Institute of Developmental Biology. Theoretical significance and problems of developmental biology

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Institute of Developmental Biology (IBR named after N.K. Koltsov RAS) is a research institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Located in Moscow. It was founded in 1917 as the Institute of Experimental Biology. The idea of ​​creating the institute, its organization, as well as its leadership for more than 20 years are associated with the name of N.K. Koltsov, an outstanding Russian biologist, founder of many scientific directions that determined the face of experimental biology in the first half of the 20th century. The main organizational idea of ​​N.K. Koltsov was to create a multidisciplinary institute that studies life phenomena using experimental approaches. This brought together specialists working in various fields of biology - genetics, cytology, developmental mechanics and physiology, and using a variety of methods and research objects. The institute has established a school of geneticists and cytologists, which has gained worldwide fame. In particular, B. L. Astaurov, A. S. Serebrovsky, N. V. Timofeev-Resovsky, N. K. Belyaev, P. F. Rokitsky, S. N. worked in the department of genetics, headed by S. S. Chetverikov. Gershenzon. The department of mechanics (physiology) of development was headed by D. P. Filatov, and the department of tissue culture was headed initially by A. V. Rumyantsev, then by G. K. Khrushchov, and after transformation into the department of cell physiology - by B. V. Kedrovsky. The Department of Physical and Chemical Biology was headed by S. N. Skadovsky, the Department of Karyology by P. V. Zhivago, and the Department of Protist Genetics by G. V. Epstein.

However, despite the impressive scientific achievements of the Institute of Experimental Biology and its prestige at home and abroad, its history was complex and dramatic. In 1938, it was transferred from the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR to the USSR Academy of Sciences, reorganized and renamed the Institute of Cytology, Histology and Embryology. A year later, N.K. Koltsov was relieved of his position as director and died suddenly in December 1940. Ten years later, there was another turn in the fate of the institute - as a result of the merger of the Institute of Cytology, Histology and Embryology of the USSR Academy of Sciences with the Institute of Evolutionary Morphology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Animal Morphology named after. A. N. Severtsova. Despite numerous difficulties, the idea of ​​​​rebuilding the Koltsov Institute was alive among experimental biologists, and in 1967, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, on the initiative of B. L. Astaurov, decided to divide the Institute of Animal Morphology into the Institute of Developmental Biology, which was headed by B. L. Astaurov. Its director defined the main tasks of the new institute as “cognition causal connections and patterns of individual development of the animal body at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organismal levels, the development of methods for controlling the processes of reproduction, growth and morphogenesis.” The priority areas included research into the main stages of implementing genetic information. At the same time, new directions have appeared in the IDB related to the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of ontogenesis and mechanisms of genetic control of development processes, new approaches to problems cell biology and to the analysis of physiological processes. The institute's staff made many discoveries that are fundamentally important for developmental biology.

Now the institute has 20 laboratories, which, in accordance with a long-established tradition, are united in several areas: embryological, cytological, molecular biological, genetic and physiological. One of the oldest divisions of the institute is the Kropotovskaya biological station, organized in 1927. Physiologists are actively working here, studying the features of the formation of behavior and the mechanisms of regulation of physiological functions in ontogenesis. These studies are carried out on insects, mollusks, amphibians, using methods of electrophysiology, cytochemistry and molecular biology. The IDB has created the Center for Cell Technologies, which focuses on research on various problems of cell biology, including stem cell biology; organized jointly with the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University Educational and scientific center in developmental biology; Regular Schools in Developmental Biology have been resumed, and the influx of graduate students and young researchers has increased significantly.

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Institute of Developmental Biology named after. N.K. Koltsova RAS- research institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Full name - Federal State state-financed organization Science Institute of Developmental Biology named after. N. K. Koltsova Russian Academy Sci.

The scientific activities of the institute began in 1917, when the Institute of Experimental Biology was organized. The initiator of the creation of the institute was the Russian biologist N.K. Koltsov. He was also the director of the institute for 22 years, from 1917 to 1939. Already in the 1930s, the institute established its own school of cytologists and geneticists, which became world famous. In 1938, the institute became part of the USSR Academy of Sciences and was renamed the Institute of Cytology, Histology and Embryology.

In 1939, the institute was persecuting the director N. Koltsov, who at the party meeting was accused of far-fetched sins by all the speakers. Komsomol organizer Joseph Abramovich Rapoport stood up in defense, saying that the accusations were far-fetched, and the institute should be named after N. Koltsov. For this speech, the next day the district committee removed Komsomol organizer I. Rapoport from his post, and N. Koltsov was nevertheless removed from the post of director. (Only half a century later they followed I. Rapoport’s idea.)

Currently, the main directions of scientific activity of the Institute are: research of molecular and genetic mechanisms of regulation of embryonic development and cell differentiation; mechanisms of regulation of physiological functions in ontogenesis; ecological and evolutionary problems of ontogenesis. Work on the genetics and ontogenesis of plants also continues. Cooperation continues with the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University and other scientific institutions.

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Literature

• Detlaf T. A. Institute of Experimental Biology (Russian) // Ontogenesis. - 1988. - T. 19, No. 1. - pp. 94-112.
• Babkov V.V. Moscow School of Evolutionary Genetics. - Moscow: Science, 1985. - 216 p.

Notes

Links

• Biological institutes // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.

An excerpt characterizing the Institute of Developmental Biology named after N.K. Koltsov RAS

Magdalena withdrew for a while with her young daughter into the caves, wanting to be away from any fuss, seeking peace with all her aching soul...

Mourning Magdalene in the caves...

“Show it to me, North!” I asked, unable to bear it. - Show me Magdalene, please...
To my greatest surprise, instead of harsh stone caves, I saw a gentle, blue sea, on the sandy shore of which a woman stood. I immediately recognized her - it was Mary Magdalene... Radomir’s only love, his wife, the mother of his wonderful children... and his widow.
She stood straight and proud, unbending and strong... And only on her clear, thin face lived a burning, hidden pain... She was still very similar to that wondrous, bright girl whom the North once showed me... only now her funny, sweet face was already darkened by real, “adult” sadness... Magdalena was beautiful with that warm and gentle feminine beauty that equally amazed both young and old, forcing them to honor her, stay with her, serve her, and love her , how can one love only a dream that suddenly became embodied in a person.... She stood very calmly, intently peering somewhere into the distance, as if expecting something. And next to her, tenaciously hugging her knees, huddled a tiny girl - the second little Magdalene!.. She looked amazingly like her mother - the same long golden hair... the same radiant Blue eyes... and the same funny, cheerful dimples on gentle smiling cheeks. The girl was amazingly pretty and funny. But the mother seemed so sad that the baby did not dare to disturb her, but only stood quietly, huddled closely, as if she was waiting for this strange, incomprehensible mother’s sadness to pass... A gentle breeze lazily played in the golden strands long hair Magdalene, from time to time running over her tender cheeks, carefully touching them with a warm sea breeze... She stood frozen, like a statue, and only tense anticipation was clearly visible in her sad eyes... Suddenly, very far away on the horizon, a white, fluffy dot appeared, slowly turning into distant sails. Magdalena immediately transformed and came to life, hugging her daughter tightly to her, and said as cheerfully as possible: