Punctuation: basic rules for using punctuation marks. Punctuation norm. The meaning of punctuation in Russian. Intonation of various syntactic constructions
BASICS OF RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION
Punctuation (Latin punktum - point) is a system of special graphic means (punctuation marks) and a set of rules for their use in written texts. It is a necessary addition to spelling. Punctuation and spelling are applied branches of linguistics (they have practical significance).
Knowledge and strict adherence to the rules of punctuation, as well as the rules of spelling, is necessary for every literate person, and especially for a philologist (and teacher).
It helps the writer to correctly convey his thoughts in writing, and the reader to quickly and accurately understand what is written.
It is impossible to execute (: - ,) (: - ,) to have mercy.
Moreover, if spelling deals with the transmission of words in writing, then the effect of punctuation extends to coherent (?) speech as a whole.
Punctuation marks used according to the appropriate rules make it possible to divide coherent speech into sentences, highlight certain parts in sentences and establish certain relationships between them.
Russian punctuation was formed (?) historically, unlike spelling, it was formed relatively late (by the end of the 19th century).
Its birth is associated with the emergence of book printing (early 16th century) and the development of school education in Rus'. The previous period, when written texts were copied by hand and were in use by a very narrow circle of people (scribes and readers), there was no particular need for punctuation in such texts. In Old Russian writing, the text was not divided into parts at all.
Punctuation mark "." (dot), various combinations of dots either divided the text mainly into semantic segments or recorded the stop of the scribe’s work.
ZPs (“,” “;”) already appear in some 15th-century manuscripts, although they were not widely used throughout the 16th century. Gradually, such terms as “?”, “()”, “:” are beginning to come into use.
The invention of printing radically changed this situation. There was a need to adequately reflect in graphic form certain linguistic properties of real speech, in particular those that could not be indicated only by letters of the alphabet.
For this purpose, they began to resort to special punctuation marks.
At the beginning of the 18th century, 8 punctuation marks were used in Russian written texts:
Comma,
-";" semidot,
Colon,
- ! (amazing sign)
Hyphenation (-) (union (?) sign)
- “()” - brackets (capacious sign)
Karamzin began to use dash for the first time in Russia at the end of the 18th century
Quotation marks (equivalent) at the same time
The ellipsis began to be used from the beginning of the 19th century (first used by A.Kh. Vostokov).
As can be seen, at the beginning of the 19th century, almost all currently known punctuation marks were used in Russian writing, and the punctuation system was already basically established, although not entirely orderly.
The rules for arranging POs were gradually established under the influence of publishing and writing practice, as well as grammatical research.
Initially, the management of punctuation practice was mainly the work of typographical masters and was of an arbitrary (?) nature.
But as the relevant experience was accumulated, the number of printed books and the number of literate people increased, it was necessary to introduce order into this practice, to subordinate (?) it to some rules.
The development of these rules and their subsequent improvement (?) in turn required an understanding (?) of the basics of punctuation, identifying common features on which punctuation should be based.
The first attempts at theoretical understanding of punctuation date back to the 16th-17th centuries - these were Maxim the Greek, Lavrenty Zizaniy, Milenty Smotritsky, but the works of Trediakovsky and Lomonosov had the greatest influence on the development of punctuation. These scientists saw the purpose of punctuation in the reflection in writing of the semantic and syntactic (?) division of speech.
Lomonosov generalized by the mid-18th century the rules for using punctuation marks known by that time, but the greatest merit in streamlining Russian punctuation in the 19th century belongs to Academician Groth (book " Russian spelling"- the first set of spelling and punctuation rules in Russia; this book went through 20 editions).
Without significant changes, these rules remain in effect to this day.
There are three directions in understanding the basics of Russian punctuation:
1) logical,
2) syntactic,
3) intonation.
1. Logical direction (representatives Buslaev, Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky) - representatives of this direction considered the main purpose of punctuation to be the semantic division of speech and the transmission of semantic relationships of dissected parts of the text. Based on the position that “for greater clarity and definition in the reflection of thoughts and in writing, it is customary to separate words and entire sentences with punctuation marks,” Buslaev determines the purpose of punctuation, since through language one person conveys his thoughts and feelings to another, then punctuation marks have dual purpose(?):
1) Promote clarity in the presentation of thoughts by separating one sentence from another or one part of a sentence from another.
2) Express ... and his attitude towards the listener.
Abakumov, Shapiro
2. Syntactic direction - representatives of this direction (Grot, Bulich) proceeded from the fact that punctuation makes clear (?) the syntactic structure of speech. Ak. Groth believed that by means of basic punctuation marks (period, comma, semicolon, colon) an indication of a greater or lesser connection between sentences, as well as between parts of a sentence, is given, which serves to facilitate the reader’s understanding of written speech.
3. Intonation direction - supporters of this direction (Vostokov, Davydov, Peshkovsky, Shcherba) believed that punctuation serves to indicate the rhythm and melody of a phrase, otherwise - phrasal intonation. Peshkovsky believed that punctuation reflects in... most cases not the grammatical, but the declamatory-psychological (?) division of speech.
However, this division of directions was largely conditional; it did not reflect the limited understanding of punctuation characteristic (?) of representatives of different directions only as logical or only syntactic, or only as intonation in its purpose, but rather the difference in their views on which of them of these principles is leading for Russian punctuation. Representatives of all three directions recognized that PPs are designed to promote clarity in the presentation of thoughts, facilitate the reader’s understanding of written language, and have generally binding meanings for the reader.
Russian punctuation is characterized by great stability. Developing gradually, it has not undergone major changes or breakdowns (?), although some of its rules are constantly being refined and... but...
The stability of the Russian punctuation system is explained by the fact that the principles that define it make it possible to convey in writing both the semantic, syntactic, and intonation structure of speech, and PP, as a rule, divides speech into semantically related and intonationally designed syntactic units.
PRINCIPLES OF RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION
Modern Russian punctuation is based on three principles:
1) structural;
2) semantic
3) intonation
... of which the main ones are semantic and structural principles.
In accordance with the structural principle, punctuation marks are, first of all, an indicator of the syntactic division of written speech; it is this principle that gives punctuation a stable character. Most punctuation marks are placed in accordance with this principle.
The following signs are structurally required:
Period (placed at the end of a sentence and at the boundaries or junctions of parts complex sentence);
Which highlight some parts of syntactic units that are not related to the structure of the sentence;
Which are distinguished by the members of the sentence (OBChP, OChP)
... EXAMPLE
Structurally obligatory signs are commonly used, strictly regulated by generally accepted rules, and therefore are generally binding. Such signs are placed on the basis of rules that do not allow any options (“dictator rules”). They cannot be optional or proprietary.
Structurally, mandatory punctuation marks form the mandatory minimum of punctuation rules studied in school. All native speakers of Russian should know these rules.
The structural principle, determined by the structural properties of the syntactic structure of the Russian language, is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built and which creates the stability of punctuation rules.
Semantic principle
In accordance with this principle, punctuation requires mandatory consideration of the semantics of syntactic units.
Syntactic division simultaneously reflects semantic division, because grammatically significant parts of the statement coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech.
Often punctuation is regulated primarily by the meaning of the statement, while the semantic division subordinates the structural division, that is, the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure.
He, (-) my neighbor, fought for this Volga at Stalingrad (,).
Russian punctuation is partly based on the intonation principle, when we place a punctuation mark, focusing on the appropriate intonation. First of all, these are POs such as
intonation dash
ellipses
In some cases, the choice of salary depends entirely on intonation
The children will come, let's go to the circus.
When the children come, let's go to the circus (conditional relationships)
But the intonational principle acts only as an expressive (?), non-basic - this is especially clearly manifested when the intonational principle is “sacrificed” to the structural one.
The deer digs up the snow with its front leg and, if there is food, begins to graze (there is no pause before “if”)
The intonation principle, as a rule, does not operate in its pure form, since intonation itself is a consequence of a given semantic and structural division of a sentence.
I couldn’t walk for a long time.
I couldn’t walk for a long time. (intonation depends on the meaning)
The meaning of a statement is inextricably linked with the structure and intonation of the sentence, this explains the fact that the rules for arranging PPs in force in SLSL cannot be reduced to any one of the mentioned principles, and individual punctuation marks in each specific case of use ... (convey?) the syntactic , then the logical, then the intonation structure of speech, or are synthetic, i.e. simultaneously divide speech into semantic and grammatical segments and characterize its semantic and intonation structure.
Crossing, crossing! Left bank -
right bank,
The snow is rough, the edge of ice...
To whom is memory, to whom is glory
to whom dark water, (-)
No sign, no trace.
... their removal from the text or replacement with other PP ... on understanding the semantic or emotional content of the text, ... the purpose of the statement (?), emotional coloring and semantic relationships between parts.
For modern science characterized by a structural and semantic understanding of the basics of punctuation, which is reflected in most scientific and educational works.
Intonation is not considered as the basis of the modern punctuation system, because POs do not always have a correspondence in intonation. Often pauses (?) oral speech The punctuation marks in the letter do not correspond, or, conversely, the punctuation marks (do not imply(?)) pauses. It is in these cases that students make the most mistakes.
THE MOST TYPICAL CASES OF INCONSISTENCY OF PUNCTUATION AND INTONATION SIGNS
1) There are pauses, but no PO:
A) Between common compositions of subject and predicate (predicative pauses)
The platoon on the right bank / is alive and well against the enemy.
B) After the adverbial determiner at the beginning of the sentence.
After this terrible meeting / the blacksmith even had a fever.
B) After a defined word that has a previous (?) definition, and before a defined word after a common definition.
And there the jagged blackness appears, beyond the cold line, inaccessible, untouched (forest) above the black water.
D) before the conjunction “and” connecting homogeneous predicates
She looked up at me / and smiled mockingly
There is no pause, but there is a salary.
A) Between the union and OBChP
All these sounds merge into the deafening music of a working day and , Rebelliously swaying, they stand over the harbor.
B) At the junction of two subordinating conjunctions
The old man warned that , If the weather doesn't improve, hunting is out of the question.
B) At the junction of composing and subordinating conjunction or allied word
The bridge was floating, and , If you step on it and run along it, it will, of course, sway and begin to sag.
D) Between the conjunction and the introductory word
Answer: we will beat the German or , maybe we won't beat you?
These examples show that writing is “by ear,” i.e. based on a purely intonational principle cannot be literate; Punctuation marks are placed depending on what grammatical and semantic relationships arise in the sentence.
Semantic relations ultimately determine the intonation in a statement.
Thus, modern punctuation reflects the structure, meaning and intonation of a statement. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is that all three principles do not operate separately, but in unity.
1. Marks boundaries between sentences (structural principle)
2. Indicates the completeness of the message (semantic principle)
3. Lowering the tone, pause (intonation principle).
It is the combination of principles (Valgina) that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows it to reflect the subtlest shades of meaning and structural diversity.
PUNCTUATION MARKS
Punctuation marks are conditional graphic symbols, which are used to reflect in writing the grammatical, semantic and intonation division of speech.
Russian punctuation uses 10 punctuation marks:
Semicolon
Colon
Exclamation mark
Question mark
Ellipsis
POs in the modern punctuation system of the Russian language have functions assigned to them: POs either separate parts of the text from each other, or highlight any segments within parts (of the text?). In accordance with this, POs are divided into two groups:
Separating ZP.
Highlighting salary.
OZP - these include single signs that divide a written text into structurally and semantically significant parts:
VZP includes paired signs that serve to highlight particularly significant parts of a sentence (subordinate clauses in the composition of SP, OBChP, addresses, introductory components, plug-in components, foreign speech).
The comma and dash signs are chameleon signs because they can act both as separators (single) and as highlighters (pairs).
He became sad, taciturn, external traces of Baku life - premature old age - remained with Green forever. (premature old age - standalone application)
Punctuation is designed to reflect in writing the syntactic, semantic, and partly intonation features of the text, while in some cases one of the named functions (?) is taken into account (strengthened?), and in others, the other. This is reflected in specific rules for the use of individual punctuation marks. The choice of punctuation actually depends on the semantic relationships between the components of the sentence.
But often these relationships can be assessed in different ways, resulting in punctuation options, namely:
Different but equally valid signs in sentences of similar syntactic structure.
By varying punctuation marks, the writer brings to the fore one that is important to him in in this case from shades of semantic relationships.
Olenin began to knock lightly - nothing responded.
Mocking (,) light eyes he was still filled with sleep, snowflakes were white on his eyebrows
Along with the generally accepted punctuation marks provided for by the rules, in author’s texts we often encounter deviations from these rules ( copyright marks).
For the most part, these deviations are justified and are determined by the desire to give punctuation marks some additional functions (?), to use them to more accurately convey the intonation and expressive features of spoken speech (this is only permissible in artistic speech).
In fiction, punctuation marks are widely used that express the emotionally expressive (?) qualities of written speech and various shades of meaning. The entire punctuation system widely, fully and diversely serves here as one of the essential and vivid means of conveying both semantic and emotional-expressive content. This is often used in poetry (lyrics). There are many examples in the poems of Voznesensky, Yevtushenko, Rozhdestvensky.
There is a number, but there is nowhere to call.
We trust people, birds, trees...
We rush, trembling from the drop, then – into a tailspin, then – into dead loops. (increasing drama)
Remember your song when going on flight! (logical emphasis on the word)
It’s strange, sweet, inevitably I (-) need to throw myself into the foamy shaft, you (-) sing like a green-eyed naiad, splash around the Irish rocks. (using a dash contrasts heroes and their positions)
Occasionally, in artistic speech, punctuation marks may be absent altogether. This artistic technique, which is intended to emphasize the special rhythmic and melodic structure of the whole work or any part of it.
She lay like a lake
eyes stood like water
and it didn't belong to him
like clearings or a star
Joyce “Ulysses” (there are fragments with a complete absence of punctuation marks - “stream of consciousness”).
Individual use of punctuation marks (in artistic speech) does not mean a violation of the punctuation system, but an expansion and enrichment of the practice of its use.
The stylistic and expressive range of modern Russian punctuation is very wide. However, in their basic meanings and uses, punctuation marks are the same in different texts. This gives punctuation marks the necessary stability.
Punctuation- This:
- Punctuation system
- A branch of linguistics that studies punctuation marks and the rules for their use in writing
Punctuation rule
Punctuation rule- this is an instruction that indicates the conditions for choosing a punctuation mark (i.e., its use or non-use). The conditions for choosing a punctuation mark are the grammatical, semantic and intonation features of sentences and their parts.
Note.
The place in the sentence where punctuation is necessary can be found by identifying features (signs). Identification signs of the use of punctuation rules:
- morphological: the presence of participles, gerunds, interjections, conjunctions, individual particles;
- syntactic: the presence of two or more grammatical stems, addresses, new words, isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, foreign speech;
- sound: pronunciation with vocative and other types of intonations;
- semantic: expression of reason, etc.
Functions of punctuation marks
Punctuation marks serve to separate sentences from each other in the text, to separate and highlight semantic segments in a sentence. They are divided into three groups: separating(in the text), dividing And excretory(in a sentence).
Separating punctuation marks
These include period, question mark, exclamation mark, ellipsis. They are used:
- to separate each word of a sentence from the next one in the text;
- to design a separate sentence as complete.
Punctuation at the end of a sentence
Rules:
- A period is put at the end of narrative and incentive sentences if they do not additionally express emotions (feelings).
- At the end of interrogative sentences there is a question mark.
- An exclamation mark is placed at the end of any sentence based on the purpose of the statement if they additionally express a feeling.
- An ellipsis is placed at the end of a sentence if the writer takes a long pause.
Punctuation marks
These include comma, semicolon, dash, colon. Separating punctuation marks serve in a simple sentence to indicate boundaries between homogeneous members (commas and semicolons), in a complex sentence - to separate simple sentences included in its composition.
The choice of dividing punctuation marks is determined by morphological, syntactic, semantic and intonation conditions.
Distinctive punctuation marks
Distinctive punctuation marks serve to indicate the boundaries of semantic segments that complicate a simple sentence (addresses, introductory words, phrases, sentences, isolated secondary members), as well as direct speech.
Distinctive punctuation marks are a comma (two commas); dash (two dashes); Exclamation point; double brackets; colon and dash used together; double quotes.
The choice of punctuation marks is determined by syntactic, semantic and intonation conditions.
Cases when punctuation is not used
- Between the subject and the predicate, which is joined by a conjunction How.
- Between homogeneous members connected by single unions and, or.
- Before application, if union How used in the meaning " as».
- After the participial phrase, if it comes before the defined noun and does not have a causal meaning.
- Before adverbs formed from gerunds.
- Between simple sentences in a complex sentence with a conjunction And in the presence of a common member.
- Between homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a conjunction And.
- Between agreed upon definitions, if they characterize the subject from different angles.
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Principles of Russian punctuation. Functions of punctuation marks. Russian language lesson. Grade 11.
Punctuation (Late Latin punctuatio, from Latin punctum - point), a system of punctuation marks in the writing of a language, rules for their use; their arrangement in the text; along with graphics and spelling, it is the main element of written speech.
It is known that until the 15th century there were no punctuation marks in books. How many punctuation marks are there in the Russian punctuation system at present? Do we know how to take advantage of the opportunities that a harmonious system of punctuation marks provides?
Principles of Russian punctuation Structural principle Semantic principle Intonation principle
The use of punctuation marks is determined primarily by the structure of the sentence, its syntactic structure. The main principle on which modern Russian punctuation is based is the structural (or syntactic) principle. The structure of a sentence is associated with the use of: a period that fixes the end of a sentence; signs between parts of a complex sentence; signs highlighting the various structures in the composition simple sentence(isolated members, homogeneous members, appeals, introductory and other constructions). .
For example: It is known, 1 (what, 2 (in order to see the desired mushroom in the forest, 3 a bird, 4 hiding in the branches, 5 a bird’s nest, 6 a nut on a branch - 7 in a word, 8 everything), 9 (which is rarely seen and somehow hides from view), 10 must be kept in mind), 11 (what you are looking for). 12 Here punctuation marks reflect the structure of the sentence: 1 - a comma separates the subordinate clause from the main one; 2 - a comma at the junction of conjunctions with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses; 2, 10 - commas highlight subordinate clauses within another subordinate clause with sequential subordination; 3, 6 - commas separate homogeneous members connected without union; 4, 5 - commas highlight the participial phrase after the word being defined; 7 - dash after a homogeneous row before the generalizing word; 8 - a comma highlights an introductory construction; 9, 11 - commas separate subordinate clauses in sequential subordination; 12 - a period indicates the end of a sentence.
The second principle on which punctuation rules are based is the semantic principle. The syntactic division of the text (including a separate sentence) is associated with its semantic division and in most cases coincides with it. However, it often happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural division and dictates one or another arrangement of punctuation marks (their choice or place).
Place punctuation marks in the following phrase (the headline of one of the articles in the newspaper “Arguments and Facts”) to get several options for semantic content. Stop chewing, let's read. Stop! Let's chew, read... Enough. Chew? Let's! Read? Stop chewing - let's read. (An article about the need to carefully study what is written on the product packaging.) What guided you when placing punctuation marks? What function does the dash serve in this sentence? The dash in the BSP, in the second part, the opposition is expressed in relation to the content of the 1st part (the conjunction a, but can be inserted between the parts).
The semantic principle also allows for so-called “author’s” signs. For example: Without a twig in his hand, at night, he, without hesitation at all, galloped alone towards the wolves (I. Turgenev). The first two commas are “author’s” signs; they are not required by the structure of the sentence. But thanks to this author’s isolation, the signs that are indicated by circumstances without a twig in the hand, at night, turn out to be highlighted, their exclusivity is emphasized. In the absence of commas, this important shade of meaning for the author disappears.
Russian punctuation partly reflects intonation (and this is the third, intonation principle). For example, intonation is determined by: the choice of a period or exclamation mark at the end of a sentence (non-exclamatory or exclamatory intonation), the choice of a comma or exclamation mark after an address, the placement of an intonation dash, etc.
However, there is no literal coincidence between punctuation marks and intonation. This is manifested, on the one hand, in the fact that not all pauses in writing correspond to punctuation marks, and on the other hand, in the fact that a comma can be used where there is no pause in oral speech. For example: 1) In the sentence Short speeches/are always more meaningful/and are capable of causing/a strong impression (M. Gorky) there are three pauses, but there are no punctuation marks. 2) In the sentence, the boy carried some kind of bundle under his arm/ and, turning towards the pier,/ began to descend along a narrow and steep path (M. Lermontov) between the conjunction and and the gerund, turning the comma, there is, and there is no pause in oral speech; on the contrary, before this conjunction there is a pause, but there is no comma. Thus, modern punctuation is based on structure, meaning, and intonation division of speech in their interaction.
Functions of punctuation marks Emphasis, -: "" () Separator. ? ! ; ,
Punctuation marks Function of signs Example 1 Period Dividing the text into grammatically and semantically significant parts 2 Ellipsis A. Separating B. Sign of emotional tension C. Emphasizes the inexhaustibility of the conveyed content D. Signal of intentional omission of parts
3 Exclamation mark A. Conveys the appropriate intonation B. Indicates the purpose of the sentence or its emotional connotation 4 Question mark
5 Comma A. Dividing the text into grammatically and semantically significant parts B. Isolating particularly significant parts in a sentence 6 Semicolon Dividing the text into grammatically and semantically significant parts
7 Dash A. Means the omission of a connective in the predicate (the subject and predicate are expressed by a noun, numeral, infinitive, phrase with a noun in the ip.) B. Means the omission of members of a sentence C. Transferring the values of condition, time, comparison, consequence, comparison in the BSP D. Separates homogeneous members from the generalizing word E. Means compositional, intonation, semantic surprise F. Isolation of particularly significant parts in a sentence (isolation, highlighting of words and combinations that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence)
8 Colon Explanatory and explanatory (separates homogeneous members from a generalizing word, the words of the author from direct speech, parts of the BSP) 9 Brackets Isolation of particularly significant parts in a sentence (isolation, highlighting of words and combinations that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence) 10 Quotation marks Identification of quotations, "someone else's speech"
Read the text. Highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence, indicate how it is expressed. Explain the placement of punctuation marks and indicate their function. 1. Russia is not only a state... 2. It is a superstate, an ocean, an element that has not yet taken shape, has not entered its destined shores. 3. It has not yet sparkled in its sharpened and faceted concepts in its originality, as a rough diamond begins to sparkle in a diamond. 4. She is still in forebodings, in fermentations, in endless desires and endless organic possibilities.5. Russia is an ocean of land, spanning a full sixth of the world and holding the West and the East in touch with its open wings.6. Russia is seven blue seas; mountains crowned with white ice; Russia – the furry stubble of endless forests, the carpets of windy and flowering meadows.7. Russia is endless snow, over which dead silver snowstorms sing, but on which the scarves of Russian women are so bright, snow, from under which dark violets and blue snowdrops emerge in gentle springs. 8. Russia is a country of unheard of, richest treasures that... lurk in its deep depths.9. Russia is a country of Byzantine domes, ringing bells and blue incense that rush from the great and faded heir of Rome - Byzantium, the second Rome. 10. And they give Russia unheard of beauty, captured in Russian art.<...>
Homework: 1) continue filling out the table “Functions of Punctuation Marks”, determining the functions of the comma in the text of the exercise...; 2) write a miniature essay “Ellipses - traces on the tiptoes of bygone words” (V.V. Nabokov).
As a branch of the science of language, as a system scientific knowledge Punctuation has its own subject, its own tasks.
Punctuation as a system of punctuation marks and rules for their use is a necessary component of written speech. Punctuation is mandatory and social; the meaning and use of punctuation marks are determined by the norm, the same for the writer and the reader. Text written without punctuation (and without capital letters!) is read three to five times slower than well-formatted text. With the help of punctuation, the division of the text, its purposefulness, structure and main features of intonation are conveyed:
Lightning flashed far over the sea and dull rumbles of thunder were heard.
- - How stuffy before the storm! - said von Koren. - I bet, that you had already been to Laevsky and cried on his chest.
- - Why am I going to see him? - the doctor answered, embarrassed. - Here's another!(Ch.)
Principles of punctuation
We must remember that the purpose of punctuation marks is to help reflect spoken speech in writing in such a way that it can be understood and reproduced unambiguously, without variations. The task is very difficult. Punctuation marks reflect the semantic and structural division of speech, as well as its rhythmic and intonation structure.
The principles of Russian punctuation are the basis of modern punctuation rules that determine the optimal use of punctuation marks.
It is hardly possible to build all the rules on one principle - semantic, formal or intonation. For example, the desire to reflect everything structural components intonation would make punctuation very difficult, since all pauses would have to be marked with signs: My father || there was a poor peasant; Above the forest || the moon has risen; Grandfather asked Vanya || chop and bring wood etc. The absence of signs in such sentences does not make it difficult to read texts or reproduce their intonation. The formal structure of the sentence is not reflected by punctuation with full consistency, for example, homogeneous coordinating series with a single conjunction: Signs are connected with everything: with the color of the sky, with dew and fog, With the cry of birds and the brightness of starlight(Paust.).
Modern punctuation is based on the meaning, structure, and rhythmic-intonation division of the utterance in their interaction.
Punctuation marks are graphic (written) signs needed to divide text into sentences and convey in writing the structural features of sentences and their intonation. Punctuation marks are used according to the rules that are necessary so that the writer and reader equally understand the meaning and structure of the text.
Russian punctuation marks include:
- 1) a period, a question mark, an exclamation mark - these are the marks of the end of a sentence;
- 2) comma, thyrsus, colon, semicolon - these are signs for separating parts of a sentence;
- 3) brackets, quotation marks (paired signs), which highlight individual words or parts of a sentence; for this purpose, a comma and a dash are used as a paired sign; if the selected construction is at the absolute beginning or end of the sentence, then one comma or one dash is used: I was bored in the village like a locked puppy(T.); In addition to rivers, there are many canals in the Meshchora region(Paust.); "Em, and where are you going, mom?" - "Where should I go?, - home, son"(TV);
- 4) ellipsis; being a “semantic” sign, it can be placed at the end of a sentence - to indicate the special significance of what was said: What is dinner? Prose. Here's the moon, stars...(Acute) or in the middle - to convey confused, difficult or excited speech: “Father, don’t shout. I’ll say it too... well, yes! You’re right... But your truth is narrow for us...” - “Well, yes! You... you! Why, you were formed... and I'm a fool! You..."(M.G.).
Combinations of punctuation marks convey a special, “complex” meaning. Thus, the use of question and exclamation marks together forms a rhetorical question (i.e., a strengthened statement or denial) with emotional overtones: Who among us didn’t think about war there?! Of course everyone thought(Sim.); A scoundrel and a thief, in a word. And marry such a person? Live with him?!(Ch.)
The connection of different meanings can be achieved by combining a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark (more often they can be placed side by side, each according to its own rule: for example, a dash in a non-union complex sentence after a comma that does not mark isolation). For example: The sky cleared over the forest, - the pale sun poured onto the gray bell towers of Beloomut(Paust.) - grammatical uniformity, the enumeration is marked with a comma, and with the help of a dash the meaning of the consequence-result is emphasized; compare: You, brother, - this is a battalion. Regiment. Division(Tv.) - a dash is used between the subject and the predicate (before the linking particle This), and commas highlight the appeal.
Punctuation rules provide options for the use of punctuation marks. If different signs are allowed, then usually one of them is the main one, i.e. he is given an advantage. Thus, plug-in structures are usually distinguished by brackets: After a few days, the four of us (not counting the all-seeing and omnipresent boys) became such friends that the four of us went almost everywhere(Paust.). It is allowed to highlight a plug-in structure using two dashes: And in mid-May there was a thunderstorm and such downpour that a whole river of yellow water was rolling violently down the street - it was not level, but sloping.(S.-C.). For brackets this use is the main one, and for a dash it is one of many and secondary.
Options for using punctuation marks are provided for in the rules for formatting non-union complex sentences. For example, when explaining or motivating, a dash is used instead of the main colon character: The separation is illusory - we will be together soon(Ahm.). When isolating definitions and applications, dashes can be used along with commas: The sea is gray, winter, inexpressibly gloomy - roared and rushed over the thin sides, like Niagara(Paust.); Colorful autumn - evening of the year - smiles brightly at me(March.). It is possible to highlight separate definitions and applications using two characters - a comma and a dash at the same time: A calm, courageous whistle flew in - an oceanic one, in three tones.(Paust.). Variations in the placement of signs are also allowed by some other rules: in particular, a comma and a semicolon in a non-union complex sentence, a comma and an exclamation mark when addressing, an exclamation mark and a question mark with an exclamation point when asking a rhetorical question, etc.
In some cases, variability manifests itself in the possibility of using/not using punctuation marks. For example, turnover with prepositions except, along with etc. (“separate addition”) may not be highlighted if used with the meaning of inclusion; Introductory words are highlighted inconsistently: indeed, in fact, first of all, primarily etc. (they can stand out together with the attached noun).
Optional (optional) punctuation marks are signs whose placement is not clearly defined by the rules of punctuation. Their use is associated with the transmission of a pause in writing, which either reflects the omission of a word (a dash is placed at the place of the omission): No, comrade, don’t forget in a cruel war: war has a short path, love is distant(TV); I wanted to eat, belt - tighter, V rifle and to the front(M.), or emphasizes the lack of grammatical connection between adjacent word forms that do not form a phrase (a dash is placed in this place): In this cry - lust for the storm(M.G.); In the country - field. There are villages in the fields. In the villages there are peasants(M.).
Punctuation - (Latin punctuatio, from Latin punctum - point) is a set of generally accepted rules for placing punctuation marks. The latter are integral part graphic language system, symbols for the division of speech in its written form, a means of formalizing written speech. They help the writer to express thoughts and feelings accurately and clearly, and the reader to understand them.
Russian punctuation as a system of signs had developed its main features by the 18th century. The development of punctuation is usually associated directly with the invention of printing. It was the printing workers who “invented” punctuation. Their task was to present the text in such a way that the reader could easily comprehend what he read. And only much later, when a certain punctuation system was already in effect, did writers begin to seriously influence the placement of punctuation marks.
The first attempts to understand punctuation in Rus' are associated with the names of M. Grek, L. Zizaniya, then M. Smotritsky. M.V. Lomonosov also paid attention to the theoretical development of punctuation issues. In "Russian Grammar" he determined the number and purpose of punctuation marks, and comprehended the punctuation system as a whole. He believed that the rules for arranging signs should be determined by the semantic side of speech and its structure.
Subsequently, the development of issues in the theory of punctuation (taking into account its history) followed the path of identifying not one principle to the detriment of others, but a set of principles.
Modern Russian punctuation is based on several principles: grammatical, semantic, intonation. The basic principle of punctuation is grammatical. This principle prescribes placing signs in a sentence in accordance with its grammatical
tic structure. These are, for example, the signs at the end
sentences, signs between parts of a complex sentence, between homogeneous members of a sentence, etc. So in the sentence Today he promised to be, yes, apparently the post office was delayed, pay attention to the comma after the conjunction “yes”: there is no pause after it, but the sign is placed because we should highlight introductory word on both sides.
The semantic principle is a subordinate principle of punctuation, which prescribes the placement of signs in a sentence in accordance with the shades of meaning. It is used when it is the punctuation mark that allows the meaning of the sentence to be correctly interpreted, and grammatical variations are often possible. So, in the sentence the Cat ran on three paws, and with the fourth, front paw he hit the rooster on the back, if you don’t put a comma between the two definitions, not considering them homogeneous in context, then it turns out that the cat has three paws on which he rushes, and four more front ones.
The intonation principle is also subordinate, since it prescribes that signs in a sentence should be placed in accordance with the characteristics of intonation. For example: Yes. Yes! Yes?! Yes... .
The placement of punctuation marks is determined by the punctuation norm. A punctuation norm is a type of language norm, a historically established and theoretically meaningful design of a statement in writing. The punctuation norm reflected in the punctuation rule is contrasted with a punctuation error. A punctuation error is the writer’s failure to use the required punctuation mark, its use where it is not required, as well as the unreasonable replacement of one punctuation mark with another.
The main unit of punctuation as an applied branch of linguistics is the punctogram. The term “punctogram” arose in the 70s. XX century by analogy with the term “spelling”, but is used less actively. A punctogram (from the Latin punctum point and the Greek urarra letter, written sign) is a punctuation mark that is naturally reproduced in written speech and corresponds to the rules of punctuation. The concept of a punctogram also includes the absence of a sign in one place or another in a sentence, if this absence is significant, i.e., regulated by rules. The verbal expression of a punctogram usually includes the name of the syntactic unit and an indication of the sign, its function.
tion. The punctogram expresses the punctuation task; punctuation mark is the result of its decision, obtained by applying the rule, and also chosen based on communicative expediency (if the rule allows options).
Russian punctuation uses ten characters: period, semicolon, colon, dash, question mark, exclamation point, ellipsis, parentheses, and quotation marks.
The function of a punctuation mark is also performed by a paragraph.
There are different signs that separate and highlight.
Separators: period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis. They are usually single (unpaired) characters and serve to separate some parts of the text or syntactic components from others. So, a period, question and exclamation marks, and an ellipsis separate one sentence from another; commas and semicolons are parts of a complex sentence, homogeneous members of a sentence; dashes - direct speech and lines of dialogue. Of the separating characters, only comma and semicolon can be either single or repeated (with homogeneous members sentences, between parts of a complex sentence).
Emphasizing characters are paired characters: two commas, two dashes, parentheses, quotation marks. They are used to highlight on both sides such syntactic segments as isolated and clarifying members of a sentence, comparative phrases, introductory and plug-in constructions, addresses, subordinate parts within the main parts of a sentence. complex sentences, direct speech, quotes. The emphasizing sign is considered one sign, although it is paired. Please note: according to the context, only one, right or left, half of the emphasizing sign (double dash or commas) can be used if the construction it highlights is at the beginning or end of the sentence.
It must be remembered that some of these punctuation marks can appear only in one of the named functions, others - in different functions. So, there are always separating characters - a period, question and exclamation marks, ellipses, semicolons; only highlighting ones are brackets and quotes. Commas and dashes can be both separating and emphasizing punctuation marks.
Questions and tasks
Task 1. Answer the questions:
1. What do punctuation norms regulate?
2. How many punctuation marks are there in Russian punctuation?
3. What is the function of separating and emphasizing punctuation marks?
4. What punctuation marks can be both separating and highlighting?
5. What principles of punctuation operate in modern Russian?
6. What is the basic principle of Russian punctuation?
7. What is a punctuation error?
Task 2. Complete tasks to select one or more correct answers from those presented.
1. Punctuation:
a) determines the norms and rules for the use of punctuation marks;
b) prescribes the rules for constructing sentences;
c) studies the grammatical properties of words;
d) is a system of uniform spellings;
e) explores the sound units of language.
2. Punctuation marks are an integral part of:
a) syntax; c) morphology; e) graphic
b) punctuation; d) accentology; language systems.
3. Punctuation marks perform the following functions:
a) connections of speech units;
b) highlighting the syntactic structure in a sentence;
c) separating syntactic structures from each other;
d) conveying in writing the intonations of live speech;
e) combining words into more complex structures.
4. Principles of Russian punctuation:
c) semantic;
5. The leading principle of Russian punctuation:
a) grammatical; d) intonation;
b) morphological e) traditional.
c) semantic;
6. Punctogram:
a) expresses a punctuation task;
b) indicates the variability of punctuation marks;
c) is a punctuation mark that is naturally reproduced in written speech;
d) graphically indicates an error in the placement of a punctuation mark;
e) indicates that the sign does not comply with the rule.
7. Separating marks:
c) brackets; d) point.
d) quotation marks;
c) brackets; d) dash.
d) ellipsis;
a) comma;
b) semicolon;
8. Distinguishing characters:
a) semicolon;
b) ellipsis;
9. The commas in the sentence “There, far above the forest, the dawn was dawning” are signs:
a) separating;
b) secreting.
10. Commas in the sentence “This man, you should note, lived in these places recently” are signs:
a) separating;
b) secreting.
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Principles of Russian punctuation. Functions of punctuation marks. The concept of punctogram and punctuation error
relevant scientific sources:
- Answers to the exam in the discipline Syntax of the modern Russian language
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