How to spell "yes". Punctuation Guide. Punctuation marks for Yes particles in the middle of a sentence
Yes
[agreement] servant, used max. often
1. You say Yes when you give a positive answer to a question.
- Will you help me? - Yes. | - Do you have a car? - Yes, a Lada of the latest model.
2. You use Yes when talking about someone's affirmative answer.
Get a resounding “yes.” | She answered his proposal with an unequivocal “yes.”
3. You say Yes to confirm what you said before.
And then he understood everything, yes, a hunch just dawned on him. | He is lucky, yes, indeed, he is a lucky man.
4. You use the word Yes at the beginning of a sentence, when you think out loud, think about something.
Yes... I didn't expect this from you.
5. You use Yes when you want to add to what was previously said something that you forgot to say and now remember.
Yes, one more thing... Don't forget to call when you arrive. | I think everything is ready for dinner. Oh yes, I forgot to put napkins.
6. You use the word Yes at the end of an interrogative sentence, when you expect the interlocutor, most likely, to confirm your words.
You've been here for a long time, right? | Scary, right? | I'm disturbing you, right?
Isn't it true?, isn't it?
7. You use the word Yeah) when you want to express distrust, doubt about what your interlocutor is telling you, or object to him.
- Don't worry, he will call you. - Yes, you’ll wait for a call from him, of course. | - After all, he helped you last time? - Yes, there’s nothing to say, it helped.
No matter how it is
8. You use the word Yes in the form of a question when you want to express surprise or disagreement.
- It's not his fault. - Yes? And who is to blame? | - I am leaving tomorrow. - Yes? - he was surprised. - Why were you silent?
Really
9. You say Yes when someone contacts you and you respond to the request.
- Natasha! - Yes! - I want you on the phone.
10. You use the word Yes at the beginning of a sentence, to make the statement more expressive, highlight it.
I don't want to talk to you! | What is this?! | - And who will believe in the success of this venture? - Yes, anyone!
11. You say Wow! when you want to express your delight, admiration for something.
Wow! I didn't expect this! | So much imagination and invention! Wow!
12. You say Well, yes! when you want to express distrust of the words of your interlocutor.
- He built this house himself. - Well, yes! Really himself?
13. You use the word Yes when you want to express a persistent request or urge in a conversational form.
Turn around, your name is calling! | Yes, sit down, there’s no point in standing. | Get up! Hurry up!
14. You use the word Yes in conditional sentences to give more expressiveness to the statement.
Even if you ask me a hundred times, I’ll still say no. | Even if he were an academician even three times, I wouldn’t believe him.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Dmitriev. D. V. Dmitriev. 2003.
A question mark is placed at the end simple sentence, containing a question, for example: Did their brother really come? Vladimir Ivanovich? (Chekhov). Matchmaking? Yes? (Fedin).
Note. A question mark can be placed in interrogative sentences after individual members (usually homogeneous) in order to divide the question, for example: Why here? and at this hour? (Griboyedov); Am I a parrot? turkey? (Mayakovsky).
A question mark is placed at the end of a complex sentence if all the parts that form it or only the last of them contain a question, for example: How long did the heart suffer in her, or was the time for tears soon passed? (Pushkin); I didn’t answer anything, and why should I answer? (Turgenev). A question mark is placed at the end of a complex sentence if the question is contained in both the main and subordinate clauses or only in the main clause, for example: Do you want to know what kind of battles there are? (L. Tolstoy); How can I allow him to be hungry or not dressed? (A. Ostrovsky). A question mark is placed at the end of a complex sentence if the subordinate clause contains a direct question, for example: All kinds of violations, deviations, deviations from the rules made him despondent, although, it would seem, what does he care? (Chekhov).
Note. If the subordinate clause forms an indirect question, then a question mark is usually not placed at the end of the complex sentence, for example: I don’t know how long I spent in this position (L. Tolstoy); You didn’t tell us why you don’t go to school (Fedin). Placing a question mark after a sentence with an indirect question occurs if the latter contains a strongly expressed interrogative intonation, for example: I don’t understand what you need? (Chekhov); I asked how he became a hermit? (Bitter). A question mark is placed at the end of the non-union complex sentence, if the parts that form it (in writing separated by commas) or only the last part (preceded by a colon or dash) contain a direct question, for example: But where did you come from, where have you been so far, what have you been doing, how have you been? (A. Ostrovsky); Open up, answer my question: was your day bright? (Block); Praise is tempting - how can you not want it? (Krylov).
More on the topic § 76. Question mark:
- The combination of punctuation marks and the sequence of their arrangement
- The system of punctuation marks in modern Russian. Basic functions of punctuation marks. Positions of punctuation marks. Single, double and complex punctuation marks. Specifics of the use of punctuation marks.
1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):
Example: Unfortunately, he didn't have watercolors(Soloukhin).
Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.
For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - the structure is a definite personal one-part sentence; In life, do you know, there is always room for exploits(M. Gorky) - the structure is a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.
In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.
Classes of introductory words by meaning
| Meaning | Introductory Components | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Evaluation of what is being reported in terms of reliability, etc.: | ||
| 1.1. Confidence, authenticity | Of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, truly, of course, naturally, truly and etc. | Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel, goes without saying, there was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev). |
| 1.2. Uncertainty, assumption, uncertainty, assumption | Probably, it seems, as it seems, probably, in all likelihood, right, tea, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, it is visible, apparently, as it seems, it is true, maybe, it should be, it seems, I think, I believe, one must believe, I hope , in some way, in some sense, suppose, suppose, let's say, if you want, one way or another and etc. | She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Apparently the free bread was to my liking(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, to approach by a different route, to knock at the window with the expected guest, dear(Tvardovsky). I have a headache. Must be due to bad weather(Chekhov). |
| 2. Different feelings: | ||
| 2.1. Joy, approval | Fortunately, to happiness, to joy, to the joy, to the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc. | Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and caught the ship sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to Petya's indescribable admiration, an entire metalworking workshop has been set up on an old kitchen table(Kataev). |
| 2.2. Regret, disapproval | Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as if unfortunately, as if on purpose, by a sinful act, what is even worse, what is offensive, alas and etc. | Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Pavel passed away(Turgenev). |
| 2.3. Surprise, bewilderment | To surprise, amazing, amazing thing, to amazement, strange, strange thing, incomprehensible thing and etc. | Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second he shrugged off his leather jacket and sat down at the table(Sholokhov). |
| 2.4. Fear | The hour is uneven, God forbid, whatever happens and etc. | Just look, the oar will rip out and he will be thrown into the sea(Novikov-Priboy). |
| 2.5. General expressive nature of the utterance | In conscience, in justice, in essence, in essence, in soul, in truth, in truth, in truth, one must tell the truth, if the truth is to be told, it is funny to say, to say in honor, between us, speaking between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc. | There were, however, some weaknesses behind him(Turgenev). I admit, I don’t really like this tree - aspen...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me more, dare I say, offends me so much, as ingratitude(Turgenev). |
| 3. Source of message | According to someone, according to someone, in my opinion, according to you, according to someone, according to someone, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from the point of view of someone, I remember, one can hear, they say, they say, as one can hear, as I think, as I think, as I remember, as they say, as they believe, as is known, as was pointed out, as it turned out, as they said in the old days, in my opinion and etc. | Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, made his fortune from the garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago Line Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky). |
| 4. Order of thoughts and their connections | Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, in addition, to top it all off, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc. | On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room behind the doors and listened as my fate was decided(Dostoevsky). |
| 5. Assessing the style of expression, manner of speech, ways of forming thoughts | In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, more accurately, better to say, directly to say, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what's called and etc. | In a word, Storeshnikov was thinking more and more strongly about getting married every day.(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push ourselves to the well, or rather, to the fountain(Garshin). |
| 6. Assessment of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of commonality of the facts stated | At least, at least to one degree or another, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, it happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc. | Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, Nikolai Ivanovich stood almost the entire width of the opening...(Turgenev) It happens that mine is luckier(Griboyedov). |
| 7. Drawing the interlocutor’s attention to the message, emphasizing, emphasizing | Do you see, know, remember, understand, believe, listen, allow, imagine, imagine, can imagine, believe, imagine, admit, believe, believe, not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc. | You were afraid, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine, our young people are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was this, please?(Pavlenko). |
2. In terms of their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to various parts speech and various grammatical forms:
- impersonal offers;
It seemed to her that we all remember it well.
- vaguely personal proposals.
This is how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.
nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;
Without a doubt, for joy, fortunately and etc.
adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree;
Right, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.
pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;
In addition, besides, meanwhile.
adverbs in the positive or comparative degree;
Undoubtedly, of course, probably, in short, more accurately.
verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood;
I think, believe me, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy.
infinitive or combination with an infinitive;
See, know, admit, funny to say.
combinations with participles;
To tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly.
two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.;
For as long as I can remember, I often think.
That is why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.
Note!
Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (hence, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. In order not to make a mistake, you should remember that:
A) you can ask a question to a member of a sentence;
b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;
V) the introductory word can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.
Compare the sentences given in pairs:
This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes... it’s not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).
During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You may have thought that I was asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).
Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we’ll probably get along if we sit next to each other(Krylov).
In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding the word speaking.
By the way, he never came(“by the way”); You really shouldn't have come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful("in short"); To be honest, I don’t want to go back to what was said.("in truth").
When determining syntactic function and placing punctuation marks, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.
1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of “probably, apparently”:
The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).
The word probably is a member of a sentence in the meaning “undoubtedly, definitely”:
If I know(How?) Maybe that I have to die, then I’ll tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).
2) The word is finally introductory:
if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”) completes the enumeration:
Opekushin came from the common people, first a self-taught person, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).
Often a word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word finally ends the enumeration;
if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker’s face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:
Yes, go away, finally!(Chekhov).
Note!
The word finally is not introductory and serves as a circumstantial meaning “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.
Gave three balls every year and squandered it finally (Pushkin).
In this meaning, finally, the particle - can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word such an addition is impossible).
Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).
3) The distinction between the combination finally as an introductory one and as a member of a sentence is a circumstance similar in terms to the word finally.
Wed: After all, in the end, we haven’t decided anything yet! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning). - In the end agreement was reached(meaning of the circumstance “as a result of everything”).
4) The word, however, is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:
The heat and fatigue took their toll, however.(Turgenev); How cleverly I did it, however(Chekhov).
At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction (it can be replaced by the conjunction but), therefore a comma is placed only before this word:
However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did a man gain such power over the entire neighborhood?(Nekrasov).
Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).
5) The word of course is usually separated by commas as an introductory word:
Fedor was still working in the rear, of course, he heard and read many times about “folk heroes”(Furmanov).
But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:
Of course it's true!; Of course it is.
6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of “yes, so, right, exactly” (usually it occupies a position at the beginning of a sentence):
Indeed, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).
As an adverb, it really means “really, truly, in fact” (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate):
I really just like you say(Dostoevsky).
7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the meaning “generally speaking”:
In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.
In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:
- in the meaning of “in general”, “on the whole”:
Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all (Goncharov);
- in the meaning “always”, “at all”, “under all conditions”:
He lights fires at all forbade it, it was dangerous(Kazakevich);
- in the meaning “in all respects”, “in relation to everything”:
He at all looked like a weirdo(Turgenev).
This provision also applies to the form in general.
Wed: In general, there is nothing to be sad about(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally simple process(meaning “in the end”); I made a few comments regarding various little things, but All in all praised him very much(Garshin) (meaning “as a result”).
8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative meaning:
Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).
In the meaning “under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory:
You anyway you will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll see him at my mom's today(Dostoevsky).
9) The combination, in turn, is not distinguished as occupied if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning “in response”, “for its part”:
He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater’s artistic council.
In a figurative meaning, the combination, in turn, takes on the meaning of introduction and is punctuated:
Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, the essay, feuilleton, and pamphlet stand out.
10) The combination in fact meaning “really” is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.
11) In particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, it is highlighted on both sides with commas:
He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words.
But if in particular it is part of a connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it is allocated as occupied along with this structure:
Many will willingly take on this work, and in particular me; Many people will be willing to take on this work, and I in particular.
If in particular included in the design in general and in particular, then this construction is not separated by commas:
Over tea the conversation turned to housekeeping in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).
12) The combination is mainly introductory if it serves to highlight a fact in order to express its assessment.
For example: There was a wide alley... and along it, mainly, the public was walking(Gorky) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly for a walk”, therefore in in this example combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material (mainly meaning “the most important thing”). The combination mainly included in the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end) is separated by commas along with it, for example: With fifty people mostly officers, crowded nearby(Pavlenko).
The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all”:
He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; What I like about him mainly is his sincerity.
13) The word main is introductory in the meaning of “especially important”, “especially significant”:
You can take any topic for the story, but the main thing is that it is interesting; Details can be omitted, but the main thing is to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be placed after the conjunction a, and to enhance punctuation, a dash is placed after the introductory combination).
14) A word means is introductory if it can be replaced with introductory words therefore, it became:
People are born, get married, die; that means it’s necessary, that means it’s good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, does that mean you can't come today?
If the word means is close in meaning to “means,” then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:
in the position between the subject and the predicate, it means that it serves as a means of connecting the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed before it, and no sign is placed after it:
To fight is to win;
in other cases it means that it is not separated or highlighted by any signs:
if the word means is located between a subordinate and main clause or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is highlighted on both sides with commas:
If he defends his views so stubbornly, it means he feels he is right; If you didn’t save the child, then you have yourself to blame.
15) The word is the opposite meaning “in contrast to what is said or expected; on the contrary” is introductory and is separated by commas:
Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip over his head.(Kataev).
If, on the contrary (after the conjunction and) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:
when a member of a sentence is replaced, no sign is placed before the conjunction:
In the picture, light tones turn into dark and vice versa(i.e. dark to light);
when, on the contrary, it is added to a whole sentence, a comma is placed before the conjunction:
The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa(the whole sentence is replaced: The further away the light source is, the less bright the light it emits; a kind of compound sentence is formed);
when, and vice versa, it is attached to a subordinate clause, a comma is not placed before the conjunction:
This also explains why what was considered criminal in ancient world considered legal in the new one and vice versa(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses with a non-repeating conjunction are formed And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).
16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative-restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed:
One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akakiy Akakievich with good advice(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised us to try to transfer her to a political position or, at least, to work as a nurse in a hospital(L. Tolstoy).
If the introductory combination is at least at the beginning of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas along with it:
Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).
The combination is at least not separated by commas if it means “no less than”, “at least”:
From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).
17) The phrase including the combination from the point of view is separated by commas if it means “in opinion”:
Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, successful.
If such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then the rotation is not separated by commas:
I know that a crime has been committed, if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention.
18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of “for example” and is not introductory in the sense of “approximately”.
Wed: I'm trying to think about her("For example"), not thinking is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are approximately("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation(Furmanov).
19) The word is for example associated with the following punctuation:
- separated by commas as introductory:
Nikolai Artemyevich liked to persistently argue, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel all over the world during his entire life. Earth (Turgenev);
- stands out together with the revolution, at the beginning or end of which there is:
requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:
Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.
Note!
Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:
as if, as if, hardly, barely, supposedly, almost, even, precisely, after all, only, certainly, just, after all, necessarily, suddenly.
3. General rules for placing punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.
1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:
I admit, he didn't make a good impression on me(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her at that evening(Turgenev).
2) If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:
Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in short, all kinds printed products lay on his desk in complete disarray.
If the sentence is complex, then a comma is placed before the dash based on general rule separating parts of a complex sentence:
The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, the dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).
3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:
What good, perhaps, and gets married, out of tenderness of the soul...(Dostoevsky); So, in your opinion Should everyone, without exception, engage in physical labor?(Chekhov).
Intensifying particles in introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:
This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.
4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by any sign:
The dark, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among my comrades there are such poets, lyrics or what?, preachers of love for people(Bitter).
Introductory words are not separated from a separate phrase, even if they are at the very beginning or the very end of the sentence:
Apparently fearing snow drifts, the group leader canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments, unconvincing and far-fetched of course.
If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:
The child, apparently frightened by the horse, ran up to his mother.
Note!
It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate phrase, and cases when it is located between two members of the sentence.
Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate phrase, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical reference book(without the introductory word there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small And technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).
In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when doubt may arise as to which of the homogeneous members, preceding or subsequent, the introductory word located between them refers to, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.
This information was gleaned from new, seems special for thiscase compiled, directory(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in this, obviously forgotten by God and people, corner of the earth(clarifying definition when demonstrative pronoun this).
If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:
Both messages (apparently recently received) have attracted widespread attention.
5) If there is a coordinating conjunction before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the preceding coordinating conjunction by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged elsewhere in the sentence without disturbing its structure (as a rule, with conjunctions and, but). If the removal or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction a).
Wed: The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will probably go on sale in a few days (The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This issue has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made (This issue has already been considered several times, but a final decision has not yet been made.); It is not coal that can be used here, but rather liquid fuel (It is not coal that can be used here, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made hastily and therefore inaccurately(impossible: The calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, or maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, but vice versa).
Note!
A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after introductory words and therefore, and therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.
For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and therefore the strength of reception, increases many times; This scheme, and therefore the entire project as a whole, needs to be verified.
6) After an connecting conjunction (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not placed, since the conjunction is closely adjacent to the introductory word that follows it:
And imagine, he still staged this performance; And I dare to assure you, the performance turned out wonderful; And what do you think, he achieved his goal; But one way or another, the decision was made.
Less often (with intonation emphasis on introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text through subordinating conjunction) after the connecting conjunction, a comma before introductory construction put:
But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).
7) Introductory words standing before the comparative phrase (with the conjunction as), the target phrase (with the conjunction so), etc., are separated from them based on the general rule:
All this seemed strange to me, as did others; The son thought for a minute, probably to collect his thoughts(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).
8) Instead of a comma, a dash can be used in introductory words, phrases and sentences.
A dash is used in the following cases:
if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma:
Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself.(Gogol) (comma before subordinate clause absorbed by dash);
a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma if the introductory word stands between two parts of a complex sentence and in meaning can be attributed to either the preceding or the following part:
The dog disappeared - probably someone chased it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that it is not “the dog probably disappeared”, but that “the dog was probably driven away”).
Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes cause-and-effect or connecting relationships between parts of a sentence:
It was difficult to verify his words - obviously, circumstances had changed a lot.
Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase, and a comma after it to avoid possible ambiguity:
Since there is still time, we will call someone additional to the exam - for example, those taking it again (let's say in the meaning of “suppose”, “say”);
a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:
Chichikov asked with extreme precision who the city's governor was, who the chairman of the chamber was, who the prosecutor was - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person(Gogol);
using a dash, introductory sentences can be highlighted if they are quite common (have secondary members):
Suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it wasn't easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy leave, or - as they say in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him get away is a major nuisance for the scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).
Particle "yes and only"(at the end of a sentence or part of a complex sentence), is used to indicate constancy, persistence in some action or limitation of action by something, as well as to emphasize the categorical nature of the statement. Separated by a comma (less commonly, a dash) from the previous part of the sentence. ...The gifts were only half effective; she became more affectionate, more trusting - and that's all; so he decided on a last resort. M. Lermontov, Hero of our time.
Particle “and that’s all (here)”used at the end of a sentence (or part of a complex sentence) to indicate the simplicity or sufficiency of what is being communicated, the absence of something more in it (the same as “that’s all”), as well as (including in the form “and that’s all” ) on the categorical nature of the statement. The particle “and that’s it (here)” is preceded by a comma, or less often a dash.Lenka used to pick up the phone and, without saying hello, rudely ask: “Who do you want?” - “Linden tree” - “We don’t have one like that!” - “How is it not?” - "No, and that's all!» V. Astafiev, Sad detective.
Particle "but only"(at the end of a sentence) is separated by a comma (less often a dash) from the previous part of the statement.Andrei was affectionate with her, called her little blood, at first they didn’t even thinkabout the kids, just living next to each other, enjoying their closeness, but only. V. Rasputin, Live and Remember.
Particle “so there/here it is» is isolated or issued as a separate proposal. There are no punctuation marks between the parts of the combination “so there / that’s it.” Oh, so that's it! Have you decided that everything will be the same - Satanidi, meanness, jokes? B. Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago.
Particle “that’s how it is”, means tabout the same as “true” (with subsequent opposition). After the particle, a punctuation mark is placed before the adversative conjunction, usually a comma.That's how it is, but What do this huge number of people have in common? B. Akunin. Extracurricular reading. But doubts also came: that's how it is, yes not quite like that.
Particle "anyway"(can also act as adverbial expression)consumed when transmitting someone else's speech. Identified by punctuation marks, usually commas.At first glance, it would seem that nothing could be easier - they openly talked face to face: anyway, they say, let everyone go their own way, let everyone arrange their own lives.Ch. Aitmatov, Mother's Field.
As an adverbial expression, it does not require punctuation.“If there is one, I’ll tell her anyway I won’t give it back,” said Sima.V. Rasputin, Farewell to Matera.I myself am barely alive... And they anyway perish.V. Shishkov, Peypus-lake.
Particle “so be it” usuallystands apart. She ate with a somewhat guilty look, as if it were more proper for a woman not to eat at all, but if she had to occasionally, then she, so be it, will bite a little. F. Iskander, Chik honors customs.
Particle "what, how" (at the beginning of an interrogative sentence) expresses concern; the same as “what if”, “suddenly”. Not separated by a comma from subsequent words. The word “how” is usually preceded by a comma.I kept thinking: what, how Will it be like this in life?V. Kaverin, Open book.Awhat how was he captured there by the Germans?V. Kataev, Son of the Regiment.And suddenly it hit my head: “ What, how is there trouble?» B. Zhitkov, Mechanic Salerno.
The following particles are also usually isolated or formulated as a separate sentence:and look, and no, they say, how is he/her/you/you/them there, don’t tell me, isn’t it, for the sake of God/Christ/all that is holy, that’s how (it) is, just know that, but no, or what, it’s your/your business.
Before combining particles "Where" with an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree with the meaning (colloquial) “incomparably, much, significantly,” a comma is not placed. She Where kinder than your husband. Last option Where better. It was in those days Where more of a matriculation certificate than a "matriculation certificate". He felt Where better. He's much smarter. In the village Where better than in the city.
Particle "where how"(the same as “very”) also does not require punctuation. If Vyazemsky had been healthy, it would have been dangerous to hide the noblewoman from him, but to hand her over wherever profitable.A. Tolstoy, Prince Silver.These ancient Herods wherever fight healthy.A. Ertel, Gardenins.The village is worth it wherever comfortable...V. Rasputin, Live and Remember.The main thing was that the atmosphere was very wherever not greenhouse.V. Astafiev, Sighting staff.
From the author: “...solid steppe, dirt and nothing more”. It is known that the conjunction “yes and” can introduce a separate adjunctive phrase, but then there would be another phrase, like: “... continuous steppe, mud, and puddles all around.” The phrase is “and there are puddles all around.”
We only add the word “only”. What is its syntactic function? Thanks to “Gramote.ru” - in the reference book on this portal it is determined that “yes and only” is a particle placed at the end of a sentence or part of a complex sentence to indicate constancy, persistence in some action or limitation of action by something, and also to emphasize the categorical nature of the statement. Separated by comma(less often a dash) from the previous part of the sentence.
So, put a comma: “...solid steppe, dirt, and that’s all”.
But only
A similar approach, by the way, to “and only”: also a particle, also at the end of a sentence and also separated by a comma or dash. The meaning is “and nothing more.” Example - from the reference book “Certificates”: “He was a merchant, a tax farmer - and nothing more”. We encountered: “Enough for business or home cinema, that’s all”.
Let us immediately note that if after “and only” the sentence continues, then this is a completely different story, they are acting there.
And not only
And in addition to “(yes) and only”, it’s better to take what seems to be the same, but burdened with negation: “and not only.” And the same position - at the end of the sentence. As in the title of this article. Please note: there is no comma. And why? But because here it is not assumed that the statement is “categorical”, but the possible continuation of a series of homogeneous members.
For example: “Yes and only”, “and only” and not only these particles - homogeneous members“yes and only”, “and only” and “particles”. There is a definition for “particles”: particles which? not only these. Just in in this case the design is incomplete. But the continuation of the phrase is possible, whereas with “(yes) and only” it is impossible.
Compare: “with its help you can contact parents and more”(and not only with parents, you can also contact other family members) - “with its help you can contact your parents, and that’s all”(no contact with anyone except parents).
More examples: “Apple compote and more”, “The problem is social and not only”.
❗️ It must be borne in mind that with “and not only” real connecting turns are possible when separation is needed. For example: “The form is recorded in Russian language dictionaries, and not only modern ones”, "You can use this verb form, and not only in poetry", “Soda is widely used, and not only in everyday life”.
Let's continue to look at difficult cases of punctuation and more. Also spelling. :-)