Central Federal District. Composition of the Central Federal District. Position of the Central Federal District Population of the Central Federal District for the year

Central federal district is a key macro-region of the Russian Federation. It includes seventeen regions: Belgorod. Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl, as well as the city of Moscow. The Central Federal District is the largest in Russia in terms of population; more than 39 million people live on its territory, which is 26.8% of the total population of Russia.
The contribution of the Central Federal District to the development of the Russian economy is very significant. Thus, according to the Federal State Statistics Service, the share of the Central Federal District in the output of manufacturing industries in 2015 was 31%, in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 29.2%, in mining - 11.8%. Also, according to statistics for 2015, the Central Federal District had the highest share among all federal districts in agricultural production (26.3%), turnover retail(34.2%), foreign trade turnover (53%), investments in fixed capital (25.2%) and financial investments(70.5%) Thus, we can say that the Central Federal District is a leading macro-region and sets the pace of development for the entire country. In this regard, it seems relevant to analyze the dynamics of development of the regions that are part of the Central Federal District.
The key macroeconomic indicator characterizing the state of the region is gross domestic product (hereinafter referred to as GRP). Let us analyze the dynamics of GRP of the regions of the Central Federal District for 2011–2015. The share of each region in the GRP of the Central Federal District is presented in Fig. 1.
The dynamics of GRP in all analyzed regions is positive (see Fig. 2). However, the growth rates of GRP vary. Thus, in 2015, compared to 2014, the growth rate of GRP increased in twelve regions of the Central Federal District: Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Kursk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver and Yaroslavl.
In 2015, compared to 2014, the growth rate of GRP in the Bryansk region increased by almost 10%, by 17% in the Ivanovo region, by 10% in the Moscow region, and by 6% in the Oryol and Smolensk regions. At the same time, in a number of regions, the increase in GRP rates in 2015 compared to 2014 was insignificant: it amounted to 2% in the Belgorod, Vladimir, Kostroma, Tver, Yaroslavl regions, as well as 1% in the Ryazan region.
At the same time, in a number of regions the growth rate of GRP has decreased. This group includes Voronezh, Kaluga, Lipetsk, Tambov and Tula regions, as well as Moscow. The Tver region from 2011 to 2015 lost 8% of GRP growth. In the Voronezh region, the decrease in the growth rate of GRP was relatively small - by 2% (up to 15% in 2015 compared to 17% in 2014). In the Kaluga region, the growth rate of GRP decreased from 11% in 2014 to 2.5% in 2015.
A serious decrease in the growth rate of GRP is observed in the Lipetsk region: if in 2014 the GRP growth was 26% and made the region a leader in the Central Federal District in this indicator, then in 2015 the situation changed, and the GRP growth was only 15%. In the Tula region, the decline in GRP rates cannot be called significant: if in 2014 they were 18%, then in 2015 they decreased by 2% (to 16%). In Moscow, the growth rate of GRP decreased from 18% in 2011 to 6% in 2015. The highest growth rate of GRP over the last two years of the period under review was demonstrated by the Tambov region - 21%, although the growth rate of GRP in the Tambov region in 2015 decreased by 0.1% compared to 2014.

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Central Federal District
Federal District of the Russian Federation

Educated	May 13, 2000
FO Center
Territory - area	650,205 km² (3.8% of the Russian Federation)
Population	↗ 39,378,059 people (2019) (26.83% from the Russian Federation)
Density	60.56 people/km²
Number of subjects	18
Number of cities	310
Industrial volume production	1300 billion rubles. (2002)
Income per capita	RUB 22,267 (2016)
GRP	RUB 24,135 billion (2016)
GRP per capita	RUB 616,366/person (2016)
Plenipotentiary	Shchegolev, Igor Olegovich
Official site	cfo.gov.ru

Central Federal District(CFD) - federal district in the west. Established by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000.

The district does not have republics in its composition among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - only regions and a city of federal significance, the capital of Russia, which is the administrative center and largest city districts.

The Central Federal District does not have access to the world's oceans or any sea. It is the largest among federal districts in terms of the number of subjects and population.

Geography

The territory of the district is 650,205 km², that is, 3.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation, which is more than the largest state entirely located in Europe.

Located on the East European Plain; there are the Valdai, Smolensk-Moscow and Central Russian Uplands, the Meshcherskaya and Oka-Don lowlands. The highest point is 347 meters (Top of Valdai).

External borders: in the west with , in the southwest with . Internal borders: in the south with the Southern, in the east with the Volga, in the north with the Northwestern federal districts.

The largest rivers (tributaries in brackets): Volga (Oka), Don (Voronezh), Dnieper (Desna, Seim), Western Dvina. There is no access to the sea.

Natural zones (from north to south): mixed forest, broad-leaved forest, forest-steppe, steppe.

Climate: Moderate continental, average January temperature from −7 to −14°C, July - from +16 to +22°C.

Natural resources: iron ore (Kursk magnetic anomaly) - reserves 40 billion tons (60% of Russian), phosphorites (25%), bauxite (15%), brown coal - production 1.5 million tons, cement raw materials (25% ), granite (open pit mining, 2 quarries in the Bogucharsky and Pavlovsky districts of the Voronezh region), ocher, peat, forest, black soil, water resources.

Length railways- 17,291 km (19.9% of Russian), highways with hard surfaces - 117,926 km (22.3%).

From a historical, economic and natural-climatic point of view, it is divided into two subregions - Non-Black Earth Region and Black Earth Region. In weather forecasts, the district is often abbreviated as Center of Russia or Central Russia.

Composition of the district


№	Flag	Subject of the federation	Area, km²	Population, people	Admin. center
1			27 134	↘ 1 547 418
2			34 857	↘ 1 200 187
3			29 084	↘ 1 365 805
4			52 216	↘ 2 327 821
5			21 437	↘ 1 004 180
6			29 777	↘ 1 009 377
7			60 211	↘ 637 267
8			29 997	↘ 1 107 041
9			24 047	↘ 1 144 035
10			2561	↗ 12 615 279
11			44 329	↗ 7 599 647
12			24 652	↘ 739 467	Eagle
13			39 605	↘ 1 114 137
14			49 779	↘ 942 363
15			34 462	↘ 1 015 966
16			84 201	↘ 1 269 636
17			25 679	↘ 1 478 818
18			36 177	↘ 1 259 612

General Map

Cities with population:

- 12,615,279 people - 1,054,111 people - from 500,000 people up to 999,999 people - from 300,000 people up to 499,999 people - from 150,000 people up to 299,999 people

Settlements of the Central Federal District

Population

The Central Federal District has the highest population density in Russia - 60.56 people/km² (2019). The district is the largest in Russia in terms of population - 39,378,059 people (2019) (26.83% of the Russian Federation). The share of the urban population is 82.06%. Also, the Central Federal District has the largest share of the Russian population (89.06% as of 2010). This is the only federal district where there is not a single national subject of the federation. Consists mainly of small but densely populated areas, about half the population lives in and.

Population
1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995
37 920 000	↗ 38 018 468	↗ 38 154 938	↘ 38 138 535	↘ 38 134 933	↘ 38 088 155	↗ 38 115 279
1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002
↗ 38 188 510	↗ 38 233 707	↗ 38 283 655	↗ 38 311 159	↘ 38 227 656	↘ 38 175 094	↘ 38 000 651
2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
↘ 37 946 810	↘ 37 733 471	↘ 37 545 831	↘ 37 356 361	↘ 37 218 058	↘ 37 150 741	↘ 37 121 812
2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
↗ 38 427 539	↗ 38 445 765	↗ 38 537 608	↗ 38 678 913	↗ 38 819 874	↗ 38 951 479	↗ 39 104 319
2017	2018	2019
↗ 39 209 582	↗ 39 311 413	↗ 39 378 059

Fertility (number of births per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
12,5	↗ 13,0	↗ 13,4	↗ 13,8	↘ 11,2	↘ 7,9	↘ 7,7	↘ 7,3	↗ 7,5

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 7,2	↗ 7,7	↗ 8,0	↗ 8,5	↗ 8,7	↗ 9,0	↘ 8,8	↗ 9,0	↗ 9,7

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ 10,3	↗ 10,8	↘ 10,7	↗ 10,8	↗ 11,4	→ 11,4	↗ 11,5

Mortality rate (number of deaths per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
9,5	↗ 10,7	↗ 12,3	↗ 13,0	↗ 13,1	↗ 17,1	↘ 16,1	↘ 15,8	↗ 15,8

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↗ 17,0	↗ 17,5	↗ 18,0	↗ 18,5	↘ 17,9	↘ 17,4	↗ 17,4	↘ 16,7	↘ 16,1

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ 16,1	↘ 15,5	↘ 15,2	↘ 14,0	↘ 13,9	↘ 13,7	↗ 13,7

Natural population growth (per 1000 population, the sign (-) means natural population decline)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
3,0	↘ 2,3	↘ 1,1	↘ 0,8	↘ -1,9	↘ -9,2	↗ -8,4	↘ -8,5	↗ -8,3

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ -9,8	→ -9,8	↘ -10,0	→ -10,0	↗ -9,2	↗ -8,4	↘ -8,6	↗ -7,7	↗ -6,4

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
↗ -5,8	↗ -4,7	↗ -4,5	↗ -3,2	↗ -2,5	↗ -2,3	↗ -2,2	↗ -1,7	↘ -1,8

2017
↘ -2,4

Life expectancy at birth (number of years)
1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
69,5	↘ 69,2	↘ 68,3	↘ 65,6	↘ 64,2	↗ 64,9	↗ 66,5	↗ 67,4	↗ 67,6

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 66,4	↘ 66,1	↘ 65,8	↘ 65,6	↗ 65,7	↗ 66,1	↗ 66,3	↗ 67,3	↗ 68,1

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
↗ 68,5	↗ 69,4	↗ 69,9	↗ 71,2	↗ 71,4	↗ 71,9

National composition

National composition, according to the 2010 census: Total - 38,427,539 people.

Russians - 34,240,603 (89.10%)
Ukrainians - 514,919 (1.34%)
Armenians - 270,996 (0.71%)
Tatars - 265,913 (0.69%)
Azerbaijanis - 132,312 (0.34%)
Belarusians - 128,742 (0.34%)
Uzbeks - 90,652 (0.24%)
Jews - 69,409 (0.18%)
Moldovans - 65,645 (0.17%)
Georgians - 63,612 (0.17%)
Tajiks - 62,785 (0.16%)
Mordva - 51,826 (0.13%)
Gypsies - 49,535 (0.13%)
Chuvash - 40,157 (0.10%)
Kyrgyz - 29,269 (0.08%)
Chechens - 25,734 (0.07%)
Germans - 25,219 (0.07%)
Koreans - 21,779 (0.06%)
Ossetians - 19,203 (0.05%)
Lezgins - 17,843 (0.05%)
Kazakhs - 17,608 (0.05%)
Turks - 15,322 (0.04%)
Bashkirs - 15,249 (0.04%)
Yazidis - 13,727 (0.04%)
Avars - 12,887 (0.03%)
Dargins - 10,095 (0.03%)
Persons who did not indicate their nationality - 1 million 944 thousand 531 people. (5.06%)
Persons of other nationalities - 2 million 260 thousand 631 people. (5.88%)

According to the 2002 census, the population of the Central Federal District is 38 million 000 thousand 651 people. National composition:

Russians - 34 million 703 thousand 066 people. (91.32%)
Ukrainians - 756 thousand 087 people. (1.99%)
Persons who did not indicate nationality - 736 thousand 020 people. (1.93%)
Tatars - 288 thousand 216 people. (0.77%)
Armenians - 249 thousand 220 people. (0.66%)
Belarusians - 186 thousand 326 people. (0.49%)
Azerbaijanis - 161 thousand 859 people. (0.43%)
Jews - 103 thousand 710 people. (0.27%)
Georgians - 80 thousand 651 people. (0.21%)
Moldovans - 67 thousand 811 people. (0.18%)
Mordva - 67 thousand 497 people. (0.18%)
Tajiks - 46 thousand 738 people. (0.12%)
Chuvash - 46 thousand 101 people. (0.12%)
Gypsies - 45 thousand 858 people. (0.12%)
Uzbeks - 38 thousand 676 people. (0.1%)
Germans - 33 thousand 190 people. (0.09%)
Chechens - 28 thousand 861 people. (0.08%)
Ossetians - 17 thousand 655 people. (0.05%)
Persons of other nationalities - 17 thousand 270 people. (0.05%)
Koreans - 16 thousand 720 people. (0.04%)

Languages

The following groups and families predominate in terms of ethno-linguistic composition:

Indo-European family - 35,525,282 people. (92.45%)
1. Slavic group - 34,903,814 (90.83%)
2. Armenian group - 271,281 (0.71%)
3. Iranian group - 105,149 (0.27%)
4. Roman group - 70,074 (0.18%)
5. Indo-European Jews - 69,409 (0.18%)
6. Indo-Aryan group - 52,105 (0.14%)
Altai family - 646,955 (1.68%)
1. Turkic group - 636,673 (1.66%)
2. Mongolian group - 9974 (0.02%)
North Caucasian family - 113,329 (0.29%)
Ural family - 84,798 (0.22%)
1. Finno-Ugric group - 84,667 (0.22%)
Kartvelian family - 63,629 (0.17%)
Koreans - 21,779 (0.06%)
Semitic-Hamitic family - 7977 (0.02%)

Big cities

Settlements with a population of more than 200 thousand people

	↗ 12 615 279
	↗ 1 054 111
	↗ 609 828
	↗ 539 789
	↘ 509 420
	↘ 479 105
	↗ 490 047
	↗ 449 556

	↗ 304 245
	↘ 291 663
	↘ 276 064
	↗ 254 748
	↗ 224 533
	↗ 223 360
	↗ 222 739
	↗ 207 349

GRP and the economy of the Central Federal District

Gross regional product in the Central Federal District
№	Subject	GRP (billion rubles) 2017	V %	GRP per capita population (thousand rubles/person) 2017
1	*	15 724,9	59,58	1 263,7
2		3803,0	14,15	509,5
3		865,2	3,62	370,6
4		785,6	3,02	506,4
5		555,9	2,10	371,7
6		510,6	1,90	402,6
7		498,0	2,01	431,8
8		417,1	1,47	411,6
9		415,6	1,58	300,3
10		387,6	1,48	346,3
11		384,0	1,50	297,6
12		360,6	1,39	320,8
13		307,7	1,19	253,1
14		300,6	1,52	289,8
15		281,9	1,13	296,3
16		214,3	0,91	285,4
17		185,8	0,75	182,4
18		165,9	0,69	256,8
18.000001	Total	26 164,3	100,00	472,2

The total GRP of the Central Federal District for 2017 amounted to 26 trillion 164 billion rubles. During the specified period, the share of Moscow and the Moscow region accounted for 74.63% or 3/4 of the GRP of the district, the share of 6 regions of the Central Black Earth Region - 11.66% of the GRP, and the remaining 10 regions of the Central Federal District - 13.71% of the GRP of the district.

(*Moscow's GRP is not real, due to the fact that the largest enterprises from other constituent entities of the Russian Federation are registered in Moscow, which give Moscow an increase in GRP, and not the region where the products themselves are produced, the real GRP of Moscow is currently not possible to calculate.)

Plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District

Poltavchenko, Georgy Sergeevich (May 18, 2000 / March 26, 2004 / May 14, 2008 - August 31, 2011)
Govorun, Oleg Markovich (September 6, 2011 - May 21, 2012)
Beglov, Alexander Dmitrievich (May 23, 2012 - December 25, 2017)
Gordeev, Alexey Vasilievich (December 25, 2017 - May 18, 2018)
Shchegolev Igor Olegovich (from June 26, 2018, No. 367)

Sources

Central Federal District // Chepalyga A. L., Chepalyga G. I. Regions of Russia: Directory. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Dashkov and K°, 2004. - 100 p. - pp. 26-39. ISBN 5-94798-490-3

Notes

Information on the availability and distribution of land in the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2017 (by constituent entities of the Russian Federation) // federal Service state registration, cadastre and cartography (Rosreestr)
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (Russian). Retrieved July 31, 2019.
Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. (Russian)(xls). Rosstat.
Gross regional product per capita by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. MS Excel document
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2018 (Russian). Retrieved July 25, 2018. Archived July 26, 2018.
Demographic situation in modern Russia
Resident population as of January 1 (persons) 1990-2013
All-Russian population census 2002. Volume. 1, table 4. Population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - regional centers and rural settlements with a population of 3 thousand or more (undefined) . Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
Population Census 2010. Population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, city districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements (Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 25, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
Table 33. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2014 (undefined) . Retrieved August 2, 2014. Archived August 2, 2014.
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2015 (undefined) . Retrieved August 6, 2015. Archived August 6, 2015.
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2016
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2017 (Russian)(July 31, 2017). Retrieved July 31, 2017. Archived July 31, 2017.
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2011
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2011
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2015
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2016
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2017
Life expectancy at birth, years, year, indicator value per year, entire population, both sexes
Life expectancy at birth
All-Russian population census 2010. Official results with expanded lists by national composition of the population and by region: see.
Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. (undefined) (.xlsx). Federal State Statistics Service (March 2, 2018). - Official statistics. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 18, 2000 No. 894 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 26, 2004 No. 415 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 14, 2008 No. 789 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated August 31, 2011 No. 1130 “On Poltavchenko G.S.”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated September 6, 2011 No. 1163 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 21, 2012 No. 656 “On the Minister of Regional Development of the Russian Federation”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 23, 2012 No. 704 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 2017 No. 624 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Northwestern Federal District”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 2017 No. 625 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 18, 2018 No. 225 “On the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 26, 2018 No. 367 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District”

UDC 332.143 L. A. EFIMOVA

Federal state budget educational institution higher education "Russian State agricultural university- Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev"

CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT OF RUSSIA: ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC STATUS AND PRIORITY AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT

The article discusses the analysis of indicators characterizing the development trends of the constituent entities of the Central Federal District of Russia. The results of the studies allow us to substantiate the need for active public policy to increase the well-being of the population, the development of regions and the country. The most important factors contributing to the development of the socio-economic sphere are considered. Numerical indicators of the economic condition of the Central Federal District are given. It is noted that in the district, compared to other regions of the country, the processes of formation of an innovative economy are more active. The conditions conducive to the development of agriculture are characterized. Data on the dynamics of industry development in the Central Federal District are presented. The features characteristic of the district's agriculture are listed. An analysis of the economic state of the Central Federal District made it possible to identify priority areas for regional development.

Economy, Central Federal District, gross regional product, socio-economic indicators, priority areas of development.

The article considers the analysis of the indicators characterizing the development tendencies of subjects of the Central federal district of Russia. The results of the carried out investigations allow substantiate the necessity of the active governmental policy on increasing the welfare of the population, development of regions of the country. There are considered the most important factors promoting the development of the socio-economic sphere. There are given numerical indicators of the economic state of the Central federal district. It is pointed out that in the district comparing with other regions of the country processes of establishment of the innovation economy run more actively. There are characterized by the conditions promoting the agricultural development. There are given the data of the branch development dynamics in the Central federal district. The analysis of the economic state of the Central federal district allowed singling out the priority directions of development of regions.

Economics, Central federal district, gross regional product, social-economic indicators, priority directions of development.

Currently, in world practice, targeted government measures to regulate activities, assess trends and prospects for regional development have received general recognition. To analyze the economic state of individual territorial units of the country, the value of gross regional product (GRP) is used, the share of which in the Central Federal District is almost 35% of the all-Russian volume (figure).

The Central Federal District (CFD) was formed in 2000 in accordance with clause 14 of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 2000 No. 849 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal

district”, consists of 18 subjects and plays a significant role in the life of the country, is a leader in the main indicators of socio-economic development.

The development of the socio-economic sphere of the Central Federal District is facilitated by the following important factors: favorable economic and geographical location, developed infrastructure, existing production, human, scientific and technical potential. The district occupies the central part of the East European Plain and unites the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions of Russia. The territory area is 650.3 thousand km2 or 3.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation.

Structure of the gross regional product of Russia for 2012 by federal districts: 1 - Central; 2 - Northwestern; 3 - South; 4 - North Caucasus; 5 - Privolzhsky; 6 - Ural; 7 - Siberian; 8 - Far Eastern

In the territorial division of labor in the Central Federal District, knowledge-intensive and labor-intensive

intensive industries of mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical, printing, light, food industries, manufacturing building materials. But the limited reserves of fuel, energy and mineral resources make the development of the district’s economy dependent on the supply of fuel, raw materials and components from other regions of Russia, near and far abroad countries.

The share of wholesale and retail trade accounts for 27% (the largest share) of the GRP of the subjects of the Central Federal District, manufacturing - 16% in the Kaluga and Tula regions, transport and communications - 10.5% in the Oryol and Bryansk regions, agriculture - up to 3% in Belgorod, Tambov and Kursk, education - 2.8% in the Oryol region, healthcare - 3.7% in the predominantly Ivanovo region (Table 1).

Table 1

Structure of the gross regional product of the constituent entities of the Central Federal District and the Russian Federation in 2012

Subjects of the Central Federal District

and I o la a

her 8th 3rd 3rd

Russian Federation Central Federal District

Belgorod region Bryansk region Vladimir region Voronezh region City of Moscow Ivanovo region Kaluga region Kostroma region Kursk region Lipetsk region Moscow region Oryol region Ryazan region Smolensk region Tambov region Tver region Tula region

Yaroslavl region_

17,3 6,9 6,1 13,8 0,1

15.2 9,3 2,0 14,5 8,7 6,6

10,9 0,8 16,0 0,1 0,4 0,6 0,0 0,3 0,4 0,1 12,3 0,9 0,2 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,0 0,3 0,4 0,1

21.9 13,1 21,1 34,1 26,7

7.8 13,5 10,5 6,5 6,7

15,2 23,2 13,9 18,6

5.5 14,1 9,2 10,7 10,9

6.2 11,3 14,3 10,0 9,5

4.6 4,8 4,4 4,3 5,1 5,1 4,6

14.3 22,2 26,1 27,9

34.7 31,5 20,2 28,0

According to the Federal State Statistics Service, the share of the Central Federal District in the structure of fixed assets of the economy is 27.7%, the district produces 21.6% of the country's agricultural and 26.5% of industrial products, exports of which are 39.8%, imports - 30.9% , and the volume of taxes and fees to the federal budget is 45%.

The district is the largest in Russia: 38.8 million people live in it. or 26.5% of the total population,

The population density is high and amounts to 59.7 people/km2 (the national average is 8.4 people/km2). The population is distributed unevenly throughout the district: in the Tula region the density is 64 people/km2, in the Kostroma region - 12 people/km2).

The Central Federal District is one of the most urbanized in Russia. The settlement structure of the district is dominated by the urban population, the proportion of which from 1990 to 2013. ranged from 64.1% in the Lipetsk region to 98.9% in Moscow, the number of rural residents

decreased by 3% and amounted to about 7 million. 49.7% of the population lives in Moscow and the Moscow region. Such significant differences are explained by natural and climatic conditions and socio-economic level of development.

The age composition of the Russian population is characterized by gender disproportion. In the Central Federal District, the numerical predominance of women over men remains: there are 1,179 women per 1,000 men (in the Ivanovo, Tula, Yaroslavl, Tver, Vladimir and Smolensk regions - 1,246 women) and is 1.5% higher than the Russian average.

The highest rates of natural population decline, more than twice the average for Russia, were noted in Tula (14.7), Ivanovo (13.3), Tver (14.9), Smolensk (13.3), Tambov and Ryazan (11.5 and 12.9) regions, and the lowest is in Moscow (4.1 per 1000 people).

Since 2006, the birth rate has increased by 27% with a reduction in mortality by 18% as a result of the implementation of the national priority project “Health”. The maximum birth rate recorded in the Belgorod, Bryansk, Moscow and Tver regions was 11.1 people/1000 people. population, in the Yaroslavl region and Moscow - 11, the minimum in the Tula -9.6 and Tambov regions - 9.3.

Average age population exceeds the Russian average of 40 years (for men - 36.2 years, women - 41.2 years), and is noted in Tula, Ryazan, Tambov, Voronezh, Tver

There is a population growth rate of 1.7% due to positive dynamics in Moscow with an increase of 35%, Belgorod - 11.8% and Moscow regions -6.5%. The largest reduction was noted in Ivanovo (20.8%), Tver (20.7%) and Tambov (19.1%) regions due to natural population decline (Table 2). In 2012, in these territories the rate of natural decline was 2.5 thousand people/1000 people. . Negative indicators natural increase is observed in all subjects of the Central Federal District.

region and Moscow. The structure of the middle-aged population is dominated by women (68.7%).

Life expectancy at birth in the county has risen to 71.5 years. There are more favorable dynamics among the male population with a decrease in mortality in working age. The highest mortality rates were noted in the following regions: Tver - 20, Tula - 19.5, Smolensk - 19.2, Ivanovo - 18.6 and Vladimir - 18.4 people/1000 people. population. The lowest mortality rate was observed in Moscow - 11.4 and Belgorod region - 14.5 people/1000 people. population.

The natural decline was partially compensated by the migration influx of residents from other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, countries near and far abroad. But the difficult demographic situation among the regions of the Central Federal District remains in the Tula region with a coefficient

table 2

Dynamics of fertility, mortality and life expectancy in Central

federal district

Population size,

Fertility (number of births per 1000 population)

Mortality rate (number of deaths per 1000 population)

Natural population decline per 1000 people. population

Life expectancy at birth, years_

2010 2011 2012 2013

38115.3 38188,5 38233,7 38283,7 38311,2 38227,7 38175,1

37946.8 37773,5 37545,8

11,2 7,9 7,7 7,3 7,5 7,2 7,7 8,0 8,5

17.0 17,5 18,0 18,5

15.2 14,0 13,9 13,7

8.3 9,8 9,8 10,0 10,0 9,2

population reproduction equal to 0.592.

The basis for the formation of the region's labor resources is the working-age population, the number of which in 1990-2009. tended to increase (most intensively in 1997-2003). In 2013, the number of able-bodied residents amounted to almost 25 million people. with a predominance of the older population (>45 years) and younger working age (18...28 years).

The demographic situation affected the size of the economically active population. In 2013, the economically active population of the Central Central Federal District was almost 20 million people, having decreased in dynamics by almost 5%, including those employed in the economy - 19.0 million people. (employment level - 67.9%). Statistics show that over 1.3 million people are employed in agricultural production.

Under the influence of the financial and economic crisis, the unemployment rate increased by 8.6 percentage points and amounted to 3% of the economically active population of the district. The highest unemployment rate was registered in the Oryol, Bryansk, Voronezh, Ryazan and Yaroslavl regions, the lowest in the Moscow region and Lipetsk region.

In the district, compared to other regions of the country, the processes of formation of an innovative economy are more active. This is evidenced by structural changes in employment, characterized by an outflow of labor from manufacturing industries to industries associated with the development of trade and the service sector.

Favorable natural climatic conditions districts contribute to the development of agriculture. The maximum share of sown areas is made up of grain crops, the cultivation of which is occupied by 40.5 thousand peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs and 7.9 thousand agricultural organizations in the Central Federal District. In terms of gross grain harvest, the district ranks third in Russia (after the Southern and Volga regions).

The Federal District specializes in the production of vegetable crops and potato growing. The main wheat crops are in the black soil Oryol, Tula, Ryazan, Lipetsk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Tambov regions. These regions also account for the bulk of cereal crops: millet is grown in the arid regions of the southeast,

Western ones with a sufficient amount of incoming moisture - buckwheat. Of the industrial crops, the production of flax in the Tver, Smolensk, Yaroslavl and sugar beets in the Kursk, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions is of greatest importance.

Sunflower crops are most common in drought-resistant areas of the Voronezh and Tambov regions. Horticulture is developed in the Central Black Earth Region (most of all in the Lipetsk and Tambov regions). The district accounts for 68% of the country's gross flax harvest, 52.6% of sugar beets, 33% of potatoes, 22% of grain, 16.3% of sunflower seeds and more than 30% of vegetables. The need for vegetable oil, sugar and potatoes is fully satisfied.

Livestock farming is represented by dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig farming and poultry farming. The district produces 18.3% of milk from the total milk yield in Russia, and 16.5% of live weight production of cattle for slaughter, 21% of eggs, and over 25% of meat production. Among the main food products of own production, taking into account medical standards of consumption, the Central Federal District is provided with meat and meat products by 36%, milk and dairy products - by 43%, eggs - by 72%, bread products - by 52%, vegetables - by 77%.

An analysis of the dynamics of agricultural development in the Central Federal District showed that the southern regions (Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Kursk and Tambov) make the greatest contribution to ensuring the country’s food security. The Moscow, Vladimir and Yaroslavl regions, despite less favorable climatic conditions, have a significant share in the structure of agricultural production in the district (13.8%, 4.4%, 3.7%, respectively). About 60% of consumed meat and meat products, 27% of milk and dairy products, and 16% of eggs are imported from other constituent entities of the Russian Federation and abroad.

The district's agriculture is characterized by the following features: discrepancy between the capacities for processing agricultural raw materials and the volume of agricultural production; low level of technical equipment of processing enterprises; insufficient level of infrastructure development in rural areas. These features affected the value wages and income of the population of the regions of the Central Federal District (Table 3).

Table 3

Dynamics of indicators characterizing the development of regions of the Central Federal District of Russia

Regions Area, thousand km2 Average annual population, thousand people Average annual number of people employed in the economy, thousand people. Average per capita cash income, rub. Average monthly accrued wages of employees, rub. Gross regional product per capita, thousand rubles.

2003 2008 2012 2003 2008 2012 2003 2008 2012 2003 2008 2012 2003 2008 2012

Russia 17099 144648.6 142742.4 143201.7 65979.2 68473.6 67968.3 5167.0 14864.0 23058.0 5498.5 17290.1 26628.9 74.9 239.0 316.6

Central Federal District 652.7 37955.9 38236.7 38608.3 18056.8 19016.9 18814.1 7189.0 18590.0 29721.0 5872.8 20665.7 32466.0 94.5 341.3 420.1

Belgorod region 27.1 1512.9 1523.2 1538.5 668.3 679.9 700.1 3357.0 12749.0 21563.0 4468.6 13508.5 20002.1 50.3 208.7 333.5

Bryansk region 34, 9 1367.6 1298.8 1259.1 602.3 608.2 559.6 3136.0 10083.0 17422.0 3316.0 10220.1 16530.0 31.9 96.5 141.7

Vladimir region 29.0 1514.8 1462.4 1426.9 714.2 705.1 698.6 2837.0 9480.0 16136.0 4024.6 12126.1 18343.4 40.9 121.4 178.5

Voronezh region 52.4 2370.9 2341.7 2330.9 1065.9 1064.7 1057.9 3381.0 10587.0 18885.0 3549.1 11490.2 19538.1 42.3 126.2 191.6

Moscow 2.5 10461.3 11234.2 11918.1 5999.3 6593.2 6567.7 16711.0 31940.0 48622.0 8611.6 30552.1 50628.2 210, 786.4 865.6

Ivanovo region 23.9 1137.8 1077.7 1051.5 476.1 496.5 492.1 2292.0 8343.0 15930.0 3254.6 10208.8 16998.1 29.2 80.8 120.3

Kaluga region 29.9 1035.1 1016.7 1006.9 480.0 481.6 489.6 3335.0 11612.0 20621.0 4489.3 14085.2 23709.6 47.2 149.8 232.3

Kostroma region 60.1 728.8 680.6 660.3 325.2 324.1 310.5 3094.0 9608.0 15808.0 3869.3 11456.9 16895.5 40.7 116.7 167.8

Kursk region 29.8 1222.2 1147.6 1120.4 591.6 591.9 580.0 3373.0 11524.0 18808.0 3973.7 11437.4 18690.0 46.1 144.8 207.7

Lipetsk region 24.1 1208.2 1184.3 1164.1 556.4 546.1 543.8 3557.0 12085.0 19777.0 4394.8 13372.4 19416.6 79.8 222.6 244.5

Moscow region 44.4 6644.1 6926.7 7001.6 2582.8 2946.9 2933.9 4409.0 19047.0 29699.0 6071.2 21502.8 32302.5 62.3 245.9 313.6

Oryol region 24.7 852.7 802.0 778.5 411.9 407.5 393.3 3231.0 10027.0 16762.0 3563.5 11152.2 16888.0 49.3 117.9 167.1

Ryazan region 39.6 1217.0 1171.1 1146.5 532.7 513.9 501.9 3306.0 11215.0 17664.0 4028.1 12686.3 19098.4 49.0 129.3 182.9

Smolensk region 49.8 1042.5 1004.9 977.8 480.2 481.7 490.8 3712.0 11222.0 18250.0 4173.3 12050.7 17941.6 47.2 124.2 186.6

Tambov region 34.3 1168.1 1112.1 1079.2 502.2 507.1 507.0 3412.0 11145.0 17470.0 3303.6 10295.7 16866.3 40.2 109.7 167.8

Tver region 84.1 1456.7 1381.2 1338.2 630.6 612.0 580.9 3016.0 10803.0 17247.0 4267.9 13064.7 20246.1 47.3 139.9 188.5

Tula region 25.7 1659.5 1582.2 1538.5 770.7 785.1 766.3 3378.0 11227.0 19291.0 4205.5 12994.1 20121.3 43.6 148.5 176.1

Yaroslavl region 36.4 1355.7 1289.3 1271.3 666.3 671.3 639.9 4273.0 12816.0 18513.0 4952.1 13802.9 20397.0 67.8 163.7 224.3

Analysis of the economic state of the Central Federal District made it possible to identify the following priority areas of development:

development of industry through reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing facilities;

carrying out a rational demographic policy, since increasing the living standards of the population of the country and the district will increase the birth rate in the region and the level of development human capital;

meeting the population's needs for high-quality domestic food products, sustainable development of rural areas, increasing employment and living standards in rural areas;

quality improvement vocational education taking into account the needs of the economy and labor market;

consistent implementation of a unified state policy in the field of healthcare as a result of the implementation of measures to reduce morbidity and increase life expectancy of the population;

creation of a unified cultural space of the district by ensuring equal access to cultural values of the population of different territories and different ethnic groups;

increased participation Russian science in priority areas scientific research;

development physical culture and sports;

creating the conditions necessary for the formation and development of a young person as an individual;

improving the quality of professional personnel and quality of life through modernization and development social sphere;

development of the housing sector and housing and communal services by providing state support to citizens living and working in rural areas;

introduction of innovative technologies

gy in the spheres of industry, energy, transport and agro-industrial complex;

state financial support for agricultural producers and processing industries of the agro-industrial complex.

strengthening our own raw material base, creating state system information and consulting services for commodity producers;

improving the system of financial relations between the state and agricultural producers by creating a lending fund on preferential terms, and in agricultural areas - financial and industrial groups of the agricultural sector;

agricultural financing

local organizations with the direction of allocated funds for the implementation of effective programs for the development of the agro-industrial complex;

attracting investments for the development of the most promising areas of the economy.

1. Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2013: stat. Sat. -M.: Rosstat, 2013. - 990 p.

2. Russian statistical yearbook. 2013: stat. Sat. - M.: Rosstat, 2013.

3. Russia in numbers. 2013: stat. Sat. -M.: Rosstat, 2013. - 573 p.

4. Efimova L. A. Demographic situation in Russia: state and priority directions of development // Regional economics: Theory and practice.

2013. - No. 6 (285) - pp. 54-58.

5. Efimova L. A. Labor market in Russia: state and prospects: monograph. - M.: Publishing house RGAU - MSHA, 2014. - 169 p.

The article was received by the editor on January 12, 2015. Efimova Larisa Aleksandrovna, candidate economic sciences, associate professor of the department accounting E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction

Relevance course work is that the Central Federal District (CFD) is the leader among the economic federal districts of the country. He was always the first - both during the creation of St. Petersburg, and during the heyday of the Urals, and during the years of the rapid rise of Donbass, and in our time. The name of the region accurately reflects the role that it plays in the formation of Russian statehood, the development of the economy and the formation of a single economic space of the country. It is no coincidence that the district is called Central. This name characterizes not only its geographical position in the center of the country, but also its historical function as the core of the Russian state, the center of economic, political, and cultural life.

The Central District is home to the largest training centers, research institutes, design organizations, cities of science, so it is characterized by a high concentration of qualified personnel, which explains the high level of development of knowledge-intensive industries. This is a developed industrial and agricultural area.

The Central Federal District (CFD) is a capital region, leading in terms of population, economic and social development, having a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railways and roads.

Main targetwork: to conduct a comprehensive socio-economic characterization of the Central Federal District. In accordance with this goal, the following were formulated: tasks:

-assess the economic-geographical location and natural resource potential of the Central Federal District;

-characterize the population and economy of the Central Federal District;

-analyze the level of social economic situation Central Federal District;

-identify promising directions for the development of the Central Federal District.

The following were used to carry out the work: research methods:

Analytical;

-historical and geographical;

Comparative.

1. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Central Federal District

.1 Evolution of the administrative-territorial structure of Russia

federal economic district

The presence of internal territorial differences in the Russian Federation determines the need for regionalization and requires their consideration when developing grids of administrative-territorial divisions and economic regions of the country. There are several types of zoning of the country's territory:

· administrative-territorial

· economic (general or complex),

·problematic

·industrial;

· relatively new types of zoning, covering contiguous parts of several neighboring countries, transnational economic regions.

The main structural unit in economic zoning, territorial management and development planning in Russia has long been the economic region, and since 2000 its modification has been the federal district.

Economic region - the basic structural unit in zoning is an objective territorial category and is a derivative of the development of productive forces and environmental management in a given territory, has characteristic natural, historical, economic and some other features.

By its nature, the federal district is an administrative entity covering the territory of several constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The creation of districts does not affect constitutional foundations federalism does not infringe on the constitutional and legal status of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Within the federal district, work is being organized to implement the direction of internal and foreign policy state, control over the implementation of decisions of federal bodies is carried out state power. The creation of federal districts is also intended to help ensure national security, improving the political, social and economic situation in each district. With the help of this work, the well-known fragmentation of the state that has arisen due to the large size of the territory of Russia and the weakening of federal influence on solving problems in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should be overcome.

At the beginning of formation Russian state it was necessary to divide the vast territory of the country into administrative units. The evolution of the administrative-territorial division of Russia from the 18th to 20th centuries has 13 stages - from the First Petrine Reform to the present day.

First Peter's reformbecame the first unification of the system of administrative-territorial division (ATD) in the history of Russia. Until the end of the 17th century, this system developed largely spontaneously, the state was divided into administrative-territorial units of different origins and having different statuses - the former princely lands, appanages, orders, ranks, cheties, counties , some volosts, actually equivalent to counties. The number of such units at the end of the 17th century ranged from 150 to 200 . By decree of Peter I of December 18, 1708, the territory of the Russian state was divided into eight huge provinces - Moscow, Ingermanland (in 1710 renamed St. Petersburg) , Arkhangelsk, Kyiv, Smolensk, Kazan, Azov, Siberian. In 1713, the Riga Governorate was formed from the newly annexed lands in the north-west. In 1717, the new Astrakhan province was formed from the southern part of the Kazan province. Second Peter's reform, proclaimed by decree of May 29 1719 , was aimed at disaggregating poorly governed huge provinces, which were divided into provinces, and those, in turn, into districts. Two provinces were re-formed - Nizhny Novgorod Iand Revelskaya ; The Azov province was renamed Voronezh .

Reform of 1727 abolished districts, partially replacing them with counties . This reform also continued the process of unbundling province, which began in 1719. In total, after the reform of 1727, there were 14 provinces and about 250 counties. This ADT grid remained fairly stable for several decades.

The beginning of the reign of Catherine I was marked by some changes in the ATD, mainly associated with the creation of administrative bodies on the lands newly annexed to the empire. By the time the new ATD reform began, the territory of the empire was divided into 23 provinces, 65 provinces and 276 counties.

Catherine's reform, which began on November 7, 1775 with the signing by Catherine II « Institutions for governing provinces" , marked a much more significant unbundling ATD cells than all previous reforms. During this reform, the number of provinces doubled, the provinces were abolished, and counties became the second-level ATD unit . The process of implementing the reform lasted for 10 years, during which 40 provinces (governments) and two regions as provinces, in which 483 were allocated county Then there was Pavlovian reform, during which a number of provinces were renamed and the number of first-level ATD units decreased from 51 to 42.

Restoration of Catherine's provinces and the formation of new provinces in the 19th century. From 1801, the new Emperor Alexander I began to restore the previous grid of provinces, retaining, however, a number of Pavlovian transformations. He revived the Olonets and Penza provinces, divided the Lithuanian province into Vilna and Grodno , and Georgia included in the empire received the status of a new province. Little Russian province was divided into Chernigov and Poltava , and soon the Belarusian province was liquidated, which split into Mogilev and Vitebsk . The Novorossiysk province was divided between Nikolaevskaya, Ekaterinoslavskaya and Tavricheskaya, and Vyborgskaya was renamed Finlandskaya. From the Astrakhan province, the Caucasus province with its center in Georgievsk was separated, subsequently transforming it into the Caucasus region with its center in Stavropol.

During the 19th-20th centuries, the Kamchatka region was created and abolished many times, but for the first time it was separated from the Irkutsk province and received administrative independence in 1803. In the Asian part of the empire under Alexander I, Tomsk also arose and Yenisei provinces. On the newly annexed lands, Bialystok, Ternopil, Imereti and Bessarabian regions; The Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland had their own administrative divisions . In 1822, according to the Speransky reform, all provinces and regions of Siberia were subordinated to two general governorates - West Siberian (center - Omsk) and East Siberian (center - Irkutsk). Special management was introduced for the Siberian Kyrgyz (Kazakhs) ) .

In the middle of the century, the process of forming new ATD units continued: Kovno (northern parts of the Vilna province), Tiflis, Kutaisi, Shemakha And Derbent province in the Caucasus. The Caucasus region was renamed Stavropol region province. Among the most important transformations on the main territory of the empire in the second half of the 19th century include the creation of Samara, Ufa and Black Sea provinces, as well as Transbaikal regions and troops Donskoy. During the peasant reform of 1861, the counties were divided into rural parishes .

Formation of the ATD system in newly annexed and colonized territories (second half of the 19th century). In 1849, the Erivan province was formed in Transcaucasia, the Shemakha province was renamed Baku, and the Zagatala province arose district On the site of the Derbent province, the Dagestan region was formed, and next door a special region of the Cossack Kuban army was created. The most recent transformations of the ATD in the Caucasus were the creation of the Terek region (center Vladikavkaz), Elisavetpol province, Batumi and Kars regions. In 1856, from the coastal parts of the East Siberian General Government, a new Primorsky region was formed, to which the former Chinese left bank of the Amur was annexed. Soon, on the newly annexed part of the left bank, the Amur Region was formed (center - Blagoveshchensk). In 1884, Sakhalin was separated from the Primorsky region as special department. In the 1860-1870s to Russian Empire The lands of modern Kazakhstan and Central Asia were annexed. In these territories, mainly regions (and not provinces) were organized - Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Orenburg Kirghiz, Ural, Turgai, Semirechensk, Turkestan, Syrdarya, Samarkand, Fergana, Transcaspian . Vassal dependence on Russia was recognized Bukhara, Kokand And Khanate of Khiva .

ATD of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. In the last pre-revolutionary years, relatively few changes occurred in the ATD of Russia: the Kamchatka region regained independence, and a new Sakhalin region appeared. In the south of Siberia, the territory of present-day Tuva was annexed to Russia under the name Uriankhai Territory .

Coexistence of old and new ATD units (1917-1923).The implementation of a new project for the disaggregation of the ATD of Russia was started by the Provisional Government, which in April 1917 separated the Altai province from the southern districts of the Tomsk province, and the Bukeevskaya province from the eastern part of the Astrakhan province province.

After October Revolution In 1917, the spontaneous process of formation of Soviet republics and non-Soviet autonomies began, mainly on the outskirts of the country. In the provinces and regions with a predominant non-Russian population, their own Soviet and non-Soviet autonomous or independent national republics were proclaimed in 1918-1920. Bessarabia, Finland, the Baltic states, Poland completely separated from the country . In 1919-1922 in the Far East And at least four states coexisted in Siberia (including . Verkhneudinsk Far Eastern Republic) The process of fragmentation of the old provinces began. In October 1918, the first national-state formation arose on the territory of the RSFSR - the German Labor Commune Volga region (prototype of the future Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and Autonomous Okrug). Following it, in March 1919, the “small” Bashkir ASSR was organized, and in May-June 1920, three more national autonomies appeared - the Tatar ASSR (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), Karelsk Ilabor commune (transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1923) and Chuvash labor commune (autonomous region, later transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). From the steppe regions inhabited by the Kazakhs, a new Kyrgyz region was formed. The ASSR is part of the RSFSR with its capital in Orenburg (in 1925 it was renamed the Kazakh ASSR). Autonomous national regions of Votskaya were also formed (since 1932 - Udmurt), Mari, Kalmytskaya , as well as Dagestan and Mountain ASSR. In October 1921, the Crimean ASSR was organized on the territory of Crimea as part of the RSFSR. In the early 1920s, the Murmansk and Novonikolaevsk provinces were formed, and at the same time the Ufa and Rybinsk provinces disappeared from the map.

The first Soviet reform (1923-1929; consolidation of ATD units).After the formation of the USSR, in 1923, the idea of a new zoning of the country, developed by the State Planning Committee, arose. Its essence was to replace the old provinces with huge Soviet economic regions, divided successively into districts, districts And village councils. The reform began in the Urals, where the Ural region (with its center in Yekaterinburg) was formed, uniting four provinces. Soon the South-Eastern region was created in the North Caucasus , which later entered the huge North Caucasus region (with its center in Rostov-on-Don). The last step of this reform was in 1929 the complete elimination of provinces and the creation of regions and territories in the remaining “not zoned” part of the country (Center and European North). During 1929-1930, there were minor changes in the composition of national autonomies, mainly included in the regions and territories. Thus, as a result of the first Soviet ATD reform, 40 units of the upper level of ATD remained on the territory of Russia, including two types of large units - six regions and seven edges.

Second Soviet ATD reform (unbundling of cells). First phase: 1930-1939. The ATD units, huge in area, population and number of districts, were poorly managed, so in the USSR the question arose of disaggregating the territories and regions. First of all, the Far Eastern region was divided into several regions; then the remaining large areas and edges were divided into small areas. In 1930, several new national districts were created.

The second phase of the disaggregation of regions (1943-1954).In the second half of the Great Patriotic War another wave of disintegration of poorly governed areas began. It was accompanied by the liquidation of a number of autonomies of those peoples who were recognized as “disloyal”. This is how new regions appeared: Ulyanovsk, Kemerovo, Kurgan, Astrakhan and Grozny . At the junctions of the neighboring regions of the Center and the North-West, Kaluga, Bryansk, Kostroma, Vladimir, Velikoluksk, Novgorod and Pskov regions arose region, and in Western Siberia Tomsk was formed and Tyumen region. In 1944-1946, new territories became part of the USSR: the Tuvan People's Republic , which received the status of JSC, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk region, which was soon included in the Sakhalin region, and Koenigsberg region, renamed Kaliningrad region . In January 1954, on the outskirts of a number of regions of central Russia, five new regions were formed at once, three of which (Arzamas, Balashov and Kamensk) turned out to be ephemeral and lasted only three years, and the remaining two (Belgorod And Lipetskaya) still exist today. The Crimean ASSR as part of the RSFSR was transformed into the Crimean region and transferred to Ukraine in 1954.

Stage of stable equilibrium of the ATD system (since 1957).At the very beginning of this period, a small step back in the direction of consolidation was taken - four unsuccessfully organized peripheral regions were liquidated, and all autonomies liquidated by Stalin were restored (with the exception of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Volga Germans). This is how the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Kalmyk Autonomous Okrug, and the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Okrug were restored or re-emerged And Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Karelo-Finnish SSR was abolished, which was again included in the RSFSR under the name of the Karelian ASSR . After the collapse of the USSR, several more insignificant changes occurred in the ATD of Russia: the old names were returned to three regions, the autonomous republics (and some joint-stock companies) declared sovereignty and began to be called “subjects of the federation” (along with all units of the ATD of the first level). In 1992, the first territorial change in the ATD after 1957 occurred - the Chechen-Ingush Republic was divided into independent Chechen and the Ingush Republic . After the collapse of the USSR, in 2000, in order to strengthen economic regions due to the need to ensure strict implementation of government decisions, 7 federal districts were allocated:

Central Federal District;

Southern Federal District;

Northwestern Federal District;

Far Eastern Federal District;

Siberian Federal District;

Ural federal district;

Volga Federal District.

But on the basis of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 19, 2010 No. 82 “On amendments to the list of federal districts”, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 2000 No. 849, and the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 12, 2008. No. 724 “Issues of the system and structure of federal executive bodies” was the 8th Federal District of the Russian Federation created? North Caucasus Federal District.

And also in 2014, a new territorial unit - Crimea - joined the Russian Federation, which led to the creation of the 9th federal district - the Crimean Federal District.

Figure 1 - Administrative and territorial division of Russia (wiki)

Table 1. Composition of federal districts of Russia

Name of the federal districtCompositionArea (km ²) Population (as of 01/01/2014) Central Federal District Belgorod region 652.80038819874 Bryansk region Vladimir region Kaluga region Kostroma region Voronezh region Lipetsk region Yaroslavl region Tula region Tver region Kursk region Smolensk region Tambov region Moscow region Ryazan region Oryol region Ivanovo region Southern Federal DistrictRepublic of Adygea416.84013 963 874Republic of KalmykiaKrasnodar TerritoryAstrakhan RegionRostov RegionVolgograd RegionNorthwestern Federal DistrictRepublic of Karelia1,677,900 13 800 658 Komi Republic Arkhangelsk Region Vologda Region Leningrad Region Nenets Autonomous Okrug Pskov Region Novgorod Region Murmansk Region Kaliningrad Region Far Eastern Federal District Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 6,215,9006 226 640 Kamchatka Territory Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Jewish Autonomous Region Sakhalin Region Magad Ansk regionAmur regionKhabarovsk regionPrimorsky regionSiberian Federal DistrictRepublic of Altai5,114,80019 292,740Republic of BuryatiaRepublic of TyvaKrasnoyarsk regionNovosibirsk regionTransbaikal regionKemerovo regionAltai regionRepublic of KhakassiaOmsk regionIrkutsk regionTomsk regionVolga Federal DistrictRepublic of Bashkortostan1,038,00029 738 836Republic of Mari ElPerm regionSamara regionSaratov regionPenza regionNizhny Novgorod regionUlyanovsk regionOrenburg regionUdmurt RepublicRepublic of MordoviaKirov regionChuvash RepublicRepublic of TatarstanUral federal districtKurgan region1,788,90012 234 224Sverdlovsk regionTyumen regionYamalo-Nenets Autonomous OkrugKhanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - YugraChelyabinsk regionNorth Caucasus Federal DistrictKabardino-Balkarian Republic172.3609 590 085Republic of IngushetiaRepublic of DagestanRepublic of Karachay-CherkessiaChechen RepublicRepublic of North OssetiaStavropol TerritoryCrimean Federal DistrictRepublic of Crimea27.1612 342 411

1.2 Composition and economic-geographical location of the Central Federal District

The Central Federal District is an administrative-territorial formation of the Russian Federation, includes eighteen constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the western part of the country:

Figure 2 - composition of the Central Federal District

Established by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000. The territory of the district is 650205 km ², that is, 3.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the federal district as of January 1, 2013 is 38,678.9 thousand people. (26.98% of the population of the Russian Federation). This is the largest federal district in terms of population. Located on the East European Plain, the territory of the district lies on the Valdai, Smolensk-Moscow and Central Russian Uplands, the Meshcherskaya and Oka-Don lowlands. The highest point is 347 meters (Top of Valdai).

The external borders of the district lie in the west - with Belarus, in the southwest - with Ukraine. Internal borders: in the south with the Southern, in the east with the Volga, in the north with the Northwestern federal districts.

The favorable economic and geographical position of the district is determined by the intersection of water and land routes, ensuring stable internal and external connections. The length of railways is 17,291 km (19.9% of the Russian one), paved highways are 117,926 km (22.3%).

In terms of the volume of gross domestic product, the value of fixed industrial production assets, the number of industrial production personnel, scientific and technical potential, developed industrial and social infrastructure, it significantly exceeds other federal districts of the country.

1.3 Population of the Central Federal District

In terms of population, number of cities and towns, diversity of types and appearance of settlements, the Central Federal District occupies a special place in our country. 30.3 million people live here, or 20.4% of the Russian population; by population density (62.6 people/km2). The Central Federal District also ranks first among districts. Within the Central Federal District itself, there is a clear distinction between the densely populated industrial regions of the Volga-Oka interfluve, filled with numerous cities and towns, and the peripheral western and southern parts. In the north of the district the density is 15-20 people/km2, in the west and south - 50-70 people/km2. The Kostroma region is the least densely populated, and the maximum density is in the Moscow region.

The Central Federal District is the region of the oldest Slavic settlement, the historical core of the Russian people. And now the region is very homogeneous national composition: the Russian population predominates here everywhere. There are small national groups in the east of the Ryazan region (Tatars) and the northeast of the Tver region (Karelians). Belarusians and Ukrainians live in the west.

Characteristic The Central Federal District has a high proportion of the urban population. There are about 248 cities and 400 urban-type settlements in the region, home to over 25 million people. Thus, the share of the urban population in the district is 82.5%. At the same time, the Ivanovo, Tula and Yaroslavl regions reached the average, and the Moscow region exceeded it. There are more than 30 in the district big cities, the share of the population in the total number of residents of the Central Federal District is almost half, and in the urban population - more than 2/3. In the Central Federal District, both large clusters of urban settlements and single cities and towns are common. Among the clusters of cities, Moscow occupies a prominent place. The Moscow agglomeration is home to 1/2 of the district's urban population. Other largest urban agglomerations are Tula and Yaroslavl. An important reason for strengthening connections between the cities of the Central Federal District is their versatility, the special role of industry, territorial proximity, and favorable transport conditions. Large cities have high growth rates due to the concentration of industry and social infrastructure. The network of urban settlements in the Central Federal District has been developing over many centuries. Here, more than anywhere else, cities that are among the most ancient in our country have been preserved. They became the reference points of modern urban settlement. Among the administrative and industrial centers, ancient cities also predominate (Smolensk, Ryazan, Vladimir, Vyazma, Kolomna).

The Central Federal District is characterized by a relatively small share of rural residents in the total population - 17%. The main reason for the reduction in the number of rural residents of the district is the intensive outflow from rural areas. In the Moscow region, as well as in the Ivanovo, Vladimir, and Tula regions, a significant part of the residents of rural settlements is made up of people not associated with agriculture. The population has long developed, first of all, more fertile lands, therefore, in places where very favorable soils are spread, areas of continuous settlement have formed. Most of the Central Federal District are characterized by small and medium-sized villages, which is explained by the predominance of the focal nature of agricultural development of the territory. In the southeast of the district, more sparsely located large villages predominate. This corresponds to higher land productivity, continuous development of the territory, etc. Large rural settlements can also be found along large rivers, near cities.

Migration had a certain impact on the dynamics of population growth in the district. The mechanical movement of the urban population is characterized by a large share of migrants from other economic districts. The Central District south of Moscow is one of the main fields of migration gravity. In exchange with Moscow and the region, almost all regions of the district lose part of their urban population. Along with this, the mechanical increase in the urban population of these regions is formed mainly due to the influx of local rural residents. In the influx of labor resources into the cities of the Central Federal District, pendulum migration also plays a significant role. The Moscow region stands out especially, where every fourth rural resident is employed at work or study in urban settlements. In addition, about 36% of workers living in satellite cities come to Moscow to work.

The current demographic situation in the Central Federal District is characterized by low natural increase (the natural increase rate is -3.2 ‰, while the number of births is 10.8 ‰, and the number of deaths is 14 ‰ for 2011) and an increase in the proportion of the population of older ages. The number of labor resources is insufficient. The district, primarily thanks to Moscow located within its borders, has played and is playing an outstanding role in the development of culture and the training of qualified personnel. The higher than the national average level of employment of labor resources in the non-production sector is due to the role that the Central Federal District plays in the development of science, culture and training of specialists. But the county itself is experiencing shortages primarily in less-skilled labor. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, the working population in Russia is 61%, 18% are younger than the able-bodied population, and 21% are older than the able-bodied population. According to the criteria approved by the UN, the country's population is considered old if the proportion of people over 65 years of age exceeds 7%. In the Russian Federation, the share of this category of persons is 13%. The indicators of the regions of the Central Federal District practically do not differ from the all-Russian level. In most regions, the number of working-age citizens is approximately 60-63 percent. The Lipetsk, Tula and Bryansk regions came especially close to the average value of 60 percent. The largest number of able-bodied residents live in the Voronezh region - 1389.8 thousand. However, such numerical characteristics are primarily due to the fact that this region, compared to its neighbors, is the most densely populated. The least able-bodied population is in the small Oryol region - 499.9 thousand people. From 2007 to 2009, the number of able-bodied people in the regions of the Central Federal District gradually decreased. At the same time, the number of citizens under working age is also decreasing. At the same time, the number of people over working age is gradually increasing. This is especially noticeable in the Belgorod, Oryol and Lipetsk regions. On average, more than 23 percent of the total number of residents living in these regions are no longer able to work.

.4 Natural conditions and resources of the Central Federal District

From a historical and natural-climatic point of view, it is divided into two subregions - Non-Black Earth Region and Black Earth Region. In the Central Federal District, the most developed market relations and infrastructure, a developed financial and credit system, transport and information services, foreign investments are successfully attracted, and joint ventures are created with foreign partners. A diversified economic complex has formed in the district, in which the manufacturing and agricultural sectors play a leading role.

The limited reserves of fuel and energy and a significant part of mineral resources make the development of the district's economy dependent on the supply of fuel, raw materials, components and parts from other regions of Russia and countries near and far abroad. In the territorial division of labor of the country, the federal district is distinguished by the knowledge-intensive and labor-intensive industries of mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical, printing, light, food industries, and production of building materials. Despite the decline in their share in industrial production over the years of economic reforms, caused by crisis processes and the collapse of the single economic space, they retain a leading role in the economy of the district and the country.

Let's look at the main mineral resourcesdistricts. Compared to other Russian districts, the Central Federal District is relatively poor in natural, especially mineral, resources. The available resources of fuel, iron ores, and some non-metallic minerals, as a rule, occupy a very modest place both quantitatively and qualitatively. This situation in the Central Federal District is especially highlighted precisely in connection with the industrial development of this area, emphasizing the discrepancy between its limited natural resources and powerful economic potential.

Fuel resourcesThe Central Federal District is represented by the reserves of the Moscow Region coal basin and peat. The explored reserves of this basin amount to about 4 billion tons. The Tula and Kaluga regions have the largest resources. This coal is characterized by high ash content, moisture content and sulfur content. Peat, due to the widespread occurrence of swamps, is found almost everywhere in the northern half of the Central Federal District. The largest peat deposits are located within the Meshcherskaya and Upper Volga lowlands. The low calorie content and high humidity of peat make it more preferable to use it near mining sites.

Iron ores have long been used in the Tula region, but their reserves are insignificant. Great importance have non-metallic minerals of the Central Federal District - limestones, refractory and brick clays, construction, glass sands, gravel. The region has a huge need for these minerals, and their deposits are used especially intensively near Moscow.

A significant economic role is played by phosphorite deposits located in the Bryansk and Moscow (Voskresensk - Yegoryevskoe) regions, as well as table salt and limestone in the Tula region.

In terms of reserves and production of gypsum for the production of binding materials, the Central Federal District has no equal. Most of the reserves and all production are concentrated in the Tula region.

Recreational resourcesThe Central Federal District is of particular importance due to its capital location and the concentration of a large, predominantly urban population. The district has large recreational resources, primarily due to the picturesque landscapes of the Central Russian strip. Forests of direct recreational use alone account for about 1/5 of such forests in Russia.

In addition to natural ones, the numerous historical, cultural and architectural monuments that the district is so rich in are of great recreational value. Most of them are concentrated in cities such as Vladimir, Moscow, Suzdal, Sergeev Posad and others. The country's first circular integrated tourist route, the Golden Ring, has been created in the Central Federal District.

1.5 Economy of the Central Federal District

On the territory of the Central Federal District, a complex industrial complex of predominantly manufacturing industries and industries has formed, with a fairly high level of interconnectedness.

The district's leading industries: mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical and petrochemical, light industry. The food industry, coal mining, electric power, metallurgy, woodworking, building materials industry, glass and earthenware have developed greatly in the district.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking. The machine-building complex of the Central Federal District has no equal in the country in terms of the number of employees and marketable products. Among the branches of mechanical engineering, the leading place belongs to those that are most dependent on the availability of qualified personnel and use the powerful scientific and technical potential of the district. The machine tool and tool industry of the Central Federal District produces 1/5 of metal-cutting machines and about 1/3 of metalworking tools in the CIS. Enterprises are concentrated in Moscow and the Moscow region, as well as in the Ryazan (Ryazan, Sasovo), Ivanovo (Ivanovo) and Kaluga (Sukhinichi) regions. Enterprises of the electrical industry are concentrated in the capital and in the region (Podolsk, Serpukhov), as well as in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Vladimir, Kolchugino. Instrument making is most developed in Moscow and the region, as well as in the Oryol, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions.

The leading production association in the automotive industry of the Central Federal District is the Moscow Automobile Plant named after. I.A. Likhacheva. The company specializes in the production of medium-tonnage trucks and low-volume high-class passenger cars. ZIL branches are located in Moscow, Ryazan, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, Yartsevo, Mtsensk and other cities. On the basis of ZIL vehicles, the production of dump trucks (Mytishchi) and buses (Likino-Dulevo) was created in the Moscow region. Moscow plant named after. Lenin Komsomol is the parent enterprise of the Moskvich Production Association, which has branches in the Ivanovo and Tver regions.

The Central Federal District is the birthplace of domestic railway engineering. The production of diesel locomotives is concentrated in Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga, Lyudinovo, Murom; cars - in Bryansk, Tver, Mytishchi. The district's aviation industry is highly concentrated. Its enterprises are located in Moscow, Smolensk, Rybinsk (engine production). In the Volga-Oka interfluve - Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Kostroma, Moscow, Gorokhovets - shipbuilding is localized.

Of fundamental importance are the expansion and reconstruction of numerous tractor (Vladimir) and agricultural (Lyubertsy, Ryazan, Tula, Bezhetsk) mechanical engineering enterprises in the Central Federal District. The Central Federal District has no equal in the production of equipment for the textile industry (Ivanovo, Shuya, Kolomna, Klimovsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kostroma), clothing (Podolsk, Tula, Rzhev), chemical (Yaroslavl, Mytishchi, Kostroma), coal (Tula, Uzlovaya, Skopin, Yasnogorsk), energy (Podolsk, Semibratovo), building materials industry, woodworking, printing (Rybinsk), etc.

Chemical and petrochemical industry.In these industries, the district has significant fixed assets, a large scientific base and a capacious consumer. However, the development of the industry is hampered by a shortage of raw materials, water, energy, complex environmental situation highly urbanized district.

The Central Federal District occupies a leading position in the production of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. The largest suppliers of complex fertilizers (including nitrogen) are the Novomoskovsk and Shchekino Azot Production Association (Tula Region), and the Dorogobuzh Plant (Smolensk Region). Phosphorus fertilizers are produced by Minudobreniya PA in Voskresensk, which uses imported apatite concentrates. Phosphate rock is produced on the basis of local phosphorites in the Moscow and Bryansk regions. The production of synthetic resins and plastics is concentrated in the Moscow and Tula regions, plastic products - in Moscow, Moscow (Orekhovo-Zuevo, Zhilevo, Lyubuchany) and Smolensk (Safonovo) regions. The region occupies one of the leading places in the country in the production of chemical fibers (Klin, Serpukhov, Moscow region; Ryazan, Tver, Shchekino and Shuya). Synthetic rubber is produced in Yaroslavl and Efremov using imported oil and gas raw materials. The Yaroslavl and Moscow tire factories produce approximately 1/4 of the tire production; the production of rubber products is concentrated in these same centers, and in Moscow - rubber shoes. Synthetic dyes are produced in the Ivanovo region, varnishes and paints - in the Yaroslavl and Moscow regions; New productions of chemical reagents and photochemicals are also located here. For the development of chemical and petroleum chemical industry in the Central Federal District there are Moscow, Moscow, Tula and Yaroslavl regions.

Ferrous metallurgy.The territory of the Central Federal District is home to the country's second largest ferrous metallurgy base in terms of importance and scale of production: the first place in Russia in the extraction of iron ore, the second in the smelting of cast iron, steel and rolled products, the third in the smelting of ferroalloys. The iron ore industry, the main production volumes of cast iron, steel and rolled products, gravitate to the southern part of the district (Belgorod, Kursk and Lipetsk regions). In the central and northern regions of the district, pigment metallurgy predominates, mainly the smelting of high-quality steels and the production of rolled products in the metallurgical shops of machine-building plants.

The largest enterprises in the industry: Lebedinsky and Stoilensky mining and processing plants, Yakovlevsky mine, Novolipetsk and Stary Oskol metallurgical plants, Tula metallurgical plants, Elektrostal plant near Moscow, Oryol steel rolling plant.

Fuel and energy complex.The fuel and energy complex of the Central Federal District only partially satisfies the needs of the district. Coal production in the Moscow region is declining. The Central Federal District occupies a leading place in Russia in peat extraction. The largest peat enterprises operate here with a capacity of 1-2 million tons of peat per year. Most of the production comes from the Moscow, Yaroslavl and Tver regions. But in the district’s fuel balance, the share of local fuels has decreased to 10-15%. Most peat is used not for energy purposes, but for agricultural needs.

Currently, the Central Federal District is one of the leaders in the country in the production of electrical and thermal energy. The fuel and energy complex is based on large state district power plants and thermal power plants with a capacity of more than 1 million kW each - Konakovskaya, Kostroma, Kashirskaya, Ryazan state district power plants, Moscow thermal power plants, etc. Following the first nuclear power plant in the country - Obninskaya - large nuclear power plants were built: Smolenskaya, Tverskaya, Kurskaya. A powerful cascade of hydroelectric power stations was built on the Volga River. The CER's needs for petroleum products are largely met by the Ryazan, Yaroslavl and Moscow oil refineries.

Agriculture. The Central Federal District is one of the country's leading agricultural districts. Favorable natural and climatic conditions contributed to the development of highly intensive agriculture. The federal district accounts for 43.1% of the gross flax fiber harvest, 47.7% of the sugar beet harvest, 33% of the gross potato harvest, 17.2% of the gross grain harvest, 15.2% of the sunflower seeds harvest, 23.3% of the vegetable harvest, 28.4% milk production, 21% meat production.

The main wheat crops are in the black soil regions of the district - Oryol, Tula, Ryazan, Lipetsk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Tambov regions. The Central Black Earth Region also accounts for the bulk of cereal crops. So, in the arid regions of the southeast, millet is grown, and in the western regions, with a sufficient amount of incoming moisture, buckwheat is grown.

Of the industrial crops, the production of flax and sugar beets is of greatest importance. Flax growing is represented in the most humid areas of the non-chernozem zone of the district - Tver, Smolensk, Yaroslavl regions. Sugar beet crops occupy significant areas of arable, highly fertile black soil in the Kursk, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions. Sunflower crops are most common in drought-resistant areas of the Voronezh and Tambov regions. Hemp crops are widespread in the Voronezh and Kursk regions, and tobacco and shag are grown in the Tambov region. In the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, essential oil crops are also grown - anise and coriander. In the regions of the Central Black Earth Region, gardening has developed, especially in the Lipetsk and Tambov regions. The Federal District also specializes in the production of vegetable crops and potato growing.

Light industry.The district's light industry is highly concentrated, primarily the textile industry. The district's light industry accounts for 1/3 of the industry's production, which is explained by the presence of a powerful production base, large research institutes, qualified personnel, and broad consumer demand. Enterprises of the district produce almost 80% of cotton fabrics in Russia, while enterprises in the Ivanovo, Moscow, and Vladimir regions account for 4/5 of the total production of cotton fabrics in the district. The largest textile center in the country is Ivanovo.

Silk industry enterprises, producing 45% of silk fabrics, are located mainly in the capital and region, as well as in Ivanovo, Vladimir and Ryazan regions. Linen industry enterprises, which also produce 80% of the total volume of linen fabrics in the Russian Federation, are located in places where the raw material grows - fiber flax (Vladimir, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions). The main center of the flax industry is Kostroma, but in Lately Enterprises also appeared in the Smolensk region. The district produces 60% of the total output of woolen fabrics, but the capital region accounts for 2/3 of the district's fabrics. Among other regions, Bryansk, Ivanovo and Tver stand out. The textile industry of the district is especially characterized by broad inter-district connections - 3/4 of all textile products are exported, including more than 4/5 of cotton.

Food industry.The sugar and oil industry is concentrated in the southern part of the district (Belgorod, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov and, to a lesser extent, Lipetsk regions), where they are confined to the main areas of cultivation of sugar beets and sunflowers. The Central Federal District is the main producer of beet sugar in Russia, and in terms of crop area, collection of sunflower seeds and production vegetable oil it ranks second in the country after the Southern Federal District. Dairy cattle breeding is the main branch of livestock specialization in the district; its share in milk production in the country exceeds a quarter. Dairy cattle breeding increases as you move from south to north, where there is a better supply of succulent feed. Potato and vegetable growing are developed everywhere. However, the density of their crops increases in suburban areas. The role in the production of potatoes and vegetables is especially great in the Moscow region and the administrative districts of neighboring regions bordering on it. The district ranks first in Russia in terms of total potato harvest, and in vegetable production it shares first and second places with the Southern Federal District.

Transport complex. The Central Federal District has a developed transport system. There is a high density of railways and roads, significantly exceeding the average for Russia. From Moscow, 11 railways radiate in different directions, which, branching out on the periphery, form more than 25 exits. The transit role of the district is great, located at the crossroads of routes from the oil-rich Volga region, the forested North, the industrial Urals and the grain-growing South. The major railway transport hubs of the system were Moscow, Orel, Kursk, Belgorod, Yaroslavl, Bryansk, Smolensk. There are 15 highways leaving Moscow in different directions. The creation of a Moscow multi-lane ring road with multi-level interchanges makes it possible to carry out transit traffic bypassing the city center. The Moscow, Tula, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Oryol, Ryazan, Voronezh, and Belgorod regions are distinguished by high road density. Almost 60% of paved roads have an improved surface. Waterways are of great importance, especially in the transportation of bulky goods. Moscow is not only a port. Three airports of the capital (Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo, Domodedovo) are considered the largest interdistrict and international hubs air lines. Pipeline transport is also developed within the district, represented by a system of oil and gas pipelines.

Thus, we can say that the Central Federal District has high industrial potential, is a capital region, leading in population, economic and social development, has a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railways and roads.

2. Socio-economic situation of the Central Federal District

.1 Analysis of social indicators

This chapter examines such social indicators as population size, natural and migration growth of the Central Federal District.

Population size.The Central Federal District, according to the statistical service, leads among other federal districts in terms of population. (Appendix 1) The population in 2011 is 38,538 thousand people. Let's consider the Central Federal District separately by region.

Figure 3 - Population of the Central Federal District

According to the bar chart, it can be seen that the leading positions in terms of population are occupied by Moscow - 11,613 thousand people and the Moscow region - 7,199 thousand people. The Kostroma and Oryol regions have the lowest figures: 662 and 781 thousand people. Basically, population indicators by region do not exceed 2,000 thousand people. (Figure 3)

Natural growth.In terms of natural growth rate, the Central Federal District ranks last among the federal districts of Russia. The natural increase rate is -3.2 ‰ (Appendix 2). Within the Central Federal District, Moscow is the leader in terms of indicators, 1.1 ‰. This is the only region among the Central Federal District where natural growth is positive. In other areas, negative natural growth was noted. It reaches its lowest value in the Tula region -8.3 ‰. (Figure 4)

Figure 4 - Natural increase rate

Migration increase. The Central Federal District is an attractive district for migrants. It ranks first in terms of migration rate among other districts. The migration rate is 56 people per 10,000 population. (Appendix 3) Within the Central Federal District, the Moscow region and the city of Moscow differ in migration growth. In turn, the Bryansk and Kostroma regions are distinguished by an outflow of population. (Figure 5)

Figure 5 - Migration growth

Figure 6 - Average monthly salary

Average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees of organizations.According to this indicator, the Central Federal District ranks second after the Far Eastern Federal District (Appendix 4). The average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees of organizations in the Central Federal District is 28,449.4 rubles. Within the district, the city of Moscow and the Moscow region are distinguished. Workers in the Bryansk, Ivanovo and Kostroma regions have the lowest wages. (Figure 6)

Thus, we can conclude that the Central Federal District has a high level of socio-economic development. The Central Federal District occupies a leading position in terms of population, migration growth and the level of average monthly wages, but has the worst indicators in terms of natural growth. Among the regions of the Central Federal District, the Moscow region and the city of Moscow have the highest indicators, and the Kostroma region has the lowest.

2.2 Analysis of economic indicators

This section examines such indicators as gross regional product (GRP), GRP per capita and the unemployment rate.

GRP. According to this indicator, the Central Federal District is in first place and is far ahead of other federal districts. The GRP of the Central Federal District is 13363655.6 million rubles. Among the regions of the Central Federal District, Moscow and the Moscow region stand out for their large GRP, and the Kostroma and Ivanovo regions have a small GRP. (Figure 7)

Figure 7 - Gross regional product of the Central Federal District

GRP per capita. According to this indicator, the Central Federal District ranks three times after the Ural Federal District. GRP per capita in the Central Federal District is 348,099.9 rubles. (Appendix 5). Within the Central Federal District, the largest GRP per capita is in Moscow, Belgorod and Moscow regions. The lowest indicators are in the Ivanovo and Bryansk regions. (Figure 8)

Figure 8 - Gross regional product per capita in the Central Federal District

Unemployment rate The Central Federal District has the lowest unemployment rate among federal districts and is 1.1% at the end of 2011. (Appendix 6) The city of Moscow, Moscow and Lipetsk regions have the lowest unemployment rates, which is associated with a large number of industries and jobs. The highest rate was recorded in the Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions. (Figure 9).

Figure 9 - Unemployment rate in the Central Federal District at the end of 2011

Thus, an analysis of the main economic indicators of the Central Federal District confirms the high level of socio-economic development of this district. Among the subjects of the Central Federal District, the city of Moscow and the Moscow region have the highest indicators; the Ivanovo region has the lowest indicators.

3. Prospective directions for the development of the Central Federal District

The development of the productive forces of the Central Federal District for the future is determined by its economic and natural features:

· general high level of development and diversification of the economy, especially industry;

· the leading position of the region in the development of scientific and technological progress;

· provision of qualified labor resources;

· central position among other developed areas and high level of development of transport and economic relations;

· the influence of Moscow - the largest industrial and transport hub, scientific and cultural center of the country - on the development of the Central Federal District is very great;

· the presence of profitable metallurgical production and a highly efficient iron ore base - the KMA deposits;

· potential competitiveness in the foreign and domestic markets of aircraft manufacturing and radio electronics enterprises, chemical engineering, tractor engineering, construction materials industry;

· favorable climatic conditions ensuring high yields and low costs in the production of grains, industrial crops, vegetables and potatoes.

In the future, the region will remain focused on the development of predominantly manufacturing industries with reduced material and energy intensity, but requiring highly skilled labor. The deterioration of environmental environmental conditions requires a change in the approach to the development of industrial potential, the placement of industrial new buildings in small towns and urban settlements on the territory of less industrially developed regions - Bryansk, Tver, Kaluga, Kostroma, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk. There is a need to limit the growth of industry and population of large cities, the Moscow and Tula-Novomoskovsk urban agglomerations, as well as to eliminate imbalances in the structure of labor use in the Ivanovo region and a number of urban settlements in other regions.

In the future, mechanical engineering and metalworking in the Central Federal District will determine the scientific and technological progress of the region's industry. The priority areas for the development of mechanical engineering in the region will continue to be the precision and complex engineering industries, focusing on the use of the most qualified labor. The main attention will be paid to the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing machine-building enterprises. In the established and emerging machine-building territorial groupings and nodes, intra- and inter-industry cooperation will be further developed. In connection with the creation of highly specialized enterprises, it is advisable to deconcentrate large factories, especially in Moscow and other regional centers, by organizing their branches and subcontractors in the peripheral territories of the Central Federal District, including in small and medium-sized cities.

The future location of automobile industry plants in the Central Federal District is influenced by a number of factors that are also characteristic of other branches of mechanical engineering. This is, firstly, the disaggregation of former universal factories and the separation of specialized “subsidiary” enterprises from among them. Secondly, the creation of production associations headed by the main enterprise.

The future development of certain branches of the chemical industry of the region, especially the chemistry of organic synthesis, will be limited due to insufficient raw materials, fuel and water resources, as well as taking into account environmental protection. The prospects for fuel supply to the region are associated with a focus on the supply of various types highly efficient fuel from outside. It is planned to supply oil, natural gas and steam coal mainly from the eastern regions of the country, and the missing fuel oil - from the Volga oil refineries.

In the future, the increasing electricity consumption of the region will also be satisfied through the transfer of energy by electronic transport not only from neighboring power systems, but also from the eastern regions.

In the metallurgical complex, the main task in the future is to ensure investment in projects related to the restructuring of the regional economy. The main attention will be paid to the restructuring of the mining industry, caused by a decrease in the profitability of iron ore mining due to the depletion of reserves with a high iron content, an increase in mining depth, and increased costs for environmental protection measures.

Conclusion

The work shows the role and place of the Central Federal District, analyzes the social and economic indicators of this district, and identifies promising directions for its development. In the course of the work, socio-economic literature, cartographic publications, as well as statistical data on the research problem were studied and analyzed.

In terms of the functions it performs - political, socio-economic, cultural - the Central Federal District really occupies a leading position in Russia. On the territory of the Central Federal District there is the largest economic, political, scientific and cultural center of Russia - its capital, the city of Moscow. This is the largest financial center in Russia, the most important transport hub, providing a wide range of transport services.

The district is home to about 25% of the country's population and produces a third of the gross domestic product. The Central Federal District is the largest financial and economic center, where more than 60% of the country's financial capital is concentrated; annual investments in the district's economy account for about 22% of the all-Russian figure. The basis of the economy of the Central Federal District is the industrial sector with a historical specialization in the branches of mechanical engineering, petrochemicals, and light industry. Also actively developing agro-industrial regions of the Central Black Earth Region with developed agriculture and food industry, while the share of agricultural products accounts for over 20% of total production in Russia.

Central Federal District for last years remains quite attractive from the point of view of foreign investment, however, it should be noted that their volume in many regions does not correspond to their investment potential and with a competent investment policy one can expect a significant increase in this indicator, an order of magnitude higher than the current value.

In general, the Central Federal District is a macro-region with the most developed manufacturing industry, which is due to its favorable economic and geographical location, the presence of consumers and a qualified workforce. The district has the most powerful scientific and technical potential in Russia and the largest number of qualified personnel.

Bibliography

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Vidyapina M.V. Economic geography of Russia. Textbook/V.I. Vidyapina, M.V. 2007;

Gladky V.A. Dobroskok S.P. Economic geography of Russia. // Textbook for universities. // ? M. Gardarika, 2006 - P. 47 - p. 294.

Glushakova V.G. Simagin Yu.A. Federal districts of Russia. // ? Moscow, 2009-S. 8 - 235 p.

Zamyatina N.Yu. Creation of federal districts: project 2007 // Region: economics and sociology. 2001? No. 1-S. 37?s. 176.

Zayats D.V. Regions of Russia: Central region/D.V. Hare, 2008;

Kistanova V.V. Federal districts of Russia important step in strengthening the state. // M.: Economics, 2000 - P. 56? 171 p.

Morozova T.G. Economic geography of Russia. Textbook / Ed. T.G. Morozova, 2007;

Salomatkin A.S. Administrative-territorial structure of the Russian Federation // Questions of theory and practice. - M.: Manuscript, 2009 - P. 73? 204 pp.)

Simagin Yu.A. Introduction to economic geography and regional economics of Russia. Tutorial/ Simagin Yu.A., Plisetsky E.L., 2008;

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Central Federal District. [Electronic resource] https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki (access date 01/11/2015)

Federal State Statistics Service. [Electronic resource] http://www.gks.ru/; (date of access: 01/11/2015)

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1. Population.

The Central Federal District is the largest in Russia in terms of population - 37,121,812 people. (26.16% of the Russian Federation), including: urban - 29,994,175 people, rural - 7,127,637 people (as of January 1, 2012).

2. National composition:

Russians - 34 million 703 thousand 066 people. (91.32%)

Ukrainians - 756 thousand 087 people. (1.99%)

Persons who did not indicate nationality - 736 thousand 020 people. (1.93%)

Tatars - 288 thousand 216 people. (0.77%)

Armenians - 249 thousand 220 people. (0.66%)

Belarusians - 186 thousand 326 people. (0.49%)

Azerbaijanis - 161 thousand 859 people. (0.43%)

Jews - 103 thousand 710 people. (0.27%)

Georgians - 80 thousand 651 people. (0.21%)

Moldovans - 67 thousand 811 people. (0.18%)

Mordva - 67 thousand 497 people. (0.18%)

Tajiks - 46 thousand 738 people. (0.12%)

Chuvash - 46 thousand 101 people. (0.12%)

Gypsies - 45 thousand 858 people. (0.12%)

Uzbeks - 38 thousand 676 people. (0.1%)

Germans - 33 thousand 190 people. (0.09%)

Chechens - 28 thousand 861 people. (0.08%)

Ossetians - 17 thousand 655 people. (0.05%)

Persons of other nationalities - 17 thousand 270 people. (0.05%)

Koreans - 16 thousand 720 people. (0.04%)

The number of men as of January 1, 2010 was 65.6 million people, women - 76.3 million people.

The sex ratio has not changed over the past year: by the beginning of 2010, there were 1,162 women per 1,000 men.

The numerical excess of women over men in the population is observed from the age of 29 and increases with age. This unfavorable ratio has developed due to the continued high level of premature mortality among men.

In the Novgorod, Ivanovo, Tula, Yaroslavl, Tver, Vladimir, Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod regions, St. Petersburg, there are 1246-1221 women per 1000 men. Only in the Kamchatka Territory and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are there fewer women: there are 986-949 women per 1,000 men.

According to international criteria, a population is considered old if the proportion of people aged 65 years or more in the entire population exceeds 7%.

Currently, almost every eighth Russian, i.e. 12.9% of the country's residents are aged 65 or over.

The process of demographic aging of the population is much more typical for women. In the structure of the population of the above ages, women make up more than two thirds (68.7%).

The average age of the country's residents is 38.9 years (38.8 years in 2009), men are 36.2 years (36.1), women are 41.2 years (41.1)

The average age of the population over 40 years is observed in 28 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the highest it is in the regions of the European part of Russia: in Tula, Ryazan, Tambov, Voronezh, Pskov, Tver, Penza, etc. St. Petersburg and Moscow - 42.2 - 41.1 years.

The number of children and adolescents under 16 years of age is 7.9 million people, or 25.6% less than those over working age. The preponderance of older people occurs in 62 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the largest: in the Tula region and St. Petersburg - 2 times, Ryazan and Voronezh regions - 1.9 times, Tambov, Leningrad, Ivanovo, Penza, Pskov , Yaroslavl regions, Moscow - 1.8 times.

The population aged 0-15 years has been declining for 18 years (1990-2007). In 2008, due to an increase in the number of births, the number of this age group increased slightly - by 44 thousand, or 0.2%, in 2009 - by 313 thousand or 1.4%.

The lowest proportion of children aged 0-15 years in the total population is observed in Moscow and St. Petersburg - 13.0-12.9% (in Russia as a whole - 16.1%).

The lowest unemployment rate that meets ILO criteria is observed in the Central Federal District.

Table 1 Population density in Central economic region RF

Administrative-territorial unit	Territory, sq. km	Population, people	Including the population	Population density, thousand people Per 1 sq. km
Urban	Rural

Bryansk region
Vladimir region
Ivanovo region
Kaluga region
Kostroma region
Moscow region
Oryol Region
Ryazan Oblast
Smolensk region
Tver region
Tula region
Yaroslavl region
TOTAL by region