1. Application as a type of definition

Application – it is a definition that is expressed by a noun. The application characterizes the object in a new way, gives it a different name or indicates the degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, etc. The application is always used in the same case as the noun to which it refers.

Master(i.p.), tough guy (i.p.), I was not happy with either the guests or the profit(N. Leskov).

This story belongs to the famous writer - science fiction writer (d.p.).

Please note: if the application and the word it defines are expressed as common nouns, then a hyphen is placed between them. For example:

Butterflies- cabbages fluttered over the flower beds.

If the application or defined word is expressed by a proper name, a hyphen is placed only when the proper name comes before the common noun. Compare the two applications in the following sentence:

Moscow began with a small settlement in the place where small river Yauza flows into Moscow River (A.N. Tolstoy).

Collocation small river Yauza written without a hyphen, since here the proper name comes after the common noun, and the phrase Moscow River is written with a hyphen because in it the proper name comes before the common noun.

2. Segregation of applications

The previous topic was about placing punctuation marks in sentences with definitions. You learned that a definition related to a noun is isolated only if it comes after it, and a definition related to a personal pronoun is always isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence. Compare pairs of sentences:

2) They, wet in the rain, decided to go to the hotel And Wet in the rain, they decided to go to the hotel.

As you can see, the rule for separating definitions consists of two main parts. Now let's turn to the application separation rule, which is a little more complicated: it will have three points that you need to remember. Please note that all points refer to common applications (that is, applications consisting of several words).

1) If the application refers to a common noun, then it is isolated in any case, regardless of its place in the sentence. For example:

My father, Captain of the Border Troops, served in the Far East And Captain of the Border Troops, my father served in the Far East.

2) If the application refers to a proper noun, it is isolated only when it comes after it. For example:

Ivanov, Captain of the Border Troops, served in the Far East And Captain of the Border Troops Ivanov served in the Far East.

3) If the application refers to a personal pronoun, then it is isolated in any case, regardless of its place in the sentence. For example:

He, Captain of the Border Troops, served in the Far East And Captain of the Border Troops, he served in the Far East.

This rule has a few notes:

1. Sometimes the application to which is given great importance in a statement and which comes at the end of a sentence can be separated with a dash rather than a comma, for example: August was coming to an end - last month summer .

2. Sometimes an application may begin with the conjunction HOW. In such cases, you should try to replace this union with the combination IN QUALITY. If such a replacement is possible, then there is no need to put commas. For example: Gas as a fuel is now widely used. The rules for placing commas before the conjunction HOW will be discussed in more detail in a separate part of our course.

Exercise

Finally, he could not stand it and reported his suspicions to the clerk of the noble guardianship, Polovinkin (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

You, who just a few minutes ago was shaking for your lousy life, showed us all an example of desperate courage and unprecedented stupidity. Among us there is no equal to You. With our large collective mind, we could not comprehend why You_ the hero_ needed to see Rogue Ant when, when it appears, it is enough to tremble and subside (E. Klyuev).

By the way, the owner’s family consisted of a wife, mother-in-law and two children_teenagers- boy and girl (F. Iskander).

In a white cloak with a bloody lining, a shuffling cavalry gait, early in the morning of the fourteenth day of the spring month of Nisan, the procurator of Judea, Pontius Pilate (M. Bulgakov), came out into the covered colonnade between the two wings of the palace of Herod the Great.

The senator, his new owner, did not oppress them at all, he even loved young Tolochanov, but his quarrel with his wife continued; she could not forgive him for his deception and ran away from him with someone else (A. Herzen).

IN living room_reception_ completely dark (M. Bulgakov).

Nastya helped her here too: she took measurements from Lisa’s feet, ran to Trofim the shepherd and ordered him a pair of bast shoes according to that measurement (A. Pushkin).

Among other things, they said that the headman’s wife Mavra was a healthy and not stupid woman in her entire life and had never been anywhere further than her native village... (A. Chekhov).

Well, it’s not far to look, two months ago a certain Belikov, a teacher, died in our city Greek language _ my comrade (A. Chekhov).

But on Elena’s face at three o’clock in the afternoon the arrows showed the lowest and most depressed hour of life—half past five (M. Bulgakov).

My mother-in-law Avdotya Vasilyevna Aksenova, born under serfdom, a simple illiterate “woman from Ryazan”, was distinguished by a deep philosophical turn of mind... (E. Ginzburg).

...We learned that our crazy grandfather Pyotr Kirillich was killed in this house by his illegitimate son Gervaska, a friend of our father and cousin of Natalya... (I. Bunin).

All around there was a kind of sluggish bedlam going on - a pause like that after a stormy Sabbath (V. Shukshin).

The famous Schiller is a tinsmith on Meshchanskaya Street. Standing next to Schiller was Hoffman - not the writer Hoffman, but a rather good shoemaker from Officers Street - a great friend of Schiller (N. Gogol).

Some kind of bastard, Siberian-looking tramp cat emerged from behind a drainpipe and, despite the blizzard, smelled the Krakow one (M. Bulgakov).

... In the city of Moscow, he_this man_ suddenly received the right to exist, acquired meaning and even significance (M. Bulgakov).

We've arrived better days in the year _ the first days of June (I. Turgenev).

Only she, this heroic glove, is too much for people to bear. (P. Bazhov).

Katya_ Danilova, the bride_ remained unmarried (P. Bazhov).

The fragments of Danilushkova's dope_chalice remained, but Katya took care of them (P. Bazhov).

She cried and looked - right at her foot the malachite stone appeared, but it was all sitting in the ground (P. Bazhov).

Gatchina and Pavlovsk - the residences of the grand ducal couple - have remained to this day, despite new plans and reconstructions, monuments of the era of Paul (G. Chulkov).

But only parent_deceased_ he was not a fool to let such a place, from which all rafting on the river begins, out of his hands (P. Bazhov).

I suspect that her husband, the peaceful Abkhaz prince, had to endure more crude forms of manifestation of her despotic temperament (F. Iskander).

There are no troikas, no riding “Kirghiz”, no hounds and greyhounds, no servants and no owner of all this _ landowner_hunter_, like my late brother-in-law Arseny Semenych (I. Bunin).

“Prince Lev Nikolaevich Myshkin,” he answered with complete and immediate readiness (F. Dostoevsky).

Moreover, her face was similar to her mother, and her mother, some kind of princess with Eastern blood, suffered from something like black melancholy (I. Bunin).

Such sleeves disappeared, time flashed like a spark, the father_professor_ died, everyone grew up, but the clock remained the same and chimed like a tower (M. Bulgakov).

Questions regarding separate applications are found quite often in exam tasks for the Unified State Exam and State Examination, and many examinees are unable to answer them correctly. How can you learn to find an application in a sentence and correctly identify it?

What is an application?

An application should be understood as a definition that is expressed using a noun and is consistent with the word being defined. The application can indicate completely different qualities of objects, provide information about profession, nationality, age and many other characteristics of a person or object.

There are stand-alone applications and non-stand-alone applications. The first should be studied more carefully, as for the second, here we can talk about proper names that are combined with common nouns, as well as cases when common nouns are followed by proper names.

Standalone application: example and analysis

Common applications that are expressed by a noun with dependent words and which themselves belong to a common noun can be isolated. Such applications are most often located after the word being defined and very rarely in front of it. For example: “The father, the man with gray sideburns, joked more.”

IN in this case the application “man with gray sideburns” refers to a common noun, so it is separated by a comma. Constructions of the following type can also stand out: “The engineer spoke, he is also one of the developers of this engine, Igor Sikorsky".

Single application

An uncommon application can be isolated if it is located behind a common noun, and if this noun has attached to itself a number of additional explanatory words. They appear much less often in speech, so separate applications with examples are much easier to find.

Even more rarely, such an application can be isolated, but this is possible if it is found with a single noun, and is used to enhance the semantic role of another application, without allowing merging with the defined words, for example: “Father, a disabled person, fed and clothed from an early age , and himself."

Applications with hyphens

A separate common application, examples of which can be found in a large number of reference books, can be attached to a common noun using a hyphen: mother-heroine, teenage boys, etc. Sometimes hyphenated writing becomes possible if there is a definition that explains the general essence of the sentence, it may refer to the entire utterance or to just one word.

Hyphenation is possible after proper names (very often this happens when indicating geographical names), for example: Moscow River. There are cases when a hyphen is placed after a proper name; this is possible when the application together with the name is able to form a single semantic core, for example: Ivan Tsarevich.

When should you not use a hyphen when using applications?

There are cases when the application is used without a hyphen, for example, when it is equated in its lexical meaning to. Another principle is also used if, when combining two common nouns, one of them has the meaning of a generic concept, and the other - a specific one (with the exception of terms).

If the appendix or qualified noun itself is written with a hyphen, no additional separation is needed. Next to the defined noun there can be two uncommon clauses at once; in this case they will not be separated either.

Offers with separate applications: examples

Those applications that relate to a proper name can be separated on both sides if they are located after the word being defined. For example: “This morning Kataev, the driver of the first bus, talked about yesterday’s incident.” If the application comes before a proper name and has an additional adverbial lexical meaning, it will also stand out: “Confident, Maxim remained so even in the most difficult situations.”

A standalone application, an example of which might look like given name any person or animal, takes place in a sentence if it has an explanatory character or is used to clarify a common noun: “Masha’s dog, Rosalind, did not like strangers and constantly tried to protect her owner from them.” Quite often, double punctuation is possible here; everything will depend on whether the sentence has an explanatory connotation of meaning or not.

Application + alliances

A stand-alone application, the example sentences with which often baffle inexperienced native speakers, is actually not particularly complex. So, it can be joined using the conjunction “as” and combinations such as “by last name”, “by nickname”, etc. For example: “Katya, as a smart girl, wanted to get an ideal groom.”

If a conjunction has the lexical meaning of “as something,” then the phrase that will be attached with the help of it cannot be considered an application, much less separated from all others by commas. Also, applications with the conjunction “how” are not isolated if they characterize an object from only one side. A separate application, an example of which can be found in the sentence “He was never able to get used to her as an actress,” will not be separated by commas.

Application + pronoun

A separate agreed application, examples of which are sometimes difficult to understand, is always distinguished by commas next to the pronoun. In these cases it is possible various options separation. They will directly depend on the intonation with which it was pronounced, as well as on the presence of pauses after pronouns.

The comma may not be placed in those sentences where, together with the pronoun, they are located after the noun, but before the application. Writing in this case is controversial; now the largest linguists studying the issue are trying to come to some kind of consensus.

Complex cases

Even if you know what a standalone application is (the example sentences with it don't scare you), be prepared for the fact that various kinds of exceptions will appear. For example, the application may refer to a word that is not in the sentence at all, but is implied by the context.

Most often this happens when there is no pronoun in the sentence; it, as a rule, is suggested either by the personal forms of the predicate, or by other available means. For example: “Bitch, I always don’t drink, but for such an occasion I’ll definitely drink.” Using the form of the verb, you can guess that the pronoun “I” is missing in the sentence.

Dash instead of comma when separating

In some cases, a separate application, example sentences with which you need to study in preparation for the Unified State Exam, may be highlighted in writing not with commas, but with a dash. Most often this happens when any word can be inserted before the application without changing the overall meaning of the sentence.

Also, a dash is placed before the application located at the end of the sentence, provided that using punctuation mark The nature of the application is explained. A dash may be used for explanatory purposes. For example: “Some boring picture - the creation of a sad artist - covered a hole in the wallpaper.”

A dash is used if the separate application is followed by a comma. For example: “With the help of special diving equipment - scuba gear, anyone can dive into the depths of the ocean and take a closer look at the inhabitants of the seabed.”

A separate application, an example of which looks like this: “Leading experts - heads of departments spoke at the meeting” - in this case expresses the specific meaning of the defined word, which has more general meaning, from which it is impossible to conclude who exactly we are talking about.

Proposals with separate applications, examples of which may look like this: “ Main man department - Tatyana Petrovna, said that we won’t go anywhere today,” are structured so that the application is located before the word being defined. The dash in this case plays the role of a tool for isolating the application.

A dash can be used if the application is combined with a homogeneous member of the sentence, clarifying its meaning. For example: “Father, mother, their daughter Katya, two friends, grandchildren met at dinner.” complicated by a separate application, examples of which are very conservative, does not have a second dash.

Also, a dash can be used to separate similar applications located before the word being defined from each other. For example, “The author of hundreds of books, scripts, stories and fables, Alexey Petrovich suddenly decided to change his activities and became interested in skydiving and diving.”

Also, a dash can be used in constructions of the following type: “Pushkin - Bezrukov was magnificent.” In this case, the application is not isolated, but plays the role of a clarifying element with the subject. From the sentence it becomes clear that the role of the famous poet was performed by an equally famous actor.

Conclusion

The stand-alone app, an example of which can help with a difficult exam question, is actually not too difficult to understand. If necessary, any student can use reference materials on the Russian language to make sure that he really understands what an application is and how to correctly highlight it within any structure.

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Class: 8

Presentation for the lesson

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Lesson objectives:

• give the concept of isolation as a semantic and intonation emphasis;
• reveal the role of isolated members in the proposal;
• develop the ability to find isolated parts of a sentence and formulate them correctly in punctuation;
• develop thinking, speech, and creative abilities of students.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Goal setting

– Are you familiar with the topic of the lesson?
– What place does it occupy in the “syntax” section?
– Is this a difficult topic?

2. New topic(SLIDES 1, 2).

– What does the word “Separation” mean?
To stand apart - to somehow separate, stand out. They live separately. In Russian, distinguish - highlight by meaning.(from the “Explanatory Dictionary” by S. I. Ozhegov).
Similar words: person, special, separate.

Conclusion: SEPARATION is SEPARATION

3. Continued new topic, theory(SLIDES 3-8).

– For the first time, the term “isolation” began to be used in the Russian language in 1914, and was introduced by the linguist A. Peshkovsky.
The following signs of the existence of isolation in a sentence were identified:

• The presence of words that depend on isolation.
• Inverse word order.
• The presence of complementary semantic verbal expressions.

Segregations are performed the following functions:

• Providing additional characteristics of a person, object or action. The sentence is filled with clarifying semantic content, because it explains in detail what is said in its main part.
• Fills the sentence with an expressive character.

- Which ones are familiar to us? types of separations? Let's remember, look at the examples and write them down.

SEPARATE ADDITIONS.

Selected case forms with prepositions or prepositional combinations (except, instead, etc.), meaning inclusion, exclusion, substitution.

After a hearty dinner, all the guests were cheerful, except for the old lady. Many of the students, in addition to shovels, also brought rakes.

SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES.

Members of the sentence that act as adverbials (gerunds and participial phrases, prepositional-case forms of nouns, adverbs).

The fox, shuddering, began to listen. Therefore, due to lack of time, we will not deviate from the topic. Outside the house, in the summer, early in the morning, the milkman always screams.

SEPARATE DEFINITIONS.

Members of the sentence acting as a definition (agreed and uncoordinated).

Petya, thoughtful, went to his father. Birds chirping early in the morning always irritated him. Pyotr Ilyich, without a coat, ran ahead of everyone.

SEPARATE APPLICATIONS.

Members of a sentence acting as an application function.

I liked one girl, a Polish girl. The little gray-haired priest, in the world Macarius, was distinguished by his special eloquence.

4. Reinforcing the topic(SLIDE 9)

– Explain which parts of the sentence need to be isolated in these sentences.
Her factory worker husband was a jack of all trades. A jasmine bush full of white flowers could be seen from afar. Locked in his room, he cried bitterly. The mood of the crew was higher than usual. I couldn’t make out anything except a barely visible light in the distance. He left the house hoping that the weather would not worsen. Swaying from the wind, he almost fell. And the Germans are fools and think that we are afraid of them. Mushrooms grew in a clearing near the forest.

5. Creative task(SLIDE 10).

Write a miniature essay on the topic “Winter Forest” using 7-8 simple or complex sentences with isolations.

6. Lesson summary

– What new have you learned about isolated members of a sentence?

6. Homework: prepare a card: 10-12 sentences from art. texts with isolated sentence parts (without punctuation marks).

What is a SEPARATE DEFINITION?

A standalone definition is a definition that is distinguished by intonation and commas.

Definitions answer the questions WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.

Definitions are either CONSENTED or UNAGREED.

AGREED definitions can be expressed:

· participle phrase (A path overgrown with grass led to the river.)

· adjective with dependent words (Satisfied with his successes, he told me about them.)

· single adjective or participle (Happy, he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.)

· homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)

What is an APPLICATION?

Application is a definition that is expressed by a noun.

The application characterizes the item in a new way, gives it a different name or indicates the degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, age, etc.

The appendix is ​​always used in the same case as the noun to which it refers.

A clause can be common (consisting of a single noun) or common (consisting of a noun with a dependent word or words).

For example:

Following Deev, Sapozhkov (I.p.), a railway worker (I.p.), walked to the sleigh. (the railway worker application is not common, it refers to the noun Sapozhkov)

The owner (I. p.), a stern man (I. p.), was not happy with either guests or profit.

(the stern man application is widespread,

refers to the noun owner)

Some applications can be used with the conjunction AS.

For example: Like any literary innovator, Nekrasov was tightly bound by the traditions of his great predecessors.

Cases of application segregation

Separated:

1. A common application relating to a common noun is always isolated (regardless of the place in relation to the word being defined): 1) Misfortune’s faithful sister, hope in a dark dungeon will awaken joy and fun... (A. Pushkin). 2) And the raven, a smart bird, sat down and sat on a tree near the fire (N. Nekrasov). 3) The wind, the breaker of silence, makes noise, sliding in the darkness along the wall (M. Lermontov). 4) So, two respectable men, the honor and adornment of Mirgorod, quarreled among themselves!.. (N. Gogol).

3. A common application relating to a proper name is isolated if it comes after it: 1) Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva... (A. Pushkin). 2) Kornev brought his cousin Moiseenko, a university student (N. Garin-Mikhailovsky), to Berenda. 3) Ksyusha, the youngest girl, handed him a clean long towel (I. Bunin).

3. An application (common or uncommon), expressed by a proper noun and standing after a common noun, is isolated if it serves for clarification. In this case, it can be attached using the words first name, last name, nickname, nickname, etc.:

1) My father, Andrei Petrovich Grinev, served under Count Minich (A. Pushkin). 2) He got himself a bear cub named Yasha (K. Paustovsky). 3) I had a long friendship with the eldest, Verochka (I. Bunin). 4) The owner himself, Philip Ivanovich, nicknamed Uncle (A. Chekhov), lives on the ground floor with his family.

4. An uncommon application expressed by a common noun is isolated in the following cases:

a) if it refers to a proper noun and comes after it: There was a captain, a lieutenant, and Onisim Mikhailovich, sergeant major (L. Tolstoy); Following Deev, Sapozhkov, a railway worker (S. Krutilin), walked to the sleigh;

b) if it refers to a common noun, common in dependent words: Here on the wide street I met General Zhukov’s chef, an old man (A. Chekhov); My owner, the doctor, was an always busy, silent man (Yu. Kazakov); Her father, a botanist, was sent to the Canary Islands... (M. Gorky).

5. Applications joined by the union as are isolated if they have an additional meaning of reason, for example:

1) Like any literary innovator, Nekrasov was tightly bound by the traditions of his great predecessors (K. Chukovsky) (= since he was an innovator).

2) As a true artist, Pushkin did not need to choose poetic means for his works, but for him all objects were equally filled with poetry (V. Belinsky) (= being a true artist). 3) Pierre, as a legitimate son, received everything (L. Tolstoy).

But: Applications with the conjunction as, meaning “in quality, in role,” are not isolated: Krylov wrote very remarkable comedies, but his fame as a fabulist could not help but overshadow his fame as a comedian (V. Belinsky).

6. Instead of a comma when separating applications, a dash is used in the following cases:

a) before the application, which stands at the end of the sentence and is an explanation of what has been said (as a rule, before such an application you can insert a conjunction, namely): 1) At the door, in the sun, with his eyes closed, lay his father’s favorite greyhound dog, Milka (L. Tolstoy ). 2) Only the watchman lived at the lighthouse - an old deaf Swede, a former skipper (K. Paustovsky). 3) My path went past the Berdskaya settlement - Pugachev’s refuge (A. Pushkin);

2) if the application belongs to one of homogeneous members so as not to confuse the application with a homogeneous member: The mistress of the house, her sister - my wife’s friend, two strangers to me, my wife and I, were sitting at the table;

3) to highlight applications on both sides that have explanatory meaning: 1) My grandmother - a devout, somewhat romantic Catholic - loved to visit cemeteries in different cities and then talked about them (K. Paustovsky). 2) Some kind of unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid network (N. Gogol);

4) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the defined word: The cruelest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - pestilence rages in the forests (I. Krylov).

Applications are not isolated in the following cases: 1. If the application comes before a proper name (in this position it is isolated only when it has an additional adverbial meaning): On the eve of the difficult and great twentieth century, I met a dear eccentric and poet Andersen and taught me to believe in victory of the sun over darkness... (K. Paustovsky).

2. If a one-word application and the noun it defines are nouns, then a hyphen is placed between them, for example: 1) Most often I met with a grumpy grandfather-basket-man (K. Paustovsky). 2) The snake street winds (V. Mayakovsky). 3) Teenage girls on the other corner of the square were already performing round dances (L. Tolstoy). 4) Wave-walls rose all around, fell, foamed again... (N. Gumilyov).

3. A hyphen is also placed in the case when a common noun comes after a proper name and closely merges with it in meaning, for example: 1) Go to the courtyard hut, or else to Agrafena the housekeeper (I. Turgenev). 2) Stenka Razin went to Astrakhan-city (A. Pushkin). 3) Vladimir recognized Arkhip the blacksmith (A. Pushkin). 4) ...I came from Moscow to the Neva River (A. Pushkin). (But: Neva River.)

4. No hyphen is used:

a) after the words comrade, citizen, master, etc., for example: Citizen financial inspector! Sorry to bother you (V. Mayakovsky);

b) if the application preceding the word being defined is close in meaning to the agreed definition expressed by a single-root qualitative adjective, for example: And they dream of a beautiful, clear beauty of spring in the smiles of the sun (S. Yesenin).

But: Ippolit struck with his extraordinary resemblance to his beautiful sister (L. Tolstoy) (the appendix comes after the noun being defined);

5. Inconsistent applications (names of newspapers, magazines and books, enterprises, etc.) are enclosed in quotation marks, for example: the magazine “Science and Life”, the ballet “Swan Lake”, work at the “Chaika” plant.

The application can be separated not only by a comma, but also by a dash:

a) if it stands at the end of a sentence and is an explanation of what was said (you can insert a conjunction before such an application, namely)

For example: At the lighthouse there lived only a watchman - an old deaf Swede.

b) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members, so as not to confuse the application with a homogeneous member:

For example: The mistress of the house, her sister - my wife’s friend, two strangers to me, my wife and I, were sitting at the table.

c) to highlight applications on both sides that have explanatory meaning

For example: Some kind of unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid network.

d) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the defined word: For example: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - pestilence rages in the forests.

Attention!Applications written with a hyphen and enclosed in quotation marks are separated THEY ARE NOT!

For example: Teenage girls on the other corner of the square were already performing round dances. We watched the ballet “Swan Lake”.

§1. Separation. General concept

Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
3. Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of the sentence are highlighted in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed upon
• inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

• participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

• single definition: excited girl;
• two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She, excited, could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.

(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced subordinate clause reasons with union because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:

Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.

(additional meaning of reason)

Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.

(additional value of concession)

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Dedicated Applications

Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:

And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.

Soon New Year- children's favorite holiday.

§4. Standalone Add-ons

Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

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§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are distinguished:

1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:

• simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
• similes: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with a union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:

1. are of a phraseological nature:

It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down like buckets.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:

We're walking in circles.

(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)

3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":

It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late, until nightfall.

Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) using unions: that is, namely:

I'm getting ready for Unified State Exam assignment C1, that is, for the essay.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?

2. Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?

3. What can be separate definitions?

   • common and not common
   • agreed and uncoordinated

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?

5. In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?

   • if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
   • if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed

6. Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?

   • about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
   • except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?

9. Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?

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