The economy of Argentina is brief. Abstract: Economic and geographical characteristics of Argentina. Why do they raise cattle in Argentina?

Argentina today belongs to the newly industrialized countries. The structure of the country's economy is represented by developed various industries. The cost of industrial products is significantly higher. RVDku.

Industry. Argentina in the past consisted of industries that were associated with the processing of agricultural raw materials: meat, flour-grinding, oil, leather, wine-making, etc. Today they produce vehicles (cars, rolling stock railways), agricultural machinery and equipment for the food industry, electrical

electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, textiles. Foreign capital almost completely controls the automotive, chemical and petrochemical, pharmaceutical, tobacco industries, construction

The country is characterized by the predominance of large land ownership - latifundism. A significant part of the country's economy is export-oriented

Industry

Argentina produces its own oil (27 million tons), almost 2 billion m3 of gas and about 1 million tons of coal. Placement of most of the territory. Argentina's tropical and subtropical climate zones have a positive impact on its energy supply and does not require the use of large volumes of fuel and energy resources. But our own fuel is still not enough. Argentina is forced to import oil from. Venezuela, vug illa from. South. Africa and. Australia. The basis of the electric power industry is. TPP and. Hydroelectric power plants that produce almost the same amount of electricity (together 95%) are 5% of the generated. NPP. Argentina was the first country. Latin. America, which began to build. The NPP did not abandon the further development of nuclear energy.

The metallurgical industry is the basis for the development of mechanical engineering and transport and covers ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy operates on its own iron, imported manganese ore and coking coal. Non-ferrous metallurgy covers, first of all, the lead-zinc industry, as well as aluminum smelting with imported bauxite. Brazil. The located enterprises of the metallurgical industry are in. Buenos Aires and neighboring cities.

Argentina stands out among other countries. Latin. America has an extensive mechanical engineering industry. Well-developed transport, agricultural engineering, electrical engineering and machine tool industries will be developed by marine shipbuilding and the production of equipment for the food industry. In recent years, aircraft manufacturing has been developing.

In Argentina, the chemical industry is developing, which is of exclusively local importance. There are petrochemical enterprises, including the production of tires, chemical fibers, plastics and products made from them, household chemicals and the paint and varnish industry. The production of nitrogen fertilizers is associated with ferrous metallurgy. But most of the mineral fertilizers. Argentina imports.

The state is developing timber harvesting and mechanical processing, including the production of plywood, carpentry and building materials, furniture, pulp, paper and cardboard

The structure of light industry is dominated by the textile and leather and footwear industries, which use their own raw materials. The textile industry produces wool, cotton and linen fabrics, and knitting production is developing. Argentina is one of the largest in. South. American shoe manufacturer.

. Food industry- a highly specialized area, largely oriented towards the global market. In the structure of the food industry, the flour milling industry stands out, therefore, together with grain. Argentina exports so much flour. Oil, wine, tea and meat industries have developed, the products of which are exported. Moreover, in the meat industry. Argentina specializes in the production of beef, which is also exported. The sugar, fruit and vegetable canning and fishing industries are oriented to the local market.

Agriculture

Argentina has a relatively well-developed agriculture sector, dominated by livestock farming, but the main industry is crop production

. In the structure of sown areas. In Argentina, the leading place is occupied by grain crops., under which more than 1/2 of all crops are occupied. Gross grain harvests reach 27 million tons and allow. Argentina can satisfy not only its own grain needs, but also export a significant part of it. The main grain crops are wheat (10 million tons) and corn (10 million tons). Barley is also grown, and buckwheat and leguminous crops are planted.

Industrial crops occupy an important place in the structure of crops, primarily cotton, sunflower, soybeans, tea is grown in the north, sugar beets are grown in the central regions, and fiber flax is grown. In Argentina, horticulture is well developed, in the north there is viticulture, and in the suburban areas of large cities there is vegetable growing.

In the structure of livestock farming, the leading industry is the raising of cattle; it has a clearly defined specialization in raising bulls for meat production and cows for milk production, and the meat direction predominates. Cattle breeding is concentrated in the northeast. Argentinians.

The second industry is sheep breeding, the population of which is more than 35 million heads. Sheep farming has a meat and wool area of specialization and is developing in the northwestern, western and southern regions of the country. Poultry and pig farming are of local importance, horse breeding is developing, fishing is developing well on the coast and a fish and fish canning complex is being formed.

Transport

In Argentina, a clearly defined radial configuration of the transport network has developed with the center in. Buenos Aires. Roads and road transport occupy the leading place in domestic transportation. Length of railways - 34 thousand km, length highways- 215 thousand km, of which 64 thousand km are paved. The importance of pipeline transport is increasing.

Inland water transport does not play a big role. Maritime transport prevails in external relations

Foreign economic relations

Economy. Argentina is largely connected with the economies of other countries of the world; it depends on the sale of its products on the world market, on the import of many goods from other countries, especially developed ones. The leading place in exports is occupied by agricultural and food industry products, in particular grain, flour, butter, meat and meat products, dairy products, animal cheese and butter, wool, leather. Argentina exports cars and agricultural equipment.

In import. Argentina is dominated by machinery and equipment, oil, coal, non-ferrous metals, chemical products and consumer goods. Main trading partners. Argentina are. Braz ziliya,. USA,. Japan,. Australia and countries. Western. Europe.

Historical reference

For a long historical period, this country was a colony of Spain. Only at the beginning of the 19th century did it gain independence. And literally in a matter of decades, Argentina's agriculture reached a high level of development. This process is directly related to the processes that took place in the world. With the advent of steamships, the country's connection with Europe and North America became more reliable. The world capitalist economy required large volumes of food - in developed countries industry was intensively developing and the area under cultivation for main agricultural crops was decreasing.

Geographical position

Argentina is located in the southern hemisphere globe. Its territory includes huge areas of fertile land. Diverse climatic conditions allow the cultivation of various types of agricultural plants. The characteristics of agriculture are very diverse. The vast expanses of steppe, called pampa, are best suited for growing grain and oilseed crops. And right there are areas where they are cultivated tropical plants. These conditions create a powerful food supply for livestock farming.

Features of the agro-industrial complex

Thanks to its favorable climate, Argentina's agriculture provides food not only for its own population, but also exports a significant part of it. According to statistics, per capita meat consumption here is the same as in the United States or the European Union. However, this figure should not hide the problems that exist in this industry. For many years, labor productivity in agriculture has remained significantly lower than in developed countries. The main reason for this situation lies in outdated socio-economic relations.

Legacy of the past

From the moment the territory of the current state became subject to the Spanish crown, people appeared here who took possession of large plots of land - latifundia. And this system of relations has survived to this day. More than ¾ of the total land fund belongs to latifundists. They do not always manage their plots effectively. Argentina's agriculture cannot develop due to the fact that a large part of these private holdings is simply not cultivated. At the same time, the growth of small farms is being hampered.

Prospects for the development of the agro-industrial complex

Argentine agriculture specializes in the production of commercial grain and meat. This mechanism developed under the influence of the natural and climatic environment and the demands of the external market. Livestock farming occupies a leading place in the agro-industrial complex. As the Argentines themselves say, meat is the national food. As for crop production, the traditional orientation is maintained in this sector. The main grain crop cultivated here is wheat. In second place is corn. In addition, flax and sunflower are grown on an industrial scale.

Industry. Argentina in the past consisted of industries that were associated with the processing of agricultural raw materials: meat, flour-grinding, oil, leather, wine-making, etc. Today, they produce vehicles (cars, railway rolling stock), agricultural machinery and equipment for the food industry, electro-

electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, textiles. Foreign capital almost completely controls the automotive, chemical and petrochemical, pharmaceutical, tobacco industries, construction

The country is characterized by the predominance of large land ownership - latifundism. A significant part of the country's economy is export-oriented

Industry

The state is developing timber harvesting and mechanical processing, including the production of plywood, carpentry and building materials, furniture, pulp, paper and cardboard.

Agriculture

Argentina has a relatively well-developed agriculture sector, dominated by livestock farming, but the main industry is crop production

Transport

In Argentina, a clearly defined radial configuration of the transport network has developed with the center in. Buenos Aires. Roads and road transport occupy the leading place in domestic transportation. The length of railways is 34 thousand km, the length of highways is 215 thousand km, of which 64 thousand km are paved. The importance of pipeline transport is increasing.

Inland water transport does not play a big role. Maritime transport prevails in external relations

Foreign economic relations

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

TOLYATTI SOCIO-ECONOMIC COLLEGE

According to economic and social geography peace

On the topic: “ECONOMIC-GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Argentina has an advantageous economic position because:

1) It has extensive access to the ocean, thus it has the opportunity to develop foreign economic relations with other countries thanks to maritime transport.

2) The country has extensive land borders with neighboring states, with which it can conduct profitable trade relations.

1.2. Political-geographical location.

The political and geographical position of Argentina is, in principle, advantageous, since it has few borders with slightly developed countries, and the country has a water border in the East. Argentina is far from the hot spots of the world.

2. Natural resources and conditions.

Forests in Argentina cover 12% of the land fund. The vegetation of Argentina is very diverse: from tropical forests to semi-deserts in Patagonia and Puna. The most valuable are the coniferous forests of Mesopotamia and the humid Andes, as well as the Quebracho forests in the Chaco.

Subtropical forests with a diverse species composition grow in northern Mesopotamia. Here you can find araucaria, sedro, and lapacho, which have valuable wood. To the south, shrubby vegetation predominates; wetlands are covered with reeds, reeds, water lilies, and elevated and dry areas are covered with meadows with rich grass cover. There are sparse forests of acacias, mimosa, ostrich trees, and palm groves along the river banks.

Towards the south there are more open grassy areas; the southern part of the province of Entre Rios is a grass prairie and represents a transitional area to the Pampa.

Dry Pampa is characterized by low-growing trees, thorny bushes, and tough grasses. Similar vegetation is common in the arid west, in the intermountain basins.

The fauna of Argentina, although not as rich and diverse as in other countries Latin America, but has many rare species. These include the Pampas deer, Pampas cat, and Magellanic dog. Almost all of these animals live in the Andes and their foothills, as well as in the sparsely populated region of Patagonia. The relict spectacled bear is found in Pune.

The puma is common in the open semi-desert spaces of Patagonia and the savannas of Chaco. There are many rodents and armadillos in open spaces. In Chaco, Mesopotamia, and Patagonia, nutria and otters are widespread.

According to the structure of the surface, the country can be divided into two halves: flat - northern and eastern, elevated - western and southern.

Along the entire western border of Argentina stretch the mighty Andes, raised mainly during the Alpine orogeny. They are distinguished by the complexity and diversity of their geological structure.

In the northwest, between the northern border of the country and 28°S. sh., at an altitude of 3000-4000 m lies a vast closed volcanic plateau - Pune. The mountains that frame Pune from the east rise to 6500 m and end with majestic snow-capped peaks - nevados. South of 28° the Andes narrow sharply. They reach their greatest heights in the central part (between 32 and 37° S), where Alpine pointed relief forms predominate. The highest peaks of South America, crowned with powerful snow caps, rise here: Aconcagua (6960 m), Tupungato, Mercedario.

3. Population.

The population of Argentina is about 32.4 million people (1991) - these are Argentines, mainly immigrants from Spain, Italy, and Central countries. Europe. But still, the overwhelming majority of Argentina's population is made up of Spanish-speaking Argentines. According to local laws, persons born in Argentina, regardless of the nationality of their parents, belong to the Argentine nation. On about. Tierra del Fuego preserved small groups (several dozen people) of Fuegians. Near the borders with Bolivia and Chile live mestizos who have preserved the Quechua language. Along the border with Paraguay live semi-nomadic Indian tribes of the Tupi-Guarani, Mataco-Mataguayo, Guaicuru and others linguistic families. Official language- Spanish. The dominant religion is Catholic.

Population growth for 1970-1996 was 1.5% on average per year. The economically active population is 9.4 million people (1976), including 36% in industry, 15% in agriculture, and 9% in transport. Persons of wage labor make up 72% of the economically active population (1971). 39% of the total number of people employed in industry is concentrated in handicraft production. In 1997, the unemployed made up 5% of the economically active population.

The average population density is over 9 people per 1 km 2 (1976). It is concentrated mainly in the central and northern parts of the country, especially in the river basin. Paraná, where the average density is about 11 people per 1 km 2. Only 3% of the population lives in the south (0.7 people per 1 km 2). The highest density is in the Buenos Aires region, within a radius of approximately 600 km (over 100 people per 1 km 2).

The level of urbanization is very high (86%), while a third of the country's population lives in the capital alone. Buenos Aires is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world. Rosario, Cordoba, Mendoza, and La Plata are also major cities. Immigration played a large role in urban growth; after its cessation, this growth was due to internal migration - the flight of peasants to the cities.

The share of the urban population in 1950 was 64%, in 1960 - 68%, 1970 - 75%, in 1976 - 83.2%. According to the 1970 census, there were 15 cities with a population of St. 100 thousand people Large cities (thousands/inhabitants, 1975): Buenos Aires (with suburbs, 8435), Rosario (807), Cordoba (790), Mendoza (471), La Plata (479).

European immigration determined the rapid growth of the country's population from the second half of the 19th century. It was most numerous at the end of the 19th - first quarter of the 20th centuries: during this period over 100 thousand people entered Argentina annually. The factor of external migration was decisive in the dynamics of the population, and its growth rate - 3.5% per year - was the highest in the history of the country. With a decrease in immigration, they dropped between the first and second world wars to 2.1%, and by the mid-60s to 1.4%.

European immigration to Argentina almost ceased after the global economic crisis of 1929-1933. economic difficulties in the country caused restrictions on the entry of immigrants.

The age structure of Argentina's population has always been characterized by a higher proportion of able-bodied residents, which was determined by the composition of immigrants, among whom able-bodied people predominated. The reduction in population growth rates is also reflected in the dynamics of its age structure, which is changing towards a decrease in the proportion of young ages and an increase in older ones. Children under 14 years old made up 30% of the population in 1960, in 1975 - 28%, and the elderly (over 65 years old) - 5.5 and 8%, respectively. Average life expectancy increased from the mid-50s to the late 70s for men - from 60 to 65 years, for women - from 65 to 71 years.

Argentines, having absorbed the traditions of many peoples, created their own culture. Gauchos, translated from the Indian language as “wanderers,” have become a unique symbol of the country. Gauchos never leave their guitars, and their songs are sung by the whole country. Argentines are generally very musical people. Argentine music is known all over the world. The country even has a national holiday - Tango Day.

4. general characteristics farms.

Argentina is one of the most economically developed countries in Latin America with a relatively diverse economic structure, with a significant excess in the cost of industrial products over agricultural products.

Argentina is a typical example of a country whose economic development was determined mainly by the needs of the world capitalist economy. In the international division of labor, from the very beginning it was assigned the role of producer of agricultural products. The rapid economic development of Argentina since the second half of the 19th century. was determined by such factors as the demand for agricultural products on the world (primarily European) market, the presence of vast fertile plains of the Pampa and its relatively convenient geographical location in relation to the European market, European immigration, which gave sparsely populated Argentina workers, without which economic development would have been impossible development of its territory.

In the economic development of Argentina in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. two main trends emerged: on the one hand, rapid growth, which put it among the most economically developed countries in Latin America, on the other, increasing economic dependence, turning it into a commercial and financial semi-colony of British capital. The consequences of this leave their mark on the modern structure of the economy.

The Argentine economy has acquired a pronounced export character. The main direction of the country's economic development in the last quarter of the 19th - early 20th centuries. was the production of agricultural products for the world market. By the end of the 19th century. its position in the world market as a supplier of meat, grain, and wool was determined. By the beginning of the First World War, Argentina ranked first in the world in the export of beef, flaxseed, and Quebracho extract, and second in the export of wheat, rye, and wool.

The sectoral structure of the economy had one-sided specialization and was purely agricultural in nature. In industry, the main developments were those related to the processing of agricultural raw materials: food processing (especially meat-processing, flour-grinding, and sugar), leather, and textiles. They were also largely oriented towards the foreign market.

The subordination of the Argentine economy to the foreign market and foreign capital had a decisive influence on the location of the economy. Pampa became the main area for the production of export agricultural products, and industry was also concentrated here. As a result, in Argentina the location of the economy has acquired specific features: a significant part of the country's economic potential is concentrated within a radius of 600 km around Buenos Aires.

The public sector received noticeable development after the Second World War. Its formation took place both through the nationalization of enterprises of foreign capital with the payment of compensation (for example, railways were nationalized), and through the state construction of new enterprises and the creation of state-owned companies. State-owned companies fully control railroads and highways, coal and natural gas production, a significant portion of oil production, and electricity generation. However, a characteristic feature of Argentina's public sector development is the intervention of foreign capital; One of the forms of such intervention is the creation of mixed companies, where, along with state capital, foreign capital also participates.

The position of foreign capital in the country changed over the years depending on the political course of successive governments. The military junta that came to power in 1976 announced the abolition of previously adopted restrictions on foreign investment and the attraction of foreign capital to the country. The leading positions (more than half of foreign capital investments) are occupied by North American monopolies, which have pushed aside British capital, which had dominated here for a long time. Since the mid-60s, the penetration of capital from France, Germany, Italy, and Japan into the Argentine economy has increased, and it is directed mainly to industry. Quite strong local monopolistic groups have also emerged in the country.

Modern Argentina is characterized by an unstable economic situation, a long-term structural and economic crisis, and low rates of economic development (one of the lowest rates in Latin America), which leads to a widening gap between Argentina and highly developed capitalist countries. However, in Latin America, Argentina stands out relatively high level economic development.

5. Industry.

Modern Argentina has become a large industrial country, one of the most economically developed countries in Latin America. In terms of GDP per capita, degree of urbanization, population literacy, level of workforce qualifications, and nutrition standards, the country is one of the leaders among developing countries.

The location of Argentine industry is characterized by high territorial concentration; more than half of industrial production is produced in Greater Buenos Aires. The lion's share of heavy industry is concentrated in the lower reaches of the Paraná, in the industrial belt between Buenos Aires and Santa Fe.

5.1. Fuel and energy industry.

Electrical power is one of the fastest growing sectors of Argentine industry.

Argentina's energy sector is based primarily on oil and gas fuels, with an increasing role for hydro and nuclear energy. In terms of energy production per capita, Argentina is ahead of other Latin American countries.

The presence of our own oil and gas fields has led to a certain shift in electricity generation, mainly at thermal power plants (3 /4 production). The use of hydropower and nuclear energy is growing. For the development of the latter, Argentina has both a raw material base and a developed R&D system. The country became the first in the region to use nuclear energy from its own uranium (the first nuclear power plant was built in 1974). The share of electricity produced at nuclear power plants is 13% of total production.

But still, the basis of the Argentine power industry is thermal power plants - over 80% of electricity production. They have, as a rule, small power and are concentrated mainly in Pampa. One of the main difficulties of the Argentine electricity industry is that fuel and energy resources are concentrated in the south and north of the country, and the main centers of electricity consumption are located in the coastal region. The shortage of electricity is experienced primarily in the most industrially developed region of Pampa, and especially in Buenos Aires.

The leading position in the electric power industry is occupied by two state-owned companies - Agua y Energia Electrika (AEE) and Serviso Electricos del Gran Buenos Aires (SEGBA). The first company serves the interior of the country, the second - mainly Buenos Aires.

5.2. Mining industry.

Oil reserves are estimated at 500 million tons. Most of the oil production is carried out by the state company Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales (YAPF). Foreign companies also produce oil under contracts with YAPF (American Esso, Anglo-Dutch Shell). In 1980, 25 million tons of oil were produced in the country. The main mining areas are the provinces of Mendoza, Santa Cruz, Chubut, Rio Negro, Neuquen, and the island of Tierra del Fuego.

Due to a significant increase in gas production, Argentina is turning from an importer into an exporter. Gas pipelines are being built to transfer gas to Brazil and Uruguay.

Argentina has a fairly developed oil refining industry. The largest oil refineries are located in La Plata and Campana. They are distinguished by a rather complex structure of their products, including a complex of production from crude oil refining to petrochemicals. The total capacity of oil refineries in the early 80s was 34 million tons. oil and natural gas in the Comodoro-Rivadavia region of Patagonia.

Coal mining has not received much development in Argentina, given its relatively small reserves and low quality. Coal is mined in the Rio Turbio region (400-600 thousand tons per year). Argentina imports a significant portion of its coal consumption. Pampa mineral resource base. Developed production of oil (3rd place in reserves in Argentina), natural gas (2nd place), tin (Jujuy province, the main reserves of the country), sulfur (Salta province), lead-zinc ores (El Aguilar deposit in the province Jujuy), iron ore (the Sapla deposit, the only one mined in Argentina).

5.3. Metallurgical industry.

Metallurgy is represented by the smelting of ferrous metals (in 1991, 1.4 million tons of cast iron and ferroalloys, 3.1 million tons of steel were produced), lead, zinc, aluminum, and tin.

Ferrous metallurgy mainly uses imported raw materials (only half of the needs are met through domestic production). Steel production (3 million tons, 1993) is three times higher than cast iron production.

In recent years, the industry has been modernized, new directions are being created (direct reduction of iron from ore, production of primary aluminum, etc.). Since 1990, production in the metallurgical industry has increased significantly (cast iron - 4 times, steel - more than 5 times), amounting to 0.3 and 1.3 million tons in 1997, respectively. Argentina ranks third in Latin America, for the smelting of iron and steel. Full-cycle metallurgy is represented by three state-owned enterprises: in San Nicolos, Ensenada, and Palpala (Jujuy province). Pipe metallurgy and rolling plants are located in the lower reaches of the Parana River, where a metallurgical belt has formed between Buenos Aires and Rosario; they are all owned by private companies. The largest centers are Villa Constitucion (steel smelting, seamless pipe production), Rosario, Campana.

The complexity of developing the raw material base limits the potential of metallurgy. A characteristic feature of the industry is the presence of numerous and relatively small enterprises focused on the import of intermediate products (scrap metal, coke, copper). They are concentrated in the coastal region, far from local sources of raw materials.

Non-ferrous metallurgy, despite the fact that the country has considerable reserves of raw materials, is poorly developed. Among its industries, the production of lead (Puerto Vilelas), zinc (Comodoro Rivadavia, Zarate, Rio Tercero) using its own raw materials stands out. With construction in 1974 One of the most powerful aluminum smelters in Latin America in Puerto Madryn marked the beginning of a significant aluminum industry. In connection with the discovery of large copper deposits (El Pachon), the development of the copper industry is promising.

5.4. Mechanical engineering industry.

Mechanical engineering is one of the young industries. Among the countries in the region, Argentina stands out for its relatively complex structure and fairly high level of production and especially high concentration compared to other industries.

The machine-building complex of Argentina produces a very diverse range of products. The production of agricultural machinery, equipment for the light and food industries, and many household goods has reached a significant level of development.

One of the main industries is the automotive industry. Enterprises in this industry were created with the active participation of foreign capital and produce cars (mainly cars) of European and American brands. The country ranks thirteenth in the world in terms of the number of cars per 100 inhabitants (1 car per 14 inhabitants). Car production (1996) -179.4 thousand.

National mechanical engineering provides 3 /4 internal needs. At the same time, new industries, such as electronics, began to develop in Argentina earlier than in other Latin American countries. However, certain modern industries (electronics, machine tool building, production of industrial robots) are not sufficiently represented. The issue of mastering imported technology is one of the most pressing for the mechanical engineering industry in Argentina.

The agricultural machinery industry in Argentina produces over 250 types of machines, and the country is in second place in the region in terms of the number of tractors produced (11.3 thousand, 1996).

Shipbuilding has developed, including the production of ocean, coastal, river, fishing and sports vessels.

The machine tool industry is developing. Argentina already exports some types of machine tools to neighboring Latin American countries.

The main centers of mechanical engineering in Argentina: Buenos Aires, San Nicolas, Tucuman, Cordoba, Rio Tercero, etc.

5.5. Chemical industry.

The chemical industry has been developing in Argentina for a relatively long time; the primary role in it was played by consumer industries: paints, perfumes, pharmaceuticals; production of technical oils.

Promising ones include the chemical and especially petrochemical industries, as there is a network of pipelines.

Petrochemical centers for the production of basic hydrocarbons have been created. There is an increasing tendency towards the country's self-sufficiency in the most important chemical and petrochemical products and the expansion of their exports. The foundation is being laid for the intensive development of fine chemistry and biotechnology.

The largest oil refineries are located in La Plata, Campana, Ensenada, Bahia Blanca and Zarate. They are distinguished by a rather complex structure of their products, including a complex of production from crude oil refining to petrochemicals. The total capacity of oil refineries in the early 80s was 34 million tons.

The rubber industry is developing rapidly, which is associated with growing demand for its products from the automotive industry. The main place in it is occupied by tire production, and only a small part is the production of rubber for the footwear industry.

Basic chemistry occupies a modest place; it includes the production of sulfuric acid, as well as mineral fertilizers. Sulfuric acid is produced both from native sulfur and from waste from oil refining and non-ferrous metallurgy. Nitrogen fertilizers are obtained from waste from the oil refining industry. In general, the production of mineral fertilizers is insignificantly developed.

In Argentina, pharmaceuticals are developed (using waste from the meat-packing industry), as well as the production of technical oils (tung, castor, linseed), tannins (quebracho tree extract is an excellent leather tanning agent).

Argentina's chemical imports account for 7%.

5.6. Forestry and woodworking industry.

The forestry and wood processing industries are becoming increasingly important in Argentina.

The total forest area is 70 million hectares (12% of the land fund), of which 60 million hectares are inaccessible for development. Argentina ranks third in Latin America in terms of timber reserves. The problem of raw materials is also solved by creating artificial forests. Of the deciduous species, the Quebracho tree is of great importance, used to obtain tanning extract (first place in the world). The most valuable are the coniferous forests of Mesopotamia and the humid Andes, as well as the Quebracho forests in the Chaco. Their exploitation is complicated by the fact that they are located in remote areas, so attempts are being made to plant artificial forests in the most populated area - Pampa.

The forest resources of Chaco are the most developed, but here, as a result of long-term predatory exploitation, there are acute issues of their serious protection and restoration.

The pulp and paper industry has existed in Argentina for a long time. In addition to forest resources, the raw materials for it are reed beds in the Paraná delta, as well as sugar cane bagasse. Currently, this is one of the fastest growing and promising industries in the country. Argentina is largely self-sufficient in pulp and paper and partially exports paper. The largest pulp and paper mills are located in Puerto Piray, Puerto Esperanza, and Zarate. New enterprises are being built mainly in Mesopotamia.

5.7. Light and food

The textile industry is one of the oldest and most well-developed industries. It is almost entirely based on its own raw materials. There is a large gap between the individual stages of production: the primary processing of raw materials gravitates towards its sources, while the final stages of production - weaving, finishing fabrics - are located in consumption centers. The most developed industries are wool, linen, and cotton.

One of the most typical and widespread branches of the Argentine industry throughout the country is the leather and footwear industry. It is associated with the development of livestock farming and a rich raw material base, in which the combination of raw hides with the production of tannin - kebrach extract - is especially valuable. There are many cottage industries in this industry. Argentina is one of the world's leading exporters of raw hides.

The food industry - traditionally the most developed industry - still retains its important role, despite the reduction in its share in the cost of industrial products. Closely linked to agricultural production, it is based on rich and varied raw materials. Feature Argentine food industry - its great export importance. Among the export industries, the meat-packing industry occupies a special place. In terms of the scale and level of development of this country-specific industry, Argentina stands out in the capitalist world. It is one of the world's largest producers (more than 1 million tons) and exporters (about 600 thousand tons) of meat, mainly beef.

The modern meat processing industry grew out of saladeros, i.e. salty, - first industrial enterprises Argentina processed livestock products that produced meat, leather and fat.

By the end XIX century A new type of enterprise arose - frigorific, which includes the process from the slaughter of livestock to the production of various meat products, mainly chilled beef, which becomes the main export item from Argentina. This was facilitated by the appearance of refrigerated steamers.

At a modern large meat-slaughtering enterprise, livestock is slaughtered, carcasses are cut, meat and various meat products, as well as by-products are produced. Technological processes are usually mechanized. They produce chilled beef and frozen meat, sausages, canned food, and bone meal. Ice cream and chilled meat are intended for export. To obtain chilled meat, lean cattle breeds raised on improved pastures are used; it has better taste compared to frozen meat, but its shelf life is shorter. Argentine chilled meat is in deserved demand on the world market. Most of the large, highly mechanized meat slaughterhouses are located in and near Buenos Aires (in La Plata, Zarate). In the port cities of Patagonia, slaughterhouses produce lamb. In addition to large meat packing plants, there are many small enterprises in the country working for the domestic market.

Of the food industry sectors, flour milling, oil milling, and production are of export importance. vegetable oils(sunflower, olive) and winemaking. Argentina ranks fourth in the capitalist world in wine production.

The following industries operate predominantly on the domestic market: sugar, fruits and vegetables, and canning. All of them focus on raw materials areas.

6. Agriculture.

Among the countries of Latin America, Argentina stands out for its relatively high level of agricultural development, its relatively small share in the value of GDP (12%), and a fairly diverse structure of agricultural production. It almost completely satisfies its food needs and is one of the leading exporters to the world market.

The agrarian system is characterized by a complex interweaving of various social forms and types of agriculture. The basis of agrarian relations is the dominance of large landownership - latifundism. This system was transferred here from feudal Spain: the Spanish colonialists divided huge tracts of land among themselves. Landowners received the right of inalienability of their possessions: after the death of the owner, the entire estate passed to his eldest son and was thus preserved intact. This land tenure system discouraged the emergence of small independent farmers. The system of large land ownership that emerged during the colonial period left its mark on the entire process of socio-economic development in Argentina. Landowners-latifundists became the main economic and political force in the country. Latifundism continues to be the main brake on the growth of agricultural production.

The agrotechnical level of Argentine agriculture is quite low; a manifestation of this is the low yield of main agricultural crops and low livestock productivity. Livestock farming is based on natural pastures. Long-term use of the same pastures leads to their depletion, and as a result, to a decrease in livestock productivity. Low rates of development of agricultural production cause the narrowness of the domestic market, which in turn hinders the economic development of the country as a whole.

Agricultural lands occupy 138 million hectares in the country, 1/5 of which is cultivated, the rest is meadows and pastures.

The predominant type of specialization of Argentine agriculture is commercial production of grain and meat. It was formed both under the influence of the external market and in accordance with the natural environment, which created the prerequisites for the development of these particular sectors of the economy. This type is most characteristic of the Pampa region.

6.1. Plant growing.

In crop production, the main place is occupied by old, traditional cultures export value - grains and oilseeds. The main grain crop is wheat. In terms of its collection (about 8 million tons in 1980) and export (more than 3 million tons in 1980), Argentina occupies one of the leading places in the world, although it is significantly inferior to the USA, Canada, Australia, and France. Wheat is cultivated in Pampa and is less common outside of it. The most common are durum and semi-hard wheat. The second most important grain crop is corn (harvest more than 6 million tons in 1980). Unlike wheat, which was brought here by the Spaniards, corn is a local crop and is grown almost everywhere, but its main area of distribution is Pampa, with its warm climate and sufficient moisture. Corn is used both as a food and feed crop. Other grains, rye, oats, and barley, have the same importance. Argentina stands out as a major exporter of coarse grains.

In addition to grain feed crops, crops of forage grasses are of great importance; alfalfa is the most common.

Industrial crops are in second place after grains in terms of the cost of crop production. Among them, oilseeds stand out - flax and sunflower, for the collection and export of which Argentina in some years ranks first or second in the world. They are also cultivated in Pampa. Other oilseeds include peanuts in the province of Cordoba, olive trees in the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan, and tung trees in Mesopotamia. Of the sugar-bearing crops, sugar cane predominates (in the north-west). Among the fiber crops, the most common is cotton, grown in the north, in the Chaco. In Mesopotamia, tea is cultivated and a special variety of it is Paraguayan tea (yerbamate).

Horticulture, vegetable growing, and viticulture occupy a significant place in Argentina's crop production.

Vegetable growing is represented by suburban farming, widespread near large cities, and, above all, near Buenos Aires, and specialized farms for growing certain types of vegetables in areas with the most favorable conditions for them.

Production of main agricultural crops (thousand tons)

6.2. Animal husbandry.

Livestock farming plays a leading role in the country's agriculture; its main industry is cattle breeding, mainly for meat. Argentina ranks one of the first in the world in terms of cattle population.

The main cattle breeding area is Pampa. This is due to the better state of the food supply here. The natural pastures of Pampa, due to good moisture and mild climate, have a higher nutrient content. The main crops of forage grasses, mainly alfalfa, are also concentrated in Pampa. Dairy farming does not play a major role in Argentina. The main dairy breed is the Dutch-Argentine. Specialized areas of dairy farming have developed around Buenos Aires and in the southern part of the province of Santa Fe, in areas with sufficient moisture and good succulent feed

Sheep farming is the second major sector of Argentine livestock farming. Argentina is one of the leading sheep-breeding countries in the capitalist world in terms of sheep population (33 million heads in 1980) and wool shearing (about 200 thousand tons), it is inferior to Australia and New Zealand. Sheep farming in Argentina is widespread almost everywhere, but specialized areas are concentrated in Pampa and Patagonia. Meat-and-wool sheep farming predominates in Pampa.

Among other branches of livestock farming in Argentina, poultry farming is developed, and in mountainous areas - breeding horses and mules.

6.3. Fishing.

Fishing is developed in coastal waters and in the Parana and Uruguay rivers.

Despite Argentina's long coastline, seafood has never played a significant role in the Argentinean diet. In 1994, the total catch was 939 thousand tons; The main commercial fish species are silver hake and blue whiting.

7. Transport.

Argentina has a fairly dense transport network and has a significant volume of freight and passenger traffic. However, the structure of the transport network reflects the country's long-term dependence on the external market. Communication routes were built mainly by foreign monopolies during the development of the export economy in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Their main purpose was to ensure the export of agricultural products, so they were sent from inland agricultural areas to ports, primarily to the main port of Buenos Aires. As a result, Argentina has developed a clearly defined radial configuration of the transport network centered in Buenos Aires, for which it is often called a “fan country.”

In external transportation, the leading place is occupied by sea and air transport, in internal transport - by rail and road. At the same time, the latter is becoming increasingly important due to the relatively extensive network of highways, especially in the interior of the country.

7.1. Land.

The length of railways is 46 thousand km. Argentina ranks first in Latin America in terms of passenger traffic, but in terms of railway freight turnover it is significantly inferior to Brazil and Mexico. The main disadvantages of the Argentine railways are the variety of gauges, poor technical condition, and sharply uneven distribution throughout the country. In essence, only the Pampa region has a dense railway network. Argentina's entire railway network was nationalized after World War II and is owned by the state.

Most of Argentina's territory has flat terrain and is favorable for highway construction. The total length of highways is over 430 thousand km, of which 65 thousand are paved.

After the Second World War, pipeline transport developed intensively. Oil pipelines stretch from oil fields to the main centers of oil refining and consumption of petroleum products - Buenos Aires, La Plata, San Lorenzo. The main gas pipelines are Campo Duran - Buenos Aires, Pico Truncado - Buenos Aires.

7.2. Water.

Inland water transport does not play a big role; Shipping is developed mainly along the Parana and Uruguay rivers. In the lower reaches of the Paraná there are leading river ports, which also serve as the seaports of Rosario, San Nicolas, Santa Fe, and Villa Constitución.

Maritime transport plays a dominant role in external cargo transportation; it is also of considerable importance for internal connections between the coastal regions of the country, given the large length of its coastline. In terms of the size of its merchant and tanker fleet, Arginina is second only to Brazil in the region. Characterized by a high concentration of port activities in Buenos Aires, through which most of the country's foreign trade operations are carried out. The main seaports of the country: Buenos Aires, La Plata, Banya Blanca.

7.3. Air.

IN Lately Aviation plays a major role. Argentina has regular air connections with almost all countries in the Americas and many European countries. The civil air fleet has not only propeller-driven aircraft, but also jet aircraft. Air routes are serviced by national (mainly domestic airlines) and foreign companies. The largest airport in the world is Eseina (near Buenos Aires).

8. International economic relations.

In the international division of labor, Argentina acts primarily as an agricultural country, being one of the major suppliers of its agricultural products to the world market. It is one of the world's leading exporters of beef, grain, vegetable oils (especially flaxseed), wool, and hides. Since the mid-60s, exports of industrial goods have been increasing. Argentina's imports are dominated by industrial equipment and raw materials.

Argentina's main trading partner has long been Great Britain; V last decades its share in the country's trade turnover fell sharply. Now the leading role in Argentina's exports belongs to Italy - 17%, followed by England - 10%, the Netherlands - 13%; in imports - USA (23%), Brazil (11%), Germany (10%), Italy (10%). The share of Russian countries in Argentina's trade turnover is small. Latin American countries, which serve as the main buyers of its industrial goods, occupy an increasingly important place in Argentina's foreign trade. Argentina is a member of the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAST), which accounts for ¼ of the country's foreign trade turnover. Argentina's economic ties with Latin American countries are multifaceted: joint projects are being implemented in hydraulic engineering construction, scientific and technical research, mineral development, etc.

In 1997, the value of exports amounted to 1,464 million dollars, imports - 1,096 million dollars. Exports are of a distinctly agricultural nature; their main items are: meat, leather and hides, wool, wheat, corn, quebrachovy extract. Argentina imports machinery, industrial equipment and means of transport (45%), metals and metal products (12%), fuel and lubricating oils (7.5%), chemical products (7%), etc.

9. Economic and geographical differences.

Pampa (Pampa East and Pampa Occidental; provinces of Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Entre Rios, La Pampa and most of the province of Santa Fe) - leading agro-industrial region (80% of industrial production, 70% of the value of livestock and agricultural products, 87% livestock; 70% of the length of railways, 99% of port cargo turnover). Stand out:

Greater Buenos Aires, where half of the country's industrial enterprises are concentrated (large meat slaughterhouses, chemical, engineering, leather factories, textile and food factories, thermal power plants); an area of intensive gardening, the main supply base for dairy products, vegetables and fruits; wheat-alfalfa region - a wide semi-ring around the Western Pampa; corn region - between Buenos Aires and Santa Fe. The area adjacent to Rosario produces the highest corn yields. Oilseed flax is cultivated. Pasture farming is developed in the eastern part of the province of Buenos Aires.

The western region (provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, San Luis) occupies the Central Andes, the southern part of the Pampinsky Sierras and Precordillera region, a relatively economically developed region of Argentina. The main sectors of the economy are viticulture, winemaking, and the mining industry. The region is rich in minerals (lead, zinc, tungsten, beryllium, uranium are mined) and has diverse energy resources (oil - second in production in Argentina after Patagonia; hydro resources). In semi-desert conditions, viticulture and vegetable growing are carried out using artificial irrigation (water from the San Juan, Mendoza, Atuel, Diamante rivers). In addition, there is transhumance livestock farming. The manufacturing industry is based mainly on the processing of agricultural raw materials (canning). Heavy industry is represented by oil refining, the chemical industry, and the production of building materials.

The Northwestern region (provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, La Rioja, Tucuman) occupies the northern part of the Pampinsky Sierras and the Precordillera. The main supplier of sugar on the Argentine market. The main branch of the economy is the cultivation of sugar cane (Tucuman province), as well as tobacco, rice and subtropical fruit crops. Pampa mineral resource base. Developed production of oil (3rd place in reserves in Argentina), natural gas (2nd place), tin (Jujuy province, the main reserves of the country), sulfur (Salta province), lead-zinc ores (El Aguilar deposit in the province Jujuy), iron ore (the Sapla deposit, the only one mined in Argentina). The manufacturing industry is dominated by the processing of agricultural raw materials (sugar, tobacco, fruits, vegetables).

Chaco (the provinces of Formosa, Chaco, Santiago del Estero and the northern part of Santa Fe) occupies the plains of the Gran Chaco, one of the most backward regions of the country. Forestry has been developed (development of Quebracho wood, mainly for export). The main industry of the economy is cotton growing (over 90% of cotton crops in the country). The cotton ginning industry is developed (Resistencia).

Mesopotamia (provinces of Misiones and Corrientes) - agricultural district, the country's leading producer of subtropical crops and the only one in the production of yerba mate and tung oil, which are of great export importance. The northern part is one of the main logging and timber industry regions in Argentina. Agriculture and industry for processing agricultural raw materials are developed in the South.

Patagonia (provinces of Neuquen, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz, Chubut, territory of Tierra del Fuego) is a vast, sparsely populated area south of Rio Colorado; takes almost 1 /3 territory of Argentina. The main industry of the farm is sheep breeding for meat and wool. The meat industry (mutton production) and primary wool processing are developed. Export of wool (Puerto Deseado, Puerto Ma-drin, Santa Cruz). Agriculture is poorly developed. In the North there is fruit growing of export importance. There are developments of oil (2/3 of Argentina's production), coal, iron ore, and about half of the hydro resources are concentrated. The natural resources of the area have not yet been sufficiently studied. In the past, the area was a raw material appendage of Pampa. In connection with the decentralization of the economy, economic development programs assign a large role to the economic development of the region (development of hydropower, oil refining, chemical and petrochemical industries, metallurgy).

10. Environmental problems and ways to solve them.

The high concentration of industry in industrial centers causes aggravation of environmental problems. Buenos Aires, along with Sao Paulo and Mexico City, is one of the most polluted cities in Latin America. There is increasing pollution of both the air and the rivers - tributaries of La Plata, on which the city's industrial enterprises are located. Due to the fact that owners of industrial enterprises seek to avoid the costs of treatment facilities, waterways become catastrophically polluted, and this is all the more dangerous because they supply the city drinking water. The city authorities are making some attempts to solve environmental problems. Thus, in the early 80s, the so-called ecological belt of Buenos Aires, 23 km long, was created. It represents part of a projected large ecological belt 180 km long, which includes recreational parks and forest areas around Buenos Aires.

11. Recreational resources.

Despite the harsh climatic conditions of the region, Patagonia is one of the areas of vibrant tourism. The picturesque foothills of the Andes with deep canyons and dense forests that have preserved their original appearance, blue mountain lakes with ice domes sparkling in the sun, are distinguished by their unique flavor and unique charm. In guidebooks, this region is usually called Argentine Switzerland. In one of these beautiful corners, on the shores of Lake Nahuel Huapi, nestles the famous Argentine resort of San Carlos de Beriloche, a center of mountaineering and skiing.

Argentina also has a seriously developed culture. The largest museums in Argentina include the National Museum of Fine Arts (founded 1895), the National Historical Museum (founded 1889), the Miter Museum (founded 1907), the Argentine Museum natural sciences“Bernardino Rivadavia” (founded 1823), “Isaac Fernando Blanco” Museum of Spanish-American Art and the National Museum of Decorative Arts; they are all located in the capital. Mention should also be made of the Natural History Museum of La Plata and the wonderful Municipal Museum of Fine Arts in Rosario. Buenos Aires is home to the country's largest libraries - the National Library (founded 1810), which has approx. 700,000 books and manuscripts, and the Central Library "Juan José Montes de Oca" (founded 1863).

12. List of used literature

1. ” Argentina ” , “International Economic Relations”, Moscow, 1993

2 . Semenitsky S.A., encyclopedia “Countries of the World”, Smolensk, 2001.

3. “Economic geography of capitalist and developing countries”, Moscow University Publishing House, 1986.

4. V.P.Maksakovsky, textbook “ Economic and social geography of the world ”, edited by V.V. Volsky, Moscow, Education, 1990.

5. “Geographical atlas on economic and social geography of the world, grade 10 ” , “ Bustard ” & ” Publishing house DIK ”, 2001

6. “Big Encyclopedic Dictionary for Schoolchildren”, scientific publishing house “Big Russian Encyclopedia”, 1999.

7. R.A. Pimonov “Argentina”, publishing house “Mysl”, 1987 G.

8. World Wide Web Internet.

Economic and geographical location. 1

Table 1.-Administrative division. 1

Nature and its character traits. 1

Geological structure. 2

Inland waters. 4

Soils and vegetation. 5

Animal world. 6

Minerals . 6

Natural areas. 7

Historical Essay. 7

Population. 9

Economic and geographical resources of Argentina. eleven

Economy of Argentina. 12

Agriculture. 12

Industry. 14

Extractive industry. 14

Manufacturing industry. 15

Electric power industry. 17

Transport. 18

External economic relations. 19

Economic-geographical regions. 20

Culture and art.. 21

Literature. 22

Architecture and fine arts. 24

Art. 25

Music. 26

Drama Theater. 29

State structure.. 29

PROSPECTS... 34

Bibliography.. 36

Economic and geographical location.

Argentina occupies the southeastern part of South America, the eastern part of the island of Tierra del Fuego and nearby islands (for example, Estados). In the east it borders with Chile, and in the west it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Total area - 2,780,400 sq. km (1,073,518 sq. mi). Capital and The largest city- Buenos Aires. In the west it borders with Chile, in the north and northeast with Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay. It is washed in the east by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Administratively, it is divided into 22 provinces (Jujuy, Catamarca, Cordoba, La Pampa, Corrientes, San Juan, San Luis, Misiones, Tucuman, Chaco, Entre Rios, Formosa, Chubut, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Santa Cruz, San Luis, Salta, Rio Negro, Neuquen, La Rioja, Buenos Aires), National Territory (Tierra del Fuego and the South Atlantic Islands) and Buenos Aires, Federal (Capital) District.

Table 1.-Administrative division

Administrative units	Area thousand km2	Population, thousand people (1990, census)	Administrative center
Buenos Aires, Capital Federal			Buenos Aires
Provinces: Buenos Aires Jujuy Catamarca Cordoba Corrientes La Pampa La Rioja Mendoza Misiones Neuquén Rio Negro Salta San Luis Santa Cruz Santa Fe Santiago del Estero San Juan Tucumán Formosa Chaco Chubut Entre Rios	53,2 99,8 168,8 88,2 143,4 92,3 150,8 29,8 94,1 203,0 154,8 76,7 243,9 133,0 135,3 86,1 22,5 72,1 99,6 224,7 76,2		La Plata Jujuy Catamarca Cordoba Corrientes Santa Rosa La Rioja Mendoza Posadas Neuquén Viedma Salta San Luis Rio Gallegos Santa Fe Santiago del Estero San Juan Tucumán Formosa Resistencia Rawson Paraná
National territory Tierra del Fuego and the islands of the South Atlantic (Tierra del Fuego e islas del Atlántico Sur)			Ushuaia

Nature and its characteristic features.

Shores.

In the North from the bay - the La Plata estuary to the El Rincon Bay, the shores are low and level; to the south - abrasive, with open bays of San Matias and Golfo Nuevo (almost separating the Valdez Peninsula), San Jorge and Bahia Grande, with narrow beaches above which a series of terraces rise. In the extreme Southeast, Argentina includes the eastern part of Tierra del Fuego and the Estados Islands.

Geological structure.

The western part of Argentina is located within Hellish (Cordilleran) geosynclinal fold belt, eastern - in the South South American platform. The latter in Argentina includes the marginal massif of the Pampino Sierras, the Chaco-Pampa depression and the Patagonian Plate. The Pampino Sierras massif is metamorphic. rocks of the Upper Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic, as well as granitoid intrusions of Precambrian and Paleozoic age, which come out in horsts.

The graben-like depressions between them are made of continental and clastic sediments of the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic. In some places, the crystalline rocks of the massif are overlain by Cenozoic sedimentary cover. The Chaco-Pampa depression is made of marine sediments of the Devonian, glacial - Permian, red-colored and volcanic - Triassic, as well as Cenozoic clastic strata with a total thickness of St. 5000 m. To the south of the depression, an uplifted block of the platform foundation (Northern Sierra of Buenos Aires) is known, in which metamorphic formations of the Lower and Middle Proterozoic emerge. Even further to the south there is a peculiar structure of the aulacogen type (intraplatform mobile zone - the Southern Sierra of Buenos Aires), composed of dislocated deposits of the Silurian, Lower Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian with a total thickness of up to 7000 m. The Patagonian Plate includes the North Patagonian and South Patagonian massifs ( Deseado), the base of which is composed of a metamorphic complex of the Late Precambrian - Early Paleozoic, mostly covered by Middle-Upper Paleozoic clastic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic-sedimentary rocks, Neogene and Quaternary plateau basalts. To the north and south of the massifs are the Rio Colorado and Santa Cruz depressions, respectively, and the massifs are separated by the Chubut-San Jorge depression. All of them are made of flat-lying Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine and continental sediments. The Andean fold belt within Argentina is represented by a Paleozoic folded structure, morphologically expressed by the Eastern Cordillera, Precordillera and Advanced Cordillera (marine sediments of the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian, Carboniferous-Permian molasse and intrusions of the Middle and Upper Paleozoic) and the Andean Mesozoic-Cenozoic folded complexes proper , making up the Main and Patagonian Cordilleras. In the first, on the Paleozoic base, there are Late Triassic volcanics, marine and lagoonal carbonate-terrigenous sediments of the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and weakly dislocated Cenozoic volcanics. The second is composed of acidic volcanics of the Late Jurassic, flysch strata of the Cretaceous and granitoids of the Jurassic-Cretaceous batholith. Folded structures were created in the mid-Cretaceous and early Paleogene.

Relief.

The relief of Argentina clearly distinguishes: plains and lowlands in the Northeast, the Patagonian Plateau in the south, and the Andes mountain ranges in the west. and massifs separated by depressions Sierras of Pampina And Precordillera in the center, east of the Andes. The extreme northeast of Argentina is occupied by plains Gran Chaco- low-lying (height 25-60 meters) and swampy in the East and gently rising to 400-500 meters to the foothills of the Andes in the west. Southeast of Chaco lies Mesopotamia(Parana River - Uruguay). In the Northeast, the edge of the Brazilian Plateau (height up to 468 m), deeply dissected by valleys of small watercourses, penetrates into it. Further to the southwest there is a flat lowland with an abundance of permanent or temporary swamps and lakes; the southern part is occupied by a hilly loess plain.

On the right bank of the Paraná extends Pampa. In the East it is low (Low Pampa, height from 16-20 to 250 m); only in the South do the Sierras of Buenos Aires stand out sharply - Sierra del Tandil(height up to 500 m) and Sierra de la Ventana(up to 1243 m). The Western, High Pampa (altitude 250-600 m) is covered in places with dunes and barchans, and in the South-West - with ancient water-glacial deposits. The Pampa plains are wedged in the North between the elongated, mainly meridionally, flat-topped ridges of the Pampinsky sierras and Precordillera with a height of 2 to 6 thousand m (Belgrano mountain in the Sierra de Famatina, 6250 m). They are separated by deep, extensive basins (bolsons) or longitudinal depressions (valles).

The entire south is occupied by the Patagonian Plateau, represented by flat table surfaces - mesetas with an altitude of up to 2000 m in the west, with ledges descending in the East, to the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. In the south, near the Strait of Magellan, and in the East of Tierra del Fuego, the plateau turns into a low-lying accumulative plain. In the west of the country the Andes ranges rise. In the extreme North-West, its boundaries include the south-eastern part Central Andean Highlands, consisting of the high (about 4000 m) Pune plateau with extensive salt marsh depressions and ridges up to 5-6 thousand meters high. From the west, Puna is framed by the cones of active (Llullay Llaco, 6723 m, Antofalya, 6100 m, etc.) and extinct volcanoes of the Western Cordillera and its spurs, from the East - by the Advanced Cordillera of the Andes with a height of up to 6720 m (El Libertador). From the east, the mid-altitude (up to 2500 m) Subandian chains, deeply dissected by river valleys, adjoin the highlands. South of 27-28° S. w. the highland wedges out, and the Andes continue with the Advanced Cordillera, to which from 31° S. w. The Main (watershed) Cordillera joins from the 3west. Up to 35° S. w. It is on this stretch that the Andes reach their greatest height, many peaks exceed 6 thousand m (the highest point of the Western Hemisphere is Aconcagua, 6960 m), and passes - 3500 m (La Cumbre, 3832 m). South of 35° S. w. only the Main Cordillera and individual massifs in the east remain. Again, low (up to 1000 m) chains of the Andes appear only in the south of the island. Tierra del Fuego.

Climate.

The territory of Argentina is located in three climatic zones of the Southern Hemisphere: tropical, subtropical and temperate. The climate of Argentina is determined by the country's position in three geographical zones, the presence of the Andes mountain barrier in the West, and the Atlantic Ocean in the East. In the tropical and subtropical zones, moisture comes mainly from the Atlantic Ocean, and therefore the amount of precipitation in the North and center of Argentina decreases from East to West. In the tropical zone, in the extreme Northeast there is a constantly humid and hot climate, in the Gran Chaco it is hot summer-humid, in Pune it is continental highland desert. In the subtropics, in the Eastern Pampa and Mesopotamia there is a uniformly humid warm climate, in the Western Pampa and the region of the Pampinsky sierras and the Precordillera it is arid, with hot summers and cool winters. Patagonia, lying in the “barrier shadow” of the mountains, has a cool semi-desert climate and only in Tierra del Fuego does the climate become temperate oceanic. Average January temperatures on the plains of Argentina range from 28°C (maximum 46°C) in the Gran Chaco (“heat pole” of South America), 20°C, 24°C in Pampa to 10°C in Tierra del Fuego; July, respectively, from 18 ° C, 8 ° C, 12 ° C (the July isotherm of 10 ° C passes through Buenos Aires) to 1 ° C, but on the mesetas of Patagonia frosts of up to - 33 ° C are possible, and southern pampero winds cause frosts even in the north of Argentina (the absolute minimum in Gran Chaco is 10°C, in Pampa - 13°C). The annual precipitation in the Northeast of the country is up to 1600 mm, in the Gran Chaco it decreases from 1400 to 400 mm (from the Northeast to the Southwest), in the East of Pampa about 1000 mm, in the West 400-600 mm, in Patagonia 100 -300 mm. Pune less than 100 mm; on the eastern slopes of the Southern Andes over 2000 mm (maximum in Argentina - about 5000 mm). Snow cover is stable only in the Andes, but snowfalls are observed up to 30° S. w. In accordance with the climate, the snow line in Pune rises to 6000 m, to 33-34° S. w. it descends to 4200 m, to 41° S. w. - up to 2700 m, south of 32° S. w. - reticular glaciation.

Inland waters.

Almost all the country's rivers belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin or inland drainage areas; only in the Patagonian Andes between 41°30" and 44° S and from 4b° to 49° S. the flow of Andean rivers and lakes is directed to Pacific Ocean. The river network is most developed in the humid and low-lying Northeast, where the main deep and navigable rivers of Argentina flow - the Parana, the lower reaches of the Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. West of 61° W. e. the more arid plains and basins of the North-West of the country are deprived of flow into the ocean, with the exception of the transit rivers of the Gran Chaco - Pilcomayo, Rio Bermejo and Rio Salado and the small rivers of the Low Pampa. The rivers of Patagonia (Rio Colorado, Rio Negro, Chubut, Rio Deseado, etc.) starting in the Andes are also “transit”; There is practically no surface runoff in the interfluves. Pune is also an area of poor internal flow. The main river of the country, the Parana, descends from the Brazilian plateau in a deep gorge, near the town of Posadas it enters the lowland, flows further in a wide (20-50 km) swampy valley and becomes navigable right up to the mouth. Near the city of Corrientes, the Parana receives its main tributary - the river. Paraguay, into which the Pilcomayo, Rio Bermejo and other smaller rivers flow higher. At Mr. The Rio Salado flows into the Santa Fe into the Parana, and the Parana estuary - La Plata - into the bay. Uruguay. All of these rivers (except Paraguay, where the flood is delayed by the Pantanal swamps until June) have a pronounced summer rise in level. The Parana itself in Argentina is full of water throughout the year, but the maximum flow (in February-March) exceeds the minimum (in August-September) by 7.5 times.

The largest river system in the internal drainage area is the Rio Bermejo - De Saguadero - Rio Salado - Chadileuvu - Curaco system, collecting runoff from the eastern slopes of the Andes and the Precordillera and irrigating the Western Pampa. The regime of most rivers in Patagonia is regulated by large pre-Indian lakes. In the upper reaches of the river they have significant reserves of hydropower (the largest are the Rio Negro River). In the Andes south of 39° S. w. many glacial lakes; the largest are Nahuel Huapi, Buenos Aires, San Martin, Viedma, Lago Argentino, Fagnano (on Tierra del Fuego). Typically, lakes lie in shallow basins on the mesetas of Patagonia (Musters, Colue-Huapi, etc.), in Pampa (the largest is Mar Chiquita) and in the region of the Pampinsky sierras (mostly salty). In the semi-desert and desert regions of Patagonia, in the west of Pampa and the Gran Chaco, in the Pampinsky sierras and especially in Puna, there are numerous salt marshes (Salinas Grandes, Arisaro, etc.). The main basins of groundwater are located in the area of the Pampinsky sierras and precordillera (there are also outlets of mineral and thermal springs), in Pampa and other troughs.

Soils and vegetation.

Argentina is very diverse: from evergreen tropical and subtropical forests on lateritic soils to semi-deserts and cold deserts. Forest formations predominate in the tropical zone. In the extreme Northeast and on the eastern slopes of the Andes, dense, humid forests are common, mainly on red earth soils. In the province of Misiones, they contain up to 150 species of trees per 1 hectare and consist of Brazilian araucaria, mate (Paraguayan tea), cedro and other valuable species. This is an important logging area in Argentina. In the form of gallery forests, they stretch along the rivers of the province of Corrientes, where in the interfluves they have a park character. The dry woodlands of the Gran Chaco on brown-red soils are one of Argentina's important natural resources thanks to the dominance of Quebracho trees. The windward slopes of the Andes and the Pampino sierras are covered with moist mountain evergreen (“Tucoman”) forests, giving way on the leeward slopes and to the south, in the subtropics, to xerophytic woodlands that shed their leaves during the winter drought. The leeward highland Pune is represented by shrubby semi-deserts and deserts (the upper limit of vegetation is up to 4500-5000 m).

In the subtropical zone of Argentina, mainly grassy and savanna formations are common. In the most humid south of Mesopotamia, strongly modified subtropical savannas predominate - “Mesopotamian park”, in which groups of various palms and small trees (species of prosopis, acacia, etc.) are scattered among the herbaceous vegetation. In the Low Pampa, the former prairie-type grass cover on reddish-black and meadow soils has now been completely destroyed. In the west it is framed by a belt of xerophytic low-growing open forest with a predominance of calden, and even further to the west, where precipitation is less than 300 mm , The steppe with xerophytic shrubs on gray-brown soils dominates - dry Pampa. Further in the west it passes into subtropical semi-deserts and deserts, extending all the way to the Andes and Patagonia. The sands in them are usually fixed by xerophytic and succulent trees and shrubs (acacia, mimosa, chanyar, Prosopis species) and feather grass. Eastern slopes of the Andes in the subtropics up to 36° S. w. and up to an altitude of 3000 m only isolated specimens of xerophytic trees and cushions of cereals are carried. A belt of tree-like cacti - Cereus - stretches up to an altitude of 3500 m; above that there is a dry shrubby steppe. The slopes of the Andes between 37-41° S. w. from the foot to an altitude of 1600-1800 m are covered with dense evergreen coniferous-deciduous forests (the so-called. hemihylea, or Valdivian forest) from araucaria, or cedrus, southern beeches - nothofagus, alerse, etc.; These forests are not only of great industrial, but also recreational importance. To the south they pass into temperate mixed forests with an admixture of deciduous (in winter) species. As a result of predatory exploitation of forests, the area under them is steadily decreasing (especially in the provinces of Chaco and Tucuman). Afforestation work is carried out on a small scale: forest plantations occupy 260 thousand hectares. In the East, the temperate zone is dominated by semi-desert with brown soils and squat shrubs with tough grasses. To the west, in pre-Indian depressions, and in the north of Tierra del Fuego, they are replaced by grass-shrub steppes on chernozem and chestnut soils, and in the center of the island - cryophytic subantarctic meadows and peatlands.

Animal world.

The fauna belongs almost entirely to Chilean-Patagoniansubregions Neotropical region. Only the extreme northeast belongs to the Guiano-Brazilian subregion. Only there, in Argentina, are there some monkeys and cats, vampires, martens, tapirs, peccaries, anteaters, Corzuela deer - mazam, capybara capybara, toucans. There are especially many snakes in Chaco. Most of Argentina (the fauna of the Pampa is the most exterminated) is characterized by numerous bats, guanacos, viscacha, mara and tucu-tuco, pampas deer, Azar's fox, skunks, nutria, rhea; Only in Puna live the vicuña and the almost exterminated chinchilla (chinchilla), and in the forests on the border with Chile there are the Huemul and Pudu deer, and the Huelin otter. The puma is found throughout the country, and the jaguar and various armadillos live along the Paraná. A lot of birds. The waters are rich in fish, and in the ocean, sea animals.

Argentina has 13 national parks, preserving mainly mountain-glacial and volcanic landscapes, lakes, waterfalls, dense mixed and araucaria forests. The largest and most famous National parks: Iguazu, Lanin, Los Alerces, Los Glaciares, Nahuel Huapi, Perito Francisco Moreno, Tierra del Fuego, Finca el Rey.

Minerals .

Argentina's mineral resources have been poorly identified. There are known deposits of oil and gas, coal, copper ores, lead, zinc, uranium, beryllium, etc. Oil and gas deposits are located within the Chubut - San Jorge depressions (basin Comodoro-Rivadavia), Mendoza and Neuquen. Reliable oil reserves are 320 million tons (1977), natural gas reserves are 192 billion m3. The deposit of bituminous coals (Rio Turbio basin, Santa Cruz Province) is associated with Paleogene deposits. Coal reserves 695 million tons (1977). Among the copper deposits, the most interesting is the porphyry copper type, associated either with the Cretaceous-Paleogene volcano-plutonic copper belt of Chile, or with young subvolcanoes (Panon), total copper reserves are 6 million tons. Lead-zinc deposits are genetically related to Early Paleozoic intrusions (El Aguilar) or with Late Paleozoic and Early Paleogene volcanics; total reserves of lead are 900 thousand tons, zinc 1 million tons. In terms of uranium reserves (24 thousand tons, 1977), Argentina ranks first in Latin America; significant deposits of uranium of the infiltration type in sedimentary rocks (Don Otto, Malargue, Sierra Piitada) and hydrothermal (La Niquelina, San Sebastian). In terms of beryllium reserves, Argentina ranks 2nd in Latin America. Beryllium deposits are confined to pegmatites in the Precambrian rocks of the Pampinsky sierra massif (Las Tapyas, La Victoria, Las Palomas, etc. deposits). Small deposits of ores of iron, tin, tungsten, antimony, vanadium, as well as sulfur, borates, fluorite, and barite are known.

Natural areas.

Mesopotamia - humid, with elevated forested North, swampy lowlands of the Center and savannah plains of the South; plains Gran Chaco with a semi-continental tropical climate, transit rivers and xerophytic woodlands; Eastern Pampa - wet and low-lying, once covered with subtropical prairie; Western Pampa - dry and sublime, almost devoid of external appearance. runoff, with dry shrub steppe and semi-deserts and deserts; Patagonia - semi-desert plateau, deeply dissected by transit rivers; Pampinskie sierras - transitional region between the plains and the Andes; tropical humid forested eastern ranges of the Central Andes (and the north of the Pampinsky sierras) with dense and deep erosional dissection; alpine tropical desert Pune plateau ; arid slopes of the Andes and Precordillera between 27 - 35° S. sh.; wet Subtropical Andes with, therefore, glaciation, end lakes and evergreen mixed forests; medium-altitude, highly dissected slopes of the Patagonian Andes, covered with mixed forests.

Historical Essay.

Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the territory of modern Argentina was inhabited by Indian tribes. In 1536, the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza founded the settlement of Buenos Aires. However, besieged by the Indians, after 5 years it was destroyed and abandoned by its inhabitants. In 1580, the city was founded a second time (by Juan de Garay) and the Spaniards established themselves in the La Plata area. In 1617, the Governorate of La Plata was established on the basis of Buenos Aires, which included the territories of modern Argentina and Uruguay. In 1776, the city became the capital of the Laplata Viceroyalty, which included the territories of present-day Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia.

The history of Argentina as an independent state begins with the May Revolution of 1810. On May 25, the Spanish viceroy was deposed in Buenos Aires and power passed into the hands of the local government junta. The break with the metropolis did not occur immediately, but after an intense struggle of patriotic forces against the colonial nobility and conservative elements in the Creole party itself. A number of representatives of the patriotic trend in the country played an outstanding role in this struggle, including the national hero of the War of Independence, General José de San Martin. On July 9, 1816, independence was proclaimed by the congress in Tucuman. United Provinces of La Plata from the Spanish metropolis. Since then, May 25 and July 9 have been national holidays of the Argentine people.

In 1817-1818 General San Martin's army made the famous crossing of the Andes and liberated Chile. Two years later, San Martin's expeditionary army landed in Peru and on July 9, 1820, triumphantly entered its capital, Lima. San Martin's victory in Chile and Peru, along with the victories of Bolívar's liberation armies in the north of the continent, virtually ensured the expulsion of the Spaniards from all of their South American colonies.

With the end of the war for independence, an intense struggle unfolds within the country. Large landowners and clerics rebelled against the dominant role of Buenos Aires, an outpost of forces reflecting the interests of liberal merchant capital and the emerging urban bourgeoisie. The inspirer of the latter was the outstanding progressive figure B. Rivadavia, who carried out, in particular, the law on the inalienability of state lands and the provision of plots for the use of colonies on the basis of long-term lease. This reform met with fierce resistance from the reaction. In 1835, reactionary circles seized power and established the dictatorship of Rosas. A dark and long period begins in the history of Argentina, which ends in 1852 with the victory of the united forces over tyranny and the adoption in 1853 of a constitution in the city of Santa Fe, which later became the fundamental law of the country.

Outstanding statesman During the period of the struggle against the dictatorship of Rosas, for the formation of the Argentine state, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento was an educator and publicist. As President of Argentina (1868-1874), Sarmiento carried out a number of activities that contributed to the economic, political and cultural growth of the state.

However, the preservation and strengthening of large landownership (latifundia) and remnants of the colonial era hinder the development of the country's productive forces. As a result, even before the end of the 19th century. Argentina becomes an object of exploitation by international monopoly capital, mainly English. English trusts are gaining a foothold in the country's economy as owners of railway transport and the meat-packing industry. After the First World War, the capital of Germany, France, the Netherlands, as well as the United States, which, after the end of the Second World War, occupied a dominant position in the Argentine economy, actively competed with British capital.

The emergence of the Argentine proletariat as a class dates back to the time of the penetration of foreign monopoly capital into the country. Since then, the most progressive trends in Argentine public life associated with the activities and struggles of the working class. Victory October revolution in Russia and creation in 1918 Communist Party Argentina marks a new stage in the development of the revolutionary and liberation movement in the country.

After the First World War, the crisis of the socio-economic system in the country worsened. This process especially intensified under the influence of the global economic crisis of 1929-1933. In 1930, the military coup that overthrew the bourgeois-liberal government of Yrigoyen opens the era of military coups and the dominance of the military in the political life of the state

Having profited from food supplies to warring countries during the Second World War, the ruling classes of Argentina sought to strengthen their internal position and secure more independent and advantageous positions in the capitalist world. The government of General Perón, which came to power in 1946, along with the proclamation of nationalist and “anti-imperialist” slogans, also devoted a large place to social demagoguery, attracting the masses to the side of the idea of “harmony of labor and capital” and “class cooperation.” Maintaining social demagoguery required satisfying some of the people's urgent needs. Given the continued favorable economic conditions, the exploiting classes agreed to this. But by the beginning of the 50s, when the economic boom ended, the socio-economic program of Peronism ceased to meet the interests of the ruling circles, and Peron was overthrown by another military coup

The interests of the representatives of the oligarchy and capital who came to power in 1955 are intertwined with the interests of the American and British monopolies. The constitutional government of Frondisi, which came to power in 1958, and the radical government led by Ilia, formed as a result of the presidential elections of 1963, were removed by military coups (the first in 1962, the second in 1966). The new military government bans the activities of all political parties in the country and dissolves parliament. Not only the executive, but also the legislative power passes into the hands of a president appointed by the military junta.

The government’s soon-announced plan to “save the republic” and “modernize the country” is based on a policy of “open doors” for foreign capital - the denationalization of a significant part of state-owned enterprises and their transfer to private firms, on the full encouragement of “competitive entrepreneurship,” i.e., the activities of large and monopolistic capital. A new law on rent, under which landowners received the right to set their own terms of rent or, in otherwise, expel tenants from the lands they occupy, threatens the eviction of more than 150 thousand peasant families. Measures are being taken to freeze wages, the peso is being devalued on the terms of the International Monetary Fund, and indirect and direct taxes are being increased. To increase exports in order to balance external debt, a course is taken to reduce domestic consumption; To balance the state budget, workers and other personnel employed at state enterprises are being laid off (the number of unemployed reached 750 thousand people by the beginning of 1968). At the same time, the so-called Civil Defense Service Act to impose, at the discretion of the government, permanent martial law in times of peace. In 1967, the government passed the “Preservation of Democracy” Law, which provided for repressive measures (including long prison sentences) against persons guilty of “communist or other extremist activities.”

Population.

Demography. In 1997, Argentina's population was estimated at 35 million people. According to the 1991 census, there were people living in the country; If we compare this figure with the data of the previous census of 1980 people, then the average population growth during this period was 1.1% per year. The birth rate in 1995 was 19.5 per 1000 people, and the mortality rate was 8.6 per 1000 people. Infant mortality was 28.8 per 1000 births. Life expectancy is 68.2 years for men and 75 years for women.

Ethnic composition. Unlike some other countries in South America, the population of Argentina is dominated by a Caucasian element - descendants of Spanish colonists and emigrants from European countries, mainly from Italy. The indigenous people of Argentina and other areas of the eastern coast did not create a developed civilization like the Incas; they maintained communal tribal relations and led a nomadic lifestyle. The first Spanish settlers entered this territory in three ways: by sea through Buenos Aires and by land - from Chile, overcoming the Andes, and from Peru, through the territory of modern Bolivia.

The ruling classes and the educated part of society preserved Spanish traditions and way of life; owning huge estates and mines, they were distinguished by a high level of culture and sophistication. From the unions of the Spaniards with Indian women, mestizos were born, who made up a significant part of the population. The famous gauchos - riders and cattle breeders who lived in Pampa and played approximately the same role in the history of Argentina as cowboys in the USA - had such a mixed - Spanish-Indian - origin.

The transformation of Argentina from a country of mestizos to a country with a predominantly white population occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The beginning of this process is associated with the names of positivist thinkers Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Juan Bautista Alberdi and Bartolome Miter. The concept they developed for the country's development provided for an increase in the proportion of the population with European roots (through increased immigration from Europe) and the gradual assimilation of mestizo gauchos. Argentine sociologist José Ingenieros provides the following data: in 1852 the population of Argentina was approximately 800 thousand people, including 552 thousand mestizos, 100 thousand Indians, 15 thousand blacks, 110 thousand mulattoes and 22 thousand whites. By 1914, the total number had increased to 7 people, including 4 million whites, 3 million mestizos, 300 thousand mulattoes and 40 thousand Indians. In 1932, the population of Argentina was estimated at people, of which only approx. 1 million did not belong to the white race. In 1947, when the country's population was close to 16 million people, approx. 89% were whites of European descent, 9% were mixed group - mestizos and 2% were Indians.

The most powerful wave of immigration into the country occurred during the years in power of President Julio Roca (1880–1886 and 1898–1904). In the first year of his presidential rule, 27 thousand immigrants arrived in Argentina; their influx reached a maximum of 1 thousand. Human). While not yet president, General Roca led military expeditions against the Indians, during which their numbers were greatly reduced; Indian tribes survived mainly in the north of the country. The seizure of land belonging to the Indians marked the beginning of the prosperity of Argentina. The government received at its disposal vast areas suitable for both agriculture and grazing; a significant part of these lands was transferred to the ownership of soldiers who participated in campaigns against the Indians, and to politicians who advocated organizing these campaigns. The value of land increased rapidly. The influx of foreign investment increased, and the development of steamship communications made ties with Europe closer. Grain exports increased, and Argentina soon gained a reputation as one of the richest countries in the world. Despite financial crises and political unrest, the flow of European immigrants, attracted by reports of the country's prosperity, increased until the outbreak of the First World War. From 1900 to 1914, almost 4 million people arrived in the country, of whom approx. 4/5 were Italians and Spaniards. Italians alone accounted for up to 45% of the total number of immigrants, although many of them later returned to their homeland. The Italians' repeated crossings of the Atlantic earned them in Argentina the nickname "birds of passage" or "swallows" (Spanish: golondrina).

Economic and geographical resources of Argentina.

Argentina is an agrarian-industrial country, one of the most economically developed countries in Latin America. In terms of national income per capita ($624 in 1995), it ranks high among Latin American countries. Although the share of industry in the gross national product significantly exceeds the share of agriculture (in 1995, 38.4% versus 14.2%), the state of agriculture still determines the economic situation of the country. Agricultural products account for over 90% of export earnings

In terms of industrial development, Argentina is currently significantly closer to industrialized countries. Argentina's share in industrial production Latin America makes up about 14%. Industry employs 25.8% of the amateur population

Foreign capital plays a significant role in key sectors of the Argentine economy. The total amount of foreign capital investment (at the end of 1995) is $2.5 billion, including $992 million in American. US monopolies play a leading role in the meat-packing, food, engineering, electrical, cement and other industries. English capital retains its position in the meat-packing industry, forestry, and trade. In recent years, the influence of West German monopolies has increased.

The public sector has received great development in Argentina. The state monopolized the production of natural gas, coal, iron smelting, more than 60% of steel production, over 70% of electricity production, and 2/3 of wool production.

The economic policy of the Ongania government is aimed at the development of the private capitalist sector in the economy, the widespread attraction of foreign capital, especially in heavy industry, and the partial curtailment of the public sector in the economy. In June 1967, the government passed a law granting foreign companies the right to develop oil and gas fields. National Council Economic Development of Argentina (CONADE) developed an economic development program for 1995-1999, providing for an average annual growth rate of gross national product of 5.7% (per capita - 4%) with capital investments amounting to 20% of the gross national product . However, in 1996 the gross national product decreased by 1.2% compared to 1995, and in per capita terms by 2.9%.

Economy of Argentina.

Agriculture.

Agrarian reform is one of the most pressing problems of the Argentine economy.

Agricultural lands occupy 138 million hectares in the country, 1/5 of which is cultivated, the rest is meadows and pastures. Long-term monospecialization on the same lands has led to a decrease in soil productivity, deterioration of the condition of pastures, and the widespread development of one of the most disastrous phenomena - erosion. In some areas (for example, in the province of La Pampa), the degree of soil erosion by erosion is so severe that some of the land here is practically unsuitable for agricultural use. This is one of the reasons for the massive outflow of the rural population from here.

Among other branches of livestock farming in Argentina, poultry farming is developed, and in mountainous areas - breeding horses and mules.

In crop production, the main place is occupied by old, traditional crops of export value - grains and oilseeds. The main grain crop is wheat. In terms of its collection (about 8 million tons in 1980) and export (more than 3 million tons in 1980), Argentina occupies one of the leading places in the world, although it is significantly inferior to the USA, Canada, Australia, and France. Wheat is cultivated in Pampa and is less common outside of it. The most common are durum and semi-hard wheat. The second most important grain crop is corn (harvest more than 6 million tons in 1980). Unlike wheat, which was brought here by the Spaniards, corn is a local crop and is grown almost everywhere, but its main area of distribution is Pampa, with its warm climate and sufficient moisture. Corn is used both as a food and feed crop. Other grains, rye, oats, and barley, have the same importance. Argentina stands out as a major exporter of coarse grains.

In addition to grain feed crops, crops of forage grasses are of great importance; alfalfa is the most common.

Horticulture, vegetable growing, and viticulture occupy a significant place in Argentina's crop production.

Production of main agricultural crops (thousand tons)

Industry.

Extractive industry.

Argentina has a fairly diverse mineral resource base. The country is noticeably distinguished by its reserves of strategic raw materials - uranium ores, beryllium, tungsten. However, the main mineral deposits are located in sparsely populated and underdeveloped areas, far from the main economic centers, which significantly complicates their development.

From fuel and energy resources highest value have oil (18.3 million cubic meters in 1997), uranium raw materials and gas (3.7 billion cubic meters). The main places of oil and gas production are confined to the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Patagonian platform troughs (Sara, Caleta-Olivia, Comodoro Rivadavia, Cerro Dragon), as well as to the intermountain troughs of the Andes and Precordellers (Loma de la Plata, Varrancas, Tupungato, Campo Duran).

The country is not rich in coal, and it is of low quality. It is mined in the provinces of Santa Cruz (Rio Turbio) and Rio Negro (Pico Quemado).

Uranium ores are mined in the provinces of Mendoza (Sierra Pintada, Malargue), Chubut (Los Adobes), Salta (Don Otto), beryllium and tungsten - in the province of San Luis (Las Tapias, Los Condores).

A significant portion of iron ore is mined in the provinces of Jujuy (Sapla) and Rio Negro (Sierra Grande). Argentina is quite well supplied with alloying metals, especially manganese (Farallón Negro, Agua de Dionisio, Dean Funes). There are significant reserves of non-ferrous metal ores: copper (Famatina, El Pachon, Capillitas), lead and zinc (El Aguilar, Castaño Vieja), titanium (in the south of the province of Buenos Aires), tin and silver (in the northwestern Andes) , gold (Neuquen, Tierra del Fuego). Argentina has significant reserves of sulfur (Tusgle, Julia, El Sosneado), borates (Puna de Atacama, Blanquita, Porvenir), barites (Diamante), fluorites (Ilda, Nolasco), table salt, building materials: gypsum, asbestos ( La Rioja), clay, marble and granite (in the Pampine Sierras), feldspar, etc.

Manufacturing industry.

Argentina's manufacturing industry is distinguished by its relatively large share of heavy industry. However, the traditional industries, light and food, continue to remain important.

Structure of the manufacturing industry (as a percentage of the value of manufactured products in 1990):

Food and tobacco - 19.5
textile, clothing, leather and footwear - 9.8
woodworking and pulp and paper - 6.6
chemical - 14.9 oil refining - 19.2
production of building materials - 4.5
ferrous metallurgy - 5.5
non-ferrous metallurgy - 1.0
mechanical engineering-18.7
other - 0.3

The manufacturing industry is characterized by a high concentration in port cities and, above all, in Buenos Aires.

The country has a developed ferrous metallurgy. Full cycle factories are located in San Nicolas, Ensenada and Palpal. The first two focus on imported raw materials and partially use iron ore from the Sierra Grande deposit and Rio Turbio coal. The Palpal smelter runs on local iron ore (Sapla mine) and charcoal.

Pipe metallurgy plants are located in the lower reaches of Parna, where an entire metallurgical belt has formed from Buenos Aires to Rosario.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is poorly developed, although Argentina has considerable reserves of raw materials. Produced: aluminum (Puerto Madryn), lead (Puerto Vilelas, Mercedes), zinc (Comodoro Rivadavia, Zarate, Rio Tercero), copper (El Pachon), tin (Comodoro Rivadavia, Zarate, Mercedes).

Mechanical engineering is one of the younger sectors of Argentine industry. Compared to other industries, it has a relatively complex structure and a high level of production.

The most developed are transport engineering, including automotive engineering, agricultural engineering and electrical engineering. In transport engineering, the main place belongs to the automotive industry. The country has branches of the largest foreign corporations - the North American Ford, the French Renault and Peugeot, the Italian Fiat, and the German Volkswagen. Automotive factories are concentrated in Buenos Aires and Cordoba.

Argentina has its own shipbuilding industry (production of river and sea vessels and tankers). The main centers are Buenos Aires, Ensenada, Tigre, San Fernando. The aircraft factory is located in Cordoba.

Agricultural engineering is an old industry, the main place in it is occupied by tractor manufacturing (Buenos Aires, Cordoba). Railway engineering is developed (San Cristobal, Tafi Viejo, Cruz del Eje, Junin).

In the electrical industry important place belongs to the production of household electrical appliances, televisions, electrical equipment (Buenos Aires).

The country has a developed oil refining industry. The largest plants with integrated production from oil refining to petrochemicals are located in Buenos Aires, La Plata, Campana, Banya Blanca. Smaller oil refineries with a predominance of primary processing are located in the production areas: San Lorenzo, Campo Duran, Plaza Huincul, Rio Grande, Lujan de Cuyo.

The chemical industry is represented mainly by the chemistry of organic synthesis. Petrochemical enterprises form a single complex with oil refineries and gravitate towards oil refining centers and consumption areas. They produce hydrocarbon raw materials (ethylene, propylene, benzene), organic semi-finished products (acetone, ethyl alcohol), as well as final products (synthetic resins, synthetic rubber). The largest petrochemical plants are located in Campana, Zarate, La Pata, Banya Blanca, San Lorenzo, a suburb of Buenos Aires. Based on petrochemical raw materials, the production of plastics and synthetic fibers has been developed. Basic chemistry focuses on the production of sulfuric acid and mineral fertilizers (Campana, Banya Blanca, Buenos Aires).
The rubber industry is developing rapidly: tire production (Buenos Aires), rubber production for the shoe industry.
The consumer industries are based on their own raw materials: paint and varnish, perfumery, pharmaceuticals, and the production of technical oils (tung, linseed, castor).

Argentina has a relatively developed forest industry. The problem of raw materials is solved by creating artificial forest plantations, since our own forest resources are located in remote areas and are being developed slowly. Logging is concentrated mainly in the north and northwest of the country.
The most developed is the pulp and paper industry. In addition to forest resources, the raw materials for it are reed beds in the Parana delta and sugar cane waste. Leading pulp and paper mills are located in Puerto Piray, Puerto Esperanza, and Zarate. A special place in the forest industry is occupied by the production of quebracho extract, based on the quebracho forest resources of the Chaco. Argentina is one of its largest producers and exporters.

Argentina's main trading partner has long been Great Britain; In recent decades, its share in the country's trade turnover has sharply declined. Now Argentina's main trading partners are the United States. Germany, Brazil, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands. In imports, the dominant position is occupied by the United States (23%), while in exports European countries traditionally stand out - the Netherlands (13%), Italy (17%). Latin American countries, which serve as the main buyers of its industrial goods, occupy an increasingly important place in Argentina's foreign trade. Argentina is a member of the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAST), which accounts for ¼ of the country's foreign trade turnover.

Argentina's economic ties with Latin American countries are multifaceted: joint projects are being implemented in hydraulic engineering construction, scientific and technical research, mineral development, etc.

Economic-geographical regions.

Mesopotamia (provinces of Misiones and Corrientes) is an agricultural region, leading in the country in the cultivation of subtropical crops and the only one in the production of yerba mate and tung oil, which are of great export importance. The northern part is one of the main logging and timber industry regions in Argentina. Agriculture and industry for processing agricultural raw materials are developed in the South.

Patagonia (provinces of Neuquen, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz, Chubut, territory of Tierra del Fuego) is a vast, sparsely populated area south of Rio Colorado; occupies almost 1/3 of Argentina's territory. The main industry of the farm is sheep breeding for meat and wool. The meat industry (mutton production) and primary wool processing are developed. Export of wool (Puerto Deseado, Puerto Ma-drin, Santa Cruz). Agriculture is poorly developed. In the North there is fruit growing of export importance. There are developments of oil (2/3 of Argentina's production), coal, iron ore, and about half of the hydro resources are concentrated. The natural resources of the area have not yet been sufficiently studied. In the past, the area was a raw material appendage of Pampa. In connection with the decentralization of the economy, economic development programs assign a large role to the economic development of the region (development of hydropower, oil refining, chemical and petrochemical industries, metallurgy).

Culture and art

Argentina's highest in Latin America Rike Literacy Rate. The share of illiterate people over 14 years of age is 8.6%. Universal compulsory education is officially established for children aged 5 to 14 years.

In 1995 there were 19.5 thousand. primary schools(more than 3 million students and about 156 thousand teachers), 5.6 thousand secondary schools (over 1 million students and more than 100 thousand teachers), 225 higher educational institutions(39 thousand students, about 9 thousand teachers). There are 9 national ones. 2 provincial and 16 private universities.

Buenos Aires is home to a number of scientific institutions and societies, including the Academy of Literature and the National Academy of Economic Sciences. National Academy of Social Sciences. Largest research institutes: National Atomic Energy Commission, National Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, National Institute of Industrial Technology.

The largest libraries are located in the capital. The largest library is at the capital's university (has 1.5 million volumes). There are more than 70 museums in Argentina, including the National Museum, the Museum contemporary art etc. There are more than 80 theaters and St. 150 thousand cinemas.

St. comes out 230 daytime newspapers, of which 75% are in Buenos Aires. “Nacion” is one of the main bourgeois newspapers (circulation 200 thousand copies), “Clarin” is an influential bourgeois newspaper (400 thousand copies), “Prensa” reflects the views of the Argentine bourgeoisie and latifundists associated with American monopolies (300 thousand copies ). "Rason" is the largest bourgeois newspaper (400 thousand copies), "Correo de la Tarde" (evening) is one of the most right-wing newspapers of a pro-American direction (120 thousand copies), "Notisias Graphicos" is a bourgeois newspaper of a liberal direction (St. 100 thousand copies), “Pueblo” - the organ of the Catholic Church (15 thousand copies), “Vanguardia” - the newspaper of the Socialist Party.

IN1997. 108 radio stations and 28 television stations operated (there were 5.9 million receivers and 1.7 million televisions).

Literature.

Argentina's literature develops in Spanish. Folklore and literature monuments of the Indian tribes that inhabited Argentina have not been preserved. The literature of the colonial period (early 16th - early 19th centuries) is represented by the poem “Pilgrim in Babylon” by L. de Tejeda (1604-1680), the poetic chronicle “Argentina and the conquest of the Rio de La Plata” (1602) by M. del Barco Centenera, the historical chronicle “Manuscript Argentina” (1612) by R. Diaz de Guzman, and others. During the war for the independence of the Spanish colonies of 1810-1826 and the national liberation movement, revolutionary patriotic classicism prevailed: the journalism of B. de Monteagudo (ca. . 1785-1825), poems by V. Lopez y Plansse (1785-1856), E. de Luca (1786-1824), X. Cruz Varela (1794-1839).

In the formation of national literature, an important role belongs to oral folk art, which arose on the basis of the genres of Spanish folk poetry. After gaining independence in the beginning. 19th century improvisational songs (vidala, triste, etc.) by gauchos (cattle breeders) were popular, which formed the basis of the actual Argentine phenomenon - gaucho liters. Its founder was the first national poet B. Hidalgo (1788-1822), who also left a noticeable mark on Uruguayan literature. In his “Patriotic Dialogues” (1821-22) and couplets (the so-called cielito), he turned to folk themes. The poet I. Askasuoi (1807-75) also wrote about the life of the inhabitants of the pampa. In the 30s the development of national literature accelerated significantly. (1811-88), using the tradition of an anonymous story, recreated the life of the Argentine pampa in the artistic and philosophical essay “Facundo” (full title: “Facundo, or Civilization and Barbarism in the Argentine Pampa”, 1850) - one of the main works that prepared the tradition of the original national novel. Writer and philosopher E. Echeverria (1805-1851) - founder of romanticism. directions, the ideological basis of which was pronounced anti-Spanish sentiments, the ideas of the Great French Revolution. Echeverria's poem "The Captive" (1837) was the first work of romantic poetry to touch upon national themes. The beginning of artistic romantic prose in Argentina was laid by the novel “Amalia” (1855) by X. Marmol (1817-1871), and the foundations of the realistic tradition were laid in the short story “Slaughterhouse” by Echeverria.

Last quarter of the 19th century. marked by the flourishing of prose and poetry. In prose of the late 19th century. a social novel about the city stands out, marked by features of naturalism: “Medley”, “Rudderless” and others by E. Cambaceres (1843-88), “The Big Village” (1848-94), “The Exchange” (1890) by X. Martel ( real name - X. Miro, 1868-96). Costumbrism, associated mainly with rural themes, found expression in the poetry of E. del Campo (1834-80; the poem “Faust”, 1866), R. Obligado (1851-1920; the poem “Santos Vega”, 1885). The pinnacle of gaucho literature and all realistic literature of Argentina in the 19th century. became the epic poem by J. R. Hernandez (1834-86) “Martin Fierro” (parts 1-2, 1872-79) - the story of a freedom-loving gaucho who became capitalist in the conditions of developing capitalism. relationship as a victim of social injustice.

Early 20th century characterized by strengthening the position of realism. At the same time, a significant role begins to play modernism: historical novel “The Glory of Don Ramiro” (1908) by E. Larreta (1875-1961), poetry by L. Lugones (1874-1938) and R. Guiraldes (1886-1927). K con. 20s the influence of modernism became less noticeable. Among realist writers early. 20th century, reflecting the specifics of national life - R. X. Pairo (1867-1928), author of the novel “The Amusing Adventures of the Grandson of Juan Mo-reira”, 1910), B. Lynch (1885-1951; novels “Vultures of Florida” ", 1916, "An Englishman - a bone seeker", 1924, in Russian translation - "Mr. James is looking for skulls", 1969), M. Galvez (1882-1962). Guiraldez's "Don Segundo Sombra" (1926), along with Costumbrist tendencies, reveals features of romanticism. The so-called postmodernist poets include E. Carriego (1883-1912), B. Fernandez Moreno (1886-1950), E. Bunchs (b. 1888), poetess A. Storni (1892-1938). In becoming realistic. F. Sanchez, G. de Laferrere and others played a major role in the dramaturgy of this period.

All R. 20s in conditions of the rise of democracy. movements arose: the aesthetic-formalist group “Florida” (V. Ocampo, 1891-1978; J. L. Borges, b. 1899; L. Marechal, 1900-70, E. Maglie, b. 1903) and the critical-realist group “ Boedo”, which brought together writers who devoted their work to social problems of national reality: A. Junke (born 1890), E. Castelnuovo (b. 1893), L. Gudinho Cramer (b. 1900), R. Arlt (1900-42), L. Barletta (1902-75), R. Gonzalez Tuñon (1905-74), who had a noticeable influence on the further literary life of Argentina. For the lyrics of the 40s. characterized by the existence of modernist and realistic tendencies, their mixing, often in the work of the same writer (E. Wernicke, 1915-68). In line with the critical realism created the works of E. Castro (b. 1902; novel “The Islanders”, 1944), B. Verbitsky (b. 1907), (1901-74), R. Larra (b. 1913), (b. 1920), X Murillo, etc. In the novel by A. Varela (born 1914) “Dark River” (1943), the tendencies of socialist realism are noticeable. The aesthetic concepts of “Florida” are followed by M. Mujica Lainez (born 1910), A. Bioy Casares (born 1914), S. Bullrich (born 1915).

In the works of many writers, there are attempts to synthesize realistic analysis and symbolic generalizations, the desire to combine national specificity with a universal approach to the social phenomena of reality. These tendencies found their deepest expression in the prose of X. Cortazar (born 1914; novels “Prizes”, 1960, “Game of Classes”, 1963, short stories). The vices of the bourgeois world are exposed in the novels “Those on Horseback” (1967) by D. Viñas (b. 1920), “The Tunnel” (1948) and “On Heroes and Graves” (1961) by E. Sabato (b. 1911), in the journalism of Maria Rosa Oliver (1898-1977).

Literary criticism is developing: works (1898-1938), (born 1911), as well as op. A - L. Palacios (1876-1965), R. Rojas (1882-1957), E. Martinez Estrada (1895-1964), E. Andersen Imbert (born 1910). The Argentine Society of Writers (founded in 1928) takes a liberal-bourgeois position.

Architecture and fine arts

The primitive ancient structures of the aborigines have not survived. The modern appearance of Argentine cities has evolved over four centuries. Most cities (Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Santa Fe, etc.) were founded during the period of Spanish colonization. Their plan was divided into a rectangular grid; on the main square (Plaza de Armas) a cathedral, a town hall (cabildo), a governor's palace, and an arsenal were erected. Columned architecture in the early period (17th century) was distinguished by its simplicity, monumentality, and the absence of decorative sculpture. Characteristic for this period are: the Cabildo building in Buenos Aires (founded in 1608, rebuilt in 1725-65, architect A. Blanca, 1677-1740, X. B. Primoli), mission and church of La Compaña in Cordoba (1646-90, carved cedar wood vaults erected in the 2nd half of the 17th century by an engineer, 1608-71), cathedral in Cordoba (founded in 1574, built in 1680-1758, architect X. Gonzalez Mergelte, A. Blanca) and others. In the 18th century. Argentine architecture was influenced by the Baroque (the Church of El Pilar in Buenos Aires, 1716-32, architects J. B. Primoli and A. Blanca; the Church of Santa Catalina in Buenos Aires, 1737-45). The heyday of the Argentine Baroque, characterized by a great wealth of decorative elements and the dynamics of forms, dates back to the 2nd half. 18th century (dome and towers of the cathedral in Cordoba, 1758, architect V. Muñoz, 1699-1784). After liberation from colonial dependence, the influence of architects prevailed. currents of France, Italy, Great Britain. From the beginning 19th century in Argentina, classicism dominated (the façade of the cathedral in Buenos Aires, 1822-63, architect P. Katelin). Urban planning work primarily affected the capital of Argentina. Modern The appearance of Buenos Aires with its layout of streets, configuration of squares and parks has developed in the end. 19 - beginning 20th centuries: Plaza del Congress, streets Avenida de Mayo (1889-94), Diagonal Norte (1887), Avenida 9 July (1930s), Retiro parks, Palermo. During this period, multi-storey buildings, banks, and state buildings were built. institutions. Eclecticism and stylization dominated in architecture: the San Martin Palace and the Trade Exchange (1887, architect A. Christophersen, 1866-1946), National. Museum of Decorative Art (1912, architect R. Serhent), Congress building (early 20th century, architect V. Maeno, 1860-1904), Colon Theater (1905-08, architect V. Maeno, X. Dormal, 1846-1924) and others. In 1901, the School of Architecture was created in Buenos Aires.

At the end of the 1920s. Rationalistic tendencies are emerging in Argentine architecture. The development of this direction is associated with the works of the architect A. Virasoro (b. 1892; Theater House in Buenos Aires, 1927), A. Prebisch (Gran Rex cinema in Buenos Aires, 1937, residential buildings). Arch. A. Vilar created a series of Automobile Club stations, the first high-rise buildings appeared (El Cavanag in Buenos Aires, 1935, architect Sanchez, Lagos, de la Torre). Arch. Research. V. Acosta’s “Housing and the City” (1936), as well as the residential buildings he built in Buenos Aires, posed the problem of the functions and forms of housing in specific climatic conditions. Multi-storey residential buildings were built (“Arroyo” in Buenos Aires, 1935, architect X. Kalnay). Among the urban planning works, the bypass highway - Avenida General Paz in Buenos Aires with bridges and interchanges at different levels (1937-41, engineer P. Palaso) especially stands out. In the 40-50s. advanced architects united around the Austral group, which opposed external modernism and advocated the purity of style. The most significant buildings of this time: a residential building on the street. Virrey del Pino in Buenos Aires (1941-43, architects X. Ferrari Ardoy and X. Kurchan), ESSO building in Buenos Aires (1945-51, architects L. and A. Morea), villas on the outskirts cities (architect A. Vilar, A. William). The following years were characterized by a departure from dry rationalism. Architects turn to organic principles. architecture (single-family houses in Tu-cumana, Rosario, Santa Fe, 1950, Italian architect E. Tedeschi; villas in Martinez, architect X. Vivanco, V. Peluffo, A. Bonet), as well as to developed spaces and structural compositions (high school in the Misiones province, 1962, architects M. Soto and R. Rivarola; children's hospital in Tucuman, 1960, architect E. Sacriste; municipality in Cordoba, 1953-62, architect. S. Sanchez Elia, F. Peralta Ramos, A. Agostini). The Municipal Theater "San Martin" in Buenos Aires (1953-60, arch. Vares and) includes, in addition to two theater halls, a library, a cinema hall, an artistic school, museum and exhibition halls. The building of the Bank of London and South America in Buenos Aires (1960-66, architect C. Testa, b. 1923, S. Sanchez Elia, F. Peralta Ramos, A. Agostini) is interesting for its bold use of new structures and materials. The works of the architect are significant. X. Solsona in Buenos Aires (PATE building, 1966; Municipal Bank, 1968), as well as architect. K. Testa, F. Rossi, A. Gaido and B. Dabinovich: Civil. center - provincial building. management in Santa Rosa (1957-63), National. library in Buenos Aires (architects F. Bullrich, C. Testa).

Art.

Ancient Indian art of Argentina - painted and figured ceramics, petroglyphs, fabrics with geometric patterns, feather jewelry, religious sculpture made of stone, wood and clay. During the colonial period, Argentine art was predominantly religious in nature, carved wooden sculpture (retablo, pulpits) predominated; Secular genres also appeared in painting (mainly portrait). After the declaration of independence (1816), arts and education began to take shape. In 1821, the School of Drawing was opened at the University of Buenos Aires. In the 1st half. 19th century Ch. worked in Argentina. arr. European masters: painters and graphic artists C. Pellegrini (1800-75), S. Buckle (1794-1838), R. Monvoisin, THEM. Rugendas, sculptors X. (1750-1821), C. Romairone and others. One of the first Argentine artists was the costume master C. Morel (1813-94). All R. 19th century P.P.’s creativity is taking shape. Pueyrredona - founder of the national schools of portrait, landscape, everyday genre. In the 2nd half. 19th century there is a struggle to create a national arts, schools. It was led by realist artists E. Sivo-rsch E. Schiaffino (1858-1935), E. de la Carkova (1867-1927). With their participation, the Society for the Encouragement of the Arts (1878) was created. school and National Museum Fine Arts (1895). In sculpture, L. Correa Morales (1852-1923) turned to local themes. In the beginning. 20th century Impressionism became the dominant trend in Argentine art, the main representatives of which were M. Magliarro (1865-1911), F. Fader (1882-1935), sculptors R. Irur-tiya (1879-1950), P. Sonsa Briano (1886-1941), etc.; later post-impressionism (R. Silva, 1890-1919) and expressionism (E. Cullen Aersa, 1879-1936) developed. Since the 1920s, especially after the creation (1929) of the so-called. avant-garde school (R. Soldi, b. 1905), modernist movements began to develop in Argentine art - cubism (E. Petto-ruti), surrealism (R. Forner), abstractionism (sculptors A. Sibelino, 1891-1960, P. Curatella Manes, 1891-1962), which became widespread after the 2nd World War. At the same time, the modern school flourished. realistic art of Argentina. Its largest representatives: X.K. Kastagnino, A. Ber-ni(in the 60s he moved away from realism), L.E. Spilimbergo, B. Kin-kela Martin, S. B. de Kiros, A. Alice (1886-1943), D. Urruchua (b. 1902), sculptors A. Riganelli, L. Falsipi and others reflected the life of the people in their works in a variety of ways. Monumental painting (X. K. Kastagnino, etc.) and sculpture (L. Badii, b. 1916) developed on a realistic basis. Those who gravitated towards the realistic direction (1884-1955) were E. Senturion (b. 1894), R. Gomez Cornet (1898-1964), O. Butler (b. 1897) and others, in whose landscapes and genre scenes the decorative brightness of color combined with plastic. expressiveness of form. The majority of sculptors also take the position of realism: A. Bigatti (1898-1964), X. Fioravanti, E. Soto Avendaño etc. Argentina's graphics have been successfully developing since the 1930s. The social theme in graphics was developed by the oldest artists A.R. Vigo, X. C. Castagnino, V. Rebuffo (b. 1903) and continued by the masters of subsequent generations - L. Pellegrini (b. 1911), X. Gnecco (b. 1914), N. Onofrio (b. 1927), A. Bries (b. 1933), etc.

In the 60-70s. The latest avant-garde movements are spreading in Argentina: “kinetic art” (X. Le Parc, b. 1928), “geometric art” (E. McIntyre, b. 1929), “pop art” (A. Berni, M. Minukhin, b. 1941), etc. As an opposition to abstractionism, the movement of “new materiality” is developing (R. Maxio, b. 1931).

Music.

Argentine folk music is dominated by Creole folklore. Aboriginal music survives only in the northwestern provinces of Argentina. Its stylistic features, song and dance. genres (baruala, vidala, yaravi, uaino) and instruments (wind instruments - kena, erke, erkencho, pinquillo, sicuil and antara; various percussion) mainly. the same as in the Indian music of Bolivia and Peru. Under the influence of the Spaniards, the Indians began to use some European instruments (violin, harp), and also use 3-beat meters and diatonic elements in their traditional music.

Of the ancient Creole songs and dances (the heyday dates back to the late 18th - 1st half of the 19th centuries) are preserved triste, estilo, tono, cueca (see Samakueca), gato, chacarera, firmesa, bailesito, malambo, pericon, cielito, cuando, media caña, ranchera; from later - milonga, tango. Basic instrument - guitar;

The accordion is also widespread (mainly in the eastern provinces and on the coast of Argentina).

K. studied and systematized the musical folklore of Argentina. Vega, founded in 1931 the Institute of Musicology under the Ministry of National Education. The contribution to Argent is significant. folkloristics of his student - I. Arets-Tiele.

Becoming a prof. music (17th century) is associated with the activities of Catholic missionaries and musicians (X. Vaseo, L. Berger, A. Sep, etc.). First National composers were ch. arr. amateurs, among them the publicist and public figure X. B. Alberdi, A. Alcorta, X. P. Esnaola. Composers of the next generation, called “the first professionals,” created works of the academy, genres and forms - from chamber works to the first experiments in symphonic and operatic music: D. Costa, X. Gutierrez, L. X. Bernasconi, M. Rojas, S. Beron, F. Hargreaves.

The founder of the professional composing school in Argentina was A. William, who founded one of the first conservatories in Argentina (1893), the music publishing house “Kena” and the music magazine of the same name; For many years he headed the National. Commission for Fine Arts and National concert association, carried out extensive pedagogical work.

In con. 19 - beginning 20th centuries Much attention was paid to the opera genre, but the composers were under the influence of Italian opera. One of the founders of the national directions in opera art - F. Boero (1884-1958) was the author of the first argent. operas on Spanish"Tucuman" (1918). First National The symphony was created by A. Berutti (1862-1938) (“Argentine Symphony”, 1890). X. Aguirre (1868-1924), whose style is distinguished by its bright originality, turned to a serious development of Argentine musical folklore. Nar. music serves as the basis for many works. F. Ugarte(symphonic poem “Among the Mountains”, 1922; “Tango” for orchestra, 1950, etc.), C. Lopez Buchardo (1881-1948) (“Argentine Scenes” for orchestra, 1922).

In 1929, the “Group of Music” was formed. renewal”, which set itself the task of creating a modern music art. It included national composers. orientation: br. X. M. Castro, X. X. Castro and V. Castro, X. Gilardi P889-1963), X. Fischer, L. Gian-neo, ABOUT. Siccardi. Among them, X. X. Castro stands out, whose work was formed under the influence of the French. impressionism and national Argentine traditions (“Argentine Symphony”, 1936; opera “Proserpina and the Stranger”, 1952). For some time, X.K. joined this group. Pass(soon moved away from the national direction and became a follower of the dodecaphone system of the Austrian composer A. Schoenberg).

In the 1940s A new generation of Argents is emerging. composers: R. Garcia Morillo (b. 1911), author of theater, symphonic. and chamber music, monographs on Skogo (1943), Kosakov (1945), K. Chavez (1960); TO. Guastavino, A. Ginastera, in the 1950s took a leading position in Argentine music; R. Arisaga (b. 1926), author of numerous chamber instrumental and vocal works (including texts by F. Garcia Lorca).

The musical center of Argentina is Buenos Aires. Here is one of the largest and only permanent opera houses in LA, the Colon Opera House (1857-88, reopened in 1908), and there are orchestras - the Philharmonic (founded in 1946), the National. Symphonic (founded in 1949) and National. radio (founded in 1950); music societies organizing concerts (“Wagner Association”, “Friends of Music”, “Group of New Music”, “Argentine Mozarteum”, Association of Chamber Concerts, etc.). Personnel Prof. musicians are trained by the National. Conservatory named after C. Lopez Buchardo (founded in 1924) and the Municipal Conservatory. M. de Falla, there are conservatories in Cordoba, La Plata, Mevdos (Higher School of Music), etc.

Research work is carried out by the Department of Music History of the University of Buenos Aires, the Institute of Musicology, and the Latin American Music Center. research at the Torcuato di Tella Institute (founded in 1965). The Buenos Aires Musical newspaper (since 1957) and the Mundo Musical magazine (since 1938) are published.

Dances of the Indians who inhabited Argentina before the Spanish. conquests, were used by Jesuit monks in the theater and performances of the 17th century. In the 18th century Forms of dance-rich musical theater (saynet, etc.), imported from Spain, became widespread. Since the 20s 19th century European ballet companies toured Buenos Aires. These troupes performed romantic ballets by choreographers F. Taglioni, J. Perrault and others. After the opening of the new building of the Colon Theater in 1908, a ballet troupe made up of Italians worked here. dancers. Touring in the 1910s The Russian ballet and troupe contributed to the development of the national ballet Schools were opened. Since the 20s ballets with national music foreign choreographers began to choreograph composers: , (“The Flower of Irupe” by K. Gaito, 1929), P. Petrov (“Mecano” by X. X. Castro, 1937), M. Valman (“Panambi” by A. Ginastera, 1940, “The Apurimac River” - but, 1944) and others. The repertoire of the Colon Theater was enriched with classical ballets. heritage (“Swan Lake” as edited by choreographer J. Carter, etc.), performances and productions of famous Europeans. and American choreographers, J. Balanchine, A. Tudor, A. Millosh, W. Dollar and others. These same choreographers turned to national music. composers: Massine staged “House of Usher” by R. Garcia Morillo (1955), J. Taras - “Concert Variations” to the music of Ginastera (1960). In the 70s The repertoire included ballets by I. Georgi (to the music of the oratorios by C. Orff “Carmina Burana” and others), J. Skibin (“Cinderella”, “Daphnis and Chloe” by M. Ravel, “The Firebird”), V. Biagi and others. Azzrade staged “Mecano” by X. X. Castro, “Orpheus” to the music of F. Liszt (both in 1971), etc., R. Hiacero - “On Dance and Death” by X. Fontainely (1975). Since the 1930s The troupe of the Colon Theater consisted mainly of Argentines. Leading artists of the 30-40s: M. Ruanova, V. Ferrari;

50-70s: dancers - I. Borowska, O. Ferri, E. Agoglia, N. Fontenla, N. Lopez, L. Belfiore, V. Haneiro; dancers - X. Tomin, V. Tupin, E. Lommi, C. Schiafino, R. Rodriguez, G. Mogliaholi, A. Trouillol, R. Chayan. X. Neglia (died in 1971) was especially popular. The group was led by T. Grigorieva (50-60s), Ruanova (1968-72), then Agoglia and others. At the theater from the 20s. there is a ballet school. The following groups enjoyed fame: Ballet Argent. theater in La Plata (since 1946), Argent. ballet troupe R. Hiacero (since 1948), Modern. Ballet of the City of Buenos Aires under the direction of O. Arais (1968-74), whose repertoire included productions by Arais - “Halo” to the music of Albioni, 1965, “Indian Symphony” to the music of Chavez, 1967, “Romeo and Juliet” by Prokofiev, 1970, etc. From the 30s x years Modern dance groups worked hand in hand. R. Schottelius, D. Heuer, S. Ingenieros. Folklore groups were led by I. Perez Fernandez, A. Velez and others.

Drama Theater

Dramatic theater in Argentina arose on the basis of Indian ritual games and Catholicism. theatrical performances. valid In con. 16-17 centuries Spanish missionaries staged theatrical performances. performances (dances, liturgies and pantomimes-mysteries) with the aim of converting Indians to Christianity. The first permanent theater (founded in 1757) repeated the Spanish. repertoire - the plays praised Spanish. monarchy and Catholicism. In 1789, the first national tragedy was staged - “Siripo” by M. X. de La Vardene. In 1804, the Coliseo Provicional Theater (from 1838 - the Argentino Theater) was founded in Buenos Aires, in which the Spanish predominated. repertoire, but in individual plays tendencies appeared and were liberating. In 1817 the so-called Society of theater lovers with the aim of promoting the development of the national. theater, art The activities of the national theater during the May Revolution of 1810, in the fight against the tyranny of Kh. M. Rosasa(especially in the genre of political satire). Production of the drama “Juan Moreira” by E. Gutierrez (1886, dir. X. Podesta) contributed to the formation of romanticism. gaucho drama genre.

First decade of the 20th century. was marked by the heyday of Argent. theater National reality was vividly embodied in the works of playwrights F. Sanchez, R. X. Pairo, Where Laferrere. In the 20s An acute crisis in the theater began. Entertaining plays were staged. A small genre was spreading - zarzuela and saynete (short, often comic plays from folk life with songs and dances). The founder of this genre in Argentina was N. Trejo. In 1935 the National comedy theater, etc. National Institute for Theater Studies. Numerous appeared in 1935-45. troupes who fought for the rise of the national lawsuit Such, so-called independent theaters resisted the dominance of commercialism. theater, they proclaimed the nationality of art, without rejecting the best world drama; created a new type of actor who mastered the skill of impersonation. These public theaters were often persecuted and were not provided with state funding. subsidies. The largest independent theaters operate in Buenos Aires: Nar. theater (1930; later - the San Martin Theater), the X. B. Justo Theater (1935), where in 1938 E. Ahilda created a children's troupe, and Mascara (1939). Among the leading managers, directors, and actors of independent theaters are L. Barletta, Ahilda, R. Pasano, E. Muinho, P. Askini, A. Boero, M. Sela, S. Benavente. In the 60-70s. the movement of non-professional theater is spreading, which is characterized by collective creativity addressed to current problems modernity, national reality, agitation, propaganda orientation, direct contact with the viewer. Political performances by the troupes “Alliance” (founded in 1967) and “LTL” (founded in 1969) - therefore, a contribution to the art of Latin American theater. Modern argent. the theater uses national traditions and experience of world theater. lawsuits for the further development of national culture. The largest representatives of Argentine drama - B. Feijoo Canal, A. Discepolo, R. Arlt, ABOUT. Dragoon, A. Kusani, A. Lizarraga, C. Gorostisa, E. Eichelbaum.

State structure

The current constitution of Argentina was adopted in 1853 and remained unchanged for the next seventy years. However, after 1930, during successive dictatorships and military regimes, many democratic institutions were cancelled. In 1949, the Perón government introduced a new constitution, according to which the rights of the president were significantly expanded, the heads of provinces acted as representatives of the president, and the legislative and judicial bodies were practically deprived of any power. After the overthrow of Perón in 1955, the 1853 constitution was restored. However, as before, many laws were repealed or ignored if they interfered with the government in implementing its plans. The military junta that seized power in 1976 introduced a number of laws in addition to the constitution. In 1983, when Argentina's political life returned to the path of democracy, the 1853 constitution was restored to its original form. According to an agreement reached between the main political parties in the National Congress, a meeting was held in 1994 Constituent Assembly, which was supposed to revise some provisions of the 1853 constitution.

Constitution. In accordance with the Constitution of Argentina, the country has a republican form of government and representative politic system, with a moderate role of the federal government (about the same as in the United States, which in many ways served as a model for Argentina). However, unlike the United States, in Argentina the provinces do not participate in the adoption of constitutional amendments. Moreover, the constitution provides for the possibility of intervention by the federal government in provincial affairs to prevent violations of the republican form of government; as a result, provincial heads often serve as mere agents of the president's policies.

The Constitution guarantees citizens freedom of religion, however Roman Catholic Church has long occupied a privileged position in the country. The constitutional reform of 1994 abolished many of the remaining forms of state trusteeship over the church, and also abolished the requirement that the president and vice president must belong to the Catholic Church; However, even after this, the constitution retained a provision obliging the federal government to “maintain the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith.”

Executive power. Before the constitutional reform of 1994, the president and vice president were elected to six-year terms (election to a second term immediately after the end of the first was not permitted) by an electoral college whose members were elected by popular vote. In accordance with the 1994 amendments, direct elections of the president and vice-president by universal secret ballot were introduced for a four-year term, after which they could be immediately re-elected, but for no more than one term. The positions of President and Vice President may be held by persons at least 30 years of age, natives of Argentina, or direct descendants of native Argentines. If for any reason the president is unable to perform his duties, his place is taken by the vice president until the end of the presidential term.

The president is the head of the executive branch of the country and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, appoints the government (cabinet of ministers) and determines its functions; appoints heads of enterprises that are state property, as well as judges and ambassadors, with their subsequent approval by the Senate; defines foreign policy; has the right of veto in matters of legislation; in the event of a threat of military attack, may declare (with the approval of the Senate) martial law, temporarily restricting certain civil liberties. In the event of internal unrest occurring during parliamentary recess, the president has the right to single-handedly declare martial law or intervene in the affairs of a province by replacing its leadership. However, these measures must be approved by the National Congress once it resumes its work. The 1994 constitutional reform provides for measures aimed at expanding the rights of parliament and the judiciary and some limiting the powers of the president and the executive branch; for example, the accountability of the head of the cabinet of ministers to parliament is introduced, the president's right to issue legislative decrees is limited, and the rights of judges are expanded.

Legislature. In accordance with the country's constitution, the National Congress of Argentina consists of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected for 4 years and can be re-elected. They are directly elected by proportional representation, with each of the 23 provinces and Federal District are considered as independent electoral districts. In 1995, the Chamber of Deputies consisted of 258 people, more than half of them representing the most densely populated areas (Federal District and the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Cordoba).

According to the 1994 constitution, senators for each province and Federal District are directly elected by the citizens of that province or district. The number of senators was increased to 72, three from each province and three from the Federal District, with two senators in each district representing the majority party and one representing the minority party that received the most votes. Under the 1994 electoral reform, senators are elected for six-year terms and can be re-elected; The composition of the Senate is renewed by a third every two years. The Argentine National Congress has the powers to pass laws and approve the budget; A majority vote in each chamber is required to pass a law or budget. A two-thirds vote in both houses is required to override a presidential veto. A bill that is not returned by the executive branch to Congress within 10 business days becomes law, although usually a presidential decree promulgating the law is issued within those ten days.

Judicial system. Traditionally, the judiciary is the weakest of the three branches of government. The head of the judicial system in Argentina is the Supreme Court of 9 judges, which is located in Buenos Aires. Members of the Supreme Court and other federal judges are appointed for life and can only be removed by impeachment by Parliament. Federal courts have the power to exercise judicial review, monitoring the constitutionality of pending cases. However, a ruling of unconstitutionality is extremely rare; Typically, courts prefer to avoid controversial cases so as not to come into conflict with other branches of government, and dismiss them as being outside their jurisdiction.

The judicial system in Argentina was significantly weakened during Perón's first period in power (1943–1955) and was reduced to complete impotence under the rule of the military junta (1976–1983). The latter period was characterized by the fact that military and police authorities almost never brought legal proceedings against people declared terrorists and subversives. Instead, they were kidnapped, imprisoned, tortured, and then most often killed. The number of such victims is estimated at approximately 30 thousand people. Friends and relatives of the victims could not go to court without having any official documents at their disposal. After the restoration of constitutional rule in 1983, the government made attempts to revive the judicial system and bring criminal cases against at least some murderers and executioners.

The constitutional reform of 1994 provides for some innovations in the judicial system, aimed at making it more accessible to citizens and strengthening the independence of judges.

Local government. According to the constitution, all power is divided between the federal government, the 23 provincial governments and the Federal Capital Region. This implies that the provinces have all local power, with the exception of powers delegated to the central (federal) government. Most government functions, especially the power to control the majority of tax dollars, are exercised by the federal government, even when it comes to matters of " local significance" Moreover, according to the constitution of 1853, the president was given broad powers, allowing him to intervene in the affairs of the provinces and remove local officials, appointing his own representatives to their posts.

Provinces are divided into municipal districts and departments, under the control of local authorities, whose powers are very limited. They are responsible for the collection of local taxes, public works, health care and cultural events.

Political organizations. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. Argentina was one of the few countries in Latin America where there was a developed and actively functioning system of political parties. However, from 1930 to 1983, the armed forces played the main role in the political life of Argentina. Almost all the governments in power during this period were either outright military dictatorships or had the support of the military; change of government usually occurred not through alternative elections, but as a result of military coups. During the rule of the military junta, the activities of all parties were suspended. However, in 1981 this ban was partially lifted. In 1982, after the Argentine armed forces suffered a humiliating defeat in a military clash with Great Britain over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), political parties were free to prepare for national elections. As a result of these elections, held on October 30, 1983, a constitutional democratic regime was restored in Argentina.

The oldest political party in Argentina is the Civil Radical Union, or Radical Party, founded in 1891. At the beginning of the 20th century. The Radical Party, then led by Hipolito Yrigoyen, became the spokesman for the interests of the growing middle class, both urban and rural. After the introduction of universal suffrage (for men) in the country in 1912, the radicals came to power through democratic elections and ruled the country from 1916 to 1930. All this time they adhered to a moderate course in social and economic policy and never carried out fundamental reforms. Having lost power in 1930 as a result of a military coup, the Radicals were the main opposition party throughout the Inglorious Decade and resisted attempts to abolish democratic institutions and restore the power of large landowners.

During the Perón government (1943–1955), the Civic Radical Union represented the main force in opposition to the national populist regime, and most other opposition groups supported the radicals in the elections. During this period, Arturo Frondisi, representing a group of moderate leftists, the so-called Irreconcilable Radicals, emerged as the leader of the party; he was opposed by another, more conservative wing. The split between the two groups within the party gradually deepened, and in the end, after the fall of the Peronist regime, two independent parties were formed in 1957 - the Civil Radical Union of Irreconcilables (or Irreconcilable Radicals), led by A. Frondisi (since 1973 - the party of irreconcilability) , and the Civic Radical Union of the People (or Popular Radicals) under the leadership of Ricardo Balbin. The rivalry between these parties for power continued until 1966, when all political parties were outlawed. Later, the group led by Balbin was re-established under the name of the Civil Radical Union.

In 1982, the radicals nominated Raul Alfonsin, who led the most progressive wing of the party, as a candidate for the presidency. Alfonsin openly opposed military rule, for human rights and social and economic reforms. He won the 1983 presidential election, receiving an absolute majority of votes. The radicals also received a majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies. However, in the next elections, in 1989, they were removed from power, and in the presidential elections in 1995, the Radical Party managed to get only 17% of the votes, and it lost its position as the main opposition party.

Other important political parties in Argentina include the Peronist Party (founded 1947), known after 1958 as the Justicialist Party. Until the 1990s, when the Peronist leaders switched to a market economy, they were famous for their extreme nationalism and in every possible way extolled the deeds of their charismatic leader Juan Peron. The Peronists have always been the largest party in Argentina; their candidates won almost all presidential elections in which this party could take part (the only, albeit very significant, exception was the victory of the radical candidate Raul Alfonsin in 1983).

Historically, the Peronist Party was controlled by large trade unions. However, it never had a coherent program and there were many different factions within it. In the 1970s, the left wing of the Peronists led the guerrilla movement, while many right-wing groups began to openly profess reactionary and neo-fascist doctrines and, even before the military coup of 1976, actively participated in paramilitary forces designed to combat terrorism and persecute partisans, students, and intellectuals and trade union leaders.

After Perón's death in 1974, his widow, Maria Estela Martínez de Perón (Isabelita), became the party's figurehead, succeeding her husband as president. Her reign, not marked by any noticeable achievements, turned out to be short - in 1976 there was a military coup. However, thanks to the fact that the Peronists enjoyed the support of residents of less populated provinces, they received half the seats in the Senate. This allowed them to block bills that could weaken their position in the major trade unions and in the General Confederation of Labor, which later organized a series of nationwide strikes against the radical government led by Raul Alfonsin. In 1989, the Peronist candidate, governor of the poor agricultural province of La Rioja, was elected to the presidency. The Peronists also won a majority of seats in both houses of the National Congress. Menem surprised his voters by embarking on a long-term transition program market economy; this program provided for the liberalization of foreign trade and the free flow of foreign investment, the privatization of state-owned enterprises, and the restriction of workers' rights to strike, as well as the political and economic rights of trade unions. Members of the Chamber of Deputies and senators from the Peronist Party, although reluctantly, still had to come to terms with the fact that Menem abandoned the populist slogans and techniques used by Peron. In 1995, Menem won the election for the second time.

In addition to the two main parties, Argentina has many smaller parties and political associations that have at times played a significant role in the life of the country, but have not been able to gain enough votes to reach the national level. These include the largest of the conservative parties, the Union of Democratic Center, founded in 1983; its leader is Alvaro Alsogaray. On the extreme right stands the Movement for Independence and Dignity, which emerged in 1991, whose leader, former Colonel Aldo Rico, was one of the initiators of military protests against the government of President Alfonsin. Of the center-left political coalitions in the 1990s, the largest role was played by the Frente Grande, or Grand Front, which united the remnants of the Communist Party of Argentina, the Intransigence Party and some Peronist factions. In 1994, the Grand Front joined a broader coalition, the Front for a Solidarity Country, which also included the Socialist Unity group, the small Christian Democratic Party and supporters of the dissident Peronist senator José Octavio Bordon. In the 1995 elections, the Front for a Solidarity Country (FSS) nominated Bordon as a candidate for the presidency; skillfully capitalizing on the general discontent of the population, the Front secured almost 30% of the votes and thus temporarily ousted the radicals from their place as the second most important party in Argentina.

In 1997, on the eve of the parliamentary elections, the radicals and the FSS formed a common election bloc called the Union for Labor, Justice and Education. The Union's election platform included reducing unemployment and establishing macroeconomic stability in the country, supporting democratic processes and institutions, and implementing social programs aimed at reducing poverty and ensuring equality. This platform allowed the Union to gain more than 45% of the votes in the elections and beat the Peronist Party, whose candidates received 41% of the votes.

In the November 1998 primary elections, Fernando de la Rúa, a member of the Radical Party and mayor of Buenos Aires, received 63% of the vote and became the Union candidate for the upcoming October 1999 presidential elections. Human rights activist Graciela Fernández Mejide, who as a representative of the FSU was de la Rúa's rival in the primary elections, became the Union candidate in the gubernatorial elections of one of the most important provinces of the country, Buenos Aires. Carlos "Chacho" Alvarez became the Union's candidate for vice president in the 1999 elections.

PROSPECTS

The government believes that economic growth will reach 6.5% per year by 2004. The further development program provides for maintaining a positive budget balance for the redemption of government bonds. loan and the disappearance of inflation. This

provides for an increase in the surplus from $3.3 billion in 1991 to $4.1 billion by 1995. The success of this program will depend on improving the structure of government. finance, social legislation, employment reforms and the development of financial relations with the provinces, as well as a further increase in the decentralization of power and responsibilities of the center from the provinces. During recent years Argentina has undergone strong structural reforms with widespread popular support for these reforms. Memories of the hyperinflation of 1989/1990 create a strong political backbone for the current government. All this is powerful political ballast, which will keep the ship of structural regulation, headed by the current leadership, even in a strong financial storm.

Bibliography

Geographical Encyclopedic Dictionary: Geographical names / Ch. ed. . - M.: Sov. Encyclopelia, 1983 Pimenova. Economic and geographical characteristics. M.: “Thought”, 1974 Latin American countries. Political and economic reference book. M.: Politizdat, 1969 Lukashova E. N., South America, M., 1958 Alberdi P. G., The Crisis of the Argentine Economy, trans. from Spanish, M., 1950 Shchegolev B. N., Argentina: economic development and problems of foreign trade. M., 1971 Field countries of Latin America, M., 1967 Alberto Barta Cortes. Economic development of Latin America. Per. from Spanish M.: “Foreign Literature”, 1983 Genaro Carnero Checa. Essays on Latin American countries. Per. from Spanish M.: “Foreign Literature”, 1980 Heinrich A.,Sol A., Ballet en la Argentina, B. Aires, 1961

All about car tuning

The economy of Argentina is brief. Abstract: Economic and geographical characteristics of Argentina. Why do they raise cattle in Argentina?

Industry

Agriculture

Transport

Foreign economic relations

Industry

Agriculture

Transport

Foreign economic relations

Economic and geographical location.

Table 1.-Administrative division

Nature and its characteristic features.

Shores.

Geological structure.

Relief.

Climate.

Inland waters.

Soils and vegetation.

Animal world.

Minerals .

Natural areas.

Historical Essay.

Population.

Economic and geographical resources of Argentina.

Economy of Argentina.

Agriculture.

Industry.

Extractive industry.

Manufacturing industry.

Economic-geographical regions.

Culture and art

Literature.

Architecture and fine arts

Art.

Music.

Drama Theater

State structure

PROSPECTS

Bibliography