Collapse of the USSR education CIS presentation. Reasons for the collapse of the USSR. The USSR was living out its last months...

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Collapse of the USSR

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Plan
1. Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR 2. Reasons for the collapse of the USSR 3. Novo-Ogarevsky process 4. August 1991 putsch 5. Belovezhskaya agreement 6. Consequences of the collapse of the USSR

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR In the 70s-80s, the country was headed by the central bodies of the CPSU. Their main goal was the renewal of socialism, the essence of which was to combine socialism and democracy, which should lead to a better socialism.
General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N.I. Ryzhkov

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
To help implement the plans, the Politburo of the Party Central Committee was created, which included: V.M. Chebrikov, E.K. Ligachev, B.N. Yeltsin, A.N. Yakovlev and E.A. Shevardnadze.

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR Gorbachev saw the main lever on the path to better socialism in accelerating socio-economic development.

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR Special attention was given to the engineering industry, since the reconstruction of the technology of the national economic complex would resolve two important issues: housing and food.

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
Relying on enthusiasm, not supported by the necessary equipment and qualifications of workers, led not to an acceleration, but to a significant increase in accidents in various sectors of the national economy. The biggest of them was the disaster at Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986.

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
Experiencing growing difficulties in the economy, the country's leadership, led by M.S. Gorbachev, since the summer of 1988, decided to reform the ossified political system The USSR, which was regarded as the main link of the “braking mechanism”. At the first stage, the goal of the political reform was to strengthen the leading role of the CPSU in society through the revitalization of the Soviets, introducing elements of parliamentarism and separation of powers into the Soviet system.

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR In accordance with the decisions of the XIX All-Union Party Conference (June 1988), a new supreme body authorities - the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the corresponding republican congresses.

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR At the end of 1988, the system of elections to the Soviets was changed. The election of people's deputies should be carried out on an alternative basis. Elections to the highest authority took place in the spring of 1989.

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
Permanent Supreme Soviets of the USSR and republics were formed from among the people's deputies. The General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, M.S. Gorbachev, became the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (March 1989).

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR This caused a surge in social activity of the population: mass rallies, discussions in newspapers about the choice of the path of social development, associations in support of “perestroika”.

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
The Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee created a commission headed by Yakovlev, the purpose of which was to further study the documents of those repressed in the 30s-50s. citizens. N.I. Bukharin, A.I. Rykov, L.D. Trotsky, L.B. Kamenev and many other prominent figures of the Soviet past were rehabilitated.
Member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (in 1987-90) Yakovlev A.N.

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
Since the spring of 1990, the Gorbachev administration moved to the second stage of political reforms. Distinctive features this stage were: - recognition of shifts in public sentiment, in the real alignment of political forces and their legislative implementation (the adoption in August 1990 of the law on the press, the abolition of Article 6 of the USSR Constitution, the official registration of political parties, etc.);

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
- the introduction of a new highest government position - the President of the USSR and the concentration of power in the presidential apparatus at the expense of allied Soviet structures (the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Council), which were losing control over the situation in the country and authority in society. The III Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in March 1990 elected M.S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR; - direct negotiations between the President of the USSR and the leadership of the republics on the conclusion of a new union treaty.

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
In the mid-1980s, the USSR included 15 republics: Armenian, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Latvian, Lithuanian, Moldavian, RSFSR, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek, Ukrainian and Estonian. More than 270 million people lived on its territory, representatives of more than 140 nationalities. With the beginning of “perestroika,” changes began to occur in relations between the republics. The contradictions inherent in the formation of the USSR made themselves felt. The Union republics did not have real equality within the Soviet Union.

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
The weakening of state structures and the decline in the prestige of the Communist Party, which served as the “cementing principle” of the union state, led to an explosion of separatism. Glasnost “highlighted” carefully hidden pages of national relations. Facts of discrimination against entire peoples and their eviction from their places of residence became known.

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
With the beginning of “perestroika”, demands were put forward for the rehabilitation of the Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, etc. The central government, instead of satisfying these demands, viewed them as a manifestation of nationalism and brutally suppressed them. 1986 was the year of the first Soviet time clashes on ethnic grounds. On December 17-19, 1986, mass demonstrations and rallies against Russification took place in Almaty (Kazakhstan).

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
A wave of public discontent swept through the Baltic republics, Ukraine, and Belarus. In August 1987, in connection with the anniversary of the conclusion of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact of 1939, protest rallies and demonstrations were held here demanding the publication of documents on the deportation of the population from the Baltic states and from western regions Ukraine and Belarus during the period of collectivization.

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
Another “hot spot” in national relations was the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of Azerbaijan, a territory populated predominantly by Armenians. In October 1987, Armenians living in Karabakh demanded reunification with Armenia. On February 20, 1988, a session of the regional Council appealed to the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR with a request to transfer the region to Armenia, but they were refused. Armed clashes took place between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Nagorno-Karabakh. The central government was unable to find a political compromise. The two republics actually found themselves at war with each other.

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
The events of April 8, 1989 in Tbilisi ended tragically. A demonstration of nationalist forces organized in the city, demanding Georgia's secession from the USSR, was dispersed by troops, and tear gas was used against the demonstrators. In June 1989, clashes between Uzbeks and Meskhetian Turks occurred. Clashes on ethnic grounds in 1989-1990. occurred in Sumgait, Sukhumi, Baku, Dushanbe, etc.

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
The growth of separatism was facilitated by the economic crisis, which paralyzed the national economies of all republics, and the collapse of economic ties. Nationalist forces accused the center of “pumping funds” from the regions and called first for economic sovereignty and then for state independence.

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
The growth of separatist sentiments among the public, especially in the Union republics, led to the emergence of popular fronts. In 1988-1989 Popular fronts were created in most republics. In their program documents, they proclaimed the struggle for the establishment of full sovereignty in the republic, for the revision of the secret agreements of 1939.

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
In November 1988, the Supreme Council of the Estonian SSR adopted amendments and additions to the Constitution of the republic, which established the supremacy of republican laws over all-Union laws. The Declaration of Estonian Sovereignty was also adopted. On November 17-18, the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR adopted an addition to the Constitution giving the Lithuanian language the status of the state language. In May 1989, a similar law and Declaration of State Sovereignty was adopted in Latvia. Almost all republics adopted declarations of sovereignty in 1990.

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
The events in the Russian Federation in 1990-1991 had a huge impact on the collapse of the USSR. After the First Congress of People's Deputies of Russia proclaimed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia in June 1990, the struggle between the union and republican leadership entered a new phase.

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
In November 1990, Yeltsin accused the union leadership of opposing economic reforms, declared that Russia would independently move to the market and raised the question of redistributing all-union property. A “war of laws” begins between the central and republican leadership. The practice of bilateral relations between the republics emerged, bypassing the union center, which was becoming unnecessary. In September, such agreements on comprehensive cooperation were signed by Russia with Georgia, Moldova and the Baltic states.

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Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
In an effort to weaken the center, Yeltsin supports the growth of separatism in the Russian autonomies. During his trip to Russia in August 1990, he called on the leaders of the autonomies to take as much sovereignty as they could “digest.” Tataria, Bashkiria, Yakutia and many others also raise the issue of their sovereignty. The conclusion of a new union treaty becomes a vital necessity.

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Novo-Ogarevsky process
Preparation of its draft began in August 1990. Representatives of 12 union republics took part in it, with the exception of the Baltic republics. On March 17, 1991, an all-Union referendum was held on the issue of preserving the USSR, which sounded as follows: “Do you consider it necessary to preserve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, in which the rights and freedoms of people of any nationality will be fully guaranteed? " Of those who took part in the vote, 148.6 million people. (80% of those who had the right to vote), 113.5 million people spoke in favor of preserving the Union. (76.4%).

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Novo-Ogarevsky process
After the referendum, the development of the draft Union Treaty went faster. On April 23, 1991, a meeting of the leaders of 9 union republics and M.S. took place in Novo-Ogarevo (the country residence of M.S. Gorbachev). Gorbachev. The leaders of the Baltic republics, Georgia, Armenia and Moldova did not take part in the negotiations.

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Novo-Ogarevsky process
Here, agreement in principle was reached on the development of such an agreement, but significant disagreements emerged regarding the balance of powers between the republics and the center. Further work on the text of the Union Treaty was called the “Novo-Ogarevo process.” The project was ready in June and published in print in August. His articles were quite contradictory. The Soviet Union as a single state actually ceased to exist. The Union republics became independent subjects of international law, their powers were significantly expanded, and they could freely enter and leave the USSR.

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Novo-Ogarevsky process
The center turned from a manager to a coordinating one. In reality, only defense issues remained in the hands of the Union leadership, financial policy, internal affairs, partly - tax and social policy. Some of the issues belonged to the joint Union-Republican competence (primarily the adoption of new legislative acts, determination of the amount of tax deductions for the needs of the center, as well as the main directions for their expenditure). All other aspects of social life were within the competence of the republics. The abbreviation USSR stood for Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics. The signing of the agreement was scheduled for August 20, but due to a sharp change in the political situation in the country, it was never signed.

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Novo-Ogarevsky process
This project did not suit the top leaders of the CPSU and the USSR Cabinet of Ministers, who demanded emergency powers on the eve of its publication and never received them at a meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. But at the same time, this document no longer satisfied the newly elected President of Russia and radical democrats. Gorbachev, therefore, experienced sharp pressure both from the top Soviet leadership, especially the heads of the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, and from the radical wing of supporters of continuing democratic reforms.

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August 1991 coup
In order to disrupt the signing of this agreement and maintain their powers of power, part of the top party and state leadership tried to seize power. On August 18, several “security officials” came to M.S., who was vacationing in Foros in Crimea. Gorbachev and offered him to sign a decree introducing a state of emergency in the country, but was refused. Returning to Moscow, they announced that Gorbachev could not serve as President of the USSR “for health reasons” and his powers were transferred to Vice President G.I. Yanaev.

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August 1991 coup
On August 19, 1991, a state of emergency was declared in the country. Troops, including tanks, were brought into the streets of Moscow and a number of other large cities; almost all central newspapers, with the exception of Pravda, Izvestia, Trud and some others, were banned. All channels of Central Television stopped working, with the exception of program 1, and almost all radio stations. The activities of all parties except the CPSU were suspended. Troops were concentrated around the building of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR (“White House”), who were supposed to occupy the building, disperse parliament and arrest its most active participants.

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August 1991 coup
The coup was led by the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP) consisting of: acting. O. President of the USSR G.I. Yanaev, Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, First Deputy Chairman of the Defense Council O.D. Baklanov, Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V.A. Kryuchkov, Prime Minister of the USSR V.S. Pavlov, USSR Minister of Internal Affairs B.K. Pugo, Chairman of the Peasant Union of the USSR V.A. Starodubtsev, USSR Minister of Defense D.T. Yazov and President of the Association of State-Owned Enterprises A.I. Tizyakov. The State Emergency Committee saw the main task of the coup in restoring the order in the USSR that existed before 1985, i.e. in the elimination of the multi-party system, commercial structures, in the destruction of the sprouts of democracy.

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August 1991 coup
But the coup failed. The population of the country basically refused to support the State Emergency Committee, while the army did not want to use force against the citizens of their state. Already on August 20, barricades grew up around the “White House”, on which there were several tens of thousands of people, some military units went over to the side of the defenders. On August 22, the putsch was defeated, and members of the State Emergency Committee were arrested.

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August 1991 coup
In almost all major cities Mass demonstrations took place against the CPSU, which served as a convenient reason for suspending the activities of the CPSU in the country. At the direction of the President of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin, the buildings of the CPSU Central Committee, regional committees, district committees, archives, etc. were closed and sealed. From August 23, 1991, the CPSU ceased to exist as a ruling state structure. Simultaneously with the cessation of the activities of the CPSU, a number of newspapers were temporarily closed by decree of the President of the RSFSR, primarily Pravda, Trud, Sovetskaya Rossiya and some others. But they were soon reopened as a result of public protests.

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August 1991 coup
After the defeat of the putsch, the collapse of the USSR, which began in the late 80s, took on an avalanche-like character. There were no influential forces in society capable of preserving the USSR. Since September 1991, the former Soviet Union no longer existed. Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia became completely independent states, they were officially recognized by Russia and some other countries. Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova also sought to pursue a completely independent course.

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Bialowieza Agreement
The collapse of the USSR was completed by the Belovezhskaya Accords. On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the three Slavic republics - Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, which were the founding states of the USSR, announced that the USSR as “a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality ceases to exist.” At the same time, a joint statement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was agreed upon.

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Bialowieza Agreement
On December 21, 1991, at a meeting in Almaty, the heads of 11 former republics of the USSR signed a Declaration in support of the Bialowieza Accords and announced the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States with coordinating functions and without any joint legislative, executive or judicial bodies. The Baltic republics, as well as Georgia, avoided participation in the CIS.

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Bialowieza Agreement
In connection with the cessation of the existence of the USSR on December 25, 1991 at 19:00, President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev appeared on television, announcing his resignation. After this, the red flag of the USSR over the Kremlin was replaced by the tricolor Russian one. An entire era in the history of our country has ended.

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Consequences of the collapse of the USSR
As a result of the signing of the Belovezhskaya agreements, all existing ties between the union republics were severed. First of all, the breakdown of these ties affected the lives of people in the post-Soviet space. National relations sharply deteriorated, which led to interethnic clashes in almost all union republics.

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Consequences of the collapse of the USSR
There is an aggravation of the social consequences of the political and economic crisis, there is a sharp increase in nationalism, discrimination against the Russian-speaking population and the Russian language in the republics of the former Soviet Union. All these consequences of the collapse of the USSR plunged millions of people into despair and led to a sharp differentiation of society into poor and rich, and an unprecedented increase in the flow of refugees.

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Consequences of the collapse of the USSR
In the first years after the collapse of the USSR, there was a (temporary) drop in production volumes, the collapse of the financial system; decline of law and order, disappearance social institutions, old political entities, the entire state system. Russia's access to external markets for consumers of its energy resources has become less guaranteed. The situation with access to seaports has become more complicated.

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Consequences of the collapse of the USSR
The whole system international relations has become less stable and less predictable. The threat of world war, including nuclear war, has moved away, but the likelihood of local wars and armed conflicts has increased. Russia is experiencing this now – the Chechen war.

Interethnic contradictions
individual desire
peoples to independently develop
culture and economy.

Disadvantages of the Soviet
systems,
leading to stagnation, and then
collapse
economics,
what led to the
both camber
political system.

USSR failure
endure the race
weapons,
victory of Reaganomics
in this race.

Gorbachevskaya
perestroika,
On the one side
gave freedom
with another -
simply ruined
country.

Interest
Western
states
in weakening the USSR,
subversion
Western intelligence services.

Ineffective
activity
rulers - Brezhnev
and his successors,

Interest
Western
states
in weakening
THE USSR,
subversion
Western
intelligence services

Decline in world prices
for oil,
which has shaken the economy
THE USSR.

Declaration of independence by the republics of the USSR

1990:
March 11 - Lithuanian SSR
August 30 - Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
November 27 - Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1991:
January 19 - Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
April 9 - Georgian SSR
June 8 - Chechen part of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
August 20 - Estonian SSR
August 21 - Latvian SSR
August 24 - Ukrainian SSR
August 25 - Byelorussian SSR
August 27 - Moldavian SSR
August 30 - Azerbaijan SSR
August 31 - Kirghiz SSR
September 1 - Uzbek SSR
September 9 - Tajik SSR
September 23 - Armenian SSR
October 27 - Turkmen SSR
December 12 - RSFSR
December 16 - Kazakh SSR

Signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords. Founding of the CIS

On December 8, 1991, the presidents of 3 republics - Belarus, Russia and Ukraine - at a meeting in Belovezhskaya Pushcha stated that the USSR was ceasing to exist, announced the impossibility of forming the GCC and signed an Agreement on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
On December 11, the USSR Constitutional Supervision Committee issued a statement condemning the Belovezhskaya Agreement. This statement had no practical consequences.
On December 12, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, chaired by R.I. Khasbulatov, ratified the Belovezhskaya Agreements and decided to denounce the RSFSR Union Treaty of 1922 and revoke Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
On December 16, the last republic of the USSR - Kazakhstan - declared its independence. Thus, in the last 10 days of its existence, the USSR, which had not yet been legally abolished, was actually a state without territory.
On December 21, 1991, at a meeting of presidents in Almaty, Kazakhstan, 8 more republics joined the CIS: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and the so-called Almaty Agreement was signed, which became the basis of the CIS.

Collapse of the ruble zone

The desire to isolate themselves from the Soviet economy, which had entered a phase of acute crisis since 1989, pushed the former Soviet republics to the introduction of national currencies. The Soviet ruble survived only on the territory of the former RSFSR, but hyperinflation
During 1992-1993, almost all union republics introduced their own currencies. The exceptions are Tajikistan (the Russian ruble remained in circulation until 1995), the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic (introduced the Transnistrian ruble in 1994), unrecognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia(the circulation of the Russian ruble remains).

The collapse of the united Armed Forces

During the first months of the existence of the CIS, the leaders of the main union republics are considering the issue of forming a unified armed forces of the CIS.
All former Soviet republics are recalling conscripts serving on the territory of other republics and are beginning to form national armies.
The RSFSR's own Ministry of Defense was abolished on September 9, 1991. Also, during the 1991 coup, the authorities of the RSFSR attempted to establish the Russian Guard, the formation of which was entrusted by President Yeltsin to Vice President Rutskoy.
At the time of the collapse of the USSR, there were three military districts on the territory of Ukraine, numbering up to 780 thousand military personnel. On August 24, 1991, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a resolution on the subordination of all the Armed Forces of the USSR located on its territory to Ukraine.

Interethnic conflicts

IN last years Since the existence of the USSR, a number of interethnic conflicts have flared up on its territory. After its collapse, most of them immediately went into the phase of armed clashes:

Interethnic conflicts

War between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region;
War between Georgia and Abkhazia;
Conflict between Georgia and South Ossetia;
War between Georgia and Megrelia,
Interclan Civil War in Tajikistan;
The rise of separatists to power in Chechnya;
Clashes between Moldovans and Russians in Transnistria;
A number of conflicts have not led to a full-scale military confrontation, but continue to complicate the situation in the territory of the former USSR to this day:
friction between Crimean Tatars and the local Russian population;
separatist sentiments in Tatarstan;
the situation of the Russian population in Estonia and Latvia;
Crimean issue

Estimates of the collapse of the USSR

The USSR's opponents in the Cold War perceived the collapse of the USSR as their victory.
According to regular international population surveys within the framework of the Eurasian Monitor program for 2006, 52% of respondents in Belarus, 68% in Russia and 59% in Ukraine regret the collapse of the Soviet Union. 36%, 24% and 30% of respondents, respectively, have no regrets. 12%, 8% and 11% found it difficult to answer this question.
13% of Belarusians believe that the restoration of the USSR is possible today (76% believe that this is impossible, 11% found it difficult to answer). Among Russians, this percentage is higher - 23% (68% are convinced that it is impossible to restore the USSR, 9% do not know what to answer). In Ukraine, 18% consider the re-creation of the USSR possible, 71% are of the opposite opinion, 11% found it difficult to answer.
If today a referendum was held on the unification of the former Soviet republics into a new union, 36% of the surveyed residents of Belarus, 51% of Russia and 45% of Ukraine would vote for such a unification.
32% of Belarusians, 22% of Russians and 25% of Ukrainians would vote against unification. 11% of Belarusian, 16% of Russian and 12% of Ukrainian respondents would not participate in the referendum. 21%, 11% and 18% of survey participants, respectively, found it difficult to answer. In all three states, the share of those who believe that the collapse of the USSR could have been avoided ranges from 44% to 47% of respondents.

Historical figures and movements that claim a key role in the collapse of the USSR

CPSU.
Nationalists.
Dissidents.
Democrats.
Foreign corporations in need of market expansion.

Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev, who was the legal head at that time Russian state, made no effort to avoid the transition from Perestroika to collapse

Yeltsin - after being expelled from the government of the CPSU, he focused his reform efforts political activity on previously insignificant government agencies RSFSR, promoted the sovereignty of Russia, persistently fought for the removal of USSR President Gorbachev from the political arena, was a key figure in the negotiations of republican leaders on the end of the USSR

Yeltsin - after being expelled from the CPSU government, he focused his reformist political activities on previously insignificant state structures of the RSFSR, promoted the sovereignty of Russia, persistently fought for the removal of USSR President Gorbachev from the political arena, and was a key figure in the negotiations of republican leaders on the end of the USSR

Reagan - according to the popular version in the West, Reagan's smart policy of imposing an arms race on the USSR undermined the Soviet economy and ultimately collapsed the world communist system and the USSR - the “evil empire”, as Reagan put it.

THE COLLAPSE OF THE USSR. WHAT WE RECEIVED:

Really valid political rights and freedoms
Access to currency.
Democracy in Russian, or something similar to democracy.
Market economy.
Devaluation.
Inflation.
A semi-sober president.
Legal multi-party system.
Federation (but only on paper).
Open robbery of the population (all sorts of pyramids, etc.)
A myriad of adventurers.
A huge number of criminal groups.
MEGA Social mobility.
Free travel abroad.

THE COLLAPSE OF THE USSR. WHAT WE LOST:

Confidence in the future.
Salary.
Baikonur.
4500 tons of gold reserves.
Strong ruble.
Stable economy.
THE USSR.
Former republics.
Comrade Consensus.
Free education, medicine, housing, as well as various kinds of vouchers.
Fear and respect throughout the world.

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The presentation on the topic “The Collapse of the USSR” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Subject of the project: History. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 13 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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1. Exacerbation of the national issue. 2.Interethnic conflicts. 3.Elections of 1990 in the union republics. 4.Development of the Union Treaty. 5. August 1991 6. Collapse of the USSR.

Lesson plan.

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Why did M. Gorbachev fail to save the USSR?

Lesson assignment.

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The democratization of society led to the aggravation of interethnic problems. In 1986, in Yakutia, students staged a demonstration under the slogan “Yakutia is for the Yakuts.” In December, there were mass riots in Kazakhstan caused by the replacement at post 1 Secretary of the Central Committee D. Kunaev to G. Kolbin. Serious dissatisfaction in Uzbekistan prompted an investigation into corruption among the national leadership. The most acute national issue arose in Transcaucasia.

1. Exacerbation of the national issue.

D.A. Kunaev - 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.

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In 1987, the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh demanded that this ASSR be transferred to Armenia. The center promised to consider this issue. In response, reprisals against Armenians began in Sumgait (Azerbaijan). M. Gorbachev gave the order to send troops into the city and declared a curfew there. In 1988, Popular Fronts emerged in the Baltics. At first they supported perestroika, but then announced their intention to secede from the USSR.

2.Interethnic conflicts.

Distribution of food to refugees from Nagorno-Karabakh.

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Soon local languages were declared official. They tried to follow the example of the Baltic states in Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova. In Transcaucasia, national conflicts acquired an internal character. The threat of Islamic fundamentalism appeared here. In Yakutia, Bashkiria, Tatarstan, they demanded to make the republics union. Local leaders everywhere emphasized that their republics “feed” Russia.

A. Brazauskas - 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Lithuanian SSR.

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The local party leadership supported the nationalist movements in order to maintain power. In the spring of 1990, elections were held in the union republics. The newly elected leaders announced sovereignty. Gorbachev initially reacted negatively to the “rad of sovereignties.” Economic sanctions were imposed on Lithuania, but it was helped by the USA, France, and Germany. In these conditions, the development of a new Union Treaty began.

3.Elections of 1990 in the union republics.

F. Mitterrand and V. Landsbergis.

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The majority of members of the country's top leadership opposed its revision. Gorbachev began to fight against them using the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Yeltsin. The main idea of the new treaty was to provide the republics with broad economic powers. At this time, Lithuania adopted laws that ensured its independence. In January 1991 Gorbachev issued an ultimatum. This caused clashes that resulted in the death of 14 people.

4.Development of the Union Treaty.

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On March 17, a referendum was held in which 76% of the population were in favor of preserving the Union. In the summer of 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected president of the RSFSR. He invited the republics to take as much sovereignty as they “could eat.” M. Gorbachev gathered representatives of the republics in Novo-Ogarevo and, having agreed with all the conditions and requirements, was able to prepare a draft Treaty. It provided for the creation of a confederation.

M. Gorbachev and the leaders of the union republics In Novo-Ogarevo.

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But part of the country’s top leadership was against the project. In the absence of Gorbachev in Moscow, the State Emergency Committee was created on the night of August 19. He introduced a state of emergency in a number of regions of the country, banned opposition parties, established censorship, sent troops into Moscow, etc. But 20 August the RSFSR Supreme Council announced the actions of the State Emergency Committee coup d'etat and declared them illegal.

Slide 11

At Yeltsin’s call, thousands of Muscovites gathered at the White House to prevent its storming. On August 21, the RSFSR Armed Forces supported the leadership of the republic. On the same day, Gorbachev returned to Moscow, and the members of the State Emergency Committee were arrested. On August 25, M. Gorbachev assembled the Armed Forces The USSR obtained a decision from its deputies to dissolve itself. At the end of August, all the union republics declared their complete independence.

Boris Yeltsin at the White House. August 1991

Slide 12

On September 5, the State Council was formed from the leaders of the union republics. On September 6, it recognized the independence of the Baltic republics. M. Gorbachev tried to resume work on the Union Treaty, but the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus behind his back, on December 8 in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, signed an agreement to denounce the Union Treaty of 1922. On December 25, 1991, M. Gorbachev announced his resignation.

Try to explain the slide in your own words, add additional Interesting Facts, you don’t need to just read the information from the slides, the audience can read it themselves.

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All about car tuning

Collapse of the USSR education CIS presentation. Reasons for the collapse of the USSR. The USSR was living out its last months...

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