Who are the names in history. Origin of names and surnames in Rus'. Ancient Russian names in paganism

As you can see, the names were single-base, two-base and two-word. Two-base names are especially interesting. According to well-known linguists V.V. Ivanov and V.N. Toporov, the use difficult words as proper names, widely represented in Sanskrit, reflects the oldest Indo-European type of person naming. The root basis of biaxial Slavic names is extensive - there are several hundred. However, the most common are the basics world (Tihomir, Tvorimir, Ratimir, Mirodar, Miromir), Vlad (Vladivoy, Vladimir, Vladislav, Rogvolod), glory (Slavimir, Slavomil, Boguslav, Borislav, Vseslav). Also common god, boron, gost, hail, kind, glad, holy, yar and others.

Two-primary names are also called “princely”, although this is incorrect. The chronicles conveyed many names of boyars, governors, mayors, Novgorodians, Pskovians and other townspeople with “princely” names. And yet, there is a noticeable predilection for names on glory in Polish royal families, among the Kyiv princes, among the princes of the Baltic Slavs.

Already in the Old Russian period in the name book Eastern Slavs names were presented that have parallels in other languages: in Iranian (male Prasten, Froutan, female Sphandra), Veneto-Illyrian ( Egri, Uto, Kol, Gudy), Scandinavian ( Igor, Gleb, Oleg, Olga).

The period of parallel existence of worldly and
Christian names (from 988 to the end of the 17th century)

Vasily Perov, “The Baptism of Rus'”

The official date of the baptism of Rus' is considered to be 988. However, of course, the penetration of Christianity into Rus' began long before this date. One of the consequences of Russia's adoption of Christianity as the official religion is the appeal to new names brought by the new religion.

These names originated in different languages ​​- in Greek ( Alexander, Andrey, Vasily; Anastasia, Ekaterina, Ksenia and others), in Latin ( Victor, Konstantin, Maxim; Marina, Natalya and others), in Hebrew ( Daniil, Ivan, Ilya; Anna, Elizabeth, Maria and others) and some others.

The spread of Christian names was facilitated by the cult of Christian saints. As you know, Christians (Orthodox, Catholics) celebrate the memory of one or another Christian saint every day. And over time, the custom developed of naming children from Christian families with names that are close to the child’s birthday or baptism on the calendar. The calendar itself is called the monthly calendar, and among the people – the calendar. However, Christian names in Rus' were gradually established as Christianity became established.

There was a long period of parallel existence of Christian (baptismal) and secular (non-baptismal) names. In practice, it looked like this: a person bore two names - baptismal and secular. At the same time, as the famous Russian historian N.I. Kostomarov noted, both in the 16th and XVII centuries worldly names were used more often than baptismal names.

And yet, by the end of the 17th century, secular names had practically fallen out of use. Of the entire variety of native Russian (or Slavic) names, only a few have entered the Christian name book. These are basically two-basic names of Russian or Slavic princes canonized ( Vladimir, Vyacheslav, Lyudmila), also names Gorazd, Kuksha.

The composition of secular names of the period under review is known from a number of dictionaries and studies. The most common of them were Bazhen, Ram, Bull, Wolf, Druzhina, Zhdan, Istoma, Nejdan, Nekras, Nechay, Smirnoy, Tomilo and others. Little is known about the composition of secular female names, since information about female persons is rare in historical monuments. The dictionary of N. M. Tupikov lists only 47 female Old Russian names (in addition to the name Olga – Bezruchka, Belukha, Vseslava, Golub, Gosten, Zabava, Lyubava, Milava, Nesmeyana, Rogneda, Smirenka, Chernyava and others.

The period of almost monopoly existence
Christian names (XVIII century - 1918)

After the 17th century, worldly names disappeared from the scene, although isolated cases of the use of non-canonical (non-church) names were observed both in the 18th and 18th centuries. 19th centuries. In the practice of naming, names from the Orthodox calendar began to dominate. However, this does not mean that all the names from the calendar were used. In fact, a fairly compact nomenclature has been established that most successfully fits into the Russian language due to its primarily phonetic characteristics.

Many male church names are unlikely to have ever been used for naming (compare such unusual names from the calendar as Avundius, Apronian, Astion, Varsis, Epenetus, Esperus, Zevinus, Iakihsol, Igaphrax, Isaurian, Mariav, Nerangios, Rheas, Sennis, Suimvl, Troadius, Faumasius). The situation is somewhat different with female names, of which there are much fewer in the calendar than male ones. However, here too the most frequency core has been established.

What names were common during this period? As V. A. Nikonov showed using the example of female names of the 18th century, different classes had their own preferences in choosing names. Mostly among peasant women there were Vasilisa, Glikeria, Mavra, Fedosya, Thekla. Mainly among peasant women and merchant women - Praskovya, Irina, Matryona, Marfa, Daria. But the noblewomen mostly bore names Maria, Natalia, Varvara.

Social stratification in the sphere of choosing male names (though at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries) was shown by A. Ya. Shaikevich. Yes, names Alexander, Nikolay, Konstantin very common among representatives of the royal court, among architects, gymnasium teachers, generals and officers, and doctors. But they are two to three times less common among such professional groups as cab drivers, owners of drinking establishments, shoemakers, and shoe dealers. At the same time, the most common names for bakers Ivan, Vasily, Fedor among representatives of the royal court and among architects they are found four times less often.

During the period under review, there were also geographical differences in the use of names. However, in general, they are not so significant. I analyzed the composition of the names of newborns in 1876 from Orthodox families cities such as Verny (now Almaty), Petropavlovsk and Uralsk. If we take the name book as a whole, then, despite the significant geographical distance and the specific socio-religious situation in these cities, the degree of differences between the name books is not that great - within 26–32% (pairwise comparison was made, separately for male and female names) .

But the differences in the top five names are even less noticeable. In the top five of the female part of the names of the cities in question, four names are repeated in all three cities: Alexandra, Anna, Evdokia, Maria. There are only three in the top five for male names: Alexander, Vasily, Ivan/John. However, the leader in all three cities is the name John/Ivan. If not for the second place in Petropavlovsk, then in the female part of the naming board the clear leader would be the name Anna.

The period after the separation of church and state in 1918

People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky participates
in the new Soviet rite of October (implemented as
substitute for baptism)

The October Revolution of 1917 caused significant changes in the composition of the Russian name list. First of all, this was facilitated by one of the first decrees of the Soviet government - on the separation of church and state. From now on, the birth of children had to first be registered in the registry office, and only then could they be baptized in the church. In other words, the church lost its monopoly in the sphere of naming. The result was not long in coming.

On the one hand, many names began to fall out of use, whose existence was supported mainly by the authority of the church and the efforts of priests. Their place was taken by new names, including many borrowings from other languages ​​(primarily from Western European ones).

An interesting layer also included neoplasms (male Vanguard, Fight, Vilen, Viliy, Gem, Granite, Zinaid, Kim, Myud, Novomir, Oktyabrin, Rev, Revold, Labor, Fitsyuz, Electron; women's Will, Vladlena, Dekabrina, Diamir, Idea, Sparks, Krasnomir, Ninel, Novella, Oktyabrina, Poem, Revmir, Stalin, Electrina, Era, Espirantina, Janvarina). Many of the names given are inspired by communist ideology.

The most active transformation of the Russian name system was from the mid-20s to the early 40s of the last century. This period in scientific literature They even call it an “anthroponymic flood.” Then the processes of changing the name proceeded more calmly.

Since the 60s of the last century, research has been actively carried out on the name system (personal name system) of Russians. And such an undesirable trend was discovered as a narrowing of the repertoire of names used for naming. This happened after the intensity of name creation in the first two post-revolutionary decades subsided. However, gradually the situation changed and the repertoire of names began to expand.

I will show the situation with the change in the number of names in active use using the example of children from Russian families in Almaty (data for Almaly and Zhetysu districts) in different years (from 1945 to 2005).

Table 1. Number of names in active use

>	1945	1955	1965	1975	1985	1995	2005
Male part of the nameplate	43	42	60	50	62	62	96
Female part of the name	56	45	64	61	71	66	95

In general, since the 1960s, the range of names in active use has developed in line with the tendency to expand. This trend began to take effect after the name-bearer reached the lowest quantitative indicators in the entire 20th century.

A more accurate picture of the quantitative change in the active noun can be obtained by correlating the number of different names of a slice and the number of adjectives of the same slice. Dividing the second number by the first, we get the so-called average coefficient of eponymousness (according to V.D. Bondaletov), ​​which shows the average functional load of names. Specific data for the city of Almaty are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Average functional load of names

>	1945	1955	1965	1975	1985	1995	2005
Male part of the nameplate	12,8	30,8	24,9	16	12,9	8,1	6
Female part of the name	9,8	28,8	21,1	14,1	18,9	6,4	5,7

After achieving a very high degree of uniformity in the 1955 section, there was an increase in the degree of diversity of the name. In the male part of the name book, this process was progressive; in the female part, it was briefly interrupted at the end of 1985. The modern name book shows the greatest degree of diversity over the past 70 years. In all sections, the female part of the name plate is somewhat more diverse than the male part.

Also of interest are data on the speed of updating the name tag from slice to slice.

Table 3. The share of new names compared to the previous section (in%)

>	1955	1965	1975	1985	1995	2005
Male part of the nameplate	16,7	31,7	16	24,2	24,2	44,8
Female part of the name	15,6	39,1	26,2	35,2	27,3	52,6

It is noteworthy that over the past 70 years, the pace of renewal of the Slavic name book in active use has twice taken on an “explosive” character - at the cross-section of 1965 and 2005, while this is most strongly expressed at the present time.

Many new names from the 2005 cut are conditionally so, since their absence from the previous cut does not mean that they have never been used for naming in Almaty over the past 70 years. Often we are talking about rare names, used through a cut, or even less often. Or the name is absent, say, in the section of 1995, but is found in the section of 1996. However, there are also truly new ones that have never before been used to name children in Russian, and more broadly, East Slavic families of Almaty, for example, male Vladigor, Prince, Mansur, Nelson, Obafemi, Stavr, women's Anesthesia(unless you consider it a corruption of the name Anastasia), Ariana, Arianda(unless it's distorted Ariadne), Devorah, Mia, Thais, Hellas.

Usually, the sources of new names are the names of other peoples (and often the naming of one of these names indicates the presence of foreign ethnic roots of the family), Orthodox calendars, and a fund of names of Slavic origin.

In the group of frequent names, the update rate is lower. Thus, the top five of the 2005 cross-section in the group of male names includes Daniil/Danil/Danila (1), Nikita (2), Alexander (3), Artem/Artemy (4), Roman (5). The top five left Alexey, Dmitry And Sergey.

In the female part of the name room, the situation in 2005 is as follows: Anastasia (1), Daria (2), Victoria (3), Maria (4), Sofia/Sofia (4), Ekaterina (5). A group of leading names left for 10 years Irina/Arina And Christina.

In general, the maximum update of the top five in 10 years usually does not exceed three names. This also applies to the year 2005, which is generally characterized by a high rate of renewal. The most unexpected thing for the 2005 cross-section was the entry into the top five of the name Sofia/Sofia. The inclusion of the remaining names in this most frequent group was, in general, predictable.

To summarize what has been said, I would like to note that the current active name list of the Russian population of Almaty has noticeably updated compared to the previous section 10 years ago. At the same time, names belonging to the low-frequency group behave the most “revolutionary”. The rate of updating of the most frequent names remained at the same level and was not so significant. The distinctive features of the 2005 edition are the richest assortment and the lowest average functional load over the past 70 years. In conclusion, I will provide a list of new names for the 2005 slice, useful for readers.

List of new slice names 2005

Male: Adil, Arkady, Arseny, Bogdan, Valdemar, Vladigor, Gariy, David/Davyd, Damir, Dan, Demid, Dominic, Elizar, Efim, Ignat, Ildar, Joseph, Prince, Leo, Makar, Max, Mansur, Mark, Nelson, Matvey, Obafemi, Plato, Radium, Ramil, Ratibor, Ratmir, Raphael, Robert, Rodion/Radion, Savely, Samuel, Serik, Simon, Stavr, Stepan, Timofey, Philip, Eldar.

Women's: Adelina, Alevtina, Alexandrina, Albina, Anesthesia, Angelica, Anfisa, Ariana, Arianda, Bella, Bogdana, Vasilina, Vasilisa, Vera, Vilina, Daryana, Devora, Eva, Evangelina, Zlata, Ilona, ​​Carolina, Lika, Leah, Maryana, Melania, Milana, Milena, Mia, Natella, Nelly, Neonila, Nika, Rimma, Rosalina, Snezha(n)na, Solomeya, Sophie, Stefania, Tais, Taisiya/Taisya, Christina, Evelina, Edda, Eleonora, E( l)lina, Hellas, Erica, Yulia(n)na, Yaroslava.

References

Bondaletov V.D. Russian onomastics. M.: Education, 1983.

Kostomarov N.I. Essay on the home life and customs of the Great Russian people in the 16th and 17th centuries. M., 1992.

Nikonov V. A. Name and society. M., 1976.

Tupikov N. M. Dictionary of Old Russian personal names. M., 2004.

Shaikevich A. Ya. Social coloring of the name and its popularity // Poetics. Stylistics. Language and culture. M., 1996.

Proper names were identified in ancient times. Of course, it is impossible to find witnesses who would confirm this, but even the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus (c. 280–208/205 BC) identified names as a separate group of words. Today, the study of people’s proper names, the patterns of their origin and development, their structure, functioning in society, and distribution is dealt with by anthroponymy (“anthropos” - person, “onima” - name). People's proper names are called anthroponyms.

People have always been given names. There are many legends and traditions about how they arose. Here is one of them. In ancient times, when the Higher Mind gave speech to people, there was one language. Each word reflected the inner essence of things. Anyone who knew a word gained power over what it meant. Chaos arose in the world because people could not decide who would govern and who would obey. Then the priests came up with other words for everything in the world in order to prevent the uninitiated from using the true names of things for evil. Higher knowledge turned out to be beyond the reach of man. As a result, different languages ​​arose and the true language was hidden and then almost completely lost. This is what is said about language, words and names in the legends of many nations. The same thing happened with people's names.

People now had to come up with names themselves. Moreover, in many cultures, a child was given two names - one close to the real one and a second one, for general use, so that no one could, knowing the real name, harm the child. Our distant ancestors understood that a name is not just the name of a person to distinguish him from others, but a kind of verbal formula that is somehow connected with the fate of a person and power over him. They tried to use it in different ways.

Indian and some African tribes gave repulsive names in order to ward off evil spirits. Once upon a time it was believed that only the person himself and his parents should know his real name. In Indian tribes, a young man learned his real name only on the day he was recognized as an adult through meditation and communication with spirits and did not tell anyone. Old Indian shamans say that often this name could not be pronounced with normal sounds, it existed only as a mixture of image and sound.

The ancient Greeks gave a child the names of gods and heroes, hoping that the child would enjoy their favor and inherit their qualities and destiny. But calling children by similar names was somehow tactless, and even dangerous - after all, the gods of the Hellenes lived very close - on Mount Olympus, were very similar to people and often communicated with them. They might not like such familiarity. Therefore, for everyday reference to the gods, various epithets were used, which were also transformed into names. For example, Victor is the winner, Maxim is the greatest. These epithets were used to call Zeus. Mars carried a laurel branch, hence the name Laurus. Many gods wore headdresses such as crowns or tiaras. This is where the name Stefan - crowned - comes from.

However, the tradition of giving children direct names of gods, although not supreme ones, has also been preserved, in order to avoid their anger for such impudence. The names Muse, Apollo, Aurora, Maya are still in use. Later, this desire became a Christian tradition of giving names in honor of righteous people canonized as saints.

In Rus' there was another tradition: the parents gave the newborn a name that was real - his parents, godparents and especially close people knew him. It combined the wishes for the baby, the hopes and aspirations of the parents, it reflected love for the child and the desire for his happiness. Then the child was wrapped in a matting and carried out of the threshold, as if demonstrating to the evil spirits that they had found an abandoned baby who was not particularly needed. And they called him a name that would scare away the evil spirits and lull their attention. “They call me Zovutka, but they call me a duck.” This means what to call given name to a stranger was considered dangerous. What if the stranger was a sorcerer who could use knowledge of the name for evil. By giving the child a dissonant and repulsive name, they hoped that evil forces would not bother themselves with causing harm to the unworthy, and also that a nondescript name would not arouse the envy of the gods. The rite of the second naming was performed in adolescence, when the main character traits were formed. The name was given based on these traits.

However, the tradition of such naming did not take root. And a person who was constantly called not by his real name, but by a nickname, often acquired all the qualities characteristic of this nickname. In such a situation, the name-amulet protected the person from unknown reasons. Since the name was not spoken out loud, it had no internal connection with its bearer.

The influence of a name on a person and his fate has been noticed for a long time. It has always been believed, and quite rightly, that a word chosen for a name with love will help in life. But at the same time, giving a name, naming it means gaining secret power. The emotional connotation of a word does not change in different languages, and what means something pleasant has a sound that is pleasant to the ear, and vice versa.

Thus, the development of the name has long story. Before the adoption of Christianity in Rus', original names were used, created on Slavic soil using the Old Russian language. The Slavs chose any words to name their children that reflected the various properties and qualities of people, the characteristics of their character: Clever, Brave, Kind, Cunning; features of behavior and speech: Molchan; physical advantages and disadvantages: Oblique, Lame, Krasava, Kudryash, Chernyak, Belyai; the time and “order” of the appearance of a particular child in the family: Menshak, Elder, First, Second, Tretyak; profession: Villager, Kozhemyaka and much more. Similar names were also used by other peoples; it is enough to recall the names of the Indians, which characterized the characteristics of a particular person: Eagle Eye, Sly Fox, etc. We had several other names, which later, with the adoption of Christianity and the consolidation of names in church calendars, became into nicknames. Some of these nicknames have come down to us in the form of surnames: Cat, Beetle, Wolf, Sparrow. It should be noted that these surnames are very common.

From the 11th to the 17th centuries, native Slavic names fade into the background, and Byzantine-Greek ones come to the fore. With the advent of Christianity, a two-name system began to develop. In order to protect a person from evil spirits, he was given one name and called a completely different one. This period is characterized by social stratification. At this time, Old Russian names were common, which consist of two roots and contain the root -slav. These are names such as Vyacheslav, Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, Borislav, which were joined by Byzantine-Greek names with the same root: Stanislav, Bronislav, Miroslav, etc.

From the beginning of the 18th century until 1917, canonical names dominated, a three-part formula for naming a person (last name, first name, patronymic) developed and spread, and a pseudonym appeared.

After the revolution, newly created names reflecting the events taking place in the country became very popular. The formation of new names especially affected girls. So, they were called Idea, Iskra, Oktyabrina. There is evidence that one girl was even called Artillery Academy. It was fashionable to call twin boys and girls Revo and Lucia; the names of the boys are known: Genius, Giant (it is noteworthy that these names did not always correspond to reality, and often completely contradicted). However, at this time names appeared that continue to live now: Lilia (it is similar to the Russian name Lydia and is very euphonious), Ninel (reading the name Lenin in reverse order), Timur, Spartak.

The modern Russian name book includes many names with different origins. But still, names that we can now rightfully call Russian have a huge advantage. Although there are very few actual Russian names left. Over time, the original meaning of names was forgotten, but historically each name was a word or phrase of some language. Almost all modern names came to us from Byzantium and have Greek roots, but many of them were borrowed from other ancient languages, or were simply borrowed from ancient Roman, Hebrew, Egyptian and other languages, and with this method of borrowing they were used only as a proper name, and not as a word meaning anything.

Ancient Russian names in paganism.

Do you remember the wonderful spring fairy tale by A.N. Ostrovsky “The Snow Maiden”? Who can remain indifferent to this amazing legend glorifying the beauty of nature, love and youth? The names of the heroes, who fit so harmoniously into the rituals and life of the pagan Slavs, give this romantic story a special charm. Kupava, Malusha, Brusilo, Lel – to us these names seem to be the writer’s invention, and few have any idea what our distant ancestors called each other.

The names that are now considered “native” actually appeared in Russian culture from the ancient Christian world and for the most part do not have Slavic roots. The origin and meaning of male and female Russian names is inextricably linked with the history and beliefs of the ancient Slavs.

Naming ceremony in Rus'.

In the pre-Christian era in Rus', it was customary to give a child two names. The first name served as a “scare away” for evil spirits and ill-wishers. Crooked, Nekras, Zloba - no devil would set his sights on such a kid. Female and male names of Russian origin at that time overlapped with nicknames, and now it is difficult to draw a line between them.

In adolescence, when a person’s character traits became clearer, the ceremony of second naming was performed. The meaning of Russian names for girls and boys were different. Children were called by names taken from plants and animals - Pike, Eagle, Nut, Cow. In large families, names were given in order of birth - Pervak, Chetverunya, Devyatko. The names were dedicated to pagan gods - Lada, Veleslav, Yaroslav. The meaning of many male and female Russian names speaks about distinctive features character and appearance - Brave, Annoying, Beautiful, Fool. They have long gone out of use. But many of the two-basic names (Svyatoslav, Ratibor, Lyubomila, Svetozar), which were a princely privilege, can be found today.

The fate of Nadezhda, Vera and Lyubov developed in a special way. The meaning of these Slavic female names is clear to everyone. But few people know that they arose through a direct translation into Russian of the ancient Greek concepts “pistis, elpis and agape” - “faith, hope, love.”

The origin of Russian surnames and names in Orthodoxy.

With the adoption of Christianity in Rus', the name given at baptism became the main one. But for many centuries, Old Slavonic names and nicknames were used along with “baptismal” names. The history of the origin of Russian surnames begins with them.

The meaning of Russian surnames is related to the meaning of Slavic names and nicknames. For example, from the names Volk, Menshiy, Palka the surnames Volkov, Menshov and Palkin were formed.

By the end of the 16th century, ancient Slavic names finally disappeared from Everyday life. Only those that were listed in church calendar. This is how the original Russian names Olga, Oleg, Igor, and Svyatoslav have been preserved and continue to live. Many names were generally banned by the church, so as not to revive pagan traditions and the cult of ancient gods. This led to the fact that modern Russia only 5% of names have a Slavic basis.

Ministry of Education, Science and youth policy

Krasnodar region

state budget professional educational institution

Krasnodar Territory "Krasnodar Pedagogical College"

Educational project

in the discipline MDK.02.01 Fundamentals of organizing extracurricular work

HISTORY OF ORIGIN OF RUSSIAN NAMES AND SURNAMES

specialty Teaching in primary school

Completed:

2nd year students of the “Ash” group

school department

Ballod Christina

Belenko Anastasia

Davidenko Anastasia

Igonina Victoria

Sviridonova Nadezhda

Supervisor:

Grigoryan Marina Renikovna

Krasnodar, 2018

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………
MAIN PART………………………………………………………….
1. History of Russian names…………………………………………………….
1.1. Stages of name development………………………………………………………
2. Surnames and their origin………………………………………………………...
3. History of the names and surnames of project participants………………………….
3.1 History of the origin of names…………………………………………..
3.2 History of the origin of surnames……………………………………..
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….

INTRODUCTION

Project problem: Many of us do not think about the origin, method of education or age of our surname.

Objective of the project: Study the history of the emergence of Russian names and surnames, their meaning.

The names of people are part of the history of peoples. They reflect the life, beliefs, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples, their historical contacts. Our country is multinational, and each of the peoples inhabiting it has its own wonderful personal names.

MAIN PART

1. History of Russian names

1.1. Stages of name development

There are three stages in the history of Russian personal names: pre-Christian when original names were used on East Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language; period after the introduction of Christianity in Rus', when the church began to plant, along with Christian religious rites, foreign names borrowed by the Byzantine church from various peoples of antiquity; And a new stage that began after the Great Patriotic Socialist Revolution and marked by the penetration of a large number of borrowed names into Russian names and active name creation.

Before the introduction of Christianity in Rus', personal names were very similar to nicknames given for one reason or another. In ancient times, people perceived names materially, as an integral part of a person. They hid their names from their enemies, believing that just knowing the name was enough to harm someone.

Old Russian names reveal the richness of the Russian folk language, show the breadth of imagination, observation and ingenuity of the Russian person, his kindness and sociability, sometimes crude simplicity and causticity when it comes to moral vices or physical defects.

Old Russian names were varied. For example, in numerical names the entire number series from 1 to 10 is represented: Perva and Pervaya, Second, Vtorak, Tretyak, Chetvertak, Chetvertunya, Fifth and Pyatak, Shestok and Shestak, Semoy and Semak, Osmoy and Osmak, Ninth and Nine, Tenth.

Names based on hair and skin color were also very popular: Chernysh, Chernyai, Chernyava, Chernavka, Bel, Bely, Belyak, Belukha, etc. Names were also assigned according to other external signs– height, body features: Dry, Thick, Long, Small, Baby, Hare, Lip (with a harelip), Head, Golovach, Loban, etc.

In addition to the names given by appearance, there were those that were assigned depending on the character and behavior of the child: Besson, Zabava, Krik, Molchan, Neulyba, Smeyana, Smirnaya. There were also names of a different order that go back to ancient beliefs. These are “bad” names that were supposedly able to ward off evil spirits, illness, death: Nemil, Nekras, Nelyuba Zloba, Staroy. There were names associated with the animal and flora: Wolf, Cat, Foal, Cow, Grass, Branch, etc.

The second very long period in the history of Russian names came after the introduction of Christianity, with which the so-called calendar names came into naming practice. They became integral part Russian language, part of the history of the Russian people.

We call them calendars conventionally, since throughout their existence they were given to the Russian people according to church calendars, in which they were distributed over all days of the year.

The history of Russian calendar names is no less interesting than the history of Old Russian ones. It reflects the interaction of the Russian folk language and Church Slavonic, the official language of Russian Orthodox Church. This was manifested in numerous spelling transformations of personal names, in the struggle of ancient Russian “pagan” names for their existence, in the adaptation of “Christian” names to the conditions of the Russian linguistic environment.

The adoption of new names by the Russian population was very slow. The majority of Russian people, even after the baptismal ceremony, continued to name their children in their own way, according to custom, until the 17th century, i.e. in Russian.

Over the course of the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, there was a process of assimilation of foreign names. Already by the 14th century, many of the borrowed names acquired the form in which they are now found in popular dialects. Gradually, foreign names became familiar, familiar to Russian people,

The third stage in the development of Russian names, which continues today, began with the publication of the Council decree People's Commissars RSFSR of January 23, 1918 on the separation of church from state and school from church. This decree initiated the free choice of personal names by parents and declared civil registration of births legal instead of church baptism.

The decree destroyed the centuries-old power of the church over the people, and Russian personal names, together with their living bearers - Russian people - began new life. In the first years after October revolution the bulk of those born were given old names. Even in the most progressive families, grandmothers baptized their grandchildren in church in secret from their parents. But at the same time, the results of active anti-religious propaganda also had an impact - some no longer wanted to give their children names in memory of certain saints and came up with new ones or borrowed foreign ones, not suspecting that many of them were the same, widespread names, just in another language. Name-making began mainly in cities, where revolutionary events primarily began to influence the ideology of people.

In the mid-1920s, name creation reached its apogee. New names were published in various calendars, including detachable ones, published in millions of copies.

2. Surnames and their origin.

According to anthroponymic scientists, Russian surnames can be divided into the following main groups:

1. Surnames formed from canonical and various folk forms baptismal Christian names.

2. Surnames that have retained worldly names at their core. Worldly names came from pagan times, when church names did not exist: many of them were simply proper names, others arose as nicknames, but then their basis was forgotten and they became just names. Superstitious parents gave third names to their children in order to save them from various everyday problems: it was here that princes named Farmhand and Golik, priests named Devil and Satan, and, finally, numerous Fools and Blockheads who were not such appeared. The parents had only one concern: let the child safely avoid the troubles that the name given to him entails.

3. Surnames formed from the professional nicknames of their ancestors, telling which of them did what. Hence the Goncharovs, Ovsyannikovs, Cherepennikovs, Bondarchuks, Kovalis, etc.

4. Surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors was from (the basis of such surnames was various geographical names - cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes, etc.): Meshcheryakov, Semiluksky, Novgorodtsev, Moskvitinov, etc. d.

5. An interesting group of Russian surnames belonged to the Orthodox clergy: Apollonov, Gilyarovsky, Troitsky, Rozhdestvensky. Some experts will ask: “But many Russian surnames are of Muslim, Buddhist or Jewish origin?” The answer is simple: all the surnames of peoples existing in our time globe arose under approximately the same circumstances. But only the Russian Orthodox clergy, which, unlike other concessions, never tried to “press the Bessermen to their fingernails,” introduced enviable diversity into Russian surnames. It was here that the names of Hyacinths and Tuberoses, Cypresses and Ptolemies, Caesars and Emperors and many others arose as a result of special word creation.

3. History of the names and surnames of project participants

3.1 History of the origin of names

1. Anastasia

The meaning of the name Anastasia insists that the source lies in the ancient Greek name book, a culture that gave birth to hundreds of beautiful modern names. Name Anastasia - female uniform male name Anastasy. Translated from Greek language means “return to life,” “resurrection,” “resurrected,” “immortal.” Russian folk form - Nastasya.

2. Victoria

The name Victoria is Russian, Orthodox, Catholic, Greek. The name Victoria comes from the Latin word "Victoria", meaning "victory". The same interpretation is given to this name. In Roman mythology, Victoria is the goddess of victory, corresponds to the Greek goddess of victory Nike, therefore the name Victoria is analogous to the name Nike

3. Christina

The name Christina is a Russian pronunciation female name Christina. The name Christina is derived from the Latin name Christianus, meaning “Christian.” This name is also sometimes pronounced Christiana (Christiana). Previously, peasants in Rus' used the word Christina to call ordinary people. Over time, it left the Russian language. Having returned as a name, it began to carry a foreign connotation with a share of aristocracy.

4. Hope

The name Nadezhda is Russian, Orthodox, Catholic, Greek. The name Nadezhda has Greek roots and is a literal translation of the Greek name Elpis, which was borne by one of the three sisters, revered Christian martyrs (Faith, Hope and Love). Their names reflect the three main virtues of Christianity. The name Nadezhda had an ancient Russian form - Nadezha, which helped given name settle down and strengthen among people.

3.2. History of the origin of surnames

1. Ballod

The surname Ballod belongs to the category of quite common in the territories of Russia and neighboring countries. In well-known ancient receipts, citizens with this surname were important persons from the Russian Murom philistinism in the 18th-19th centuries, who held good power and honors. Historical evidence of the surname can be seen in the census of Rus' during the time of Ivan the Terrible. The sovereign had a special register of privileged and pleasant-sounding surnames, which were awarded to those close to him only in case of special merit or encouragement. Therefore, this surname has personal origins and is rare.

2. Belenko

The surname Belenko belongs to the ancient type of Russian surnames. During the times of Kievan Rus, the patronymic suffix –enko among the southern Slavs meant “small” or “son of so-and-so.” Thus, from the nickname Bel, with the help of the patronymic suffix –enko, the ancient surname Belenko arose. Nowadays, the Ukrainian surname Belenko can be found in a variety of historical areas, which indicates close ties between various Slavic peoples.

3. Davidenko

The surname Davidenko belongs to a common type of Ukrainian surnames and is derived from the baptismal name David, which translated from Hebrew means “beloved.” Most likely, the formation of the Davidenko surname began around the 14th century, which is due to historical processes. Thus, since the 16th century, Ukraine has been in close contact with European peoples.

4. Igonina

The basis of the surname Igonin was the church name Ignatius. Igonia is a diminutive version of the baptismal name Ignatius, which translated from Latin means “unknown” or “fiery.” Most likely, the founder of the Igonin family was a man from the common class, since people from the social elite were called respectfully full name. In addition, the name Ignatius itself has always been considered common. So, they jokingly said about the poor man: “Igoshka lives: there is a dog and a cat.”

5. Sviridonova

The basis of the Sviridon surname was the church name Spiridon. Sviridon is a derivative form of the name Spiridon. The name Spiridon itself has controversial origins. According to one version, it is derived from the Latin personal name, meaning “born out of wedlock.” According to another version, this name is of Greek origin and is translated as “gift of the soul” or “wicker basket.”

CONCLUSION

Interest in first and last names is not idle curiosity. Personal name and surname are not a personal matter. It is a social sign. Everyone needs to get to know them. The first task, practical, universal and mandatory, is the deliberate choice of what to name your son or daughter. But many other practical problems arise. Older people face difficulties when they find themselves recorded differently in documents.

A personal name and surname, an integral part of the world culture of mankind, can reveal a lot in the history of a people and in the history of its language.

Before it was adopted in Rus' Christian faith, boys were often called such ancient Russian original names. In accordance with customs, names were a reflection of a person’s characteristics and character. For example, there were such names as Cunning, Brave, Oblique, Kudryash, Lame, Clever, Molchan, Dobr, Krasava, Belyay, Chernyak.

Sometimes names were chosen with an eye to birth order: First, Second, Tretyak, Menshak, Senior. There were names by which one could find out who a person worked and what his field of activity was. These are the names of Kozhemyak, Villager. Many peoples used a person’s profession to call him by one name or another. The Indians noticed the peculiarities of people's behavior and this was reflected in their names: Eagle Eye, Sly Fox.

When Christianity was adopted, names began to be designated in church calendars specially designed for this purpose. And now there are often surnames that owe their origin to nicknames: Beetle, Wolf, Sparrow, Cat.

In the period from the 11th to the 17th centuries, Byzantine-Greek names were very popular. A two-name system also began to develop, according to which a born baby was given one name and called differently. At this time, names that included 2 roots became widespread - Svyatoslav, Borislav, Vyacheslav, Yaroslav. Names with Byzantine-Greek roots also began to be used - Miroslav, Bronislav, Stanislav.

For some time, the Slavs supported one interesting tradition - they gave the child a name, which only the closest relatives knew about. Then the baby was wrapped in a matting and carried over the threshold. They did this in order to show the evil spirits that the baby was planted on them, and he was not really his own.

After this, the child received another name, this supposedly made it possible to scare away evil spirits and evil spirits. This ritual was called like this: “They call it Zovutka, but they call it a duck.” It was carried out so that the person could not be harmed evil spirits, the second time he was given some unsightly name. The real name with which the baby was named for the first time was kept secret. It couldn't be told to anyone.

When the child reached adolescence, then the ritual was repeated, now the final name was assigned, which is a reflection of the characteristics of the formed personality, the character of the boy. This tradition soon lost its relevance, as a person received a nickname, and this contributed to a change in his character. Thus, the name-amulet brought little benefit, since the person had no connection with it.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the now used naming of people according to the formula - surname, first name, patronymic - began to be used. During the same period of time, lists of names that can be used for the child are agreed upon. Pseudonyms appeared in a similar way. In Soviet times, names were often used that reflected events taking place in the country. Such names were quite unusual; as a rule, they went to girls - Iskra, Oktyabrina, Idea. Sometimes the sound of such names was very awkward; for example, the name Artillery Academy can hardly be called euphonious. But many names that appeared then are still used now -