House made of experimental materials. House made of experimental materials Light steel thin-walled structures

The first house built by the Plastbau M company using foam plastic technology.

Here is the text of the article about the history of the house: www.tsj.ru/rubrs....379&art_id=1597

"Residential foam"

“For the first time in the history of domestic housing construction, a house made of expanded polystyrene, better known as polystyrene foam, was built in the capital. Of course, weightless insulation was not the only building material. First, the builders erected structures from ordinary monolithic concrete, then the concrete was insulated on both sides with special polystyrene foam boards. Then the outside was foam plastic. They plastered it, and lined the inside with gypsum-fiber sheets, on which they eventually glued wallpaper. The horizontal floors were insulated in much the same way. The result was a peach-colored eleven-story municipal building, which now stands on Palekhskaya Street, not far from the VDNKh metro station.

The area of ​​the largest - three-room - apartment is only 45 square meters. m. But there is a kitchen here. But in two-room and one-room apartments, the electric stove and sink are installed directly in the room, and only the tiny bathroom, like a wardrobe, is separated into a separate room. However, as the builders assure, this was done with housewives and elderly citizens in mind - so, they say, they will always be able to see if they forgot to turn off, for example, the electric stove or turn on the tap.

It is assumed that it is pensioners, former orphanage residents and low-income families who will make up the main contingent of residents of the experimental “foam” house.

The other day, six old people at the mayor's office were already given inspection orders and were even allowed to bring in furniture. Just on the day the furniture was delivered, the city’s vice-mayor Valery Shantsev came to the pensioners and asked how they were living in their new house. However, since the pensioners had not yet lived there, their answers were somewhat contradictory.

Not an apartment, but some kind of stocking! - an old woman with a grumpy face shared her fresh impressions. “I’m so sorry that I agreed to move, I was afraid, stupid, that they wouldn’t give me another apartment!”

And I'm comfortable! - objected her neighbor. - It’s very warm and there’s no dampness.

Employees of the Plastbau M company, which built progressive housing, are full of optimism about the future of the experimental technology:

All of Europe has been using expanded polystyrene in the construction of residential buildings for several years now,” Valery Andreevich Starodubovsky, first deputy general director of Plastbau M, told me. - We were the first to apply this technique in Russia. The benefits are obvious: for example, we guarantee residents a 40% saving in thermal energy. This means that, say, with 25-degree frost outside and with the heating completely turned off, the temperature in the apartments will remain positive for a week. Our walls guarantee excellent noise insulation, earthquake resistance, and the safety of all concrete structures for 150 years.

Another significant advantage of the new technology is cost reduction. According to experts from Plastbau M, five times less labor is required to build a house, costs for transport and construction equipment are reduced several times, and construction time is reduced. As a result, one square meter in a “foam plastic” house costs 14 thousand rubles, in a standard panel new building - from 18 to 35 thousand.

“Foam plastic” houses are ideal for implementing the program for the construction of small-sized apartments for socially vulnerable segments of the population, launched 4 years ago. Cheap, practically eternal apartments, which also require almost no heating - isn’t this the dream of any mayor? However, there is still some time left before the notorious housing issue is finally resolved. Throughout the year, the Moscow government will closely monitor the experimental house, and if the readings of the heat consumption meters already installed at the central thermal station coincide with the forecasts of Plastbau M, then large-scale construction of foam plastic new buildings will begin in Moscow.”

Yulia Molodtsova

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The residential complex on Nizhegorodskaya Street, 11b is a joint project of the Moscow Government and RUSNANO, implemented by the Terra Auri company. The house was built according to an individual project, as a prototype for future mass series of new generation residential buildings. It uses advanced materials and technologies that are designed to improve energy efficiency, reduce operating costs over the life cycle of the building, and at the same time increase comfort for residents.

The three-section, 14-story building was built using about three dozen of the latest technological solutions. During the construction process, composite reinforcement was used, which can withstand heavy loads, does not conduct heat and does not corrode.

The protection of steel structures is provided by a system of external reinforcement and thermal spraying. The facade of the building has a modern look with original color schemes. Convenient planning solutions, the presence of the necessary infrastructure, landscaped territory, underground parking and guest parking make the house as attractive and comfortable as possible for living.

The bright, multi-colored facade of the building is made on the basis of a hinged ventilated structure and is lined with fiber cement boards from LTM. Cynop coated slabs were used; the slab covering area was approximately 10,000 m2.

The design and installation of the suspended ventilated façade structure was carried out by Alpica. The façade was implemented using the Grado-StTs subsystem.

The general designer, technical customer and general contractor of the building is Terra Auri CJSC.

The facade architecture competition Facade Innovations Awards 2017 was held as part of the Facade Innovations Forum 2017, April 25-26, in Moscow, at the Danilovsky EventHALL.

The editors of RBC Real Estate decided to compare several common methods of constructing individual housing in a short time.

Photo: Depositphotos/photography33

The fastest and most inexpensive technologies for building houses are the following:

• block (houses made of cellular concrete: foam concrete, sibit, polystyrene concrete, gas silicate, expanded clay block, etc.);
• frame (which includes all types of frames: wood, laminated timber, metal, plastic, etc.);
• multi-layer sandwich-type enclosing structures;
• houses made of permanent formwork.

In this context, we will not consider one of the most popular materials for low-rise buildings today - brick.

Foam blocks

Photo: Depositphotos/sever180

Brick and stone low-rise housing construction in Russia is the undisputed leader, occupying about 60% of the market. The share of more economical wood is approximately 23%

The fastest way to build a house is if the preparatory - and the lion's - part of the work has already been completed somewhere. Most likely, this is a plant for the production of various building structures. However, one of the most popular materials for individual housing construction in a quick format - foam blocks - can not only be delivered ready-made, but also manufactured directly on the construction site using brick making machines. Masonry made of foam blocks with a thin seam makes it possible to obtain sufficient heat transfer resistance with a reasonable thickness of the structure. The material is durable - it does not burn, does not rust, does not rot, etc. Thanks to its almost ideal geometry and large dimensions, foam concrete ensures high construction speed. Depending on the complexity of the project, the construction time for the box ranges from two weeks, “turnkey” - up to three months.

Houses made from these materials are 10-15% cheaper than, for example, frame houses. Technologies are offered on the market that make it possible to achieve the cost of construction under the roof - 11-12 thousand rubles. for 1 sq. m of total area of ​​the house, for self-finishing - from 20 thousand rubles. for 1 sq. m depending on the configuration. Although if you look at the price-quality-time ratio, then foam blocks are still a relatively long way, which has a number of disadvantages. One of the main ones is that due to the high hygroscopicity and tendency of foam concrete to get wet, the surface of walls made of foam blocks needs exceptionally good protection from environmental influences, which is not always possible to achieve. The difference between foam block, gas silicate, expanded clay, etc. is in some consumer properties.

Characteristics of cellular concrete

Table: svoy-dom.com

Sandwich panels

This is the slogan of frame construction common in Europe and America. The most common technology for prefabricated frame house construction is the construction of houses from SIP panels (sandwich panels, SIP - Structural Insulated panel). This is a three-layer structure - two oriented cement-bonded, metal, magnesite or plywood boards and a layer of insulation between them (usually solid polystyrene or polyurethane foam injected under pressure). Sometimes houses are insulated with mineral wool. On the outside, the walls are covered with facade plaster or sheathed with siding. The panels are mounted primarily on a wooden, and sometimes on a metal or composite frame. Houses with wooden frames in Russia are often called Canadian.

The main advantages of frame houses are low construction costs, lightweight structures (no need to build a massive foundation), all-season use and ease of finishing - thanks to the perfectly smooth surfaces of the material, there are no “wet” processes during construction. Frame houses have low heat capacity of walls and ceilings - to create a comfortable temperature in the room, it is enough to heat only the air. Cottage made of SIP panels with an area of ​​100-300 sq. m is erected by a professional team in five to seven days, that is, a month and a half after the start of construction, you can already live in the house. Without skills, building longer is risky - any violation of technology leads to loss of consumer properties. The turnkey estimate is calculated based on the technical specifications, depending on the quantity and class of materials used (the economy option will cost approximately 16-17 thousand per 1 sq. m).

At the same time, some materials used in sandwich construction may be unsafe for humans. Sometimes in the production of insulation, as well as in particle boards, phenol-formaldehyde resins are used as a binder, which causes the emission of this harmful substance into the air of a living space. Cotton wool is also a source of carcinogenic dust. When it comes to wooden structures, a lot depends on their quality.

Lightweight steel thin-walled structures

To some extent, a competitor to the wooden frame in the individual housing construction market are light steel thin-walled structures (LSTC) made of galvanized steel. The technology has been successfully used abroad for decades. The practice is not very common in our country. Nevertheless, a certain stable demand for metal frames has already developed. LSTK are used both as independent load-bearing structures in low-rise buildings, and in the form of elements of roofing systems and wall frames.

Light steel thermal profiles serve as the basis for thermal panels. They are made of high-strength structural steel with a thickness of 0.8 to 2 mm. Corrosion resistance is achieved using galvanizing with a coating thickness of 18 to 40 microns inclusive, due to which the service life of the material, according to experts, increases to one hundred years. Metal structures, unlike wooden ones, are not subject to shrinkage, which allows you to almost immediately order windows and doors, carry out finishing work and, therefore, reduce construction time. The strength of steel structures makes it possible to make wider openings between load-bearing elements and to use any roofing and cladding materials. The total cost of a house made of LSTK with an area of ​​about 110 sq. m - a little more than 2 million rubles.

Foam glass

Photo: Depositphotos/Jeanette.Dietl

Russian construction scientists have recently developed a new technology for the production of high-prefabricated house kits for low-rise construction. The basis of the technology is a material unique to world practice - an analogue of foam glass - thermogran. It turns out that the wall is practically a single-layer panel of homogeneous material with a ready-made outer surface for wallpapering. The wall is only 250 mm thick. Heating is provided in the floors. The ceiling, enclosing and roofing structures made of this material allow the house to have a relatively light weight. Accordingly, foundations do not require capital expenditures. The houses are planned to be “planted” on a slab or on screw piles. Installation time is up to ten days. Estimated selling price for a two-story house with an area of ​​180 sq. m will be approximately 20 thousand per 1 sq. m. m.

Experimental houses were previously built on a metal frame. However, now manufacturers have switched to glass-magnesia frames.

Modular houses

Of course, not all fast technologies for low-rise construction are described above. Yes, and they have many different derivatives. There are unique new developments. However, the fastest way to build a house is to buy a modular option. Installation time is one to two days. The cost of construction, in particular from one of the Chinese companies building low-rise housing in Yakutia today, is around 15 thousand rubles. for 1 sq. m.

Casa Sperimentale (Experimental House) - the residence of the architect Giuseppe Perugini - fully lives up to its name. The building, built in the late 1960s, is an extraordinary eclectic combination of brutalist geometric designs, rotating forms, transparent cubes and multi-level interior spaces. Read about what inspired this experiment, why evil tongues called it “Architectural Frankenstein,” and how fair this assessment is.

Recently, Brutalist architecture, which flourished between the 1950s and 1970s, has received increasing attention from architects, who are once again often using concrete as the main building material. In exploring the legacy of brutalism, architects are often helped by contemporary photographers and their fresh perspective on forgotten or little-known architectural monuments.

Thus, thanks to a report by photographer and urban explorer Oliver Astrologer, the architectural world once again paid attention to one of the most unusual buildings of brutalism - the house of the architect Giuseppe Perugini, located in the Italian city of Fregene. The architect built this building in the late 1960s to experiment with form and space at a 1:1 scale. The photographer deliberately placed people in the interiors to convey a sense of scale and highlight the contrasting textures of metal, glass and concrete that make up Perugini's cacophony.

Like any experiment, the project received mixed reviews from critics. Some saw it as merely an imitation of the whimsical geometry of Paul Rudolph's work combined with the modernism of Le Corbusier. But most experts reacted favorably to the project, noting the architect’s original findings.

Thanks to its design and, above all, its exoskeleton of steel beams, the building appears to hang on the tall trees that surround it, thereby playing on the archetype of the “nest,” that is, a safe place where you can retire from the outside world and recuperate. The main beams of the building are flanked by secondary beams located above and below the modules and supporting the weight through special cross-shaped elements made of red painted steel. The staircase leading to the house can be raised at any time, like a castle gate, if the inhabitants want to completely isolate themselves from the outside world. The facades have projections and recesses where lamps or various hollow elements are located. This square architecture is softened by spherical elements of the facades.

Unfortunately, since 1995, after the death of Giuseppe Perugini, the house has been completely abandoned, its walls are covered with graffiti, and the window openings are often empty, despite this the building is still for sale. But for now it attracts only tourists and photographers.