The role of biology in the formation of the modern natural scientific picture of the world, in the practical activities of people. The role of biology in the modern world of practical activities of people Biology in the practical activities of people
Biology - a complex of sciences about living nature, which studies the structure and functions of living beings, their diversity, origin and development, as well as interaction with environment.
Classification of biological sciences
Currently in biology composition include botany(plants), zoology(animals), microbiology(microorganisms), mycology(mushrooms), systematics, biochemistry(chemical composition of living matter and chemical processes in it), cytology(cell), histology(fabrics), anatomy (internal structure), physiology(life processes), embryology(individual development), ethology(behavior), genetics(heredity and variability), selection(breeding organisms with properties needed by humans), biotechnology(use of living organisms and biological processes in production), evolutionary doctrine(historical development of the organic world), paleontology(fossil remains), anthropology(historical development of man as a biological species), ecology(populations, communities, biogeocenoses and biosphere).
At the intersection of biology and other sciences, a number of new sciences arose, such as biophysics, biochemistry, bionics and etc.
Biology methods
Main methods of biology are:
- comparative-descriptive,
- modeling (creating simplified simulations of an object or phenomenon),
- monitoring (systematic observation, assessment and forecast of changes in the state of an object),
- light and electron microscopy,
- differential centrifugation, or fractionation (separation of particles under the influence of centrifugal force),
- tagged atom method, or autoradiography, etc.
The role of biology in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world and in the practical activities of people
Biology played an important role role in the formation of a modern natural science picture of the world , since it reveals the mechanisms of the emergence of the organic world from non-living components and its evolution, proves the unity of its origin based on the structure of cells, and also generalizes the mechanisms of heredity and variability.
Biology makes a significant contribution to human understanding of the scientific picture of the world, based on the systematization of scientific facts established during scientific research and their generalization to the level of theories, rules and laws.
The role of biology in the practical activities of people . Application of adequate modern methods scientific research radically transformed biology, expanded its cognitive capabilities and opened new ways for the use of biological knowledge in all spheres of human activity. Thanks to the achievements of biology, medications, vitamins, and biologically active substances are produced industrially. Discoveries made in genetics, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry make it possible to give a sick person a correct diagnosis and develop effective ways to treat and prevent various diseases.
Using knowledge of the laws of heredity and variability, breeding scientists obtain new highly productive breeds of domestic animals and varieties cultivated plants. Based on the study of relationships between organisms, biological methods for controlling crop pests have been created. The study of the structure and operating principles of various systems of living organisms helped to find original solutions in technology and construction.
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Ticket 1 1.Biology as a science, its achievements, connections with other sciences. Methods for studying living objects. The role of biology in human life and practical activities. 2. The plant kingdom, its differences from other kingdoms of living nature. Explain which group of plants currently occupies a dominant position on Earth. Find representatives of this group among living plants or herbarium specimens. 3.Using knowledge about metabolism and energy conversion in the human body, give scientific explanation the effects of physical inactivity, stress, bad habits, and overeating on metabolism.
1. Biology (from Greek bios life, logos science) the science of life. She studies living organisms, their structure, development and origin, relationships with their environment and with other living organisms. 2. Biology - a set of sciences about life, about living nature (see table “System of biological sciences”). I. Biology as a science, its achievements in connection with other sciences. Methods for studying living objects. The role of biology in human life and practical activities.
3. Basic methods in biology 1.observation (allows you to describe biological phenomena), 2.comparison (makes it possible to find general patterns in the structure and life of various organisms), 3.experiment or experience (helps the researcher study the properties of biological objects), 4.modeling (processes that are inaccessible to observation or experimental reproduction are simulated), 5. historical method (based on data about the modern organic world and its past, the processes of development of living nature are learned).
4. Achievements of biology: 1). Description of the large number of species of living organisms existing on Earth; 2). Creation of cellular, evolutionary, chromosome theory; 3). The discovery of the molecular structure of the structural units of heredity (genes) served as the basis for the creation of genetic engineering. 4). Practical use The achievements of modern biology make it possible to obtain industrially significant amounts of biologically active substances.
6). Thanks to knowledge of the laws of heredity and variability, great successes have been achieved in agriculture in the creation of new highly productive breeds of domestic animals and varieties of cultivated plants. 5). Based on the study of relationships between organisms, biological methods for controlling crop pests have been created.
7).Great importance in biology is attached to elucidating the mechanisms of protein biosynthesis and the secrets of photosynthesis, which will open the way to obtaining organic nutrients. In addition, the use in industry (in construction, when creating new machines and mechanisms) of the principles of organization of living beings (bionics) brings at present and will give in the future a significant economic effect. The honeycomb design formed the basis for the production of "honeycomb panels" for construction
In such a situation, the basis for increasing food resources can only be intensification Agriculture. An important role in this process will be played by the development of new highly productive forms of microorganisms, plants and animals, and the rational, scientifically based use of natural resources.
1. Plants are autotrophs and are capable of photosynthesis; 2. The presence of plastids with pigments in the cells; 3. The cells are surrounded by a cellulose wall; 4.Presence of vacuoles with cell sap in the cells; 5.Unlimited growth; 6. There are plant hormones - phytohormones; 7. Osmotic type of nutrition (receipt of nutrients in the form of aqueous solutions entering through the cell membrane).
Angiosperms or flowering plants are the largest division of modern higher plants, numbering about 250 thousand species. They grow in all climatic zones and are part of all biogeocenoses globe. This indicates their high adaptability to modern conditions of existence on Earth.
Adaptations in angiosperms (flowering plants) that allowed them to occupy a dominant position on Earth: I. The vegetative organs of flowering plants achieve the greatest complexity and diversity. II. Flowering plants have a more advanced conductive system, which provides better water supply to the plant. III. For the first time, flowering plants have a new organ - the flower. The ovules are enclosed in a closed cavity of the ovary, formed by one or more fused carpels. The seeds are enclosed in the fruit. Double fertilization appeared, which sharply distinguishes them from all other groups flora. IV. The most important transformations took place in the conductive system. Instead of tracheids, vessels become the main conducting elements of the xylem, which significantly accelerates the movement of the ascending current. Thus, angiosperms received additional opportunities in the competition and ultimately became “winners” in the struggle for existence.
III. Using knowledge about metabolism and energy conversion in the human body, give a scientific explanation of the effect of physical inactivity, stress, bad habits, and overeating on metabolism. The body receives many substances from the outside, processes them, obtaining energy or those molecules that the body needs to build its own tissues. The resulting metabolic products are excreted from the body. The totality of all reactions of dissimilation (the breakdown of substances with the release of energy) and assimilation (the synthesis of substances necessary for the body) is called metabolism. IN healthy body assimilation and dissimilation are strictly balanced. All metabolic reactions are regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems. Metabolic disorders underlie many human diseases.
1. Physical inactivity – reduced physical activity, absence physical activity– leads to a decrease in muscle performance, of cardio-vascular system and, as a result, metabolic disorders and deterioration of the condition of the entire organism as a whole. Nutrients not spent on physical activity are stored, which often leads to obesity. Overeating also contributes to this (2).
3. Stress is a protective reaction of the body that allows it to survive in times of danger. Stress mobilizes the body's capabilities, is accompanied by the release of hormones, increases the intensity of cardiovascular activity, etc. However, severe and especially prolonged stress can lead to depletion of human strength and metabolic disorders.
4. Constant intake has a very strong negative effect on metabolism. alcoholic drinks. In alcoholics, oxidizing ethyl alcohol gives the body a certain amount of energy, but it also produces very toxic substances that kill liver and brain cells. Gradually, the appetite of alcoholics decreases, and they stop eating normal amounts of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, replacing them with alcoholic beverages, which leads to destruction of the body. Chronic alcoholics always have damaged liver, they lose weight, and gradual muscle destruction occurs.
5. Smoking also has a strong negative effect on metabolism, since it destroys the lungs and prevents the body from receiving the required amount of oxygen. In addition, smoking greatly increases the likelihood of developing lung cancer.
6. Narcotic substances, participating in metabolism, are addictive; subsequently, the cessation of intake of nicotine, alcohol, etc. is accompanied by withdrawal symptoms - a sharp deterioration in well-being. Thus, physiological and psychological dependence on drugs occurs.
MKOU"Novokaykent Secondary School"
With. Novokayakent
Kayakent district Republic of Dagestan
OGE. Task 1. “The role of biology in the formation of a modern natural science picture of the world, in the practical activities of people »
(for 9th grade students)
MKOU "Novokayakent Secondary School"
Umalatova Ravganiyat Biybulatovna
Novokayakent village
Explanatory note
The OGE material. Questions 1. “The role of biology in the formation of a modern natural science picture of the world, in the practical activities of people” is recommended for 9th grade students. The material includes questions with a choice of one correct answer. This material can be used to prepare for the OGE. The work includes 12 questions.
Tasks: test students' knowledge and skills the right choice one correct answer to a question.
Equipment: Handout with tests.
OGE. Questions 1.“The role of biology in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world, in the practical activities of people »
1.Science studies the patterns of heredity and variability of organisms
1) genetics
2) taxonomy
3) anthropology
4) biochemistry
3.What science studies human health and ways to preserve it?
1) valeology
2) hygiene
3) medicine
4) physiology
5. Which of the following scientists is considered the founder of the science of genetics?
1) I.I. Mechnikov
2) L. Pasteur
3) G. Mendel
4) C. Darwin
7. The main way to study a plant cell is
1) observation
2) microscopy
3) freezing - chipping
4) coloring
9. The mechanism of protein biosynthesis in the body has been discovered
1) anatomists
2) physiologists
3) biochemists
4) ecologists
11. To put forward a hypothesis means
1) confirm the scientific nature of the data obtained
2) conduct an experiment
3) make a guess
4) summarize changing facts
Sources of information:
1.Biology. General patterns. 9th grade S.G. Mamontov, V.B. Zakharov, N.I. Sonin. -M.: Bustard, 2002, 288 p.
2. Biology Unified State Examination. Section "Plants, mushrooms, lichens". Theory, training tasks: educational and methodological allowance/ A.A. Kirilenko-
Rostov n/a: Legion, 2015 - 320 p.
3. OGE 2017. Biology: thematic training tasks: 9th grade/
G.I. Lerner.- Moscow: Eksmo, 2016.- 272 p.
4. OGE. Biology: standard exam options: O -30 options / ed. V.S. Rokhlova.-M.: Publishing house “National Education”, 2017.- 400 p.
The role of biology in human life and practical activities
- Is it really impossible to find something like this? start with the fact that if it weren’t for biology, we wouldn’t know how people, plants, and animals work. biology is the basis of medicine. without various studies we would not have medicines, etc. talk about how biology has developed in modern world, touch on cloning and other important topics.
- Biology is a system of related sciences about living organisms.
The word comes from other Greek. #946;#943;#959;#962; life and #955;#972;#947;#959;#962; judgment, word.
The concept of biology was already mentioned in the works of T. Roose, 1797 and K. Burdach, 1800. But it was specifically proposed as a term by J. B. Lamarck and G. R. Treviranus in 1802, independently of each other.
The term biology has two interpretations: a broader and a narrower one.
In a broader sense, biology relates to the entire complex of life sciences, including many different areas, such as traditional zoology, botany and systematics, and such distant areas as biophysics and ecology.
In a narrower sense, the term biology correlates with general biological research. The structure and functions of individual organisms and their communities are considered; their distribution, origin, development, connections with each other and with the environment.
Unlike philosophy, biology does not try to understand the first and last causes of life through logical thinking, but seeks to understand its features and mechanisms using the natural science method. Thus, biology is one of the natural sciences, the achievements of which it uses and whose successes it complements, however, according to the famous theorist of the classification of sciences D. Voskresensky, only physics is a natural science.Well, as a last resort, open the first pages of the Biology textbook, or use your imagination
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THEORETICAL MATERIAL
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE. METHODS OF BIOLOGY
Biology - the science of life, its patterns and forms of manifestation, its existence and distribution in time and space. She explores the origins of life and its essence, development, interconnections and diversity. Biology refers to natural sciences.
The term “biology” was first used by the German professor of anatomy T. Ruz in 1779. However, it became generally accepted in 1802, after the French naturalist J.-B. began to use it in his works. Lamarck.
Modern biology is a complex science, consisting of a number of independent scientific disciplines with their own objects of research.
BIOLOGICAL DISCIPLINES
Botany- plant science,
Zoology- animal science,
Mycology- about mushrooms,
Virology- about viruses,
Microbiology- about bacteria.
Anatomy- a science that studies the internal structure of organisms (individual organs, tissues). Plant anatomy studies the structure of plants, animal anatomy studies the structure of animals.
Morphology- the science that studies external structure organisms
Physiology- a science that studies the vital processes of the body and the functions of individual organs.
Hygiene- the science of preserving and strengthening human health.
Cytology- cell science.
Histology- tissue science.
Taxonomy- the science of classifying living organisms. Classification is the division of organisms into groups (species, genus, families, etc.) based on structural features, origin, development, etc.
Paleontology- a science that studies the fossil remains (imprints, fossils, etc.) of organisms.
Embryology- the science that studies the individual (embryo) development of organisms.
Ecology- a science that studies the relationships of organisms with each other and with the environment.
Ethology- the science of animal behavior.
Genetics- the science of the laws of heredity and variability.
Selection- the science of breeding new and improving existing breeds of domestic animals, varieties of cultivated plants and strains of bacteria and fungi.
Evolutionary doctrine- studies issues of origin and laws historical development life on Earth.
Anthropology- the science of the emergence and development of man.
Cell engineering- a branch of science dealing with the production of hybrid cells. An example is the hybridization of cancer cells and lymphocytes, the fusion of protoplasts of different plant cells, and cloning.
Genetic Engineering- a branch of science that deals with the production of hybrid DNA or RNA molecules. If cell engineering works at the cellular level, then genetic engineering works at the molecular level. IN in this case specialists “transplant” genes from one organism to another. One of the results of genetic engineering is the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Bionics- a direction in science that searches for opportunities to apply the principles of organization, properties and structures of living nature in technical devices.
Biotechnology- a discipline that studies the possibilities of using organisms or biological processes to produce substances, needed by a person. Typically, biotechnological processes use bacteria and fungi.
GENERAL METHODS OF BIOLOGY
A method is a way of understanding reality.
1. Observation and description.
2.Measurement
3. Comparison
4. Experiment or experience
5. Simulation
6. Historical.
STAGES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Held observation over an object or phenomenon
based on the data obtained, it is put forward hypothesis
scientific experiment(with control experience)
a hypothesis tested during an experiment can be called
theory or by law
PROPERTIES OF LIVING
Metabolism and energy flow- the most important property of living things. All living organisms absorb the substances they need from the external environment and release waste products into it.
Unity chemical composition. Among chemical elements In living organisms, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen predominate. In addition, the most important feature of living organisms is the presence of organic substances: fats, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.
Cellular structure. All organisms are made up of cells. Only viruses have a non-cellular structure, but they also show signs of being alive only after entering the host cell.
Irritability- the body’s ability to respond to external or internal influences.
Self-reproduction. All living organisms are capable of reproduction, that is, the reproduction of their own kind. Reproduction of organisms occurs in accordance with the genetic program recorded in DNA molecules.
Heredity and variability.
Heredity is the ability of organisms to pass on their characteristics to their descendants. Heredity ensures continuity of life. Variability is the ability of organisms to acquire new characteristics in the process of their development. Hereditary variability is an important factor in evolution.
Growth and development.
Growth - quantitative changes (for example, increase in mass).
Development - qualitative changes (for example, the formation of organ systems, flowering and fruiting).
Self-regulation - the ability of organisms to maintain the constancy of their chemical composition and vital processes - homeostasis.
Adaptation
Rhythm - periodic changes in the intensity of physiological functions with different periods of fluctuations (daily, seasonal rhythms). (For example, photoperiodism is the body’s reaction to the length of daylight hours).
Levels of life organization
| Number | Name | What is represented by | |
| Biosphere | The totality of all ecosystems | ||
| Ecosystem (biogeocenotic) | System of different populations | Savannah, tundra |
|
| Population- | The totality of populations | White bears, |
|
| Organismal | The body as an integral system | Bacteria, monkey |
|
| Cellular | The cell and its structural components | Red blood cells, mitochondria, chloroplasts |
|
| Molecular | Organic and inorganic substances | Proteins, carbohydrates; Water, salt ions |
Test tasks in OGE format
What science studies the varietal diversity of plants?
1)physiology 2)systematics 3)ecology 4)selection
2. You can find out whether light is necessary for the formation of starch in leaves using
1) descriptions of plant organs 2) comparisons of plants from different natural zones
3) observations of plant growth 4) photosynthesis experiment
3. In what area of biology was cell theory developed?
1) virology 2) cytology 3) anatomy 4) embryology
4. To separate cell organelles by density, you will choose a method
1) observation 2) chromatography 3) centrifugation 4) evaporation
5. The photograph shows a model of a DNA fragment. What method allowed scientists to create such a three-dimensional image of a molecule?
1) classification 2) experiment 3) observation 4) modeling
6. The photo shows a ball-and-stick DNA fragment. What method allowed scientists to create such a three-dimensional image of a molecule?
classification 2) experiment 3) observation 4) modeling
7. Application of which scientific method illustrates the plot of the painting “Pulse” by the Dutch artist J. Steen, painted in the mid-17th century?
1) modeling 2) measurement 3) experiment 4) observation
8. Study the graph reflecting the process of growth and development of the insect.
Determine the length of the insect on the 30th day of its development.
1) 3,4 2) 2,8 3) 2,5 4) 2,0
9. Which of the following scientists is considered the creator of the doctrine of evolution?
1) I.I. Mechnikov 2) L. Pasteur 3) Ch. Darwin 4) I.P. Pavlova
10. What science studies the varietal diversity of plants?
1) physiology 2) taxonomy 3) ecology 4) selection
11. Select a pair of animals whose experiments have led to major discoveries in animal and human physiology.
1) horse and cow 2) bee and butterfly 3) dog and frog 4) lizard and dove
12. In what area of biology was cell theory developed?
1) virology 2) cytology 3) anatomy 4) embryology
13. You can accurately determine the degree of influence of fertilizers on plant growth using the method
1) experiment 2) modeling 3) analysis 4) observation
14. An example of the application of an experimental research method is
1) description of the structure of a new plant organism
2) comparison of two microslides with different tissues
3) counting a person’s pulse before and after exercise
4) formulating a position based on the facts obtained
15. A microbiologist wanted to find out how quickly one type of bacteria multiplies in different nutrient media. He took two flasks, filled them halfway with different nutrient media and placed approximately the same number of bacteria in them. Every 20 minutes he removed samples and counted the number of bacteria in them. The data from his research are reflected in the table.
Study the table “Change in the rate of reproduction of bacteria over a certain time” and answer the questions.
Change in the rate of bacterial reproduction over a certain time
| Time after introduction of bacteria into the culture, min. | Number of bacteria in flask 1 | Number of bacteria in flask 2 |
1) How many bacteria did the scientist put in each flask at the very beginning of the experiment?
2) How did the rate of bacterial reproduction change during the experiment in each flask?
3) How can we explain the results obtained?
Literature
Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.A., Pasechnik V.V. Biology. General biology 9th grade: educational. for educational institutions. M.: Bustard, 2013.
Zayats R.G., Rachkovskaya I.V., Butilovsky V.E., Davydov V.V. Biology for applicants: questions, answers, tests, tasks. - Minsk: Unipress, 2011. - 768 p.
“I will solve the OGE”: biology. Dmitry Gushchin's training system [Electronic resource] - URL: http:// oge.sdamgia.ru