drilling and construction of wells underwater

30.4. Piling work carried out in offshore conditions from floating craft, including installation of shell piles

30.5. Piling work carried out in river conditions from floating craft, including installation of shell piles

30.6. Construction of structures in sea and river conditions from natural and artificial massifs

30.7. Construction of dams

30.8. Installation and dismantling of building structures in underwater conditions

30.9. Subsea pipeline laying

30.10. Laying cables in underwater conditions, including electrical and communications

30.11. Diving (underwater construction) work, including quality control of hydraulic engineering work under water

31. Industrial furnaces and chimneys

31.1. Laying blast furnaces

31.2. Laying the upper structure of glass furnace baths

31.3. Installation of furnaces from prefabricated elements of increased factory readiness

31.4. Electrolysers for the aluminum industry

31.5. Lining of industrial smoke and ventilation furnaces and pipes

32. Work to carry out construction control by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur engaged by a developer or customer on the basis of an agreement

32.1. Construction control of general construction works (groups of types of work N 1 - 3, 5 - 7, 9 - 14)

32.2. Construction supervision of well development work (group of types of work No. 4)

32.3. Construction control of drilling and blasting operations (group of types of work No. 8)

32.4. Construction supervision of work in the field of water supply and sewerage (type of work N 15.1, 23.32, 24.29, 24.30, groups of types of work N 16, 17)

32.5. Construction control of work in the field of heat and gas supply and ventilation (types of work N 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 23.4, 23.5, 24.14, 24.19, 24.20, 24.21, 24.22, 24.24, 24.25, 24.26, groups of types of work N 18, 19)

32.6. Construction supervision of work in the field of fire safety (type of work N 12.3, 12.12, 23.6, 24.10 - 24.12)

32.7. Construction supervision of work in the field of electrical supply (type of work N 15.5, 15.6, 23.6, 24.3 - 24.10, group of types of work N 20)

32.8. Construction control during construction, reconstruction and major repairs of communication structures (types of work N 20.13, 23.6, 23.28, 23.33, 24.7, 24.10, 24.11, 24.12)

(clause 32.8 as amended by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

32.9. Construction control during construction, reconstruction and major repairs of oil and gas industry facilities (type of work N 23.9, 23.10, group of types of work N 22)

32.10. Construction control during the construction, reconstruction and major repairs of highways and airfields, bridges, overpasses and overpasses (type of work N 23.35, groups of types of work N 25, 29)

32.11. Construction control during the installation of railway and tram tracks (types of work N 23.16, group of types of work N 26)

32.12. Construction control during construction, reconstruction and major repairs in underground conditions (types of work N 23.17, groups of types of work N 27, 28)

32.13. Construction control of hydraulic engineering and diving works (group of types of work N 30)

32.14. Construction control during construction, reconstruction and overhaul of industrial furnaces and chimneys (group of types of work N 31)

32.15. Excluded. — Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294

33. Work on organizing construction, reconstruction and major repairs by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur (general contractor) attracted by the developer or customer on the basis of an agreement:

33.1. Industrial engineering

33.1.1. Enterprises and facilities of the fuel industry

33.1.2. Enterprises and facilities of the coal industry

33.1.3. Ferrous metallurgy enterprises and facilities

33.1.4. Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises and facilities

33.1.5. Enterprises and facilities of the chemical and petrochemical industry

33.1.6. Enterprises and facilities of mechanical engineering and metalworking

33.1.7. Enterprises and facilities of the forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper industries

33.1.8. Light industry enterprises and facilities<*>

33.1.9. Food industry enterprises and facilities<*>

33.1.10. Enterprises and facilities of agriculture and forestry<*>

33.1.11. Thermal power plants

33.1.12. Nuclear energy facilities

33.1.13. Power supply facilities over 110 kV

33.1.14. Oil and gas complex facilities

33.2. Transport construction

33.2.1. Highways and road transport infrastructure facilities

33.2.2. Railways and railway infrastructure facilities

33.2.3. Airports and other aviation infrastructure facilities

33.2.4. Road and railway tunnels

33.2.5. Subways

33.2.6. Bridges (large and medium)

33.2.7. Enterprises and public transport facilities<*>

33.3. Housing and civil construction

33.4. Power supply facilities up to 110 kV inclusive

33.5. Heat supply facilities

33.6. Gas supply facilities

33.7. Water supply and sewerage facilities

33.8. Buildings and structures of communication facilities

33.9. Marine transport facilities

33.10. River transport objects

33.11. Hydropower facilities

33.12. Dams, dams, canals, bank protection structures, reservoirs (except for hydropower facilities)

33.13. Irrigation facilities

34. Work on the implementation of construction control by the developer, or a legal entity or individual entrepreneur engaged by the developer or customer on the basis of a contract during the construction, reconstruction and overhaul of nuclear energy facilities (types of work No. 23.7, 24.32, group of types of work No. 21)

(clause 34 was introduced by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2010 N 294)

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<*>These types and groups of types of work require obtaining a certificate of approval for types of work that affect the safety of a capital construction project, in the case of such work being performed at the facilities specified in Article 48.1 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation.

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION WORK AND THEIR CONNECTION WITH EACH OTHER

The entire complex of construction work can be divided into two main groups: preparatory work, which includes site development, construction of temporary workshops, subsidiary enterprises, and main work, the purpose of which is the construction of permanent structures - residential buildings, industrial buildings, etc.

The main works are divided into general construction and special.

Civil works include:

Earthworks, which include mechanized and manual digging of foundation pits and trenches for building foundations, vertical leveling of areas with soil movement and compaction.

Drilling and blasting operations, which are carried out when constructing excavations in rocky soils or during excavation work in winter.

Piling work, which involves driving wooden, concrete, reinforced concrete and steel piles into the ground. Piles are driven in order to increase the bearing capacity of the soil, to make a reliable foundation for the structure, and also to enclose a certain area with a continuous sheet pile wall, for example, during the construction of a hydroelectric power station building, the base of which is located below the water level in the river.

Stone work, which is carried out during the construction of stone foundations, building walls and bridge abutments, during the laying of arches, vaults, retaining walls, wells, sewers and tunnels. This also includes the construction of building walls from large blocks.

Reinforced concrete works, which are very widely used in all branches of modern construction.

Concrete and reinforced concrete are used to construct the frames of industrial and civil buildings, power plants, grain elevators, as well as dams, canals, bridges, tunnels, road surfaces, foundations for buildings and much more.

Reinforced concrete work is a complex of formwork, reinforcement and concrete laying work.

Formwork work includes the installation of wooden or metal forms for a future reinforced concrete structure or prefabricated elements.

Reinforcement work consists of manufacturing and laying into formwork systems of interconnected steel rods, the purpose of which is to increase the bending resistance of reinforced concrete structures.

Concrete-laying work consists of placing concrete into formwork, compacting the concrete, subsequent care of it during its hardening and removing the formwork (removal of formwork).

Reinforced concrete work also includes the production in factories and in the field (at landfills) of elements of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures (columns, beams, floor slabs, wall panels, etc.) and the assembly of them using cranes into buildings and structures.

Installation of steel structures from elements prepared in factories. The installation method is used to erect steel frames of industrial buildings, bridges, water towers, tanks, etc., and to install individual building structures, such as roof trusses, crane beams, etc.

Wooden work, consisting of the preparation and processing of elements of wooden structures, the assembly and fastening of individual structural elements to each other and their installation. In the process of these works, wooden structures are created either entirely (wooden houses, bridges, etc.), or in the form of individual structural elements that make up part of stone buildings (shell vaults, trusses, floors, rafters, partitions, floors, windows, doors, etc. .).

Roofing work, which includes work on covering roofs, installing drainpipes, covering protruding parts on building facades (belts, sandriks) with roofing materials, as well as on-site production of smoke hoods, weather vanes, etc.

Depending on the material and design of the roof, a distinction is made between roofing works made of sheet steel - black or galvanized; from piece materials - tiles, asbestos-cement tiles and slate; from rolled materials - roofing felt and roofing felt; made of sheet iron and wood.

Plastering work, the purpose of which is to apply plaster to the walls of a structure in the form of plastic lime, complex or cement mortar or ready-made sheets of dry plaster. The plaster layer improves the appearance of the structure, protects it from atmospheric influences (external plaster), increases the heat and sound insulation properties of the structure and, in some cases, serves for waterproofing.

Painting work, which consists of painting wooden, metal and plastered surfaces of structures. Painting improves the appearance of the structure, helps to increase its service life, protecting the material from rotting and corrosion, and also improves the sanitary and hygienic operating conditions of the structure. In some cases, painting with special fire-retardant paints protects wooden structures from fire.

TO general construction works also include the installation of internal water supply, sewerage, central heating, ventilation, etc.

Special construction work includes the construction of hydraulic structures (dams, locks, etc.), the construction of railways and highways, bridges, external pipelines, industrial furnaces and pipes, etc.

When constructing any building or structure, certain types of construction and installation work must be carried out in a certain technological sequence: first, for example, excavation work, then laying foundations, walls, etc. The technological sequence of certain types of work is related to the nature of the building’s design. So, for example, in the construction of multi-story frame buildings, the frame of a building of several floors can first be assembled, and then the walls can be constructed; when constructing buildings with load-bearing brick walls, it is necessary to lay out the walls to the height of one floor, then install a ceiling resting on the walls.

Finishing work(painting, wallpapering, etc.), the quality of which can be reduced when exposed to precipitation, must be done after installing the roof over the corresponding part of the building. The duration of individual types of work and their mutual coordination are indicated in the construction calendar plan (or schedule).

When drawing up a calendar plan, in addition to the necessary technological sequence of work, it is necessary to provide for the maximum possible combination in time of individual types of work on the site, for example, the installation of partitions and the installation of sanitary systems in the lower floors of the building must be carried out simultaneously with the brickwork and installation of ceilings on the upper floors, etc. n. Combining certain types of work over time leads to a reduction in the construction period of buildings and structures. Complete safety of work at the site must also be ensured, which is achieved, for example, by dividing the building in plan into two parts (captures); During installation work on one grip, all other work on the underlying floors can only be carried out on the second grip.

Construction is one of the most ancient spheres of human activity. People built houses and household structures thousands of years ago. As society became and developed, construction technologies gradually improved. Modern buildings, constructed using innovative techniques and advanced materials, are as convenient to use as possible, reliable and durable. The construction industry itself today has a rather complex and dynamic structure. There are a variety of types of construction, both in terms of the type of construction objects and the technology for performing the work itself.

Main classification

Modern construction is divided into only two main types:

  • Capital. Its objects are buildings and structures that belong to the category of real estate, that is, connected to the ground through a foundation.
  • Non-capital. Objects of this type of construction include temporary and light structures.

Types of construction projects (capital)

According to Russian legislation, real estate includes:

  • Building. They are structures that have an underground (foundation, and above-ground parts. The system of structures of this kind usually also includes water supply, sewerage, ventilation, etc. Buildings can be intended for living or for human activities.
  • Facilities. They are linear or flat systems consisting of load-bearing structures, as in the first case, having underground and above-ground parts. Such buildings are usually designed to move people or goods, store products or carry out production processes. Examples of structures include bridges, highways, dams, oil wells, etc.
  • Unfinished construction projects. This is the name given to structures whose construction was stopped for some reason. They cannot be used for their intended purpose until assembly is completed.

Non-capital construction objects

Temporary buildings include buildings erected on plots of land for a certain (usually no more than 5 years) period. Examples of non-capital construction projects include:

  • kiosks;
  • utility units;
  • sheds;
  • cabins;
  • prefabricated hangars and pavilions, etc.

Classification by object types

There are different purposes for the buildings being erected. The latter can be residential, industrial, perform special functions, etc. On this basis, construction is classified into:

  • Civil. Objects in this category are houses, low- and high-rise buildings, as well as various types of public (government, office, commercial, administrative, etc.) buildings.
  • Industrial. This category includes work related to the construction of workshops, plants, plants and factories.
  • Agricultural.
  • Transport. Construction of bridges, tunnels and roads.
  • Hydraulic. Construction of dams, canals, reservoirs, dams, etc.
  • Military. Construction of military facilities.

Civil Engineering

Nowadays, a huge number of companies are engaged in the construction of residential and public buildings. The lion's share of all investments made in construction today falls on its civilian form.

Residential buildings can be multi-apartment or low-rise. In the first case, an agreement with a company is usually concluded by the administration of a locality or an enterprise. In the second - a private owner who owns a country plot.

Public buildings include shops, government buildings, offices, canteens, cafes, restaurants, etc. Contracts for their construction can also be concluded by administrative bodies, enterprises or private individuals.

Industrial engineering

The construction of special-purpose production facilities has a lot of technological features. Therefore, industrial construction is included in a separate group. For example, the roof of industrial facilities is usually flat and pitched; in large workshop complexes there are often no windows at all, etc.

Most modern construction companies have the right to engage in the construction of both civil residential and industrial buildings.

Construction of military facilities

The types of construction discussed above are carried out by ordinary civilian specialized companies. Such firms can also be involved in the construction of defense facilities. However, such a practice is the exception rather than the rule. More often, such facilities are built by special military construction units. In peacetime, the latter are mainly engaged in the construction of buildings intended for the accommodation of officers and soldiers, as well as long-term buildings. During war, such formations are responsible for the arrangement of theaters of military operations.

Agricultural construction

Appointments on farms and for large livestock and agricultural companies are a procedure that also has its own characteristics. Agricultural buildings are usually dispersed over a very large area, which, of course, cannot but cause difficulties in organizing work. This is the main difference between this type of construction and others. In our time, agricultural facilities are built in the same way as industrial and residential ones, mainly by contract. These could be, for example, poultry houses, livestock complexes, greenhouses, agricultural buildings, veterinary clinics, etc.

Classification by type of work performed

On this basis, construction is divided into:

  • New. In this case, the building or structure is erected from scratch.
  • Extension. This type of construction involves the construction of structures that complement an existing building.
  • Reconstruction. In this case, existing objects that have become dilapidated or partially destroyed for any reason are restored to their original condition.
  • Technical re-equipment (modernization). Renewal of existing facilities due to their obsolescence.

The list shows the main types of work. There are other, less large-scale activities that are also the responsibility of companies specializing in the construction of buildings.

These include, for example, repairs and finishing. They differ from reconstruction and modernization primarily in that during their implementation the technical parameters of the main structure of the facility do not change.

All these types of construction: reconstruction, repair (including), expansion, modernization, etc. - the work is mostly quite complex. They require company employees to have certain skills and abilities.

General types of work in construction

The process of erecting buildings and structures, as well as their modernization and reconstruction may include:

  • Geodetic work to study the construction site.
  • Preparatory work (demolition of old structures, construction of temporary access roads, utility networks, etc.).
  • Excavation work (drainage, compaction, digging trenches and foundation pits).
  • Construction of wells.
  • Construction of foundations.
  • Work on the installation of stone structures.
  • Installation of metal structures.
  • Assembly of wooden structures.
  • Installation of roofs, etc.

All of these in construction have their own characteristics and are performed by highly qualified specialists. When constructing any building or structure, SNiP standards, as well as safety regulations, must be observed.

As you can see, in our time there are different types of construction: reconstruction, modernization, construction of buildings from scratch, etc. Each of them has its own characteristics. Some work is complex, while others can be easily completed even by non-professionals. However, in any case, construction is an industry that plays an important role in the national economy.