Accounting Regulations (PBU). Accounting Regulations (PBU) PBU: what is it?

Accounting in Russian companies is subject to strict regulation of legally approved provisions. The abbreviation PBU has become familiar to any accountant, and the content of these documents is a determining factor in the implementation of competent accounting in almost all areas of application. RAS, prescribed in the provisions, regulate the procedure for maintaining records of assets (current and non-current), liabilities, funds, transactions/events in the main or auxiliary activities of each domestic enterprise.

PBUs are approved by the Ministry of Finance, and the legislative nature of these regulatory documents requires strict and detailed implementation of the methods and recommendations presented in them. Accounting regulations relevant for financiers in 2017 include 24 documents. Let's get acquainted with the most common of them.

PBU for accounting: application in accounting for inventories, fixed assets, intangible assets

Each enterprise, when determining methods for developing accounting policies and maintaining records, inventories, depreciation of non-current assets and operating results of the formation, relies on the recommendations presented in PBU 1/2008 “Accounting Policies”.

Accounting for material assets is extensive and varied. Therefore, legislators have approved several accounting provisions that regulate various aspects of a company’s life. For example, PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories” establishes general rules reflecting in accounting information about inventories - materials, raw materials, finished products or goods. The various specifics of the activities of enterprises, in particular those working with assets whose value is expressed in foreign currency, requires the use of a special accounting methodology recommended in PBU No. 3/2006.

Features of accounting, depreciation, mothballing or liquidation of real estate and property whose useful life exceeds a year are interpreted by PBU 6/01 for accounting of fixed assets. IN Lately The most important component in a successful company image are such factors as business reputation, technology secrets (know-how), trademarks or unique software products, i.e. intangible assets. Accounting for intangible assets is determined by PBU No. 14/2007.

Accounting for expenses, calculations and obligations in PBU

For construction organizations specializing in contracting activities, PBU 2/2008 on maintaining and recording construction contracts is relevant. The procedure for accounting for financial investments in Russian organizations is established by PBU 19/02, and the correct distribution of expenses for received loans and borrowings is established by PBU 15/2008.

Companies receiving and using government assistance rely on Accounting Regulation 13/2000 “Accounting for State Assistance,” which determines the correct formation of receipts and expenditures of budget funds.

The correct attribution of expenses for research, technological and design activities of an enterprise is considered by PBU 17/02, and the specifics of income tax calculations are considered by PBU 18/02.

The generation of income and expenses of companies is regulated by PBUs 9/99 and 10/99, which standardize algorithms for business operations.

PBU in the preparation of financial statements

Enterprise reporting is prepared in accordance with PBU 4/99, which establishes the structure, content and methodology of formation. Along with the general requirements for reporting, PBU 23/2011 was legislatively adopted, explaining the rules for drawing up an appendix to the balance sheet - a movement report Money.

All accounting standards for 2017 year supplement the provisions governing the actions of an accountant in various non-standard situations. For example, PBU 22/2010 establishes rules for correcting erroneous entries in accounting, and PBU 7/98 defines an algorithm for action when a fact important to the company arises economic activity after the reporting date.

It should be noted that legislators are currently developing draft new federal standards for accounting for fixed assets, intangible assets, inventories and debt instruments.

The first months of the year are a difficult period for accountants: declarations, annual and current reports, communication with funds. And 2009 is completely special. Not only do we have to revise obligations and redo mountains of paper because of the crisis, we also need to master the latest amendments to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

And then new PBUs arrived. We asked a specialist from the company “Audit-Finance” to place emphasis in the main accounting documents. Petersburg".

Five new provisions

Behind recent months Five new accounting regulations were approved and came into effect.

PBU 1/2008 “Accounting policies of the organization”(approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n) introduced on January 1, 2009 and replaces the old PBU 1/98. Applies to everyone legal entities, except for credit and budgetary institutions. When preparing an order for amendments and additions for 2009, you should pay attention to two aspects.

First, the consequences of adjustments to accounting policies are now divided into prospective and retrospective. The same applies to assessing the impact on financial reporting indicators of regulations that have been approved but have not yet entered into force. And, secondly, the elements of the accounting policy described in the relevant order are disclosed in detail.

PBU 15/2008 “Accounting for expenses on loans and credits”(approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 No. 107n) has been in effect since the accounting year of 2009 and replaced the similar PBU 15/01. The adopted changes bring the national accounting standard even closer to the international one. The document applies to interest-bearing and interest-free loans and borrowings, as well as government loans. The division of borrowed funds into long-term and short-term has been abolished. Overdue debt no longer needs to be taken into account separately. In addition, the composition of additional expenses for loans and borrowings has been changed.

PBU 21/2008 “Changes in estimated values”(approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n) has been in effect since January 1, 2009 and contains fundamentally new concepts for Russian accountants. Previously, the change in estimated values ​​was only mentioned in PBU 14/2007 on accounting for intangible assets. The new provision should be applied when drawing up accounting policies. The document is especially relevant for organizations creating reserves.

PBU 2/2008 “Accounting for construction contracts”(approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 24, 2008 No. 116n), adopted to replace PBU 2/94, contains new accounting standards for contractors and subcontractors under contracts concluded for a period of more than one year. The document has been in effect since accounting in 2009 and also applies to the provision of services in the field of architecture, engineering and technical design in construction and to the performance of reconstruction, modernization, repair of fixed assets and their liquidation.

PBU 11/2008 “Information about related parties”(approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 29, 2008 No. 48n) is applied starting from the annual financial statements for 2008. Credit organizations and small businesses that are not required to publish their reports may not use it. The document will help accountants disclose in the explanatory note to the balance sheet information about persons who control or have significant influence on the company when making management decisions.

List of current PBUs

b/n Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation;
PBU 1/08 Accounting policy of the organization;
PBU 2/08 Accounting for construction contracts;
PBU 3/2006 Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency;
PBU 4/99 Accounting statements of the organization;
PBU 5/01 Accounting for inventories;
PBU 6/01 Accounting for fixed assets;
PBU 7/98 Events after the reporting date;
PBU 8/01 Conditional facts of economic activity;
PBU 9/99 Income of the organization;
PBU 10/99 Organizational expenses;
PBU 11/08 Information about related parties;
PBU 12/2000 Information on segments;
PBU13/2000 Accounting for state aid;
PBU 14/07 Accounting for intangible assets;
PBU 15/08 Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of servicing them;
PBU 16/02 Information on discontinued activities;
PBU 17/02 Accounting for expenses for research, development and technological work;
PBU18/02 Accounting for corporate income tax calculations;
PBU 19/02 Accounting financial investments;
PBU 20/03 Information on participation in joint activities;
PBU 21/08 Changes in estimated values.

Let's look at the first four provisions in more detail.

PBU 1/2008 on accounting policies

There are no global changes. However, a number of interesting and useful points are evident.

First introduced concept of "retrospective reflection" consequences of changes in accounting policies (provides for adjustment of the balance in the line “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”). The list of information that must be disclosed in financial statements has been significantly expanded. For example, it will be necessary to disclose the facts of non-application of provisions that have not entered into force and assess their possible impact on reporting indicators.

Form an accounting policy organizations can now not only be the chief accountant, but also any other person entrusted with accounting. And branches and representative offices of foreign organizations in Russia are allowed to keep records according to the rules of a foreign state, if they do not contradict IFRS or PBU 1/2008. The choice must be fixed in the accounting policy.

Provided approval in the accounting policy of all forms of primary accounting documents that the company uses. Previously, the order listed only independent developments. Please note that the “primary” use of non-unified forms without issuing the corresponding internal organizational and administrative documents can lead to adverse consequences for the company. In particular, without following this procedure, it will not be possible to prove the fact of acceptance for accounting and posting of materials on non-unified invoices (see the resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North-West District dated March 6, 2006 in case No. A13-6672/2005-19).

If the methods used by a company to reflect transactions are not prescribed in the PBU, it has the right to develop its own method. In this case, you can rely on other provisions and norms of IFRS.

In general, the preparation of accounting policies and their timely adoption should be treated very responsibly. If only because, in the event of controversial situations, it helps the taxpayer defend his position. An example is the decisions of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North-West District of February 26, 2007 in case No. A05-7683/2006-9 and of June 20, 2006 in case No. A56-41550/2005. In both cases, the organizations took advantage of paragraph 8 of PBU 1/98 and approved the procedure for maintaining separate cost accounting for tax purposes.

If the accounting policy is not drawn up in full or the procedure for its approval is violated, the courts side with the tax inspectorate (see decisions of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North-West District dated August 27, 2007 in case No. A56-6351/04 and July 29, 2004 in the case No. A56-49391/03).

PBU 15/2008 on loans and credits

In the new PBU exchange rate differences are not mentioned. Another important change is the requirement reflect loans and borrowings as liabilities in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement(previously - in the amount of funds actually received). It should be remembered that, in accordance with Civil Code RF, a loan agreement is considered concluded from the moment of transfer of money or other things.

Clarified composition of expenses on loans and borrowings. It is still open. Expenses should be reflected separately from the amount of the principal debt and taken into account in the reporting period to which they relate. Additional expenses may be included evenly as part of other expenses during the term of the loan (loan agreement).

All borrowing and credit expenses are included in other expenses. In addition to interest included in the cost of an investment asset (an object of property, the preparation of which for its intended use requires a long time and significant expenses for acquisition, construction or production). When using loan funds for current expenses and creating an investment asset, you need to calculate “the share of borrowing costs to be included in the investment asset”. The PBU describes the calculation procedure in detail and provides an example.

Debt loans and borrowings must be reflected in accounting and financial statements, taking into account the amount of interest accrued at the end of the reporting period.

PBU 2/2008 for construction contracts

Accounting for income, expenses and financial results is carried out separately for each executed contract. In addition, cases of determining accounting objects are highlighted if:
— one contract provides for the construction of a complex of facilities for one or several customers according to a single project;
— two or more contracts are concluded by the organization with one or more customers;
— when executing the contract, an additional construction project (additional work) is included in the technical documentation.

Income and expenses under the agreement are recognized as income and expenses for ordinary activities.

Income are determined based on the cost of work at the price specified in the contract. They can be adjusted in cases and under the conditions provided for by the contract in connection with:
— deviations in the cost of materials used;
— performing work not provided for in the technical documentation, or vice versa;
- claims for reimbursement of costs not included in the estimate; expenses incurred in connection with the elimination of defects in technical documentation, etc.;
- amounts paid to the organization in addition to the estimate under the terms of the contract.

Expenses can be direct, indirect and others. Direct costs are directly related to the execution of the contract. They also include expected unavoidable expenses. The latter are taken into account as they arise or by creating a reserve to cover anticipated expenses. Indirect costs are part of the organization's total costs for executing contracts. The organization determines the procedure for their distribution between contracts independently. Other expenses do not relate to the company’s construction activities, but are reimbursed by the customer under the terms of the contract.

All expenses under the contract are recognized in the reporting period in which they were incurred. In this case, amounts related to work performed under the contract are taken into account as production costs, and expenses incurred in connection with upcoming work are taken into account as deferred expenses.

For determining financial result you need to use the “as ready” method. It provides that income and expenses are calculated based on the degree of completion of work under the contract confirmed by the organization as of the reporting date and are recognized in the same reporting periods in which they were completed. The degree of completion can be determined by the share of the volume of work completed as of the reporting date in the total volume under the contract or by the share of expenses incurred as of the reporting date in the estimated total costs under the contract.

For contracts closed during the reporting period, information on the amounts of recognized revenue and methods for determining it should be disclosed in the financial statements. And for each unfinished contract - information on the total amount of expenses incurred and profits received (minus recognized losses), advances and deposits, as well as amounts for work performed that were not presented to the customer until certain conditions were met or until defects in the work were eliminated.

PBU 21/2008 based on estimated values

According to the new regulation the estimated value is:
— reserve for doubtful debts;
— reserve for reducing the value of inventories
— provision for impairment valuable papers;
— deadlines beneficial use fixed assets, intangible assets and other depreciable assets;
— assessment of the expected receipt of future economic benefits from the use of depreciable assets and others.

As you can see, the list is open. This means that we can conclude that estimated values ​​are accounting and reporting indicators that are formed on the basis of received information (analysis of the current market value of inventories, loss of inventories of their original quality, the cost of financial investments, the appearance of signs of bankruptcy in the organization issuing the Central Bank, property status debtor's organization).

Change in estimated value subject to recognition in accounting by inclusion in the income or expenses of the organization is recognized:

in the period in which the change occurred - if the change affects the reporting indicators only for this reporting period;

in the period in which the change occurred and future periods - if the change affects the financial statements of this and future reporting periods.

Example:

Due to a steady and significant decrease in the value of financial investments, on the basis of paragraphs 38 and 39 of PBU 19/02 “Accounting for Financial Investments”, the organization formed a reserve:

D91.2 “Other expenses” K59 “Provisions for impairment of financial investments.”

If the audit shows a further decrease in the estimated value of investments, the amount of the previously created reserve is adjusted upward (similar posting).

If an increase in the estimated value of investments is detected, the amount of the reserve is recalculated downward.

A change in the estimated value that directly affects the amount of capital of the organization is reflected in the financial statements for the period in which it occurred by adjusting the corresponding capital items.

Example:

The company revaluates fixed assets and intangible assets. The amount of additional valuation of fixed assets is credited to the organization’s additional capital, and the amount of the writedown is credited to the accounting account retained earnings(uncovered loss) (clause 15 of PBU 6/01).

In the explanatory note To balance sheet Three points need to be reflected:
1) the content of the change that affected the financial statements for the given reporting period;
2) the content of the change that will affect the financial statements in future periods;
3) reasons why it is impossible to assess the impact of changes in estimated values ​​on the financial statements in future reporting periods.

The Russian Ministry of Finance is working on a draft of another regulation - PBU 22/2009 “Correction of errors in accounting and reporting” (see the draft at www.minfin.ru).

The document is planned to be made mandatory for everyone Russian organizations, except for credit and budget institutions, and come into effect no earlier than with the financial statements for 2009.

For the first time, a clear definition of the concept of “error” will be given and possible reasons her appearance. In addition, it is proposed to introduce the concept of “material error” - an action that, individually or in combination with others for the same reporting period, can affect the economic decisions of users made on the basis of the financial statements compiled for this reporting period.

The new PBU 22/2009 provides for different procedures for adjusting identified violations depending on their significance.

Let us recall that now the rules for correcting errors and the procedure for disclosing information about them in reporting are regulated by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 22, 2003 No. 67n and the Regulations on Accounting and Financial Reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n).

When making corrections to accounting in accordance with these documents, companies have a chance to prove their case in court (see decisions of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North-West District dated October 16, 2008 in case No. A56-39310/2006 and dated October 23, 2007 in case No. A05-790/ 2007).

How we fix it now

PBU- These are accounting standards that regulate the accounting procedures for various assets, liabilities or business events. PBUs are approved by orders of the Russian Ministry of Finance.

Regulations on accounting(PBU) are mandatory documents. All companies that operate must follow them.

List of current PBUs

Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in Russian Federation;

PBU 1/2008 Accounting policy of the organization;

PBU 2/2008 Accounting for construction contracts;

PBU 3/2006 Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency;

PBU 4/99 Accounting statements of an organization;

PBU 5/01 Accounting for inventories;

PBU 6/01 Accounting for fixed assets;

PBU 7/98 Events after the reporting date;

PBU 8/2010 Estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets;

PBU 9/99 Income of the organization;

PBU 10/99 Organizational expenses;

PBU 11/2008 Information on related parties;

PBU 12/2010 Information on segments;

PBU 13/2000 Accounting for state aid;

PBU 14/2007 Accounting for intangible assets;

PBU 15/2008 Accounting for expenses on loans and credits;

PBU 16/02 Information on discontinued activities;

PBU 17/02 Accounting for expenses for scientific research, experimental design and technological work;

PBU 18/02 Accounting for income tax calculations;

PBU 19/02 Accounting for financial investments;

PBU 20/03 Information on participation in joint activities;

PBU 22/2010 Correction of errors in accounting and reporting;

PBU 23/2011 Cash flow statement;

PBU 24/2011 Accounting for costs for the development of natural resources.

Still have questions about accounting and taxes? Ask them on the accounting forum.

Accounting Regulations (PBU): details for an accountant

• Inseparable improvements. Accounting and tax accounting for the lessor

  ... (paragraph 2, clause 14 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Fixed Assets" ... Methodological Instructions, clause 10.3 of the Accounting Regulations "Income of the Organization" ... accounting established by clause 6 of the Accounting Regulations " Accounting policy of the organization" ... Methodological guidelines, clause 10.3 of the Accounting Regulations "Income of the organization" ... accounting established by clause 6 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting policy of the organization" ...

• Inseparable improvements. Accounting and tax accounting for the tenant

  Satisfying the conditions established by clause 4 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Fixed Assets" ... the conditions listed in clause 4 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Fixed Assets" ... activities (clauses 5, 16 of the Accounting Regulations " Expenses of the organization" PBU... the conditions listed in clause 4 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Fixed Assets" ... activities (clauses 5, 16 of the Accounting Regulations "Costs of the Organization" PBU...

• Creation of intangible assets: on the deduction of “input” VAT

  Fixed assets"(clause 4.3 of the Regulations on accounting of long-term investments, approved by the Ministry of Finance of Russia...

• Review of letters from the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation for January 2020

  09/2580 In accordance with the Accounting Regulations PBU 6/01 "Accounting...

• Management accounting of inventories and approaches to writing off illiquid assets

  The formation of the cost of finished products is regulated by the Accounting Regulations PBU 5/01 “Accounting for material...

• On determining the limit on the value of fixed assets when an individual entrepreneur combines the simplified taxation system and the PSN

  Accounting for fixed assets (see: Accounting Regulations “Accounting for fixed assets” PBU 6 ...

• Audit of annual financial statements of organizations for 2018

  Federal Law“On Accounting” Accounting Regulations approved by the Ministry of Finance of Russia during the period...

• What to pay attention to when preparing annual financial statements for 2017

  It was discovered (clause 9 of the Accounting Regulations “Correction of errors in accounting... However, by virtue of clause 34 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting statements of an organization” (PBU... “folded balance”) (clause 19 of the Regulations on accounting “Accounting for tax calculations on... Such conditions are (clause 5 of the Accounting Regulations “Estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and... with these facts (clause 5 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” ( PBU...

• Digest of annual reports for 2019

  Management bodies of the organization (clause 44 of the Accounting Regulations (PBU 4/99), approved by the Order...

Mikhailenko Anna Vasilievna Manager, company "Ariadna"

We used the services of this company on the recommendation of partners. The reports were submitted without any problems! Everything is clear and efficient. Not one of our questions was left unanswered. Everything was explained literally “on the fingers”. We look forward to long-term cooperation.

Andrey Nikolaevich JSC "SMU-47"

Great company. Excellent combination: price-quality! They help out at any time, both by telephone consultation and personal participation.

Thanks for your work. 5+ .

Ivanova M. I. Gene. Director, LLC "GDK"

I would like to thank your company for the excellent work. This is not the first time we have used the services of your specialists and, by the way, we recommend them to our friends as professionals high level! We are very pleased with everything, both the approach and the prices!

Special thanks, personally, to Nastya Galibina, with whom we have been working for more than two years, no complaints!

Andreev M. A. AN "Lance"

We regularly use the services of the Treasurer company to support tax audits and quarterly reports. We have been repeatedly convinced of their professionalism and competence. The accompanying accountant knows his business and is ready for any unforeseen situations. Team of professionals.

Thanks for the help!

Antonova M.A.

Incredibly convenient service for individual entrepreneurs. Specialists can advise you over the phone, very competently and in a accessible language, or go to the address and carry out all the work on site, as well as submit all reporting documents to the Federal Tax Service.

We hope for long-term cooperation)

Antonina Rogova Comm. Director of TrubArm LLC

We express our gratitude to Treasurer LLC, and directly to Ekaterina Zakharova. For professionalism, efficiency and simply human participation. We have been cooperating with your company and Ekaterina personally for a long time.

We are very pleased with the quality of the services provided!

Zorina A. N. Apartum company

About a month ago we contacted your company for advice on issues related to VAT. The consultant quickly understood the specifics of our situation and recommended several solutions. Dali professional recommendations on accounting, thanks to which we independently compiled and sent reports to the tax office.

In the future, we certainly plan to regularly contact your specialists.

Litovsky Andrey Yurievich gene. Director of CJSC "Unitrade"

When choosing an accounting partner, the fundamental factors for me are:
— Efficiency of service
— “Transparency”
— Reliability
All of the above is unconditionally present in “Treasurers”, and what is important is that they will always explain what needs to be done and what should not be done, translating from “accounting language” into human))

Ezhova Victoria Trading House "Fashionable Environment"

I have been using the services of this company for about six years and over the years we have already developed quite warm and friendly relations.

I am completely satisfied with everything, the timely submission of reports (and the accountant herself reminds of certain obligations), as well as the opportunity to receive advice at any time.
I am always completely confident that my accounting documents are in perfect order. In addition, in case of unforeseen situations, they will always give good advice, will help you sort out all the nuances and, most importantly, provide moral support.

Markelova E. A. LLC "Galeon"

I would like to express my gratitude to Treasurer LLC for maintaining the accounting records of our company for 4 years. As a reliable partner, professional and expert in the field of accounting services.

This article summarizes all accounting standards for 2017. You will also be able to find out the latest news about the new PBUs that will come into effect in 2017 and the planned changes.

PBU: what is it?

Accounting Regulations (PBU) are Russian accounting standards that regulate the accounting procedures for certain assets, liabilities or business events. Thus, for the purpose of accounting in 2017, it is necessary to take into account the provisions of the PBU in force during this period. PBU is a regulatory framework that regulates accounting procedures.

PBU in 2017: the whole list

Different organizations must have different accounting standards in 2017 and take into account different accounting principles. Accordingly, from the general list of PBUs for 2017, you should select the PBUs you need. We present a table with the current list of PBUs for 2017 and explain the basic procedure for their application.